Date post: | 28-Jun-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | martin-varkey |
View: | 186 times |
Download: | 2 times |
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
click
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
GROUP DYNAMICS
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
DEFINITIONS
Group• A group may be defined as a number of individuals who join together to achieve a goal. People join groups to achieve goals that cannot be achieved by them alone.
-Johnson & Johnson (2006)
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
A field of social psychology concerned with the nature of human groups, their development, and their interactions with individuals, other groups, and larger organizations.
DEFINITION
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Group dynamics
• Group dynamics refers to a system of behaviors
and psychological processes occurring within a
social group (intragroup dynamics), or between
social groups (intergroup dynamics).
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
OBJECTIVES
To identify and analyze the social processes.To acquire the skills to intervene and improve individual and group performance.
To build more successful organizations.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
PURPOSES
Is to develop an effective team
1. Clear understanding of purposes and
goals
2. Effective communication
3. Effective decision making strategies
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
STAGES IN GROUP DEVELOPMENT
Mutual acceptance
Communication among members and decision making
Motivation and productivity
Control and organization
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Stage 1 Mutual acceptance
Members become acquainted with one
another .
Test which interpersonal behaviors are
acceptable and which are unacceptable to the
group.
Basic group rules for the group are
established .
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Stage 2 Communication among members and decision making
• Members may begin to assert themselves to
gain recognition and participate in shaping
the group's personality.
• Assertive group member encourages the
group to assess its situation and to work to
alleviate the problem.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Stage 3 Motivation and productivity
It occurs when members understand and
accept what the group is trying to accomplish.
Each person begins to recognize and accept
his or her role and to understand the roles of
others.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Stage 4 Control and organization
• A mechanism for accomplishing the
purpose of the group members control
their behaviors and direct their group
effort towards goal attainment.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUP DYNAMICS:
• 1.Common goals
• 2.Similar behavior
• 3.Mutual obligation
• 4.Sense of oneness
• 5.Organized structure
• 6.Motivation
• 7.Leadership
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
termination
PHASES OF GROUP
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Group task roles
• Each member of a group performs a role
related to the task of the group or
committee to arrive co-operatively with
other group members at a solution to a
common problem.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
BENNE AND SHEAFS IDENTIFIED 12 GROUP TASK ROLES.
• 1. Initiator
• 2. Information seeker
• 3. Opinion seeker
• 4. Information giver
• 5. Elaborator
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
• 6. Opinion giver
• 7. Orientor
• 8. Coordinator
• 9. Evaluator
• 10. Energizer
• 11. Procedural technician
• 12. Records
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
GROUP BUILDING AND MAINTENANCE ROLES
• Individual members of the group work to build
and maintain group functioning. Each role
may be performed by a group functioning.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
• Encourager: accepts, praises and contributes
viewpoints ideas and suggestions of all group members
• Harmonizer: mediates harmonizes and resolves
conflicts.
• Compromiser: yields his or her position with a
conflict.
• Gate keeper and expedites: promotes open
communication and facilitates participation to involve
all group members.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
• Standard setter: A group member who expresses
or applies standards to evaluate group processes.
• Group-observer: A group member who records the
group process and uses it to provide a feedback to
the group.
• Follower: A group member who accepts the group
member's ideas and listens to their discussions and
decisions.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
click
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Advantages
Able to combine individual strengths of the
group members and hence has a set of varied
skills sets applied in the decision making
processes.
collective understanding of the course of
action to be taken after the decision is taken.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Advantages cont.
Greater group commitment since everyone
has his /her share in the decision making
processes.
It imbibes a strong sense of team sprit
amongst the group members and helps the
group to think together in terms of success as
well as failure.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Disadvantages • Competition: generates behavior which is destructive of the group.
• Conformity: strong tendency for individuals in a group to want to conform to the consensus
• Lack of objective direction : Most traditional meetings and group discussions convened to solve problems are ineffective created.
• Time constraints: Group problem solving is a relatively slow process.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
POWER AND POLITICS IN NURSING
IN NURSING
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
DEFINITION
Power Power is simply the exercise
of control or influence over
another person or over a
group.
Power is ones potential for
influencing another person-
Henry and Blanchard
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
TYPES OF
1.Reward Power 2.Punishment or Coercive
Power 3.Legitimate Power4.Expert Power5.Referent Power
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
NEED /AIMS OF POWER
To provide competent, humanistic and
affordable care to people.
To participate in health care policy
development.
To ensure that nursing is an attractive
career choice for all who want to
provide care, influence and improve
nursing, health care and health policy.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
POWER PRINCIPLES
Power is dynamics and elusive.
Power is obtained only through
active means.
Power oriented manager’s uses
any means of control.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Principles cont.
To win in the games of organizational
politics requires a person’s total
commitment to goals.
Restraint is needed to use power
appropriate.
