CHAPTER - 4
GROWTH TRENDS OF POPULATION IN INDIA, ANDHRA PRADESH AND THE CLASS-I TOWNS OF
ANDHRA PRADESH
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS IN ANDHRA PRADESH
4.3 CLASS-I TOWNS OF ANDHRA PRADESH -POPULATION, DECADAL VARIATION AND GROWTH RATE
After the examination of the existing geographical scenario of the
study area about Andhra Pradesh and the Class-l towns (case study towns)
namely Tirupati and Vijayawada, the detailed investigation about the topic
chosen is discussed in depth in the following chapter IV.
This chapter presents the study on the growth trends of levels of
urbanization, population in lndia and Andhra Pradesh and Class-l towns along
with sex ratio, literacy, births and death rates, slums, slum population, etc.,
and their changes and the causative factors for the change are discussed.
4.1. INTRODUCTION
As mentioned earlier India's population was 1,028,737,436 in 2001
including the estimated figures for three sub-div~sions of Manipur. Excluding
the estimated figures, the population of lndia in 2001 was 1,027,015,247 of
which 531,277,078 were male and 495,738,169 female and in 201 1 the total
population is 1,210,193,422 of which 623,724,248 are male and 586,469,174
are female. However the spatial distribution of population within the country is
very uneven. Obvious at the level of States, these contrasts are even sharp at
the level of districts.
Uttar Pradesh has the largest population followed by Maharashtra,
Bihar, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh in the order. These five States
together represent practically half of the country's population (Table No. 4.1).
Table No. 4.1: Total Population of India - 2001&2011
Distinct phases can be discerned in the population growth of lndia
during 1901-2001 as shown below:
The picture of the population growth in lndia accords fairly well with
the theory of demographic transition, and the country is now believed to have
entered the fifth phase usually characterised by rapidly declining fertility.
Year I 1901-1921
1921-1951 1951-1981 1981 -2001 2001-201 1
4.1 .l. Decadal Growth of Indian Population:
Phases Stagnant Population Steady Growth Rapid and High Growth High Growth but with signs of slowing down Characterised by rapidly declining fertility
The highest decadal growth rate in 1981-1991 was observed in
Nagaland (56.08%) followed by Delh~ (51.45%) and the least was observed in
Kerala (14.32%). In 1991-2001, the highest decadal growth rate was in
Nagaland (64.41%) and the least was in Kerala (9.42%) and in 2001-2011,
Dadra and Nagar Haveli have the fastest growth rate of 55.5 percent,
followed by Daman and Diu (53.5 percent), Meghalaya (27.8 percent)
and Arunachal Pradesh. In the decade of 1991-2001, migration to
major cities caused rapid increase in urban population and the least in
Nagaland (-0.47%) (Table No.4.2). Nagaland being small sized state,
recorded higher decadal growth rate in 1991-2001 but least in 2001-201 1, the
reason for this least decadal growth is both immigration as well as higher
procreation, on account of widespread polygamy. In as many as 26 states and
union territories (UT's) the negative decadal growth is noticed which is a
welcoming sign for the future of India.
Source: Geography of Population, R.C. Chandna.
Table No. 4.2: Decadal Growth of Indian Population - 1981 to 2011
"
Source: Census of India, 1901,2001 and 2011
For working out the percentage decadal growth of population of
Jarnrnu and Kashmir, the population figures for 1 991 have been worked out
by interpolation as 1991 census could not be held there, owing to disturbed
conditions.
4.1.2. Trends of Urbanization in India:
The process of urbanization is a universal phenomenon. The
developed countries had the chance of rapid urban transformation earlier than
the post-colonial countries as a result of the industrial revolution. In the post-
second world war period, urbanization had taken a rapid stride in developed
as well as developing countries. Urbanization is an incessant trend and its
pace is accelerating. Poverty and lack of employment in the villages lead to
migration from rural to urban areas; increasing industrialization has
contributed to the growth of new towns; the expansion of means of transport
has facilitated easy movement of men and material and, above all, cities
provide a better quality of life, in terms, of educational and health facilities.
The following table explains the percentage of urban population to total
population and its increasing trend, growth of towns decade-wise, decennial
growth rate of urban population and annual exponential growth rate. In all, the
growth is rapid from 1951 onwards (Table No. 4.3).
4.1.3. Determinants of Urbanisation:
The determinants of urbanisation can broadly be categorised into
three namely economic, sociar and demographic.
8 The economically rooted determinants are the type of economy, the
degree of commercialisation of agriculture, the'extent of diversification
of economy, the changing size of agricultural landholdings, the stage
of economic advancement and the degree of development of means of
transportation and communication.
The social factors that determine the nature and magnitude of
urbanisation are the degree of socio-economic awakening, the social
value system, the stage of technological advancement, the public
policies and the government decisions.
Among the demographic factors, the rate of population growth, volume
of migration and the pressure of population on land are significant.
Rural and Urban areas in the country have shown wide disparity in
their growth patterns. Although general population in lndia has been
experiencing a consistently accelerating rate of population growth ever since
1921, yet the increase in rural areas has been of smaller and in the urban
areas contrastingly of higher.
