21
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1
GROUNDNUT V I R A L D I S E A S E S I N WEST A F R I C A
DOLLET Michel*, DUBERN Jean**, FAUQUET Claude***, THOUVENEL Jean-Claude***,and
BOCKELEE-MORVAN André****
R e s p e c t i v e l y : * I R H O / C I R A D , **ORSTOM/CIRAD, BP 5035, 34032 M o n t p e l l i e r , France.
*** ORSTOM, BP V 51, Abidjan, Côte d ' I v o i r e ; a l l members o f t h e LPRC ( C I R A D /
INRA/ORSTOM), L a b o r a t o i r e de P h y t o v i r o l o g i e des Régions Chaudes. **** D i v i s i o n
Oléag ineux Annuels, I R H O / C I R A D , 11 Square Pétrarque, 75116 Paris', France.
I n t r o d u c t i o n
. The groundnut wh ich i s one o f t h e most p o p u l a r legume grown i n West A f r i c a ,
i s n a t u r a l l y i n f e c t e d by a Large number o f v i r u s . o r v i r u s - l i k e d iseases . I t i s
one o f t h e most s e v e r e l y - i n f e c t e d t r o p i c a l p l a n t s i n number o f v i r a l d iseases.
Some o f them were s t u d i e d and v i r u s e s i d e n t i f i e d : Peanut clump v i r u s (Thouvenel
e t al., 19761, Groundnut eye s p o t v i r y s (Dubern' and D o l l e t , 19801, Groundnut
c r i n k l e v i r u s (Dubern and D o l l e t , 19811, Groundnut r o s e t t e v i r u s (Dubern, 19801,
Tomato s p o t t e d w i I t v i r u s (Dubern and Fauquet, 1985) and Groundnut c h l o r o t i c
s p o t t i n g v i r u s (Fauquet e t al., 19851. The most i m p o r t a n t p r o p e r t i e s a c c o r d i n g
t o d i f f e r e ' n t a s p e c t s a r e reported. ' Some o t h e r d i seases a r e o n l y d e s c r i b e d i n
p a r t s : Groundnut s t r e a k (Fauquet and Thouvenel, 19-35), Groundnut mosaic,
Groundnut f Leck ing and Groundnut go lden d iseases (Dubern, 1979). There a r e a l s o
d i f f e r e n t symptoms!wKich c o u l d be a t t r i b u t e d t o v i r a l d i seases as rugose lea f , ,
Groundnut l e a f - c u r l , Groundnut bushy s t u n t ; t h e i r e t i o l o g y i s a t p r e s e n t unknown.
t 2 9
6
- Peanut clump v i r u s
Peanut Clump V i r u s (PCV), R / 1 : 2.1/4: E/E: S/Fu. I n t e r m e d i a t e between
, h o r d e i v i r u s and tobamov i rus groups ( F u r o v i r u s ? l .
Main d i s e a s e and ' geograph ica l d i s t r i b u t i o n
The d i s e a s e reappears i n t h e same p l a c e i n succeed ing crops. I n f e c t e d
peanut p l a n t s a r e , s t u n t e d , w i t h s m a l l d a r k g reen leaves (F ig . A l ) . Number and
s i z e o f pods a r e g r e a t l y reduced ; i n t h e case o f e a r l y i n f e c t i o n s t h e c r o p l o s s
i s v e r y impor tan t , up t o 60 %. PCV i s a l s o i d e n t i f i e d i n g r e a t m i l l e t ( g g y g h ~
------------ arund inaceun) wh ich i s t a k i n g a p rominen t p a r t i n t h e ep idemio logy o f t h e d i s e a s e
( D o l l e t e t al., 1976) .)
PCV was f i r s t d e s c r i b e d i n Senegal. I t occu rs i n s e v e r a l West A f r i c a n
c o u n t r i e s : B u r k i n a Faso, Gambia, I v o r y Coast and Senegal (Thouvenel e t al., 1976).
