Date post: | 03-Jun-2015 |
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GROUPWARE / CSCW
INTRODUCTION“What we really have to do is eliminate
distance between individuals who want to interact with other people and with other computers.”
OBJECTIVES
What is CSCW
What is Groupware
Examples of Groupware
Features of Groupware
OBJECTIVES
Classification of Groupware
Types of Groupware
Design & Implementation Issues
Disadvantages of Groupware
CSCW?
CSCW is an acronym for Computer Supported Cooperative Work. It is the scientific discipline that motivates and validates groupware design.
CSCW?
CSCW is technology independent which means technology is not the major driving force behind the discipline. Instead, CSCW is socially dependent.
It looks at the way people interact and collaborate with each other, and attempts to develop guidelines for developing technology to assist in the communication process.
Groupware applications are not meant to replace people in an interactive situation.
GROUPWARE?
Groupware is the hardware and software which supports and augments group work.
GROUPWARE?
Groupware refers to programs that help people work together collectively while located remotely from each other
It is also used to define workflow, so that as one user completes a step in a project or process, the person responsible for the next step is notified automatically.
GROUPWARE?
Sometimes called collaborative software, Groupware is an integral component of a field of study known as Computer-Supported Cooperative Work or CSCW.
Groupware may be used to Communicate Cooperate Coordinate Solve problems Compete or negotiate
EXAMPLES OF GROUPWARE
Some product examples of groupware include Lotus Notes and Microsoft Exchange, both of which facilitate calendar sharing e-mail handling and the replication of files across a distributed system so that all users can view the same information.
Electronic "face-to-face" meetings are facilitated by CU-SeeMe and Microsoft NetMeeting.
EXAMPLES OF GROUPWARECU-SeeMe Microsoft NetMeeting
FEATURES OF GROUPWARE
There are so many Features that a Groupware provide and some of them are listed below and in next slides.
Support groups of people engaged in a common task or goal Provides a mechanism to share opinions and
resources A centralized repository for documents and
files that users can access and save to Idea Generation (Brainstorming) Managing Sessions
FEATURES OF GROUPWARE
Document version management and change management
Shared calendars and task management One platform for managing, controlling and
developing business processes Support for working in different time zone One Touch (Supports Remote Teaching and Conferencing) Vineyard (Repository of shared information)
FEATURES OF GROUPWARE
Option Finder Brainstorm weigh alternatives identify priorities vote and work toward consensus in a
non- decision room settings
CLASSIFICATION OF GROUPWARE
Groupware technologies are typically categorized along two primary dimensions:
1. whether users of the groupware are working together at the same time or different times
2. Whether users are working together in the same place or in different places.
CLASSIFICATION OF GROUPWARE
This classification system is based on type of support provides
1. Messaging System i.e., E-mail
2. Conferencing System
3. Collaborative Authoring SystemE.g. Editing a common Document
4. Group DSS (Ideas, Consensus, Analysis)
5. Coordination System like Workflow Management (i.e. deadlines, prompts etc)
GROUPWARE TIME/SPACE MATRIX
sameplace
differentplaces
same time different times
Face to Face
Interaction
Communication +
Coordination
Remote Interaction
Continuous Task
TYPES OF GROUPWARE
There are two basic types of Groupware
1. Synchronous Groupware Assists a group of individuals in
working together at the same time .
2. Asynchronous Groupware“Asynchronous groupware supports
communication and problem solving among groups of individuals who contribute at different times, and typically also are geographically dispersed.”
GROUPWARE TIME/SPACE MATRIX
sameplacecolocated
differentplacesremote
same timesynchronous
different timesasynchronous
Face to Face Interaction
Communication +
Coordination
Remote Interaction
Continuous Task
SYNCHRONOUS GROUPWARE
sameplacecolocated
differentplacesremote
same timesynchronous
different timesasynchronous
Face to Face Interaction
Group Decision Rooms
Single Display Groupware
Shared Table/ Wall Displays
Communication + Coordination
• Remote Interaction
• Continuous Task
1.Group Decision Room
Embeds decision making process Dedicated computer-based conference facility Real time large group support (5-50)Embeds a structured meeting process
Typical function Explore Problems Brainstorm ideas Organize/prioritize results voting…
Good for brainstorming
2. Single Display Groupware
Multiple people using a single display Multiple input devices Simultaneous input
3. Shared Table/ Wall Display
Display is Shared between people like shown in the figures.
SYNCHRONOUS GROUPWARE
sameplacecolocated
differentplacesremote
same timesynchronous
different timesasynchronous
Communication + Coordination
Remote InteractionVideo conferencing
Instant messaging
Shared screens
Multi-user editors
• Continuous Task
• Face to Face Interaction
1. Video Conferencing
Video communications systems allow two-way or multi-way calling with live video,
Bandwidth/latency issues
2. Instant Messaging
Chat systems permit many people to write messages in real-time in a public space.
3. Shared Screens
Workstation based applications for collaborative work at a number of desktops. Involve screen-sharing where a central theme is WYSIWIS (What You See Is What I See).