According to the Census 2001, out of the total population of 1027
million in India, about 285 million live in urban areas and 742 million in rural
areas. Of the 1.21 billion populations in 201 1, 377 million reside in urban
India. Level of urbanization increased from 27.78% in 2001 census to 31.16%
in 201 1 census. The population of rural population declined from 72.19% to
68.84%. Thus for the first time since Independence, the absolute increase in
population is more in urban areas than in rural areas in 201 1 census (Table
No. 4.3).
The decennial growth rate of urban population at the all lndia level
increased steadily over the period from 1951 to 1981. As per the table No 4.3,
it raised from 26.41 percent dwr/ng 1951-1961 to 38.23 percent during 1961-
1971 and 46.14 percent over the decade 1971-1981. The decade 1981-1991
witnessed a decline in the growth (36.19 %) and it was further declined to
31.39%during 1991-2001. The annual growth rate of urban population during
1981-1991 was 3.09 percent as against 3.83 percent during 1971-1981 and
3.21 percent during 1961-1971. The annual rate of growth of urban population
has declined from 3.09 per cent to 2.71 per cent in 1991-2001 and it is 2.76
per cent in 201 1 (Table No. 4.3).
4.1.4. Level of Urbanization in India:
As per Census 201 1, the Country's urban population at 377,105,760
constitutes 31.16% of the total population. The increase in urban proportion of
population is 3.35 percentage points over 2001 figure of 27.81%. While NCT
of Delhi (97.50%) and Chandigah (97.25%) retained the top two positions
respectively. Lakshadweep (78.08%) which was at 6th position in 2001
(44.46%) climbed up to the 3" position in 201 1. Puducherry which was at 3rd
position in 2001 (66.57%) sl~pped to 5th position in 201 1 (68.31%). The lowest
proportion of urban population are found in India, according to 2011 census
are Himachal Pradesh (10.04%), Bihar ( I I .30%) and Assam (14.08%).
Census 2001 shows that among the States and Union Territories, the
National Capital Territory of Delhi is the most urbanized with 93 per cent
followed by the Union Territories of Chandigarh (89.8%) and Pondicherry
(66.6%). Among the major'states, Tamil Nadu is the most urbanized state
with 43.956, followed by ~ahamshtra (42.4%) and ~u ja ra t (37.4%). The
proportion of urban population is the lowest in Bihar with 10.5% followed by
Assam (12.7%) and Orissa (15.0%). Understandingly, the hill State of
Himachal Pradesh is the least urbanized (9.8%) among all the States and
Union Territories (Table No. 4.4).
Variation in urban population from 2001-2011 censuses is because
there has been a spurt in growth of population in urban areas due to
migration, natural increase and inclusion of new areas under urban
(Fig.No.4.2).
Table No. 4.4: Urban population and level of urbanlzation In India
Source: Compiled from the Census of lndia Reports, Government of India.
Growth of urban population in lndia during the past decades
indicates higher growth in metro cities. However, development of basic
infrastructure services like water supply, sanitation facilities, solid waste
management and transportation could not keep pace with the growth of urban
population, Inadequacy of land within affordable reach of economically
weaker sections has resulted in the unprecedented growth of urban slum
population at 9% per year. There is excessive concentration of economic
activities, mainly industries, in a few urban centres particularly in large cities.
94
In the developing nations of the world, one or the other new industrial unit is
set up almost daily.
The large influx of population into urban areas has resulted in over-
crowding. India, being the developing country, is no exception to these
problems.
4.1.5. Distribution of TownslCitiss by Size Class in India:
In 1901, about 1917 townslcities were accommodating all the urban
dwellers. In 2001, the number of citiesltowns increased to 5161 In 1901, out
of 1917 different townlcity size classes, about 1701 belonged to the size
classes of IV, V and VI, which contained 90 per cent of the total urban
population. During the first half of the century, hardly 1000 cities were added
at the rate of 20 towrislcities per annum to the numbers of 1901 and not much
variation was found in the percentage share of urban population of each
cityltown size category. Until 1951 small towns of category IV, V and VI were
found to be large in number. In 1951, the number of small towns of these
categories altogether was found to be 2499. They were giving residence
facility to 18 million urban residents covering only 29 per cent of total urban
population. Most of these towns cater such servlces as materials for their daily
need, schooling, health, market for the products, etc., to the surrounding
villages. It is surprising to note that the trend of increase in the number of
cities and size of population growth of Class- I, Class-ll and Class-Ill, since
1901 till recent census was not affected (Table No: 4.5, Fig. No. 4.3).
On the other haod, the number of small towns of categories IV, V, VI
and their percentage zhare of urban population had shown a steady decline
as a result of transfer of these ,towns to the higher categories.
The number of Class- VI towns had increased from 503 to 629
during 1901 -1951, while reverse trend was observed during 1951-2001;
bringing down the number to 234. More or less a similar trend was noticed
with respect to towns of class-V size. On the other hand, Class-I cities had
shown a slow and steady increase in their number from 25 with 1.33 % of total
urban population of lndia in 1901 to 49 in number with 2.02 per cent urban
population in 1941. By 2001, their number had increased to 441 covering
138.8 million urban people accounting for 62 per cent of the total urban
pdpulation. In 2011 the number of townslcities increased from 5161 to 7935
having 468 class-l townslcities. Similar trend was observed with respect to
Class -11 and Class-Ill townslcities.