Host range and symptomatology
The v i r u s i s m e c h a n i c a l l y t r a n s m i t t e d t o a w ide h o s t range i n t h e f a m i l i e s
of Aizoaceae, Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cucurbi taceae, Gramineae, Legumi-
noseae, S c r o p h u l a r i a c e a e and Solanaceae. Symptoms on Chenopodius a m a r a n t i c o l o r
( c o n c e n t r i c r i n g s p o t s and l i n e - p a t t e r n e x t e n d i n g a l o n g t h e v e i n s ) a r e cha rac te -
r i s t i c and c o u l d be u s e f u l f o r an i d e n t i f i c a t i o n (Thouvenel and Fauquet, 1981).
S e r o l o g y
An a n t i s e r u m w i t h a t i t r e o f 1/2048 was produced. There i s n o s e r o l o g i c a l , I
r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h any rod-shaped v i rus , i n c l u d i n g t h e s t r a i n i s o l a t e d in I n d i a I
(Reddy e t a l ., 1983).
T r a n s m i s s i o n b y v e c t o r s
A fungus, PgLy~~yaa g r a m i n i s ------- i s though t t o be t h e n a t u r a l v e c t o r o f PCV
-. 1 a d
I ,
I-
(F ig . I B ) . PCV i s seed borne i n groundnut, b u t n o t i n g r e a t m i l l e t .
Causal agent
PCV i s , a v i r u s w i t h rod-shaped p a r t i c l e s o f 2 predominent lengths, 190
and 245 nm (Fig. I C ) . They a r e about.21 nm wide. The s i n g l e s t randed RNA i s . 6 about 4 . % o f t h e p a r t i c l e weight, w i t h 2 componants o f about 1.7 and 2.1 10 d.
The mo lecu la r weight o f t h e coat p r o t e i n i s 24 Kd (Fauquet and Thouvenel, 1985).
V i r u s p a r t i c l e s i n systemic hos ts arranged i n angled-Layer aggregates ( D o l l e t
and Thouvenel, unpubl ished) (Fig. I C ) .
F i e l d c o n t r o l
Clump d i sease i s e a s i l y prevented, u s i n g s e l e c t e d seeds and by s o i l
t r ea tmen t w i t h f u n g i c i d e s p r e l i m i n a r y t o t h e s e t up o f t h e crop.
S t r a i n
Only i n B u r k i n a Faso a y e l l o w mosaic d isease was observed: Groundnut, w i t h
a s l i g h t r e d u c t i o n i n size, showed b r i g h t y e l l o w symptoms, w i t h eyespots, d i s c o -
l o r a t i o n a l o n g t h e v e i n s and sometimes y e l l o w i n g (F ig. I D ) . There i s no cross-
p r o t e c t i o n between t h e green s t r a i n and t h e y e l l o w s t r a i n and v i c e versa,
consequent ly i t i s p o s s i b l e t o f i n d double i n f e c t e d p l a n t s w i t h t h e mixed
symptoms. The presence and t h e e f f e c t i v e t r a n s m i s s i o n by bCymyxa graminis was
a l s o confi ,rmed f o r t h i s s t r a i n (Fauquet and Thouvenel, 1985).
Groundnut r o s e t t e v i r u s
Groundnut Rose t te V i r u s (GRV), */*: * I s : S/S: S/Ap. U n c l a s s i f i e d . Groundnut e
r o s e t t e d i sease c o n s i s t s o f a symptom-inducing v i r u s ( G R V I and a symptomless
ass i , s to r L u t e o v i r u s ( G R A V I which i s needed f o r aph id t r a n s m i s s i o n (Dubern, 1980 ;
" Casper e t al., 1983).
Main d i s e a s e and g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n
I T y p i c a l symptoms a r e s t u n t i n g o f t h e leaves,, seve re i n t e r n a l s h o r t e n i n g
making p l a n t a lmos t acau lous (F ig . 2A), t h e l i m b o f t h e l eaves i s c h l o r o t i c w i th
g reen s p o t s and ' t h e v e i n s a r e green and consp icuous (Groundndut c h l o r o t i c r o s e t t e
v i r u s s t r a i n -GCRV-1. These symtpoms d i f f e r i n some s t r a i n s , b u t a lways w i t h
s t u n t i n g and r o s e t t e appearance. The number o f seeds i n a pod and t h e number o f
pods i s s e v e r e l y decreased (20-80 %l.
