SAVE THE TREASURE: GROUNDWATER

Presented by:Preksha BhardwajShikhar SodhaniVivekananda Institute of Technology, Jaipur.

EPCR-2012Environmental Pollution : Challenges and Remediation

WATER

Occurrence of water1.       97% of all water on earth is in oceans. 2.     ~ 2% of the earth's water in ice caps & glaciers 3.     About 0.6% of earth's water is groundwater4. Water in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere amounts to less than 0.02% of earth's water .

GROUNDWATER

Water is a basic necessity for the life to sustain. Ground water is the water located beneath the earth’s surface in soil pore spaces and in fractures of rocks.It serves intensively for irrigation and industrial purposes (50%). Ground water is an integral part of the hydrological cycle and its availability depends on the rain and recharge conditions.

HOW DOES IT OCCUR

BasicTerminalogies…

Aquifers(Saturated Zones):

Aquifers are underground layers of permeable rock, gravel, sand or clay that water can be extracted from.When the spaces are large enough to contain usable quantities of water, it is called an aquifer. There are two types of aquifers:

1. Confined 2. Unconfined

A confined aquifer has a layer of impermeable clay or bedrock above it, as well, and an unconfined aquifer does not.

Types of Aquifers

Groundwater Movement:

Groundwater movement:

Groundwater moves slowly from recharge areas to discharge points.Flow rates are faster in cracks of rocks or very loose soil but in dense soli of fine particles it moves very slowly. Groundwater generally moves in parallel paths or layers.

Cone of Depression

Removing water from the well lowers the water table resulting in the formation of Cone of Depression. The effect of cone of depression extends to the nearby water bodies known as Induced Recharge.

GROUNDWATER IN INDIA

Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85% of the population dependent.

Groundwater table declines-33cm/year.

Depleting Water Table

Fast growing cites

Rapid rise in demand of water

Requirement of imported water (water from various

water bodies) is increasing at an alarming rate

Depletion in Groundwater level(Water Table)

GROUNDWATERCONTAMINATION

Groundwater pollution is a change in the properties of groundwater due to contamination by microbes, chemicals, hazardous substances and other foreign particles. It is a major type of water pollution.

Ground Water PollutionThe sources of groundwater pollutants are either natural (mineral deposits in rocks) or man-made.

Natural sources are less harmful compared to hazardous chemicals generated by human activities.

Any chemical present on the surface can travel underground and cause groundwater pollution.

The seepage of the chemical depends on the chemical type, soil porosity and hydrology.

>70,000 chemicals are used not; effects of many are not known.

Each year another 700-800 new chemicals are produced.

Some Sources:Groundwater contamination can come from a number of natural and human-made sources. Thesecan include:

1. Leaks and spills at factories and commercial facilities.2. Improper hazardous waste disposal.3. Improper use and disposal of pesticides.4. Leach ate from landfills.5. Septic systems.6. Saline Intrusion.7. Salts and chemicals used to deice roads.8. Liquid waste storage lagoons9. Fertilizers10.Animal wastes11.Leaking underground storage tanks12.Radon contamination13.Underground injection wells14.Pipeline breaks

A bit description……

 radon contaminatiion-Soil made up of granite rock, some volcanic rock, organic-rich shales, phosphate minerals or pitchblende is known to release radon.

Arsenic contamination-Arsenic is a deadly chemical that is often found in a contaminated area. Arsenic is naturally occurring, but when chemical contamination increases the concentration it becomes dangerous. Arsenic poisoning can be linked to skin, lung and bladder cancer. High levels of arsenic also lead to cardiovascular damage.

GROUNDWATER DEPLETION•The amount of water pumped by farmers from India’s aquifers is greatly exceeding natural recharge in many areas. •In the western part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, where the recharge approach described here was initiated•rainfall ranges between 650 and 1,000 mm annually, but only 200 mm naturally percolate through the soil layer to replenish underlying aquifers.

Recharge of Groundwater:

•Groundwater recharge is the replenishment of an aquifer with water from the land surface.

•The amount of water that may be extracted from an aquifer without causing depletion is primarily dependent upon the ground water recharge.

•Water is continually recycled through aquifer systems.

• Groundwater recharge is any water added to the aquifer zone.

• Processes that contribute to groundwater recharge include precipitation, stream flow, leakage (reservoirs, lakes, aqueducts), and artificial means (injection wells).

CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES

Rainwater harvesting is the accumulating and storing of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer.

The principle of collecting and using precipitation from a catchment surface.

There are two ways for harvesting

1. Surface runoff harvesting

2. Roof top rainwater harvesting We use surface run off harvesting to

increase the groundwater table.

•In urban area rainwater flows away as surface runoff. This runoff could be used to caught and used for recharging aquifers by adopting appropriate methods.•Harvesting of surface runoff and storage of the same into reservoirs such as water pans makes it available for use when required.

SUB-SURFACE DYKES It is a subsurface barrier across stream which

retards the base flow and stores water upstream below ground surface.

Since the water is stored within the aquifer , submergence of land can be avoided and land above the reservoir can be utilized even after the construction of the dam.

No evaporation loss from the reservoir and no siltation in the reservoir take place. The potential disaster like collapse of the dams can also be avoided.

Crosswave plastic material CROSS-WAVE is a material of underground rainwater

storage for a Rain Water Harvesting developed by a Japanese company SEKISUI TECHNO MOLDING CO.LTD.

It creates space underground for water in high void ratio which contributes to the effective use of rainwater and control overflow.

The underground water space created by CROSS-WAVE controls flood of river and drainage caused by heavy rain, at the same time providing the environment through which stored rain water can be utilized according to necessity.

This reserved water can be used for daily life usage or industrial usage and at the time of emergency.

Construction procedure

As CROSS-WAVE is light weight so transportation is

also smooth.

Heavy load capacity, strong enough for 25t truck

with covering more than 60cm.

Can be install simply by cross and piling up.

Apart from that you can utilize for wide range of

civil engineering materials such as lightweight fill

materials or temporary construction material.

1. Digging 2. Protection sheet 3. Lining sheet 4. Carry in 5. Pile up 6. Setting spacer 7. Lining sheet, Protection sheet finished 8. Finished

Installation process

Installation sites

Flood ControlControlling overflow in a redevelopment area.By making some underground reservoirs at redevelopment area ,rainwater runoff in the can be reduced.Can be used at:•Under park at redevelopment area•Under parking lots at shopping center

Installation sites

Rainwater Harvesting Water for life, industry and irrigationCROSS-WAVE has miscellaneous usesIt can be used for various purposes such as water for car washing, irrigation ,industrial usage and for gardens.Can be used•Under parking lots at personal house, hospital and office•Under parking lots at plant•Under farm road or green house

Installation sitesFire Fighting

Water storage for fire fighting and disasterCROSS-WAVE can be applied from 40 ton to 10000m3 and can store for emergency water supply.Can be used•Under park•Under schoolyard

Installation sitesDaily use water

Water for fountain or small streamUse rainwater for fountain on small stream then you can develop hydrologic cycle that enrich your life.Can be used•Around park or amenity space•Under parking lots at housing complex

Installation in India

Storage tank for factory in Chennai, India (Storage capacity:20m3)

Construction results

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