'excludes ngums for Assam where census of 1981 w i s not held. "excludes figures of Jarnmu and Kashmir where census of 1991 was not conducted.
In lndia the process of urbanization has been completely governed
by Class-l cities. This clearly indicated the spatial direction of developmental
process that is taking place over the decades. Thus, Class-l cities are growing
much faster than the other townslcities at the cost of the latter. Most of the
development that has taken place in lndia is almost strengthening the urban
economy and is concentrated largely in cities of larger size, specifically in
Metropolitan cities with a population size of more than a million.
4.1.6. Literacy Trend in India:
The trends in literacy are considered as an index of the pace at
,which the wcio-economic transformation of a society is taking place. Literacy
is an important tool for communication, learning and information. Thus literacy
is, a virtual pre-condition for individual and national development. Such an
important aspect of human development cannot be neglected. Hence efforts
have been taking place in recent years to attain the objective of education to
all (R.C. Chandna, 1986). Indian literacy is characterised by sharp contrasts
not only between one part of the country to another but also between males
and females, between rural and urban populations and between various
caste-based sub-groups. Such contrasts are the manifestation of the
differences in the socio-economic background of the concerned
areadpopulations.
---.. Table No. 4.6: L p a ~ y - l a t e in India 1951 - 2011 Male - Female I ensu us p a r Persons I Male gap In literacy
As per the census 2001, the number of literates stood as
566,714,995 accounts for 64.83% of the total population. Among this males
are 339,969,048 and females are 226,745,947 that is 75.26% and 53.67% of
the total literates respectively. Male literacy was relatively higher than female
literacy. Effective literacy rate in the 2001 census was 64.83%, which
improved to 74.04% in 201 1, improved sharply among female as compared to
male. While the literacy rate for male rose from 75.26% to 82.14% making a
rise of 6.9%, it increased by 11.8% for females to go from 53.67% to 65.46%.
(Table No. 4.6).
1951 1961 - - -- 1971
-- 1981
- 1991 2001 201 1
Source: Census of India, 2001
--. - rate ~ -
- . 18.33 . - .- ... . .. . 27.16 - .. . 8.86 18.30 28.30 - -- 34.45 -.-- - -- 43.57 52.21
40.40 45.96 56.38 64.13
53.67 21:60 .
65.46 1 6 E -
15.35 21.97 29.76 - ~
64.83 74.04
25.05 23.98 - - - - - - 26.62
75.26 - 82.14
39.29 .- - 24.84
Since we consider the size as the most important factor in the
context of population stabilisation, classified the country as follows:
MEGA STATES are 10 in number having the population of more
than 50 million. Among them Maharashtra recorded the high literacy of 77.3%
during 1991-2001. Bihar registered the lowest literacy rate with 47.5% in
2001. However it has risen from 37.5% to 47.5% during 1991-2001.
BIGGER STATESlUTs are 10 having population over 10 million
each. Among this group Kerala ranked the first position with 90.9% literacy
rate in 2001. Jharkhand occupied the lowest position among the bigger states
in terms of literacy with 54.1 per cent though this State recorded an increase
of 12.7% in literacy rate during 1991-2001,
SMALLER STATESlUTs are 16 in number possessing less than 10
million total populations by each state. In this group Mizoram occupied the
first place in literacy rate with 88.5% in 2001. But the increase of literacy rate
in this State is only 5.2% during 1991-2001. Arunachal Pradesh occupied the
last place with 54.7%, which recorded 13.1% increase during 1991-2001. On
the whole the total literacy rate of the country has increased from 52.0 per
cent to 65.4 per cent from 1991-2001 (Table No. 4.7).
In the 468 IJAsn'owns the progress in literacy has been quite
encouraging. In 89 UAslCities the total Literacy Rate has crossed the 90%
mark. The corresponding number of UAslCities in Census 2001 was only 23.
In another 288 UAsICities, the Literacy rate ranges between 80% to 90%
improving from 1971 in Census 2001. The total Literacy Rate in Greater
Mumbai UA is 90.78%, the highest among the mega cities.
The Literacy Rate in Delhi and Kolkata are 86.43% and 88.33%
respectively. The female literacy rate is also the highest in Greater Mumbai
UA (87.1g0h) the top three mega cities.
Table No. 4.7: Literacy Rate in States by Sex, 1981-2001 S. NO
16
17
18
19
Indid SlaW UT Femrla Male Penonr
119BI 1 1991 1 2001 1 1981 1 1991 1 2001 1 1981 1 1991 1 2 0 0 ~ 1
22
23
24
25
26
Ashish Bose, p. 115.
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizonrn
Naaaland
27
28
In earlier census up to 1981, it was customary to work out the
Rajasthan
S ~ k k ~ m
Tam11 Nadu
Tripura
Ultar Pradesh
literacy rate taking into account the total population. Since literacy rate is more
29.06
30 08
5 4 . 9 1 . 7 8 6
33.89
Source: Compiled from population tables, India 2001, Census Results and hlothodology by
Uttaranchal
West Bengal
meaningful if the sub-population in the age group 0-6 is excluded from the
total population, it was decided in 1991 to calculate literacy rate for the
1142
22 2
54 99
32
14 04
population seven years and above.