' T h e groundnut r o s e t t e appears i n t h e who le o f West A f r i c a .
Host range and symptomatology
For GCRV d i a g n o s t i c spec ies a r e Arachis hyeggga ( c h l o r o t i c r o s e t t e ) , Centrosema
elum-igcj, C r o t a l a r i a juncea, Phaseolus w n g q , S t y l o s a n t h e s g y a c i l i s l a n d f'hysasis
floridana ----- Chenoeodium' ----- ------------- amarant ico lo r , C. mura le and C. quinoa, s p e c i a l l y a r e
u s e f u l l o c a l l e s i o n hos ts . Z t y i o s a n t h e s sp. i s a n a t u r a l h o s t (Dubern, 1980);
T r a n s m i s s i o n by v e c t o r s
The v i r u s i s a p h i d - t r a n s m i t t e d i n groundnut, some leguminous p l a n t s and
P h y s a l i s f lgy idana (Dubern, 1980). An a s s i s t o r . v i r u s n o t m e c h a n i c a l l y t r a n s m i t t e d
i s needed f o r t r a n s m i s s i o n (Hul l and Adams, 1968). La rvae and a d u l t s of Aphis
cyaccjmgya, 4. ggsmyejj and 4. s p i r a e c o l a t r a n s m i t t h e v i r u s i n t h e p e r s i s t e n t
manner. No seed o r dodder t r a n s m i s s i o n has been observed.
,Causal agen t
I s o m e t r i c v i r u s e s o f 30, nm i n d iamete r (F ig . 281, observed w i t h e l e c t r o n . microscope, a r e members o f t h e l u t e o v i r u s g roup and seem r e l a t e d w i t h t h e a s s i s t o r
component ( G R A V I (Dubern, unpub l i shed ; Casper e t al., 19831. A doub le s t r a n d e d
RNA i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e GRV ( B r e y e l e t al., 1985).
8
S t r a i n
. 5
c
Thouvenel, 1985) . For s h o r t c y c l e v a r i e t i e s whole i n f e c t e d p l a n t i s c h l o r o t i c
w i t h o u t g r e e n p a t c h e s on t h e l e a f l e t s . For l o n g c y c l e v a r i e t i e s , i n case o f an
e a r l y i n f e c t i o n , t h e r o s e t t e shape i s e x t r e m e l y clumped (F ig . 2C1, t h e l eaves
a r e d a r k g r e e n and v e r y reduced i n surface, t h e r e a r e p r o l i f e r a t i o n s on t h e
stems and n e c r o s i s on t h e v e i n s o f t h e young leaves (F ig . 20). GGRV i s c e r t a i n l y
a s t r a i n o f GRV, because o f a c r o s s p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e one b y t h e o t h e r .
Groundnut v a r i e t i e s r e s i s t a n t t o r o s e t t e d i s e a s e
Methods o f chemica l c o n t r o l a g a i n s t t h e a p h i d v e c t o r ' a r e e f f i c i e n t but i
onerous and i t i s i m p o s s i b l e t o t a k e p r e c a u t i o n s aga ins t h e t r a n s f e r o f a p h i d s b y
t h e wind, though h i g h d e n s i t y sowing f a v o u r s t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a m i c r o c l i m a t e
wh ich p r e v e n t s t h e a p h i d f rom growing wings and 1 i .m i ts t ransmiss ion . 'The o n l y
e f f i c i e n t and r a d i c a l means o f c o n t r o l i s t o p l a n t r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t i e s .
Surveys i n South B u r k i n a and N o r t h I v o r y Coast have enab led r e s i s t a n t p l a n t s
t o b e d iscovered, a l l o f t h e V i r g i n i a type, w i th a l o n g c y c l e and low p r o d u c t i o n .
