Sarvajanik College of Engineering and

Technology(SCET)

Topic : Groundwater contamination Effort by :

Dumasia Yazad H.

1Computer (Morning) 1st year

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Ground Water is a Precious National

Resource – Preserve it , Protect it

& Don't Pollute it.

Cycle for ground Water

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Definition :-Groundwater is the water located beneath Earth's surface in soil porous spaces and in the fractures of rock formation.

A unit of rock or an unconsolidated( loosely arranged) deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water.

The depth at which soil porous spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table.

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Typically, groundwater is thought of as liquid water flowing through shallow aquifers, but, in the technical sense, it can also include moisture, permafrost (frozen soil), immobile water in very low permeability bedrock, and deep geothermal or oil formation water.

Groundwater is hypothesized to provide lubrication that can possibly influence the movement of faults.

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Definition in technical word:-

It is likely that much of Earth's sub-surface contain some water, which may be mixed with other fluids in some instances.

Groundwater may not be confined only to Earth. The formation of some of

the landforms observed on Mars may have been influenced by groundwater. There is also evidence that liquid water may also exist in the subsurface of Jupiter's moon Europa. 7

Definition in technical word:-

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No. of usage of underground Water

Usage of underground Water of different country

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Groundwater contamination occurs when man-made products such as gasoline, oil, road salts, untreated factory products, bi-products , effluents or spillages chemicals, gets into the groundwater and cause it to become unsafe and unfit for human use.

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Groundwater Contamination

Materials from the land's surface can move through the soil and end up in the groundwater.

For example, pesticides and fertilizers can find their way into groundwater supplies over time.Road salt, toxic substances from mining sites, and used motor oil also may seep into groundwater.

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Groundwater Contamination

In addition, it is possible for treated waste from septic tanks and toxic chemicals from underground storage tanks and leaky landfills to contaminate groundwater.

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Groundwater Contamination

Dangers Of Contaminated Groundwater

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Drinking contaminated groundwater can have serious health effects. Diseases such as hepatitis and dysentery may be caused by contamination from septic tank waste.

Poison may be caused by toxins that have leached into well water supplies which effect an wildlife .

Dangers Of Contaminated Groundwater

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Other long term effects such as certain types of cancer may also result from exposure to polluted water.

Untreated outgoing entrance also leads to increase in levels of heavy metals in the water source.

Potential Sources of Groundwater Contamination

Storage Tanks :May contain gasoline, oil, chemicals, or other types of liquids and they can either be above or below ground. There are estimated over time the tanks can corrode, crack and develop leaks. If the contaminants leak out and get into the groundwater, serious contamination can occur.

Septic Systems :Septic systems are designed to slowly drain away human waste underground at a slow, harmless rate. An improperly designed, located, constructed, or maintained septic system can leak bacteria, viruses, household chemicals, and other contaminants into the groundwater causing serious problems.

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Potential Sources of Groundwater Contamination

Uncontrolled Hazardous WasteToday, there are over 20,000 known abandoned and uncontrolled hazardous waste disposal sites and the numbers grow every year.

Hazardous waste sites can lead to groundwater contamination if there are barrels or other containers laying around that are full of hazardous / radioactive materials.

If there is a leak, these contaminants can eventually make their way down through the soil and into the groundwater. Due to heavy rains and floods the hazardous waste is carried to different places from the disposal site.

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Potential Sources of Groundwater Contamination Atmospheric Contaminants

Since groundwater is part of the hydrologic cycle, contaminants in other parts of the cycle, such as the atmosphere or bodies of surface water, can eventually be transferred into our groundwater supplies.

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Overuse and Depletion Groundwater is the largest source of usable, fresh

water in the world. In many parts of the world, especially where surface water supplies are not available, domestic, agricultural, and industrial water needs can only be met by using the water beneath the ground.

Example : The water stored in the ground is comparable to money kept in a bank account. If the money is withdrawn at a faster rate than new money is deposited, there will eventually be account-supply deficit problems. Pumping water out of the ground at a faster rate than it is replenished over the long-term cause’s similar problems.

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Some of the negative effects of groundwater depletion: Lowering of the Water Table

Excessive pumping can lower the groundwater table, and cause wells to no longer be able to reach groundwater.

Increased CostsAs the water table lowers, the water must be pumped further to reach the surface, using more energy. In extreme cases, using such a well can be cost prohibitive.

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Reduced Surface Water SuppliesSurface water & ground water are connected. When surface water is overused, the lakes, streams, and rivers connected to groundwater can also have their supply diminished.

Land SubsidenceLand subsidence occurs when there is a loss of support below ground. This is most often caused by human activities, mainly from the overuse of groundwater, when the soil collapses, compacts, and drops.

Water Quality ConcernsExcessive pumping in coastal areas can cause saltwater to move inland and upward, resulting in saltwater contamination of the water supply.