47.6
44 9
54.8
NA I 4 1 6
3 0 2 5 1 4 6 6
204
46 8
51 3
497
24 4
597
604
8 6 1
61.6
603
602
443
61 5
64 6
654
43
5320
37 89
6446
50.06
NA
5067
363
43 95
58 26
517
38 76
716
53.1
85.6
67.6
728
678
55
65 7
73 8
706
54 a
71.6
66.1
90.7
71.8
84
776
765
76 7
82 3
815
70 2
41.35
34.08
59.88
42.57
NA
4094
2438
34 05
46 76
4212
27 16
59.9
49.1
82.3
61.7
578
577
68 9
63.3
88.5
67.1
386
56
62 7
604
40 7
723
692
61
69 7
73 5
737
57 4
Table No. 4.8: Number of Literates and Illiterates among Population aged 7 years and above and their change in India: 200land 2011
Literates and Illiterates ( Persons 1 Maks I Females 4 i 0 I I A
[ Population (awl 7 and above) 1
2001 201 1 Increase in 2011over 2001
According to provisional totals of the latest census, literates
2001 201 1 Increase in 201 lover 2001
constitute 74% of total population aged seven and above, it was encouraging
to note that out of total 217,700,941 literates added during the decade,
females at 110,069.001 outnumbered males at 107,631,940.A significant
milestone reached in 2011 census was the decline of illiterates by
31,196,847.Ten states an4 union territories, including Kerala, Lakshadweep,
Mizoram, Tripura, Goa, Daman and Diu, Puducherry, Chandigarh, National
Capital Territory of Delhi and the Andarnan and Nicobar Islands, have
224181357d 334250358 1 10069001
5607531 79 778454 120 21 770094 1
Source: Census of India 2011
3041 46862 272950015 -31 196847
attained literacy rate of above 85% the target set by the Planning
Commission to be achieved by 201 1-12 (Table No. 4.8).
336571 822 444203762 107631940
The gap of 21.59 percentage points recorded between male and
female literacy rates in 2001 census reduced to 16.68 percentage points in
1 10643001 96568351
-14074650
201 1. The Planning Commission had set up a target of reducing this gap to 10
percentage points by 2011-12. Kerala has the highest iiteracy rate at 93.91
per cent followed by Lakshadweep at 92.28 per cent. Bihar is at the bottom of
193503861 1 76381664 -17122197
the ladder with literacy rate of 63.82 followed by Arunachal Pradesh at 66.95.
4.1.7. Growth of Slums in India:
In the 2001 census an attempt has been made to enumerate the
slum areas in cities with the minimum status of City Municipal Community
having over 50,000 population, which is the first attempt of its kind carried out
' in 72,000 enumeration blocks recognised as Slum Enumeration Blocks
(SEBs) constituting about 22 per cent of the total enumeration blocks in Urban
areas. This excludes the North-eastem Frontier States and Himachal Pradesh
and Sikkim as the administration in these states have not found exclusive
slum areas in their towns and cities.
Based on 2001 census, about 4 percent of the India's total
population are slum dwellers mainly living in 8.2 million households
comprising 42.6 million people in 640 cities and towns spread across 26
states and union territories The slum dwellers in the country constitute nearly
one seventh of the total urban population. The SEBs from 640 cities and
towns from the States and UTs put together constitute 23.1 per cent of their
populations (Table No: 4.9)
Among the States of India, Andhra Pradesh has the largest (77)
number of cities and towns reporting slum population followed by Uttar
Pradesh (69), Tamil Nadu (63), Maharashtra (61), West Bengal(59), Madhya
Pradesh (43), and Gujarat (41). These States together account for about two-
thirds (65.3%) of the total slum population of the country.
The highest total slunl population of the country in 2001 is reported
in the state of 124aharashtra (27.3%) with 11.2 million followed by Andhra
Pradesh (24.W") with 5.2 million people (Table No: 4.9).
Table No. 4.9: Total Urban Population (State-wise) Number of
Note: Himachal Pradesh, Sikklm, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Marlipur, Mizorarn, Darnan 8 Dlu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep have not reported any sluma In 2001.
Table No. 4.10: Distribution of Towns and Cities by population size and
7 share of Slum Population - 2001
I 1 1 ----1 -
The gravity of slums is more ih the mega cities and
medium sized cities when accounted for the percentage of slum population in
their quarters as found in the above table No.4.10. The size of the urban
Population size of townslclties
(in lakh)
40+ 20-40 10-20 5-1 0 1-5
<I__
No. of towns1 Cities
5 8 ''-
42 309 262 -
[ Total 1 640 I 1843.5
Population of townslcities
(in lakh)
350.8 212.4 170.3 - ~10.1.5
605.1 ' 194.4
Source: Census of India, 2001. 100.0 -.I..... 3.8
In %
19.0 _ 11.5 9.2 Is:!!- 32.8
10.6".- 100.0 ,-A
Slum population in townslclties
(in lakh) 110.6 37.6
-- 28.8 .-_-- 58.1
139.4 51.3 --.-
In Yo
----- 26.0 8.8 6.8 13.7
3 2 L - 12.0
community and the size of slum population are considered to be parallel to
each other regarding developing countries in general and lndia in particular.
lndia being a vast country having a lot of geographical, social,
economic and cultural variations within it naturally exhibits the differences in
terms of distribution of slum population in different states.
