Ground Level Ozone Concentration in Indonesia and Its Effects to Human Health
International Seminar “Environmental Management & Development in Indonesia”Serpong, October 8th 2015
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Research & Development Center of Environmental Quality & Laboratory (P3KLL)Forestry and Environment Research, Development And Innovation Agency (FOERDIA)Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) - INDONESIA
Esrom Hamonangan
Introduction
• Ozone is a bluish gas composed of 3 atoms of oxygen (O3)
• Ozone gas can be created or destroyed by the UV rays
2www.ozonetechnologies.com.au
The ozone layer, situated in the stratosphere about 15-30 km above the earth’s surface.
Stratospheric Ozone
• Good ozone
• Protects living organisms by absorption of harmfull UV-B from the sun
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• The ozone layer is gradually being destroyed by manmade chemicals ODS: CFCs, HCFCs, halons, methyl bromide, etc.
www.theozonehole.com
Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
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www.greenstar-artek.com
Mechanism of Ozone Depletion
5www.learner.org
Ground Level Ozone (O3)
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Source: www.epa.gov
• At the Ground Level Ozone identify as a Oxidant (Ox)
• A harmfull pollutant
• Not emitted directly into the air.
• Created by chemical reactions between NOx & VOC in the presence of sunlight.
• Reach unhealthy level on hot sunny days in urban env.
• Can be transported by wind.
Major sources of NOx & VOC : emissions from industrial facilities & electric utilities, motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline vapors, and chemical solvents.
Health Effects (1)
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Over exposure of UV light :
• Increases the risk of eye damage such as cataracts, leading cause to blindness.– Higher prevalence of cataracts after
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• Premature aging of the skin
• Increase the risk to malignant and non malignant (benign) skin cancer.– Unrepaired DNA damage
mutations skin cancer
• Suppressed immune system 1) www.ldeo.columbia.du2) www.mcbrideandmccreesh.com3) www.skincancer.org
2)
3)
Health Effects (2)
• Health problem for children, elderly, and lung disease patients
difficult to breath, coughing, sore of throat, inflame the airways, damage the lungs
http://www3.epa.gov 8
Environmental Effects
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• Prolonged exposure may cause serious damage on plants and crops.
• To damage the aquatic ecosystem (plankton, aquatic plants, fish larvae) and affect the marine food chain.
• Faster degradation of materials (paints, tires, sidewall)
Monitoring Activities of Ground Level Ozone in Indonesia
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Research Activities
• EMC/(Center for Research and Development of Environmental and laboratory quality) reported air quality monitoring in Serpong as Pollution Standard Index (ISPU) in 1999 until 2002.
• MoE conducted AQMS monitoring system since 1999 in 10 places over the country : Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Surabaya, Denpasar, Medan, Pekanbaru, Jambi, Pontianak , and Palangkaraya. Each city has 5 fixed stations.
• To monitor general ambient air quality such as : PM-10, NO2, SO2, O3, CO & meteorological condition (WS, WD, RH, and global radiation).
• Sites: Jakarta, Surabaya, Palangkaraya, Pontianak and Pekanbaruremain to report the monitoring result to MoE. No report from other sites due to several technical issues.
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Study Area of AQMS
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IAQM Report
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Ozone Monitoring in 2007
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• AAQMS in Jakarta, Surabaya, Palangkaraya
• The highest level of O3 found in Surabaya
Jakarta Palangkaraya
Surabaya
Annual O3 Trend in Jakarta
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
O3
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
ug
/m3)
Year
Annual O3 Average Trend in Jakarta
NAAQS
Jakarta
Regulations:
O3 : Roadside Monitoring (2011-2012)
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• Urban Air Quality Evaluation: roadside monitoring in several big cities, conducted in 2007-2008. In 2011-2012 covering 45 cities in 33 provinces
Kemayoran Jakarta: Daily Report Jan-Aug 2015
Source : www.bmkg.go.id18
BMKG Jakarta conducts daily monitoring using automatic analyzer, as reported in their website.
GAW Kototabang: Monthly Report 2001-2008
19Source : www.gaw-kototabang.com
GAW Kototabang conducts daily monitoring using automatic analyzer since August 2001, as reported in their website : www.gaw-kototabang.com
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GAW Kototabang: Monthly Report 2007-2013
www.gaw-kototabang.com
GAW Kototabang : Daily Report Jan-Aug 2015
www.bmkg.go.id 21
Several Reports of Ozone Monitoring
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Current Issues
• Monitoring Instrument:
– Technical problem, maintenance, and policy issues
– Outdated equipment
– Human resources: lack of competence
– Few reports of the effects on humans & environment
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Future Plan
• To strengthen the facilities, infrastructure and human resources
• To have the research collaboration regarding to ground level ozone
– Effects on humans & environment
– Modelling to manage ground level ozone
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THANK YOU