A f i r s t b r e e d i n g phase i n Bambey (Senegal) and i n N iango loko (Burkina') f r o m popu-
l a t i o n s enab led tong c y c l e d r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t i e s t o be made a v a i l a b l e ; t h e y ' w e r e
d i s t r i b u t e d d u r i n g t h e s i x t i e s (Bambey v a r i e t y 48-37, Niango loko s e r i e s 1030-1045).
I n a second phase, v e r y p r o d u c t i v e r e s i s t a n t h y b r i d e s were c r e a t e d and adap ted
t o d i f f e r e n t c l i m a t i c zones :
- KH s e r i e s (149 A,,241 C, etc..), Spanish t y p e w i t h a c y c l e o f 90 days ;
- 69-101, V i r g i n i a t y p e w i t h a c y c l e o f 120 days ;
- RWP s e r i e s (12, 91, etc...), V i r g i n i a t y p e w i t h a c y c l e o f 140 days.
(Dhery and G i l l i e r , 1971 ; G i l l i e r and Bockelee-Morvan, 1975 j .
The g o a l of b r e e d i n g programmes i n p r o g r e s s i s t o c r e a t e v a r i e t i e s r e s i s t a n t
b o t h t o g roundnu t r o s e t t e d i sease and t o t h e most damaging c ryp togamic d i seases :
O .Rus t and Cercospora l e a f spot.
1 ' 6
Groundnut eyespot v i r u s , . .
. .,
Groundnut Eyespot V i r u s (GEV), R/1 : 3.116 : E/E : SIAp. P o t y v i r u s group.
Ma in d i s e a s e and g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n
T y p i c a l symptoms a r e da rk g reen spo ts sur rounded by a c h l o r o t i c h a l o
(F ig . 3A). Sometimes many l e a f l e t s show green l i n e p a t t e r n s . No s t u n t i n g was I observed. Crop y i e l d c o u l d b e reduced and i n f e c t e d p l a n t s can reach 100 %.
-- P h y s a l i s --------------- f l o r i d a n a i s a n a t u r a l hos t .
The d i s e a s e was observed o n l y i n t h e Cent re and t h e N o r t h o f t h e Ivory
Coast, i n B u r k i n a Faso and M a l i .
Host range and symptomatology
D i a g n o s t i c spec ies a r e A r a c h i s ------- h y m g e a (eyespots), P h y s a l i s a l k e k i n g j k ,
- P. -,-----,,/ f l o r i d a n a P e t u n i a ------- h y b r i d a -----/ N i c o t i a n a -----^-I- -----------I c l e v e l a n d i i Te t ragona ----- --- expansa,
t e s t i n g i n f e c t i v i t y .
T r a n s m i s s i o n b y v e c t o r s
Transmi 'ss ion b y Aph is c r a c c i v o r a and b. c i t r i c o l ' a was r e a l i z e d i n t h e --------- n o n - p e r s i s t e n t manner. No seed t r a n s m i s s i o n was observed.
GEV i s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o s e v e r a l a f r i c a n p o t y v i r u s e s (Fauquet and
Thouvenel, 1980) as Pepper v e i n a l mot t le , Guinea g rass mosaic, Pass ion f r u i t
r i ngspo t , Canava l i a mosaic and C u c u r b i t a mosaic v i r u s b u t f a i l e d t o r e a c t w i t h
a n t i s e r a t o many o t h e r p o t y v i r u s e s i n c l u d i n g Peanut m o t t l e v i r u s . 8
l
c
Causal agent
The v i r u s p a r t i c l e s a r e f l e x u o u s f i l a m e n t s about 12.5 nm wide and 750-
750 nm Long (Dubern and D o l l e t , 1980). The n u c l e i c a c i d compr ises 5.5 t o 6.5 %
of t h e w e i g h t o f t h e p a r t i c l e s . The m o l e c u l a r we igh t o f t h e c o a t p r o t e i n i s
32 Kd. C y l i n d r i c a l i n c l u s i o n s and s c r o l l s have been obse rved (F ig . 3B). . '
e
Groundnut c r i n k l e v i r u s
Groundnut C r i n k l e V i r u s (GCV), R / 1 : * /6: E/E: S / A I . C a r l a v i r u s group.