There is a mushroom growth of slums in Indian cities and it is more
so in metropolises. The problem of slum is precarious in mega cities and other
larger urban communities. The size of city and the magnitude of slum go
together. Desai and Pillai (1972) have opined that the mushroom urban
growth leads to a massive uqplanned concentration of people in urban
sprawls with all their attendants. Problems of acute congestion, functional
obsolescence, ugliness, poor housing, civic and cultural stagnation, tensions,
blight and decay giving rise to the reality of slums. The slum has come to be
accepted as a living reality. It is an inevitable phenomenon accompanying
urban growth in all the capitalist countries.
4.2. POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS IN ANDHRA PRAPESH
As mentioned already the total population of Andhra Pradesh as of
1'' March 2001 stood at 76, 210,007 and in 201 1 it is 84,580,777 as per
Census of lndia 2001 and 201 1, has achieved substantial reduction in its
decadal growth of population during the decade 1991-2001 and 2001-201 1.
While country's decadal growth rate of population is 21.34% (2001) and
17.64% (201 I), Andhra Pradesh has registered an increase of only 14.59% in
1991-2001 and 10.98% in 2001 -201 1. The State has also shown downward
trend in its growth of population over the previous decade. (Table No.4.11)
4.2.1. Trends in Population Growth - Andhra Pradesh:
As per the Census of Andhra Pradesh, there was nearly fourfold
increase in the size of population during 1901 (19.1 million) and 2001
(76.21rnillion), an increase of 56.6 million in the last century and nearly four-
'fifths of this increase (44.6 million) was during the second half of the 20'~
century. The increase in Andhra Pradesh population was so much
conspicuous during the 1981-91 periods with the addition of 13 million that
could be compared to the increase of 12 million in the first half of the 20Ih
centurj. The overall g~nwth of population during 1901-2001 was 296 per cent
compared to the National growth of 331 per cent.
The census of March 1991 had revealed a perceptible change in the
State's demographic scene, especially in its growth rate. The decade 1981 -91
recorded a growth of 23.1% as against 24.2% during the previous decade,
Thus, for the first time during the post-independence period there was a fall in
the growth rate of the State's population to the tune of 1.20 per cent. It signals
the beginning of a new era in the country's demographic history (Table
No.4.11 8 Fig. No. 4.1).
) Tablo No.?4.?1: Trends in Population Growth in India and Andhra ~radesh - 1901.2011
Source: Statistical Abstract, 2001 and 2011, Directorate of Census operatton, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad
5
Trend8 in Populat&= in lndia and Andhn P d u h - 1901 2011 w o k
- - - - - - Fig. No. 4.1
4.2.2. Denslty of Population In lndia and Andhra Pradesh:
The table below reveals that lndia and Andhra Pradesh recorded an
increase in their densities during 1981-2001. india with its average of 216
personslkm2, in 1981 easily qualified for being one of the highly and densely
populated countries of the world (Table No. 4.12).
Table No. 4.12: Density of Population in india and Andhra Pradesh
. .
1981 1991 2001 201 1
218" 1 85 26T2 242 324 277 382 308
Note: 1. while working out the density of Indla, Jammu Ka8hmlr ha8 been excluded a8 comparable figure of ama and population a n not avallrble for that state. 2. Tho denslty has bean worked out on comparable data
Source: 1. Census of Indh, 2001; 2. Final popuhirUon totals 2001, dlmtonte of Census Operation, A.P.
The 2001 census revealed an average density of 324 personslKma
for the country and for Andhra Pradesh it was 277 persons per square
kilometre. It implies an addition of 57 persons to the country's density of 267
in 1991 and 35 persons to the state density of 242 in 1991 respectively. The
population density of lndia from 1961 to 201 1 was as low as 142 personslKm2
and this steadily increased from 267 in 1991 to 382 in 2011 and for Andhra
Pradesh it is 131 (1961) to 308 (2011). It is evident from the table 4.10 that
increase in the density or significant change in density was the product of
growth of population which in itself was the function of both the population
base and the growth rate.
4.2.3. Demographic Ranking of Andhra Pradesh in 2001:
Andhra Pradesh ranked 5th (1981) among all the States and Union
Territories in the country In terms of population as against 4'9n 1991 and
against to 5lh rank in 2001 and 201 1.
4.2.4. Sex Ratio in lndia and Andhra Pradesh:
The sex ratio in lndia as well as Andhra Pradesh is characterized by
the differences in its rural-urban components, between various religious
groups, social groups and between various regions. As regards the sex ratio
of urban an4 rural pop(~lation of India, it presents a contrastingly different
pat?ern in comparison to the Weste~n countries. According to 2001 census,
sex ratio In lndia was 933 ferr~ales to 1,000 males which increased to 940 in
2011 (Table No.4.13). The sex ratio in lndia is highly skewed. This is largely
attributed to women's lower status in society which has contributed to their
higher mortality rate in all age groups up to 45.
