HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF NURSING AND THE

COMPUTER. 

GROUP 1

MAJOR HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF NURSING AND COMPUTERS

Computer technology emerged in nursing in response to the changing and developing technologies in the health care industry.

It is analyze according to :1. Six time period2. Four major areas3. Standard initiatives

4. Significant landmarks

PRIOR TO 1960S

The image of nursing was improving Nursing practices improved Services were expanding in scope and

complexity And the number of nurses was increase

1960

Computer technology advanced while the number of health care facilities increased

Added important dimension to the computer system, providing more accessible and user-friendly

1970 Several states and large community

health agencies developed or contracted for their own computer-based management information syste

1980’S

Informatics emerged in the health care industry and nursing

Nursing informatics became a specialty in the field of nursing

HIS emerged with nursing subsystems Order entry Kardex Results reporting Nurse’s notes Discharge planning Microcomputer or personal computer

emerged.

1990’S

Computer technology became an integral part of health care settings

NI was approved by American Nurses Association (ANA) as a new nursing specialty

Brought smaller and faster computers—laptop and notebook

LANs and WANs were developed Internet was started

POST 2000

Wireless point of care was developed Clinical Information Systems became

individualized in the electronic patient record (EPR) and patient specific systems considered for the lifelong longitudinal record or electronic health record ( EHR)

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 was enacted

Recommended health care providers to use Provider Identification Number (PIN)

Lead to several federal and private initiatives for health care technologies.

Health Initiative and Institute Consolidated Health Information (CHI)

initiative National Health Information Infrastracture

(NHII) initiative

FOUR MAJOR NURSING AREAS Nursing practice Nursing administration Nursing Education Nursing Research

NURSING PRACTICE it has evolved and change radically it became an integral part of Electonic

Health Record (HER) Data emerged with the introduction of

nursing terminologies by ANA as coded terminologies usable for the EHR

NURSING ADMINISTRATION It changed the introduction of computer

that link nursing department together in the hospital.

It helps policy and procedure manuals to be access and retrieved by computer

Internet is being used by the urses to access digital libraries, online resources and research pretocol at bedside

NURSING EDUCATION They used computer to enhance

courses, online and distance education in some universities and school of nursing.

With the use of internet and teleconference courses, the time, distance and cost are no longer barrier to educational program

NURSING RESEARCH It provides the impetus to use computer

for analyzing nursing data. With advancement of computer

technology database in supporting nursing research emerged, for online researching and retreiving information.

STANDARDS INITIATIVE

1. Nursing practice standards2. Nursing Data standards 3. Health care data standards

organizatons:

NURSING PRACTICE STANDARDS

Developed and recommended by the ANA ANA: Publish the standards of clinical nursing practice which focus

not only on the organizing principles of clinical nursing. Recommended that the nursing process serve as the

conceptual framework for the documentation of the nursing practice.

Joint commission on accreditation of hospital organizatons (JCAHO) :

Stress the need for adequate records on patients in hospital and practice standards for the documentation of care by nurses.

Recommended acuity systems to determine resource use as well as required care plans for documenting nursing care.

Included on there recent manual the required contents of an HER, such as what data should be collected and how the data should be organized I the electronic data base.

NURSING DATA STANDARDS

Emerge as a new requirement for the EHR. ANA : Responsible for the recognition of the

terminologies and for determining if they have met the criteria to be included in the National Library of Medicine (NLM) Unified Medical Language System (UMLS).

HEALTH CARE DATA STANDARDS ORGANIZATONS: American National Standards Institute

(ANSI) A private nonprofit membership

organization. American Society for Testing And

Materials (ASTM) Health Level Seven (HL7) SNOMED International National Committee on Vital And Health

Statistics (NCVSH ) work group on computer-based patient’s record

EARLY COMPUTER-BASED NURSING APPLICATIONDifferent Nursing application

focused on:• documentation of nursing

practice• Management of patient careApplication were designed for:• Hospitals• Ambulatory care settings• Community health agencies

COMPONENTS OF EARLY HISS FOCUSED ON:

a.) Early HISs.b.)Early ambulatory care information

systems.c.) Early community health nursing

information management systems.d.) Early computer-focused nursing

projects.e.) Early education applications.

LANDMARKS EVENTS IN NURSING AND COMPUTERS Computers were introduced into the

nursing profession over 35 years ago.Major Milestones Of Nursing• Interwoven with the advancement of

computer and information technologies• The increased need for nursing data• Development of nursing applications• Changes making the nursing profession

an autonomous discipline.

LANDMARKS EVENTS

Early conferences Meetings Early Academic Initiatives Initial National League for Nursing

Initiatives Early international Initiatives Initial Educational Sources Significant Collaborative Events