Ma in d i s e a s e and g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n
Leaf c r i n k l i n g and s t i p p l i n g symptoms a r e observed on l eaves (F ig . 3C).
C r i n k l i n g is v e r y s l i g h t , as i f t h e p r i m a r y v e i n was t o o s h o r t . The f requency
o f d i s e a s e d p l a n t s i s o f t e n more t h a n 50 %, and t h e p r o d u c t i o n i s s l i g h t l y
reduced..Centrosema pubescens i s a n a t u r a l hos t . The d i s e a s e was observed i n
t h e Sout'hern p a r t otf t h e I v o r y Coast.
Host range and symptomatology
D i a g n o s t i c spec ies a r e Arachis hypogee., Canava l i a msitgrmlg, Centrosema
p b e s c e n s --------/ -------- D o l i c h o s jgxgyluij, P h g p d y p i ~ & g a r j s , f . l a t h e r o i d e s , Psophocareup
----- t e t r a q o n o l o b u s --------, -- So ja - max, --- Viqna yEgu icu la ia . On ly leguminous p l a n t s a r e i n f e c t e d .
T ransmiss ion b y v e c t o r s
Bemis ia t a b a c i (A ley rod idae ) t r a n s m i t s t h e d i s e a s e i n t h e n o n - p e r s i s t e n t
manner (Fauquet and Thouvenel, 1985). No seed t r a n s m i s s i o n was observed.
Sero l o g y
GCV i s r e l a t e d t o Cowpea m i l d m o t t l e v i r u s ' ( S D 1 = 2) and t o 'Voandzeia
mosaic v i r u s ( S D I = 4 ) . ,-
8 I * ' 0 . ,*
Causal agent
The v i r u s p a r t i c l e s a r e f l e x u o u s f i l a m e n t s about 13.5 nm w ide and 650 i - 25 nm long. P o l y m e r i c forms a r e observed w i t h l e n g t h s o f 1300, 2000, 2600 and
3200'nm (F ig . 3D.l (Dubern and Do l l e t , 1981). The n u c l e i c a c i d comprises 6 % o f
. . t h e w e i g h t o f . t h e p a r t i c l e s . The m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f t h e c o a t p r o t e i n i s 34 Kd.
Groundnut c h l o r o t i c s p o t t i n g v i r u s
Groundnut C h l o r o t i c S p o t t i n g V i r u s (GCSV), R / 1 : * / 7 . 5 : E/E: 1/Ap. Po texv
Main ' d i sease and geograph ica l d i s t r i b u t i o n
Smal l c h l o r o t i c spo ts a r e appear ing (F ig . 4A) f i r s t on t h e young leaves,
rus .
t h e n c h l o r o s i s , mo t t l e , r ingspots , ve in -band ing and l i n e p a t t e r n s a r e deve lopp ing .
The v i r u s has been i s o l a t e d i n I v o r y Coast o n l y ,
Host range
The v
and symptomatology
r u s i s e a s i l y mechan ica l l y t ransm t t e d t o a r a t h e r w ide h o s t range i n
t h e Solanaceae ( P h y s a l i s f t o r i d a n a , I j j c o t i a n a FggaCosiphon, N i c o t i a n a
and Chenopodiaceae.
benthamiana
T r a n s m i s s i o n b y v e c t ' o r
The v i r u s i s 100 % t r a n s m i t t e d by t h e a p h i d s : &his c racc j vGca and &Ais sejcaecgCa, i n t h e n o n - p e r s i s t e n t manner. The seed t r a n s m i s s i o n was n o t t e s t e d .
Se ro logy
An a n t i s e r u m w i t h a t i t r e o f 1 /512 has been produced. No s e r o l o g i c a l
9 r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h Potex and C a r l a v i r u s e s has been ob ta ined .
. - ' 9
Causal agent
4- The v i r u s p a r t i c l e s a r e f i l a m e n t o u s p a r t i c l e s o f 534 - 20 nm i n l e n g t h and
+ 13 - 2 nm i n w i d t h (F ig . 48) (Fauquet e t al., 1985).