The fluctuating trend of sex ratio may be seen from the fact that in
1901 there were 972 females per 1,000 males, which declined to 930 in 1971,
934 in 1981 and 927 in 1991.
Females in India have always suffered from a lower status, right
front the time of conception. Women's lower status in Indian society results in
early marriages, lower literacy, poor nutrition and higher fertility and mortality
levels, especially during the reproductive age. Recently, the large
metropolitan cities of Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai and Bangalore have
experienced increasing incidence of female foeticide with the use of
ultrasonography. The states of Haryana and Punjab are also having high
incidence of female foeticide
In Andhra Pradesh the sex ratio in 1981 was 975 females for every
1000 males. The 2001 census has revealed some interesting feature of sex
ratio in Andhra Pradesh. For the first time since independence, the state
registered an improvement of six points in sex ratio from 972 females per
1000 males in 1991 to 978 females in 2001 and 993 in 201'1, which is a
matter of some satisfaction. This improvement has taken place in most
districts in the state. At the same time, a matter of deep concern is the decline
in sex ratio of population in the age group 0-6 (Juvenile). There are eleven
point declines in juvenile sex ratio from 975 in 1991 to 964 in 2001.
Considering 20 years between census years 1981 and 2001, there is nearly
28-point decline in the juvenile sex ratio in the state. This decline is observed
in most of ttie districts in Andhra Pradesh.
Of the four reasons mooted for the decline in sex ratio, viz., sex
differentials in mortality, migration, undercount and change in sex ratio at
birth, the improvement in the overall sex ratio can be explained by the fact
that female death rates have become lower and surv~val chances of females
are more than males in most of the ages. This is particularly true in the adult
ages where male mortality is not only far higher than females but tend to
stagnate. The declining child sex ratio lead to inter-religion or inter-region or
inter-caste marriages; increasing incidence of widow remarriage, divorce and
remarriage of divorcees and increase the incidence of crime against women.
Table No. 4.13: Sex ratio in lndia and Andhra Pradesh 1901-2011 Year
The rate of sex ratio (Female for 1000 male8
I n d i a Andhra Pradesh-- -- 1901 972 - - - - - - - 1911 -- 964 1921 955
-,
1931 950 1941 945 1951 946 1961 941 1971 930
-
Source: Government of India, Census of India, 2001 and 201 1
4.2.5. Trends in Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death Rate of Andhra
Pradesh in comparison to India:
'The Crude Birth Rate of Andhra Pradesh has shown a sign of
consistent decline from 43 dur~ng the decade 1941-51 to 40 during 1951-61
and further down to 35 during the subsequent decade 1961-71. The CBR in
Andhra Pradesh has been lower than that of lndia during the above period
(Ramachandrudu and Subramanyam, 1994). The Birth rate in Andhra
Pradesh has been on the steady decline since mid 1970s. However, it was
rather slow in the 1970s and early 1980s but since mid-19805, there has been
acceleration in the pace in the decline. The birth rate in the state has declined
from the level of about 35.4 per 1000 population in 1970 to 22.3 in 1998.
In the given table highest CBR in lndia (Urban) and Andhra Pradesh
was observed in 2002(20?40'and 19.30%) and the lowest CBR was in
2009(18.30%) in lndia and 2004(16.10%) in Andhra Pradesh (Table No 4.14).
Table No. 4.14: Crude Birth Rates in lndia B Andhra Pradesh from 2002-09
Source: Directorate of Census Operation, A.P. Hyderabad, Sample registration registers In system (SRS), statistical reports, Registrar General of India. New Delhi.
' Note: lndia Birth rates are based on a!l StatesiUTs except Nagaland rural.
The inequalit~es in CBR is due to age at marriage of females, age at
marriage of the males, inter-spouse age-gap, duration of marriage, age at the
time of first birth, age at the time of subsequent births, interval between
consummation of marriage and the first birth, incidence of pregnancy
wastage, incidencg of infant mortality (males as well as females), working
status of the females, family income, rel~gion, caste, educational status, social
status of women, ine~dence of preference for male children and the
acceptability level of family planning measures.
It is evident from the table No. 4.15 that the urban areas in the
country and the state displayed lower CDR in comparison to the countryside,
because of the health services are concentrated more in the urban areas.
Table No. 4.15: Crude Death Rates in lndia & Andhra Pradesh from 2002-09
Source: Directorate of census operatlon, A.P. Hyderabad, Sample Registration in system (SRS), statistical reports, Registrar General of India, New Delhi
*Note: India rates are based on all States1 UTs except Nagaland rural.
4.2.6. Urban Scenario in Andhra Pradesh:
The level of urbanization in Andhra Pradesh is 33.49% at 2011
census, which is 6.19 percentage points higher than that of 2001.
