Mr.Supot JermsawatdipongDeputy Director General
Department of Groundwater Resources
APWF KnowledgeHub for Groundwater Management: Launch Meeting2 June 2011, Bangkok
Outline
Introduction Conceptual Framework of GW management
Previous works Current situation Future trend Summary
Introduction
Hydrologic cycle of Thailand Precipitation (732,795 MCM/yr.) Surface runoff (213,303 MCM/yr.) Surface storage (76,131 MCM/yr.) Evapotranspiration (416,863 MCM/yr.) Infiltration and percolation (102,809 MCM/yr.) Groundwater storage (1,131,959 MCM)
Rainfall 1,426 mm/yr
Precipitation Water732,975 Mm3/yr (100%)
Infiltration102,809 Mm3/yr
(14.03%)
Surface Runoff213,303 Mm3/yr
(29.10%)
Irrigation Area 60,480 km3
Surface Storage 76,131 Mm3
Rainfed area 152,000 km3
Hydrologic cycle of Thailand
Groundwater Recharge
102,809 Mm3/yr
Groundwater Storage1,131,959 Mm3
Evapotranspiration 416,863 Mm3/yr(56.87%)
Groundwater Basins in Thailand
27 basins
Table of Groundwater storage
No.
GW Region
GW basin
Area (km2)
Storage(million
m3)
Annual Recharge(million
m3)
11 NortherNorthernn 77 88,395.
4097,189.46 11,818.60
22 Upper Upper centralcentral 33 78,636.
80237,246.5
422,600.56
33 Lower Lower CentralCentral 33 82,887.
10297,834.0
4 26,713.30
44 NortheaNortheastern stern 33 167,05
4.00374,332.4
526,593.61
13 528
Conceptual framework of GW management
Ref. : Foster. 2008
Previous works
Groundwater exploration and mapping Groundwater development Groundwater database Land subsidence and groundwater monitoring networks
Groundwater usage control and legislation Groundwater Act 1977 A.D.
Groundwater exploration and mapping
Geological survey Aerial photo and satellite image interpretation
Geophysical survey Hydrogeological mapping Groundwater mapping
Groundwater development
Borehole drilling Geophysical logging Casing programme Pumping test Pump installation Groundwater quality analysis Rural water supply
Rural water supply
Hand pump Rural village water supply
Small village (12 m3 water tower tank) Medium village (20 m3 water tower tank)
Groundwater database
Pasutara database Well location Depth Drilled log Geophysical log (SP, R, Gamma) Casing programme Static water level (SWL) Groundwater quality
Bangkok Land subsidence
First noticed in the 1960’s Since 1978: Max. subsidence= ~1.0 m observed 1979-1981: Reached 5-10 cm/yr in some areas Subsiding areas coincide with groundwater
depression zones Land subsidence still occurring (~1.0 cm/yr in
most parts) Surrounding areas at risk (Samut Prakan,
Pathumthani, Samut Sakhon)
Land subsidence and groundwater monitoring networks
Groundwater Act 1977 A.D.
