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GROUNDWATER IN URBAN INDIA: AN OVERVIEW WORKSHOP ON PARTICIPATORY AQUIFER MAPPING WIPRO, JUNE 2015
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GROUNDWATER IN URBAN INDIA: AN OVERVIEW
WORKSHOP ON PARTICIPATORY AQUIFER MAPPINGWIPRO, JUNE 2015
Why does a well produce water?
Surface water
catchment
Aquifers…
India’s groundwater trajectory
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cubi
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US W.Europe Spain MexicoChina India Pakistan BangladeshSri Lanka Vietnam Ghana South AfricaTunisia
Shah, 2009
India’s oft-unfathomed groundwater dependence
– Rural drinking water: almost entirely groundwater – 80 to 95%
– Agriculture: 60-70% of total use
– Urban: 48% of water supply share is groundwater
Shah (2009), Agriculture Statistics, various years; DDWS (2009); CSE (2012)
Well for tigers in Nagzira
Some 700 million Indians –
including 180 urban Indians -
use groundwater
every day…and some tigers
too!!
Competition: between users and between uses
…a source and a sink
GROUNDWATER
Sink
Source
The larger pictureFoster et al, 2010; GWMATE
• More than 1.5 billion urban dwellers rely on groundwater, globally
• Many depend on groundwater, especially in “developing cities”, surface water supplies notwithstanding
• Modification of groundwater cycle on account of urbanisation
• Many problems around groundwater are predictable, few are predicted
Tradeoff between reduction in infiltration-facilitative
surfaces and leaking mains and
sewers…
Contaminant loading of sub-surface – improper sanitation, sewerage and waste disposal..
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Groundwater
• In over 71 cities and towns, groundwater constitutes 48% of urban water supply (Narain, 2012)
• 56 per cent of metropolitan, class-I and class-II cities are dependent on groundwater (NIUA, 2011)
• Unaccounted groundwater in urban areas exceeds 50% in 28 Indian cities (CGWB, 2011)
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Despite 50% share in usage, groundwater remains a blind spot in Urban Water Planning
Urban groundwater pie
Core
New city
Peri-urban
Rural
Natural recharge area
Natural recharge
area
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Agglomeration
Trends in Surface and Groundwater Use across variously sized Urban Settlements in India
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Himalayan mountain region
Himalayan region
A Urban Agglomerations 0B Million plus cities 0C Lakh plus cities 8 Total cities(A+B+C) 8 Total cities % 2.5% Smaller towns corresponding to taluka headquarters 457 Talukas % 8%
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Extensive alluvium
Alluvial
A Urban Agglomerations 5B Million plus cities 19C Lakh plus cities 118 Total cities(A+B+C) 142 Total cities % 46% Smaller towns corresponding to taluka headquarters 1847 Talukas % 32%
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Volcanic – largely basalt
Volcanics
A Urban Agglomerations 2B Million plus cities 6C Lakh plus cities 24 Total cities(A+B+C) 32 Total cities % 10.5% Smaller towns corresponding to taluka headquarters 391 Talukas % 7%
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Deeper aquifers used under many parts of the city and its neighbourhood
Shallow aquifers in the core city
Shallow aquifers ineastern fringes
Shallow aquifers inwestern fringes
Slice of the pie: Pune city – basalt aquifers
Various sources, from 1970s onwards…
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Crystalline
Crystallines
A Urban Agglomerations 4B Million plus cities 21C Lakh plus cities 89 Total cities(A+B+C) 114 Total cities % 35.5% Smaller towns corresponding to taluka headquarters 1773 Talukas % 31%
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Consolidated sedimentary
Sedimentary Systems
A Urban Agglomerations 0
B Million plus cities 1
C Lakh plus cities 12
Total cities(A+B+C) 13
Total cities % 4.0%
Smaller towns corresponding to taluka headquarters 172
Talukas % 3.0%
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Transition
Transition
A Urban Agglomerations ?B Million plus cities ?C Lakh plus cities ? Total cities(A+B+C) ? Total cities % ? Smaller towns corresponding to taluka headquarters 1142 Talukas % 20%
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
A Typology of Urban Aquifers in IndiaSome examples