According to 2001 census Andhra Pradesh comprises 26.90 % and
in 2011 33.36% urban population and the rest is rural. Percent urban
population increased from 17.44Oh in 1961 to 26.90% in 2001 (Table No. 4.16
& Fig. No. 4.2). Four urban agglomerations (U.As) in 1971 increased to 37 in
2001. The exponential growth rate of UAs in Andhra Pradesh rose from 2.92
in 1971 to 3.96 in 1981 and then declined to 3.59 in 1991, further to 1.37 in
2001and 1.06 in 2011. Decennial and exponential growth rates and increase
in number of urban agglomeratians indicate that small towns and Class-l cities
are emerging into urban agglomerations. Definitional changes of towns and
UAs from one decade to another, urban-rural rn~gration; better infrastructure
facilities in urban areas and economic and industrial development in UAs are
few among many contributory factors for urban and city growth. It is evident
that the net addition in urban population during each decade has been
increasing. One of the significant features of the present Census in Andhra
Pradesh is that, 2001-2011 is the first decade which recorded the highest
increase in urban population compared to the previous censuses
Hyderabad district continued to be at the top with highest proportion
of urban population being the fully urban district followed by Ranga reddy
(70.32%), Visakhapatnam (47.51%) and Krishna (41.01%) districts which also
retained their respective status in the proportion of urban population. Similarly
Mahbubnagar (1 5.00%), Srikakulam (16.1 6%) and Nalgonda (19.00%)
retained their last positions in proportion of their urban population. The
percentage increase in urban population is higher in Y.S.R. Kadapa, Medak
and Warangal districts in 201 1.
1 2011 1 - / 84W777 / 28218015 1 33.36 17715478 / 37.62 1 1.06 1 Source: Census of India, 2001 m d 2011 UA'r - Urban are^
- Table No. 4.16: Trends in Urbankatlon in Andhm Pndesh (1801-2011)
Urbanitatron in India and Andhm Pnderh (1901-2011)
Census Par
1 + lnd'i I +Andhra Pradesh i
1901 1911 1921 1931 1W1 1951 1981 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Yeam
Fig. No. 4.2
Annual exponmtkl g m
X
Total number of
UA'd T m
Total Popurn
hmnt uhn
popu~tion
Total urban PoPuwon
Decenn"klgmwth .
~ l # d u t o Percent
4.2.7. Urban Population Growth by Size Class of fawns and C i W in
Andhra Pradesh:
Table No. 4.17: Number of townslcities and percentage of population in
Soume: Census of India, 2001 m d 2011.
k No, of Clasa-l Towns1 Cities In lndla & Andhra Pradesh (1901.2011) 5001
I I Fig. No. 4.3
It has been observed from the above table No. 4.17 & Fig: No. 4.3
that Class-l CiieslLarge towns found to be very less in number (only 20)
during 1981, but increased to 32 in 1991, 39 in 2001, 46 in 201 1. In Andhra
Pradesh the total number of UAsltowns recorded in 2011 is 260 as against
173 in 2001 showing an increase of 87 in numbers. It is pertinent to note that
the number of villages have come down from 28,123 in 2001 Census to
27,800 in 201 1 Census. This is reflected in the increase recorded in number
of towns in class II, IV and V. Substantial increase in population is recorded in
class I1 towns during the decade. Thus urban concentration was found to be
more in class-l and UAs of Andhra Pradesh in the recent periods. The below
mentioned table No. 4.18 shows decade-wise number and names of cities
and towns.
Table No. 4.18: Names and Number of Class - I Towns1 UA'sl Cities1 Towns having Po ulation - 1,00,000+ -- - ('j981-20111- Andhra Pradesh 3 1991 1 - 2001
- - - - --- , k 1 1981 I
Hyderabad (UA) 1 Eluru I Cuddapah 1 Ch~ttoor --- ". 3 Kakinada (M) Gud~vada Dharmavaram Cuddapah !
1 -- 2
3
4
5 - - 6
I 9 I Kurnool (M) I Guntakal 1 Eluru 1 Dharmavaram 1 1 10 1 Machllipabam (M) Guntur A Ga~uwaka +-t---- - --- -- p r u - 1
Adon1 (M) I Adon!
/ 12 / Nuamabad (M) / Hyderabad (UA) 1 Guntakal 1 Gudivada 1
Anantapur (M) ----- --
13 Proddatur (M) 1 Kak~nada 1 GunIur - - -- JGU~W~I - -- -
- - -- --a .- A n n u r
14 Rajahmundry (M) Karimnagar Hindupur
15 Tenali (M) Khammam Hyderabad Hindupur 1 16 1 r~rupat~ (M) 1 Kothagudem Kak~nada t Hyderabad - - - - -- -- - - -
17 V~jayawada (UA) Kurnool Kak~nada I I
{ ?TI
18 1 Visakhapatnarn (UA) Machil~patnam Kar~mnagar Kapra 1 19 Vizianagararn (M) Mahaboobnagar Khammam Karimnagar
---,-. .