GROUPWARE TIME/SPACE MATRIX
sameplacecolocated
differentplacesremote
same timesynchronous
different timesasynchronous
• Face to Face Interaction
Communication + Coordination
• Remote Interaction
Continuous TaskTeam rooms
Large public displays
Shift work groupware
Project management
1. Community Bulletin Boards
Post information from various sources to public placewho posts?how to personalize?relevance?
from Multimedia Fliers, Churchill, Nelson, Denoue, Communites and Technoligies 2003
2. Control Rooms
Information that goes across shifts
Information is storedView by relevant PeopleShared with others
NASA Control Center
GROUPWARE TIME/SPACE MATRIX
sameplacecolocated
differentplacesremote
same timesynchronous
different timesasynchronous
• Face to Face Interaction
Communication + Coordination• Email• Mailing List• Group calendars• Collaborative Writing
System
• Communal Messaging• Workflow• Wikis
• Remote Interaction
• Continuous Task
1. EMAIL
Email is by far the most common groupware application. While the basic technology is designed to pass simple messages between 2 people, even relatively basic email systems today typically include interesting features for
Forwarding messages Filing messages Creating mailing groups Attaching files with a message.
etc…
2.Newsgroups & Mailing list
Newsgroups and mailing lists are similar in spirit to email systems except that they are intended for messages among large groups of people instead of 1-to-1 communication.
3.Group Calendars
Group calendars is also a type of Asynchronous
Groupware which allows Scheduling
Project management
Coordination among many people
etc…
4.Collaborative Writing System
Collaborative writing systems may provide both real-time support and non real-time support.
Word processors may provide asynchronous support by showing authorship and by allowing users to track changes and make annotations to documents.
5. Communal Messaging
Many types Bulletin boards Computer conferencing Discussion groups Blogs
6. Wiki
Group-viewable / editable web sitecommunity of strangerstocommunity of collaborators
GROUPWARE TIME/SPACE MATRIX
Design & Implementation Issues
There are so many Design and Implementation issues that have to be addressed for sake of successful interaction. Some of them are mentioned below with detail.
1. Complexity
The complexity of groupware development is still an issue. One reason for this is the socio-technical dimension of groupware. Groupware designers do not only have to address technical issues (as in traditional software development) but also consider the social group processes that should be supported with the groupware application.
Design & Implementation Issues
2. PersistencyPersistence is needed in some sessions. Chat and voice
communications are routinely non-persistent and evaporate at the end of the session. Virtual room and online file cabinets can persist for years. The designer of the collaborative space needs to consider the information duration needs and implement accordingly.
3. AuthenticationAuthentication has always been a problem with groupware.
When connections are made point-to-point, or when log-in registration is enforced, it's clear who is engaged in the session. However, audio and un-moderated sessions carry the risk of unannounced 'lurkers' who observe but do not announce themselves or contribute.
Design & Implementation Issues
4. Concurrency IssuesMultiple input and output streams bring concurrency issues into
the groupware applications, like with a group editor such as GROVE, for example, one person might delete a sentence while a second person inserts a word into the sentence.
5. Session controlSession is the situation where a group is in process of a
conversation. Every session has to be controlled in all kinds of ways, from setting limits to prevent abuse up to providing ways to facilitate the communication.
Design & Implementation Issues
6. Floor Control Once a user has joined a session it has to be decided the kind
of access (for example whether simultaneous or not or compromising techniques).
7. PrivacyPrivacy has to be ensured (even against aggressive attempts)
mostly by the possibility of the anonymity. One example privacy policy is the principle of reciprocity: if a user wants information about another user, he has to provide the equivalent information about himself.
Design & Implementation Issues
8. Issues Related to Screen Space Management
Screen space is a limited resource in single-user applications, but it is even more of a problem with group interfaces in which each user can create windows that appear on other users' screens. Techniques for managing window proliferation are needed.
Approaches:a. One approach is to aggregate windows into functional sets, or rooms, each of which corresponds to a particular task. When a room is
entered, the windows associated with that room are opened. b. A second approach is to let one of the users bear some of the burden of
maintaining window order. The LIZA system provides a monitor tool, for example, which allows one user to open and close windows used by participants. This approach is particularly useful with inexperienced users.
Design & Implementation Issues
9. WYSIWIS IssuesOne approach to constructing group interfaces is known as
WYSIWIS . This acronym stands for "What You See Is What I See" and denotes interfaces in which the shared context is guaranteed to appear the same to all participants.
Its major disadvantage is that it can be inflexible.
Experience has shown that users often want independent control over such details as window placement and size, and may require customized information within the window.
Design & Implementation Issues
10.AwarenessWe don’t know how to be together
Playing together, Working together, and Learning together requires effort & technique
Group Awareness:
An understanding of the activities of others which provides a context for your own activity…
Informal: who is around & what they are doing including one’s self Social: presence & co-presence (perception of being real)Group-Structural: activities & team-members’, organisation Workspace: interface activities & interactions Aim: organization & knowledge convergence
Design & Implementation Issues
Group-Awareness Guidelines Presence & Co-presence Time continuum Context continuum Situation experience Continuum experience Convergence Motivation & enjoyment
Groupware Disadvantages
Environment
Features
Cost
Network Speed & Reliability
Size
Groupware Disadvantages
Environment Not Getting Face to Face Interaction Facial Expression Body language Loss of Individual Ideas
Features Lack of or too many capabilities
Narrow range of capabilities Too complex to Know Application Cumbersome user interface
Personal Privacy Storage
Groupware Disadvantages
Cost Implementation
Server and Networking Hardware
Training Programs Technical Support
Network Speed & Reliability Old Systems
Reliant on Computer and Network which can fail
May lack compatibility between two systems
Size Large Size Management
ENVIRONMENT?
Thank you