Power relationship an organization
are situations. prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
CARING TYPES OF POWER
Benner (1984). in her classic
work on clinical nursing
excellence, described SIX types
of power that nurses can use
when dealing with client and
significant others.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
CARING TYPES OF POWER
Transformative power
Integrative Power
Advocacy Power
Healing Power
Participative Power
Problem-solvingprepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
POWERS IN NURSING PROFESSION
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
POWER IN NURSING
DeanProfessorsAssociate professorsAssistance professorsInstructors
Director Associative directorAssistant directorSupervisorsHead nurseStaff nurse
InternationalNationalStateLocalIndividual
Policy MakingEducationService
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING A POWERFUL IMAGE
Key factors contributing to one's
power image are:
Self-confidence
Self-image
Grooming and dressing
Good manners
Body languageprepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Speech
Attitudes and beliefs
Career commitment: Make a commitment
to nursing as a career.
Continuing professional education
Networking
Mentoring
Goal setting: Goals help one to know if
what was planned was actually
accomplished.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
POWER AND NURSES ROLES
1.Working together:
By understanding the political
realities and the way in which
decisions are by working
together to speak with a unified
voice, nurses can increase their
power in the systemprepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
2.Nursing education programs Increasingly try to educate
nurses to out as client advocate
and agent of change. The higher
educations like M.Sc (N),
M.Phil(N), and Ph.D in nursing
and specialized courses will help
the nurses to gain power in
health system.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
3.Collective bargaining and shared governance
It helps the nurses with
mechanism for demanding
recognition of the importance of
their role for being participants
in decision-making process.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
It is a process that allows employees who are member of the union to participate in management decisions with regard to terms of employment salaries, benefits, working conditions and similar issues.
Collective bargaining
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Shared governance
Nursing staff and the nursing
management are both involved in
decision-making this allows the
nursing staff to make major decisions
within the organization and helps in
quality improvement and gaining
powerprepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Power as a tool for leadership
Power is an increasingly important
form of influence of nursing leader.
Leaders are found throughout the
organization and have formal and
informal leadership responsibility
gain from respect and regard for the
knowledge and good judgment of the
person.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Politics
IN NURSING
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
DEFINITION
Politics is the art of influencing the
allocation of scarce resources.
[Mason & albott,
1985.]
Politics is a means to an end, a
means for influencing events and the
decisions of others
[Stevens, 1980]prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
PURPOSES OF POLITICS
1. Protection of the interests of the
whole group or a particular part of a
group against subordinates groups.
2. The preservation of order in the
interest of the group of power or of
the whole population.
3. It is important for Analysis and
planning.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Political action/participation.
Kalisch and Kalisch (1982) described four levels of participation:
1. Apathetic: who engage in little or no
political activity, may not even be registered
to vote, and if registered they are unlikely to
vote.
2. Spectators: who vote, may wear a political
button, or display a political bumper, sticker
and engage in political discussions with family
and friends. prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
3. Transitional:
who attend meetings and rallies
and other political events, and
contribute to the political
campaigns and political action
committers.
4. Gladiators: who work in political
campaigns, become active within a
political party.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
THE FOUR SPHERES OF POLITICAL ACTION IN NURSING
WORKPLACE
NURSING ORGANIZATIONS
COMMUNITY
THE GOVERNMENT
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
1.Work place: The work place can have a profound
influence on a nurse's professional
life, and it is therefore important to
examine ways to influence those
policies. Nurses need certain
knowledge and skills to increase their
political activity(Staggs,
1994:EthsHartley. 1992)prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Keeping informed about health care issues:
Obtain Information from such as daily
newspapers, television and radio news
reports, professional journals, open
meetings of nursing organizations, or other
health related organizations.
Ability to analyze an issue: Identify all the
relevant facts about the issues, look at the
issues, and look at the issue from all the
angels. prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Ability to speak out and voice an opinion: Obtain
knowledge of both the issue and the best person
whom to voice the opinion. After studying the
dynamics of the organization the nurse may
choose a head nurse or supervisor who is a good
listener and is concerned about the issue.
Ability to participate constructively: Be a team
player who encourages creative brain storming
and offers positive feasible alternative solutions
to an issue rather than offering only criticism.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Ability to use power bases:
Through discussion with
colleagues and other
professional experiences
identify people who influence
decision- making. Nursing
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
2.Nursing organization:
Powerful and influential professional
association provides a collective voice for
promoting nursing and quality healthcare.
Individual nurse can become politically active
in local, state or provincial and national by
participating in the activities of their
professional association by serving as
delegates at conventions, by becoming
members of commissions etc. clickprepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
3.Community:
Many communities depend on
expert nurses to help with a
wide variety of healthy and
social policy decisions, such as
environmental pollution and
healthcare for homeless.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
The government:
Ways to influence government is
registering to vote.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
CAUSES OF POLITICAL APATHY IN NURSING:
1.Lack of political knowledge:
Lack of knowledge of the
legislative process causes them to
be overwhelmed by the complexity
of public policy. Nurses focus on
clinical care and mostly ignore
larger issues , partially due to
heavy work prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
2.Powerlessness in nursing:
woman who comprise a large percentage of
nursing profession have been oppressed.