Tomato s p o t t e d w i I t v i r u s
Tomato S p o t t e d W i L t V i r u s (TSWV) : R / 1 : 7 . 4 / * : Se/*: (I),S,/Ve/th.
Tomato s p o t t e d w i l t v i r u s group.
. Ma in d i s e a s e and g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n
On groundnut TSWV induces a f a i n t b u t d i s t i n c t r i n g s p o t ? and l i n e p a t t e r n
symptom. Sometimes, t h e y a r e n e c r o t i c spo ts o r s t reaks , w i t h o r w i t h o u t s t u n t i n g .
I n some circumstances, groundnut deve lops c h l o r o t i c spots, l i k e s t r o k e s o f a
b r u s h (F ig . 4C). Y i e l d o f d i seased p l a n t s i s low, about 1 0 % o f h e a l t h y p l a n t s .
The pe rcen tage o f d i seased p l a n t s i n Senegal i s about 5 %. : '
I n West A f r i c a , t h e presence o f TSWV was newly r e c o g n i z e d (Dubern and
Fauquet, 1985). I t i s w idespread i n Senegal and Gambia.
Host range and symptomatology
D i a g n o s t i c s p e c i e s a r e P e t u n i a h y b r i d a ( l o c a l n e c r o t i c l es ions ) , A r a c h i s
hyegggm, N i c o t i a n a tabacum cv. Sa:msun NN, N. de~g~agdn~, l j n c a ~gsga, I&eag&E rnniuu.
,. T r a n s m i s s i o n b y v e c t o r s
A u t h o r s r e a l i z e d t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n w i t h t h e t h r i p s : IhrLes tabasi,
but n o t t h e a d u l t s a c q u i r e t h e v i r u s ; whereas o n l y t h e a d u l t s t r a n s m i t . They&
do n o t t r a n s m i t t h r o u g h t h e i r progeny. Seed t r a n s m i s s i o n i s r e p o r t e d i n tomato
but n o t i n groundnut (Helms; 1960; Best, 1968).
' Causal agen t -
Virus p a r t i c l e s a r e i s o m e t r i c w i t h 80-90 nm i n diameter , a p p a r e n t l y bounded ,
by a membrane. TSWV i s the o n l y one p l a n t v i r u s D a r t i c l e known t o have this
s t r u c t u r e (Fig. 4D).
Groundnut v i rus-li ke d i s e a s e s
. These d i s e a s e s were p a r t l y i d e n t i f i e d and observed i n t he Ivo ry Coast
(Dubern, 1979 ; Fauquet and Thouvenel, 1985) . G r a f t and mechanical t r a n s m i s s i o n s ,
and sometimes e l e c t r o n microscopy were s t u d i e d .
Symptomatology
Groundnut S t r e a k Disease : T h e l e a f l e t s of t he i n f e c t e d p l a n t s p r e s e n t
n e c r o t i c o r c h l o r o t i c s t r e a k s from the main v e i n t o the minor ve ins . Symptoms
a r e ve ry i n t e n s e on young s e e d l i n g s but d i s a p p e a r on o l d p l a n t s (Fig. 5 A ) .
Groundnut Mosaic Di sease : A t y p i c a l mosaic i s observed on the leaves, d e l i m i t i n g
i r r e g u l a r da rk g reen s p o t s on t h e limb, malformation and e l o n g a t i o n of t h e l e a f -
l e t s (F ig . 58). Groundnut Golden Disease : On d i s e a s e d p l a n t s , l e a f l e t s seem no t
completely s p r e a d o u t ; a p i c a l p a r t of the l e a f l e t s a r e yel low while the
p a r t i s g r e e n (F ig . 5C). Groundnut Flecking Di sease : A v e r y f a i n t f l e c k
observed on the b a s a l p a r t s of the l e a f l e t s , s i m i l a r t o a t h r i p s damage.
b a s a l
ng i s
Moreover
the b a s a l p a r t s of the l e a f l e t s a r e narrow and t h e l eaves a r e s m a l l e r t han t h e '
h e a l t h y one (F ig . 50 ) .
Transmission by v e c t o r s
. Only groundnut mosaic and groundnut s t r e a k d i s e a s e s a r e t r a n s m i t t e d by
Aehis --- ----,---,-I c r a c c i v o r a and the second one i n t he non-pe r s i s t en t manner. 0
1
P a r t i c l e s t r u c t u r e
Ø . F i tamentous v i r u s e s were observed f o r groundnut s t r e a k d i s e a s e without
l eng th d e t e r m i n a t i o n (Fauquet and Thouvenel, 1985) .
\ ' I ' I
F igu res ..- I
Fig. 1 : ( A ) T y p i c a l symptoms o f Peanut clump v i r u s , g reen s t r a i n ( l e f t ) , h e a l t h y - p l a n t o n t h e r i g h t .
(B I C y s t o s o r i o f h'ymyxa gramini; i n sorghhm s r u n d i n a c e u t r o o t c e l l s .
( C l Rod-shaped p a r t i c l e s o f Peanut clump v i r u s . I n s e t : ang le l a y e r e d
I p a r t i c l e s i n a Chenoeodjum a m a r a n t i c o l o r parenchyma c e l l .
(DI Y e l l o w symptoms on a groundnut l e a f i n d u c e d by PCV-AY.
F ig . 2 : ( A ) Groundnut c h l o r o t i c r o s e t t e v i r u s : young stems w i t h t y p i c a l r o s e t t e and c h l o r o t i c l e a f l e t s w i t h m o t t l e .
(6) Groundnut r o s e t t e v i r u s : i s o m e t r i c p a r t i c l e s w i t h 28-30 n m i n d iamete r .
(Cl T y p i c a l symptoms o f Groundnut g reen r o s e t t e v i r u s on a l o n g c y c l e cv . . g roundnut .
I ( D I N e c r o s i s symptoms appear ing on t h e f i r s t leaves, i n f e c t e d w i t h Groundnut
g reen r o s e t t e v i r u s .
Fig. 3 : ( A ) Groundnut eyespot v i r u s : t y p i c a l symptoms o f dark-green space i n t o c h l o r o t i c ha los .
(8) Groundnut eyespot v i r u s : p inwhee ls i n c l u s i o n s , t y p i c a l o f p o t y v i r u s e s .
(Cl Groundnut c r i n k l e v i r u s : symptoms o f c r i n k l i n g and s t i p p l i n g on . .
g roundnut leaves.
(Dl Groundnut c r i n k l e v i r u s : p a r t i c l e s o f 650 nm Long and p o l y m e r i c fo rms . '
Fig. 4 : ( A ) Symptoms o f groundnut c h l o r o t i c s p o t t i n g v i r u s on g roudnu t l e a f .
( B I Groundnut c h l o r o t i c s p o t t i n g v i r u s p a r t i c l e s o f 453 nm i n leng th .
( C l Groundnut i n f e c t e d w i t h tomato s p o t t e d w i l t v i r u s showing s t r o k e s o f a brush.
(Dl Tomato s p o t t e d w i l t v i r u s p a r t i c l e s w i t h a d iamete r o f 80-95 nm, observed i n groundnut cytoplasm.
i
Fig. 5 : (A) Groundnut s t r e a k d i sease w i t h c h l o r o t i c and n e c r o t i c s t r e a k s between t h e secondary ve ins . ' ,
(B) Groundnut mosaic d i sease w i t h mal fo rmat ion , da rk g reen and i r r e g u l a r s p o t s w i t h o u t c h l o r o s i s .
\ (Cl Groundnut go lden mosaic d isease w i t h y e l l o w i n g o f t h e a p i c a l p a r t cf t h e l e a f l e t s : wh ich- a r e n o t c o m p l e t e l y un fo lded .
( D l Groundnut f l e c k i n g disease, w i t h f a i n t f l e c k i n g on t h e l eaves and l i g h t n a r r o w i n g o f t h e base1 p a r t s o f t h e l e a f l e t s . r
. I
1 )
2 )
3 )
4 )
5)
6 )
7 )
Ø
F. References
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18) Thouvenel, J.C., Dol.let, M. and Fauquet, C. (1976) : Some p r o p e r t i e s of
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