Groundwater Act, B.E. 2520 (1977) and Amendments
Contains provisions for: Controlling the exploration and drilling for groundwater Use of groundwater Recharging of aquifers through wells Protection and conservation of groundwater resources
The amendments mainly involve such issues as: Groundwater operating licenses requirement for state agencies or
organizations that use groundwater in critical areas Identification of restricted and groundwater-pumping zones Groundwater-charging rates Penalties and fees for groundwater activities Advancement of knowledge for well drillers Setting up the Groundwater Development Fund for study and
research on conservation of groundwater resources and the environment
Groundwater Act: Salient Points
Definition of Groundwater
Occurring beneath the ground at depths exceeding depth(s) prescribed by the Minister, excluding those at a depth of less than 10 meters
Below 15 m in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region and Ayutthaya
Below 20 m in the North-Eastern Region
Below 30 m elsewhere
Establishment of the Groundwater Committee
Set regulations; make decisions together with the Minister
Designation of Groundwater Areas
Where groundwater use may be prohibited
Groundwater Charging Rates
Exemptions and discounts in areas with no water supply service
Groundwater Licenses
Groundwater Charge
1985: A groundwater fee of 1.00 Baht/m3 is applied (6 provinces)
1994: Groundwater charge increased to 3.50 Baht/m3
(all provinces) 1997: Development of a
groundwater charging method (Exemptions and discounts for areas w/o water supply)
2000‐2003: Gradual increase of groundwater fees to 8.50 Baht/m3
2004: Groundwater Preservation Charge (Critical Zones)
7 Provinces* Other Provinces
February 3, 1985** 1
July 1, 1994 3.5 3.5
July 1- 31, 2000 3.5 3.5
August 1 - September 30, 2000 4 3.5
October 1 - December 31, 2000 4.5 3.5
January 1 - March 31, 2001 5 3.5
April 1 - June 30, 2001 5.5 3.5
July 1 - September 30, 2001 6 3.5
October 1 - December 31, 2001 6.5 3.5
January 1 - March 31, 2002 7 3.5
April 1 - June 30, 2002 7.5 3.5
July 1- September 30, 2002 7.75 3.5
October 1 - December 31, 2002 8 3.5
January 1 - March 31, 2003 8.25 3.5
April 1, 2003 - Present 8.5 3.5
** Bangkok, Nonthaburi, Pathumthani, Ayutthaya, Samut Prakarn and partially in Samut Sa
Groundwater Tariff (Baht/m3)Effectivity Period
* Bangkok Metropolis, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Ayutthaya, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, and Nakhon Pathom
Groundwater Preservation Charge
Imposed upon registered private users in the provinces of Bangkok, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Ayutthaya, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, and Nakhon Pathom starting 2004
Date/Month/Year Cost (Bt/m3)
1-30 September 2004 1.00
1 October – 31 December 2004 2.00
1 January – 31 March 2005 3.00
1 April – 30 June 2005 4.00
1 July – 30 September 2005 5.00
1 October – 31 December 2005 6.00
1 January – 31 March 2006 7.00
1 April – 30 June 2006 8.00
Beyond 1 July 2006 8.50
Current situation
Thai government agency reform of October 3rd, 2002.
Establish the Department of Groundwater Resources
New structure of groundwater works Research and development Bureaus 12 Regional offices Law and legistlation
Structure of DGR
Project components
Groundwater Resources Evaluation Hydrogeological survey and Groundwater mapping Airborne geophysical survey Carbonate aquifer exploration and assessment Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) Manage Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Riverbank Filtration (RBF) Underground Dam Assessment of Conjunctive Use for Irrigation
Project components
Groundwater development Drinking water supply for school children Wellhead protection (flooding mitigation) Abandoned groundwater wells backfilled Groundwater for agriculture supply Knowledge transferring to local government
Project components
Groundwater Strategic Planning Political & Public Awareness of Functions Groundwater Management Master Plan Groundwater Utilization & Valuation Technical & Economic Appraisal of Impact Mitigation
Project components
Groundwater Abstraction Use & Regulation Legal Modification to Abstraction Licensing Stakeholder Engagements & Participation Evaluation of License Charging, Trading & Policing
Project components
Groundwater Quality Assessment & Protection Production of Land‐Surface Zoning Maps Groundwater Pollution of Hazard Assessment Promotion of Groundwater Well Protection Zones
Groundwater Quality Monitoring Networks
Project components
Groundwater database & Information Provision
Updating & Linkage of Groundwater Databases
Development of GIS for Information Provision
Promotion of National Groundwater Data Centre
Future trend
Research and Development (R&D) Strengthening capacity in groundwater resources management to local government
Law enforcements
Summary
Past – groundwater exploration and development for rural water supply
Present – research and development (R&D) and knowledge transferring to local government
Future ‐ research and development (R&D), strengthening capacity in groundwater resources management to local government and Law enforcements
Thank you