GROUP 3

Prepared for : Cik Nor Fadhilah Kamaruzzaman

Prepared by : Aliya Ros

Josephin

Nadia

Shah

Ika

TASK 1

DESCRIBE IN DETAIL THE FUNCTION OF LIPOPROTEIN

HDL, LDL AND VLDL AND CORRELATE THESE WITH

ARTERIOSCLEROIS

Types:

LIPOPROTEIN

1) Chylomicron

2) VLDL (Very Low Density

Lipoprotein)

3) LDL (low Density Lipoprotein)

4) HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)

VLDL (VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN)

• made in the liver from excess dietary carbohydrate

and protein along with the chylomicron remnant

• Secreted into the blood stream

• Rich in triglycerides

• Function is to deliver the triglycerides to body cells.

LDL (LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN)

• Arise from VLDL that loose much of its

triglycerides, then it becomes LDL

• Made in the liver as VLDL

• Secreted into blood stream

• Rich in cholesterol

• Function : deliver cholesterol to all body cells

Cholestrol aid in :1.Digestion2.Hormones formation

HDL (HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN)

• Made in the liver and small intestine

• Secreted into the blood stream

• Reverse cholesterol transport (pick up cholesterol

from the body cells and take it back into the liver)

• Potential to help prevent heart disease.

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE : ATHEROSCLEROSIS (AS)

• Atherosclerosis : a dz of the arteries characterized

by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on

their inner walls.

• Arteriosclerosis : thickening and hardening of the

walls of the arteries

Progression of atherosclerosis

Endothelial Dysfunction1

• Impairment of Endothelial synthesis of Prostacyclin and Nitric oxide

which is important in preventing adhesion of platelet and WBC on the

arterial wall.

• Damage to the vascular endothelium.

• LDLs begin to accumulate at the injury site.

2 Oxidation of LDLs

•Monocyte cross the endothelium and differentiate into macrophages

and start to ingest and oxidize the accumulated LDLs.

• Macrophages = foamlike appearance then aggregate on the blood

vessels and form a visible fatty streak.

3 Atherosclerotic plaques

•With times, the fatty streak

becomes larger and the

surrounding fibrous and smooth

muscles tissues proliferate to form

larger and larger plaques.

• The lipid deposits plus the

cellular proliferation can become

so large that the plaque bulges into

the lumen of the artery and greatly

reduces the blood flow, sometimes

completely occluding the blood

vessel.

Example : Rabbit

• Rabbit normally have low plasma cholesterol

concentrations because of their vegetarian diet. Simply

feeding these animals large quantities of cholesterol as

part of their daily diet leads to serious atherosclerotic

plaques throughout their arterial system.

HDL’s can actually absorb cholesterol crystals that are can actually absorb cholesterol crystals that are beginning to be deposited in the arterial walls which beginning to be deposited in the arterial walls which can prevent atherosclerosis.can prevent atherosclerosis.

TASK

STATE THE ROLE FOR : • Phosphatidyl Choline• Phosphatidylethanolamine• Phosphatidylserine• Phosphatidylinositol• Phosphatidylglycerol

PHOSPHATIDYL CHOLINE• phosphatidyl choline is a construction material that the body uses to repair the membranes of cells. It also supports liver and brain functions and is used to make the brain neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

•role in regulating the physical properties of membranes, with more unsaturated fatty acids functioning to increase fluidity.

• plays a role in membrane-mediated cell-signalling and phosphatidyl choline transfer protein(PCTP) activation of other enzymes.

PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE

• Phosphatidylethanolamine is found in all living cells, although in human physiology it is found particularly in nervous tissue such as the white matter of brain, nerves, neural tissue, and in spinal cord. 

• It has a key role in the structure of membranes, with a specific role in stabilizing the structure of some proteins, allowing them a transporting or enzymatic function in or at the membrane.

PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE

Is located in the inner surface of the plasma membrane. It is required cofactor of protein Kinases C and other enzymes.•Important role in the intracellular signaling system•Participate in blood coagulation•Apotosis and mineral deposition in bone

PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL

• Phosphatidylinositols and its

phosphorylated derivatives act to regulate

cell structure and metabolism.

• roles in the cellular signalling system

• in the synthesis of eicosanoids

• as a component of membranes and as

membrane anchors for protein

• Participant in essential metabolic

processes in plants and animals

PHOSPHATIDYLGLYCEROL 

• Phosphatidyl glycerol is found in the cell membranes of most

bacteria and in certain parts of plants and animals.

• The function is to reservoir for intracellular messengers

• Anchor of some proteins for cell membrane

• Stabilization of protein structure

• Cofactor of enzyme

• Maintain structure of cell membrane

TASK 3

LIST DOWN THE ROLE OF PROSTAGLANDIN, THROMBOXANE

AND LEUKOTRIENE

PROSTAGLANDIN

INTRODUCTION OF PROSTAGLANDIN

• Produce by the prostate gland

• Prostaglandins have a variety of biochemical and

physiological effects, including hormonal effects.

FUNCTION OF PROSTAGLANDINS

• Induction of inflammation.

• Involved in the induction of labor and other reproductive

processes.

• Control of blood pressure.

• Stimulation of smooth muscle contraction.

THROMBOXANE

INTRODUCTION OF THROMBOXANE

• Produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic

properties.

FUNCTION OF THROMBOXANE

• Stimulates constriction and clotting of platelets.

• Stimulates activation of new platelet as well as increases

platelet aggregation.

• As autocrine and paracrine mediator in the nearby

tissues surrounding its site of production.

LEUKOTRIENE

INTRODUCTION OF LEUKOTRIENE• Derived from arachidonic acid.

• Found in leukocytes (white blood cell).

FUNCTIONS OF LEUKOTRIENE

• Promote constriction of bronchi associated with asthma.

• Increase vascular permeability.

• Involved in asthmatic and allergic reactions and act to

sustain inflammatory reactions.

• Trigger contractions in the smooth muscles lining the

trachea.

FINALLY,ITS

FINISH….TQ