1. Himalayan Mountain: Aizawl, Darjeeling, Dharamsala, Gangtok, Mussoorie, Nainital, Shillong, Shimla
2. Extensive Alluvial: Bhubaneshwar, Chandigarh, Guwahati, Kolkata, Lucknow, Patna, Varanasi
3. Volcanic: Aurangabad, Bidar, Bijapur, Buldana, Dewas, Mumbai, Nasik, Pune, Solapur, Ujjain, Indore
4. Crystallines: Bhilwara, Bengaluru, Bolangir, Dindigul, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, Mysore, Ranchi, Thrissur
5. Consolidated Sedimentary: Adilabad, Bundi, Chandrapur, Dhanbad, Hazaribagh, Kota, Raipur, Rewa
6. Transition Zones: Bagdogra, Bhopal, Bhuj, Delhi, Gurgaon, Haldwani, Kalka, Nagpur
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Urban Groundwater Management
• Phase 1– Mapping and Registration of Key Groundwater Sources– Participatory Aquifer Mapping, including a recharge plan– Stakeholder database: users, drillers, tanker-operators
• Phase 2– Groundwater Recharge Programme, using the concept of Managed Aquifer
Recharge– Reuse-recycle-recharge– Participatory Groundwater Management – supply augmentation and demand
management
• Phase 3– Regulatory framework
• Securing Groundwater from impacts of Sanitation and Waste Disposal• Protection of Recharge Zones
– Institutions that are organised around Urban Governance structures – mohallas, wards etc.
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Advanced Center for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM)Plot 4, Lenyadri society, Sus road, Pashan, Pune-411021. 020-25871539 Email: [email protected] Website: www.acwadam.org
Deconstructing “Urban” India
• Two ways of looking at these stages
– Spatial distribution of stages based on size and population; hence, nucleus towns, growing towns, expanding cities and urban agglomerations…
– Temporal dimension of any single urban settlement that is passing through these stages…
• These stages represent unique situations and solutions through varying degrees of dependence on sources of water
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
A hydrogeological section: a part of Bengaluru – data derived through a participatory citizen survey
20 years ago
5-10 years ago
2 years ago
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Pilots such as work under this project…
• A New Plan for Groundwater Management– groundwater recharge and catchment plan – linked to the upstream– aquifer management plan– groundwater discharge zone protection plan – linked to the river
improvement and downstream conservation / protection plan
• Key activities– Strengthening the Data Baseline– Building a Strong Framework of Participatory Planning– Mapping, Preservation and Revival of Local Water Bodies– Working with Industry to Lower its Water Footprint– Training and Building Capacities of relevant stakeholders, especially ULBs
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Freshwater availability and demand
Time
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Urban water is related to all these factors
1915 1931 1951 1971 1991 20110
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Annual water supply in BL Sewage pumped annually in BL
Water supply in lpcd Population in million
PMC, various years, Deolankar, 1977, Kulkarni et al, 1991
GROUNDWATER
Groundwater: source, sink with a unique set of dynamics…
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
RIVER / RESERVOIR
WELLS
Smaller towns In-situ / close to the town, part of watersheds
Usually in-situ, mostly multiple aquifers now, may have begun water supply from a single aquifer
Larger cities and metros
Distant, larger river basins involved
In-situ and ex-situ, complex aquifer dynamics involved with large-scale inter-aquifer transfers
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
Components of a consolidated approach…
• Comprehensive understanding of groundwater resources (aquifers) required: KNOWLEDGE-ACTION agenda including strategic urban recharge through an aquifer based approach
• Information on sources, usage, impacts (especially recharge and quality): CROWD SOURCING, CAPACITY BUILDING leading to an urban groundwater database
• Logic of including groundwater in the formal civic water supply system – POLICY and PARTICIPATION
– Link regulation and licensing to assured water supply and equitability
– Major improvements in sanitation, sewerage, recycling and treatment
– Improved groundwater literacy…
www.acwadam.org [email protected]