Women can earn respect in political area only
by learning about the political process.
Society has long held certain images of
nurses that suffocate and repress growth
such as images of mother, sister, servant,
religious symbol or the images associated
with Florence Nightingale.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
All these images affect public
opinion and nurses from
assuming the role of patient
advocate, and cloud the public
image as professionals. Nurses
become empowered through
education leadership and
collective action.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
3.Perceived ethical conflict between professional values and political involvement:
Many nurses consider political
activity as a negative behavior.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Recommendations:
Nurses have the duty to increase their level of participation to broaden political focus and increase respect for the profession on all political levels.
Nurses need to understand the concepts,
approaches and strategies in policy making
and have basic skills in policy analysis.
Institution of nursing need to incorporate
political education in to their curriculum.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Trained Nurses Associations,
State Nurses Associations and
Specialty Nurses Associations
have the duty to inform nurses
about current legislative issues
and offer suggestions for
political action.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Nurses need to maintain professional
IPR skills, increase visibility to nurses
role, and empower themselves with
all the knowledge within their grasp.
Collaboration with other professions
and organizations can result in
making connections with influential
people and organizations. prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Supporting other health workers
professionally in the workplace
and through a unified voice on
large social issues can increase
strength and self-esteem among
nurses.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
ADVANTAGES OF POLITICS
To obtain ends not sanctioned by
the organization.
To deal MLC cases.
For accountability.
For consumer protection.
To deal ethical and legal issues.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
DISADVANTAGES OF POLITICS
Ambiguous decisions – leads to more
politics than routine decisions
Goals – the more ambiguous and complex
the goals become the more politics there
will be.
Technology and external environment – the
more complex the internal technology of
the organization the more politics there
will be.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Strategies to influence political decisions
1.Networking :
Networking refers to a process in which
people with similar interests and goals
communicate, share ideas and information,
and offer support and direction to each
other. Network development builds linkages
with people throughout the profession, both
within and outside the environment.
clickprepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Nurses can develop networks by:
Attending local, regional and national
conferences. Taking classes for continuing education
or towards an academic degree. Joining alumni associations and
attending alumni meetings. Joining and participating in professional
organizations. Keeping in touch with former leaders
and workers. Socializing with professional
colleagues.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Political networks have three
functions:
1. To provide information about
legislative activities on
particular issues.
2. To increase political action and
awareness.
3. To promote issues through
legislative process.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
2. Negotiating:
Negotiation is a give and take process
between individuals and groups to work out
differences of opinion regarding best solution
to an issue.
Two basic forms of negotiation
Problem solving negotiations: here both
parties confer to resolve a complex situation
together.
Trade off negotiations. Here one party gives
some concessions or points to other party in
exchange of other concessions or points.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
3. Establishing political action committees:
Political action committees endorse candidates
for public office such as the senate and the
means of representatives. PACs provide an
avenue for professional political action
activities groups such as nursing
organizations, women's groups, and civil
groups. For example, ANA political action
committee is a political organization formed by
the ANA.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
4. Communicating with legislators:
Nurses can communicate with
legislators through telephone calls,
telegrams, face to face meetings, e-
mails and written letters. For each
method the nurse needs to identify,
clarify the issue and provide
constructive information and ideas.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
5. Building coalitions: Coalitions are alliances that are distinct bodies,
person or states formed in order to achieve a
common purpose. Coalitions are like networks in
function but differ in that the numbers of the
coalitions represent groups with numerous
purposes and issues.
Example- the American Association of Critical Care
Nurses is building coalitions with the American
Nurses Association, the emergency Nurses
Association, and the American Hospital Association.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
6. Lobbying:
Lobbying is a process in which
individuals or groups attempt to
influence legislators to support
or oppose particular legislation.
Lobbying techniques include
negotiating, media and letter
writing campaigns, testifying,
endorsements and donations.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Testifying:
Decision related to health care and nursing are
often made by committees and commissions of
various levels of government. These committees
frequently conduct hearing s to obtain
information before making a decision. Hearings
generally include people or groups with opposite
views. Testifying refers to the presentation of
information at a committee hearing usually
about controversial aspects of a proposed bill.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
EMPOWERMENTAmong nursesprepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Empowerment is a sense of having both the ability and the opportunity to act effectively.
Definition
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
DEFINITION
Empowerment is a process or strategy the goal of which is to change the nature and distribution of power in a specific context.
it is a group activity that increases political and social consciousness is based on the need for autonomy and is accomplished with continuity cycles of assessment and action.
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Empowerment ladder
Self confidenceAbility to control life situationsRefuse to be a victimValue self and othersBe a risk-takerBe creativeResolve conflictsShow initiativeBecome empowerment
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
Tools for improving power image
Communication skillsNetworking MentoringGoal settingDeveloping expertiseHigh visibility
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
CLICKprepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore
prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore