GROUP MEMBERS:UMAIR MAJEED NAGRA (EE-01083244)

ABID BILAL (EE-305-011)

WHAT IS PHYSIOTHERAPY? Physiotherapy involves evaluating,

diagnosing, and treating a range of diseases, disorders, and disabilities using physical means.

Physiotherapy is also referred to as physical therapy

PHYSIOTHERAPY INSTRUMENTS: Infrared Heat Therapy RF-Diathermy Ultrasound Therapy Muscle And Nerve Stimulators

INFRARED HEAT THERAPY

Infrared heat therapy uses infrared lamps, heaters, and infrared saunas to boost immune function, reduce inflammation, stimulate detoxification and weight loss, promote cardiovascular health and circulation, relieve pain, increase healing of wounds, relieve stress and depression, among other clinical benefits.

INFRARED RADIATIONS An understanding of Infrared ("IR") firstly requires

an understanding of radiant heat. Radiant heat is also called infrared energy. Radiant heat is simply a form of energy that heats objects directly through a process called conversion, without having to heat the air space in between.

IR is the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves in the portion of the spectrum just beyond the limit of the red portion of the visible spectrum.

INFRARED RADIATIONS The infrared segment of the

electromagnetic spectrum is divided into 3 segments by wave length, measured in microns or micrometers (one micron = 1/1,000,000 of a meter):

0.076 - 1.5 microns = Near Infrared (NIR);1.5 - 5.6 microns = Middle Infrared (MIR); and5.6 - 1000 microns = Far or long wave infrared (FIR).

GENERALLY IT IS ACCEPTED THAT HEAT PRODUCES THE FOLLOWING DESIRABLE THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS: It increases the extensibility of

collagen tissues It decreases joint stiffness directly  It produces pain relief It increases blood flow More recently, it has been used in

cancer therapy  

SOME INFRARED HEAT EQUIPMENTS:

THE INTRODUCTION for RF DIATHERMY DEVICE

JAN. 12, 2009

What is RF diathermy?Over 100KHz (High Frequency Current, HFC)Same as Radio Frequency Range → Radio Frequency → RF

Lavatron 420KHZ

RF diathermy History

1886 Development of Radio Frequency Device

1897 Approve the effect of Radio Frequency for Diabetes, Obesity

1899 Report the generating of heat in body tissues by passing RF

1906 Study for the break of tumor tissue by RF

1930 RF diathermy device development

RF Tumor Coagulation RF Lesion Generator

Short wave(10MHz) Diathermy device Physiotherapy Diathermy Treatment

VARIOUS RF DEVICE

RF DIATHERMY PRINCIPLE

Patient plate

Monopolarelectrode

Transformation of Over 100KHz inside body Activation of Ion movement inside of body

Collision between Ion

Generate Core body temperature 40~50°C and 3~5CM depth

→

→ →

- Pole

420 KHZ = Ion inside of body moves 420,000 times movement / sec

+ Pole

Monopolar Type - Lavatron

•Current flows between two poles (Electrode and Patient plate).Electrode is “+ Pole” and Patient plate is “– Pole”. Current flow from Electrode(+ Pole) to Patient Plate(- Pole). In the mono polar, heat is generated in the deepest side of body comparing bipolar and tripolar type.

RF DIATHERMY PRINCIPLE

•+ pole and – pole are in one electrode. •RF current flows between two poles like above picture. So the patient plate is not required. • The depth of penetration is fixed and limited to approximately half of the distance between the two poles. • This means, less energy of sufficient density reaches the deeper skin layers, rendering a more superficial effect regardless of the emitted energy level.•It is effective on face to remove wrinkle and tightening but it can not touch the fat cell so it is not effective on body.

Bipolar Type

•One + pole and two – poles are in one electrode. •RF current flows between 3 poles. So current flows between three poles and the penetration depth is a little bit deeper than bi-polar but its depth of penetration is shallower than mono polar RF. •It touch on superficial area on the skin like bi polar RF. Its basic electricity principle is same with bipolar. With this reason, its result is also similar with bi polar. It is effective on face treatment but it is hard to expect good effect on the body.

Tripolar Type

Body Fat combustion

Collagen Re composition

Obesity Care

↓ ↓ ↓

Increasing blood flow rate

Expansion of artery and capillary

Increasing core body temperature up to 40~50℃

Biological effect of RF Diathermy

Increase in O2 supply

Increase in Nutrition supply

Stimulation of Immune system

Increase in Metabolism

Removal of Waste material

Treatment good for Beauty as well as Health

MAIN APPLICATIONS

FAT CONTROL

PAIN CONTROLWRINKLE REMOVING

HAIR RESTORTION BODY SHAPING

LIFTING

RF Diathermy Body care part

Body Fat Decomposition

Cellulite Dissolving

Size Decreasing

Lifting

Remove Stretch Marks

Abdominal fat care

Size decreasing

Abdominal fat care Before

Abdominal fat care After

Size(Diameter) Appling part Effect Picture

20㎜ Wrinkle under eyes, nose, around mouth Improve wrinkle

30㎜ Face, around Cheek and Jaw Improve wrinkle and skin care

40㎜ Face, Neck, back of neck, arm Skin care and pain relief

50㎜ Arm, Calf, Shoulder Body care, Skin care, Pain relief

60㎜ Calf, Thigh, Back Body care, Pain relief

70㎜ Back, Thigh, abdomen Obesity, Body care, Pain relief

80㎜ Back, Thigh, abdomen Obesity, Body care, Pain relief

100㎜ Back, Abdomen Obesity, Body care, Pain relief

Various electrodes

Medical application of RF Diathermy

Shoulder pain

Lumbar pain

Rheumatology

Heat’s deep penetration into tissue Relaxing stressed muscle by overwork and bad positionPain Relief

*Chronic arthritis *Muscle pain *Lumbar pain*Rheumatic arthritis *Frozen shoulder

Application

ULTRASOUND IN PHYSIOTHERAPY

ULTRASOUND IN PHYSIOTHERAPY Ultrasound is high frequency sound

waves, greater than 20,000 Hz.  Therapeutic ultrasound is in the frequency range  of 0.9 - 3 MHz.

The main piece of equipment is a high-frequency generator, which provides an electrical current through a cable to a transducer which contains a piezoelectric crystal. This crystal when exposed to the current will vibrate at a given frequency,  expanding and contracting, which produces the necessary compression wave.  By using a different frequency  the therapist can target tissues at different depths for either healing or destruction,  or simply use the device to reduce pain. Although simple in principle, the use of ultrasound as a therapeutic modality requires a comprehensive  understanding of its effects on the body tissues and of the physical mechanisms by which its effects are produced.  The lower the frequency used, the deeper is the penetration of the waves into the body.

In the proliferative phase of healing, ultrasound effects fibroblasts and stimulates them to secrete collagen. This accelerates the process of wound contraction and increases the tensile strength of the healing tissue.  

ELECTRICAL MUSCLE AND NERVE STIMULATORS

INTRODUCTION - EMS What is Electrical Muscle Stimulation

(EMS)?Technique of inducing a muscle contractionUses an electrical impulse from a device

Impulses stimulate action potentials from Central Nervous System

INTRODUCTION – EMS (CONT.) Uses for EMS?

Electrotherapy Prevent atrophy after injury

Muscle Strength Training Targets a specific muscle to train Used by athletes

EMS - ELECTROTHERAPY

WHAT IS AN ELECTRIC MUSCLE STIMULATOR?

An electric muscle stimulator is a device that sends low-level electronic pulses to your muscles in order to halt atrophy or reduce spasms.

It is sometimes used by bodybuilders to build muscle tone.

Also used for back pain.

HOW THE MACHINARY WORKS

The NMES machine works by conducting electrical currents from the machine to the muscle at a safe current rate. The process starts by placing self-adhesive electrodes to the motor points of the desired muscle or muscle system. The dial on the machine is slowly adjusted until the patient can feel the current passing through the skin and into the muscle. The higher the setting on the dial, the faster the muscle will contract and relax. This process is continued for a varied amount of time dependent on how large of muscle the NMES is trying to stimulate.

ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION

Electrical nerve stimulation is a non-invasive nerve stimulation treatment designed to reduce pain both acute and chronic. It is a small electrical device that delivers low-intensity electrical impulses across the skin. The device is usually pocket size or smaller and is connected by wires to pads which are placed on the skin. A typical battery operated unit is able to modulate pulse width, frequency and intensity. It is thought to work in two ways: Pads are placed on or near the area of pain and low-intensity pulses are sent via the pads through the skin and along the nerve fibers.

The pulses (controlled by the user) are thought to suppress pain signals to the brain and encourage the body to produce higher levels of its own natural pain killing chemicals called endorphins. It is widely used around the world for a variety of painful conditions by private individuals, professionals and some state hospitals.

HOW DO NERVE STIMULATORS WORK?

A nerve stimulator supplies electrons to depolarize a nerve. The number of electrons supplied per stimulus equals the current. To make sure that the nerve is completely depolarized we keep winding up the stimulating current until the muscular response does not increase any more, then we add another 10%. This is called the supra-maximal stimulus. At this point we assume that the nerve supplying the muscle is completely depolarized. As a result the muscle must be maximally stimulated by the nerve. The muscle contraction that results must also be maximal.

PLACEMENT OF ELECTRODES

The outside of a 'resting' the nerve is charged positive. It is 'polarised'. If you add negative electrons to the outside they will neutralise the charge. This will cause that wave of depolarisation to wash down the nerve. The negative electrode should be attached as near as possible to a nerve, commonly the ulnar nerve at the wrist or the elbow. (You can use the facial nerve if you can't get at the hands.) The other electrode can be placed anywhere else along the line of the nerve, commonly half way along the forearm.

Then assessed the amount or strength of movement in muscles supplied by that nerve, usually the thumb.

TYPES OF NERVE STIMULATOR

Changing resistance Constant Voltage Nerve Stimulators Constant Current Nerve Stimulators