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State ProfileGround Water Scenario of

Gujarat

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Area (Sq.km) 1,96,024

Rainfall (mm) 1243

Total Districts / Talukas

25 districts  / 184 Talukas

State ProfileGround Water of Gujarat

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Dynamic Ground Water resources

Annual Replenish able Ground water Resource

15.81 BCM (Billion Cubic Meter)

Net Annual Ground 15.02 BCMAnnual Ground Water Draft 11.49 BCM

Stage of Ground Water Development

76 %

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Ground Water Development & Management

Over Exploited 31 TalukasCritical 12 TalukasSemi- critical 69 TalukasGround Water User Maps 25 districtsArtificial Recharge to Ground Water (AR) Area identified for

AR: 64264 sq. km.Quantity of Surface

Water to be Recharged : 1408 MCM

Feasible AR structures:  4942 Percolation Tanks 13210 Check Dams,

RWH in Urban Areas for 4.5 Lakhs houses

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Ground Water Quality Problems

Contaminants Districts affected (in part)

Salinity  (EC > 3000 µS/cm at 25 ° C)

Ahmdabad, Amreli, Anand, Bharuch, Bhavnagar, Banaskantha, Dohad, Porbandar, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Kachchh,  Mehsana, Navsari, Patan, Panchmahals, Rajkot, Sabarkantha, Surendranagar, Surat, Vadodara

Fluoride (>1.5 mg/l) Ahemdabad, Amreli, Anand, Banaskantha, Bharuch, Bhavnagar, Dohad, Junagadh, Kachchh,  Mehsana, Narmada, Panchmahals, Patan, Rajkot, Sabarkantha, Surat, Surendranagar,Vadodara

Chloride  (> 1000 mg/l) Ahmedabad, Amreli, Bharuch, Bhavnagar, Banaskantha,  Porbandar, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Kachchh,  Dohad,  Patan, Panchmahals, Sabarkantha, Surendranagar, Surat, Vadodara, Rajkot

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Ground Water Quality Problems

Contaminants Districts affected (in part)

Chloride  (> 1000 mg/l) Ahmedabad, Amreli, Bharuch, Bhavnagar, Banaskantha,  Porbandar, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Kachchh,  Dohad,  Patan, Panchmahals, Sabarkantha, Surendranagar, Surat, Vadodara, Rajkot

Iron (>1.0 mg/l) Ahemdabad, Banaskantha, Bhavnagar, Kachchh,  Mehsana Narmada

Nitrate  (>45 mg/l) Ahemdabad, Amreli, Anand, Banaskantha, Bharuch, Bhavnagar, Dohad, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Kachchh,  Kheda, Mehsana, Narmada,, Panchmahals, Patan, Porbandar, Rajkot, Sabarkantha, Surat, Surendranagar , Vadodara

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times of India news

Underground water table depleting in 44 districts KANPUR: Underground water condition is not satisfactory in the state. It is overexploited or in critical and semi-critical condition in 44 districts. 

Kanpur, Lucknow, Allahabad and Kannauj districts are included among these 44 districts, according to a report submitted to the government by the irrigation department and Underground Water Board. The report urged the government to consider it and take appropriate action to check the depleting underground water table. 

Chief secretary Alok Ranjan stopped the implementation of all the government schemes for potable water or irrigation from 111 overexploited blocks of the state. Kalyanpur block of Kanpur has come under overexploited category. Implementation of free boring, medium and deep boring, government tubewells and community tube well schemes in the area have been stopped. People have been urged not to exploit underground water in the block. 

Chaubeypur, Ghatampur, Sarsaul and Shivrajpur are under semi-critical zones and officials had been asked to keep a check there too. 

Chinhat in Lucknow has been declared as dark zone as it is overexploited and city's five blocks, including Malihabad, Deeha, Bhadohi are in semi-critical zone. 

According to joint study conducted by Underground Water Board and minor irrigation department in the city, water table was depleting 20 cms per year in Kanpur. Hari Prasad, an official of minor irrigation department told TOI that previous year data indicate that on an average, underground water was depleting by 20 to 30 cms per year. 

On an average, water table should be around 20 ft. But at Kalyanpur, it was measured 40 to 45 ft below the ground. 

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A study revealed that the underground water is receding by 20 to 50 cms on an average every year. According to available data, around two meters of water table had receded in the city in last six years. 

In comparison to present level of 27.77 meters, Kidwai Nagar had water level of 23.90 meters in 2007. Fazalganj has 28.05 meters at present in comparison to 2007's level 25.60 meters. 

As per record, there are 11,890 government hand pump, 20,000 private hand pumps, 165 government tube wells, 850 submersible pumps, more than 2 lakhs private submersible pumps are exploiting around 35 crore liter of underground water per day. The city requires 52 crore liters of water per day.  29

In order to check the depleting groundwater table, Kanpur Development Authority had made mandatory rainwater harvesting in each new construction mandatory. But it could not be implemented properly. Even rainwater harvesting system of KDA is out of order. 

According to Ground Water Board officials, more ponds should be dug so that rainwater could be stored there. Ponds are useful rechargers of groundwater. 

The district administration stated that digging of ponds in the village under MNREGA was going on and legal proceedings have been initiated against those who had illegally occupied ponds for commercial or residential purposes.

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Thank you