Growth and Development of Growth and Development of ChildrenChildren

Growth and Development Growth and Development of Childrenof Children

Dr: AMIT KUMARDr: AMIT KUMAR

General ObjectiveGeneral Objective: :

By the end of this lecture, the student will be able By the end of this lecture, the student will be able to discuss growth and development of children. to discuss growth and development of children.

Specific Objectives:Specific Objectives:

By the end of this lecture, the student will be able to:By the end of this lecture, the student will be able to:

• Identify the importance of growth and development.Identify the importance of growth and development.• Define growth and development.Define growth and development.• Mention the principles of growth and development.Mention the principles of growth and development.• List factors affecting growth and development.List factors affecting growth and development.• Mention types of growth and development.Mention types of growth and development.

GrowthGrowth

Growth refers to an increase in physical size of the Growth refers to an increase in physical size of the whole body or any of its partswhole body or any of its parts. .

It is simply a quantitative change in the childIt is simply a quantitative change in the child ’’s s bodybody. .

It can be measured in Kg, pounds, meters, inches, It can be measured in Kg, pounds, meters, inches, …….. etc.. etc

Child Growth (Image: WHOChild Growth (Image: WHO((

Changes in bodily proportions with ageChanges in bodily proportions with age..

DevelopmentDevelopment

• Development refers to a progressive increase in Development refers to a progressive increase in skill and capacity of function. skill and capacity of function.

• It is a qualitative change in the childIt is a qualitative change in the child ’’s s functioning.functioning.

• It can be measured through observation. It can be measured through observation.

By understanding what to expect during each stage of developmentBy understanding what to expect during each stage of development, , parents can easily capture the teachable moments in everyday life to parents can easily capture the teachable moments in everyday life to enhance their child's language development, intellectual growth, social enhance their child's language development, intellectual growth, social

development and motor skillsdevelopment and motor skills..

MaturationMaturation

• Increase in childIncrease in child ’’s competence and adaptability.s competence and adaptability.

• It is describing the qualitative change in a It is describing the qualitative change in a structure. structure.

• The level of maturation depends on childThe level of maturation depends on child ’’s s heredity. heredity.

Principles of Growth & DevelopmentPrinciples of Growth & Development

• Continuous processContinuous process

• Predictable SequencePredictable Sequence

• DonDon’’t progress at the same rate (↑ periods of GR in early childhood and t progress at the same rate (↑ periods of GR in early childhood and adolescents & ↓ periods of GR in middle childhood)adolescents & ↓ periods of GR in middle childhood)

• Not all body parts grow in the same rate at the same time. Not all body parts grow in the same rate at the same time.

• Each child grows in his/her own unique way. Each child grows in his/her own unique way.

• Each stage of G&D is affected by the preceding types of development.Each stage of G&D is affected by the preceding types of development.

Principles of Growth & DevelopmentPrinciples of Growth & Development

G & D proceed in regular related directions : G & D proceed in regular related directions :

- Cephalo-caudal(head down to toes) - Cephalo-caudal(head down to toes)

- Proximodistal (center of the body to the - Proximodistal (center of the body to the peripheral) peripheral)

- General to specific- General to specific

Growth PatternGrowth Pattern

Growth PatternsGrowth Patterns

The childThe child’’s pattern of growth is in a head-to-toe s pattern of growth is in a head-to-toe direction, or direction, or cephalocaudalcephalocaudal, and in an inward , and in an inward to outward pattern called to outward pattern called proximodistalproximodistal..

Factors affecting growth and development:Factors affecting growth and development: • HereditaryHereditary

• Environmental factorsEnvironmental factors

Pre-natal environmentPre-natal environment1-Factors related to mothers during pregnancy1-Factors related to mothers during pregnancy: :

- Nutritional deficiencies- Nutritional deficiencies - Diabetic mother- Diabetic mother - Exposure to radiation- Exposure to radiation - Infection with German measles- Infection with German measles - Smoking- Smoking - Use of drugs- Use of drugs

2-Factors related to fetus2-Factors related to fetus • Mal-position in uterusMal-position in uterus• Faulty placental implantationFaulty placental implantation

Post-Natal EnvironmentPost-Natal Environment

I - I - External environmentExternal environment: :

- socio-economic status of the family- socio-economic status of the family - child- child’’s nutritions nutrition - climate and season- climate and season - child- child’’s ordinal position in the familys ordinal position in the family - Number of siblings in the family- Number of siblings in the family - Family structure (single parent or extended family - Family structure (single parent or extended family …… ) )

Internal environmentInternal environment

• ChildChild’’s intelligences intelligence• Hormonal influencesHormonal influences• EmotionsEmotions

Types of growth and developmentTypes of growth and development

Types of growth: Types of growth: - Physical growth (Ht, Wt, head & chest circumference)- Physical growth (Ht, Wt, head & chest circumference)

- Physiological growth (vital signs - Physiological growth (vital signs …temp.,Pulse, Respiration…temp.,Pulse, Respiration))

Types of development:Types of development: - Motor development - Motor development

- Cognitive development- Cognitive development - Emotional development- Emotional development - Social development - Social development

Stages of Growth and DevelopmentStages of Growth and Development

• Prenatal Prenatal

- Embryonic (conception- 8 w)- Embryonic (conception- 8 w)

- Fetal stage (8-40 or 42 w)- Fetal stage (8-40 or 42 w)• InfancyInfancy

- NeonateNeonate- Birth to end of 1 monthBirth to end of 1 month

- InfancyInfancy- 1 month to end of 1 year1 month to end of 1 year

• Early ChildhoodEarly Childhood- ToddlerToddler

- 1-3 years1-3 years- PreschoolPreschool

- 3-6 years3-6 years

• Middle ChildhoodMiddle Childhood- School ageSchool age- 6 to 12 years6 to 12 years

• Late ChildhoodLate Childhood

- AdolescentAdolescent- 13 years to approximately 18 13 years to approximately 18

yearsyears