20 Warangal (M) Nandyal ~ o t h a ~ u d e m - 7 ~harnmam
Bheemavaram (M) ---
1 :i 1 : 1 Nellore 1 Kukatpally 1 Kothagudem 1 Nizamabad Kurnool Kukatpally
--a - .- --- . - Ongole La1 Sahadur Nagar I Kurnool
----. - -- -- Bheemavaram -- - -- --
1 24 1 I Proddab: ( Machil~patnam I La1 Sahadur Nagar 1
Cuddapah (M) 1 Gh~rala Bheemavaram Bheemavaram - ----- - --- --~---- Eluru (Mi Ch~Hoor Ch~lakslur~pet ". - "-- Guntur(M) Cuddapah Ch~ttaor -- - ' I
1 : d a m 1 btJ;bnagar 1 M3danapaile I Mahaboobnaoar
Viayawada (UA) Nandyal Mlryalaguda
30 Nalgonda
1 Vizianaoararn I Nizamabad I Nandval I 32 Warangal Narasaraopet
33 Proddatur
1 34 / I 1 Qutubullaour I Nizamabad 1 Rajahmundry Ongole -. Rajendra Nagar Prod~ltur
I 1 37 1 I I Ramagundarn I Qutubullapur 1
Serlllnyam Pally I
Rajendra Nagar I
I I 1 Tadepall~gudem 1 Secunderabad
V~sakhapatnarn Tadpatrl
Vizianagararn Tenali
separate towns in their own right have been classified according to their own population and not according to the population of Urban Agglomeration. Where, howevrr, U.As were formed with Out Growth, the population of the Out Growth(#) was added to the town whose out growth it was. The combined population of the town and Out Growth(#) was taken for determination of the class in the above statement
Source: The E n c y c l o p ~ l a of India - Dr. N. Seshagirl (Ed.)
Source: The Encyclopaedia of India- Dr, N, Seahagiri (Ed,)
4.3. CLASS-I TOWNS OF ANDHRA PRADESH - POPULATION, DECADAL VARIATION AND GROWTH RATE:
As per table No: 4.19, the increase in the total population, % growth
of population and growth rate has decreased countable over 1981 to 1991
and to 2001 along with many other cities in India due to government efforts
through family welfare activities and increase of awareness among people
regarding the economic requirements of large families. For example the
growth rate in Adoni was reduced from 2.77 (1981) to 1.93 (2001). The
reduction of growth rate in Andhra Pradesh was remarkable in the
demographic line of Class-l towns of Andhra Pradesh.
Among the Class-l towns, Nellore had the highest growth rate during
1981 with 7.75% because, it suddenly developed into an educational core
centre and the lowest was observed in Tenali. In 1991 Rajahmundry recorded
the highest growth rate with 6.41% and the lowest being Kurnool with 1.47%.
In 2001 Hyderabad contained the highest growth rate with 2.19% because of
the urban agglomerations (Kapra, La1 Bahadur Nagar, Qutubullapur,
Serilingam pally and Uppal Kalan), the reason for its increased growth rate is
the influence of developmental activities in and around Hyderabad city and
the lowest growth rate is found in Tenali with 0.7%. The population of Class-l
towns of Andhra Pradesh from 1981-2001 was increasing gradually. The
highest decadal variation is noticed in 1991 in all the towns over 1981 and it
has slightly decreased to 2001 over 1991. This general decrease in the
decadal growthsldecadal variationlgrowth rate of population of Class-I towns
in the state is mainly due to peaple's awareness regarding family welfare and
governmental encouragement (Table No.4.20).
In the majority of the Class-l cities of Andhra Pradesh the sex ratios
are highly female deficient. The well known and current reason being the
male- selective out-migration into the urban areas for employment1 education1
business and various other services. This is associated with the prejudices
against female employment and mobility, Paucity of suitable jobs for females,
high cost of living of urban areas and problem of housing, all of which
discourage the male in-migrants from bringing their families with them.
Table No. 4.20: Total Population and Dscadal Variation (94) for Class I
Source: The Encyclopaedia of India - Dr. N. h h a g i r i (Ed.) *Note: The population in IQ71 and 1081 has been merged In Vlsakhapatnam Urban
Agglomeration.
However, as per the table no: 4.21 it is noticed that during 1981 only
Eluru, the head quarters of Krishna district has little more sex ratio (6 female
more than 1000 males). In 1991 three towns namely Eluru (1016), Tenali
(1025) and Vizianagaram (1039) had more sex ratio. But in 2001 the sex ratio,
had increased in five towns namely Chirala (equal sex ratio), Eluru (1046),
Gudivada (1 024), Kakinada (1 019), Machilipatnam (1 291). The low sex ratio
in the remaining 34 Class-l towns is because of the people's perception about
the male dominant society, females as burden because of societal evils like
dowry, insecurity, illiteracy, unemployment and family management.
4.3.1. Literacy Rate in the Class-l TownslCities of Andhra Pradesh:
Degree of urbanization has often been referred to as another
determinant of literacy. There is a positive correlation betwwn literacy rates
and the degree of development. Thus the most urbanised societies have very
high or even universal literacy rates. The type of economy and the social set
up of urban areas is such that the literacy skills have greater functional utility.
Table No. 4.22: Percentage of Literates in Class-l Towns/ Cities/ UA's of Andhra Pradesh - 2001 1981 1991
--. - - - No Total Male Female Total Male Female
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12
13
121
Guntakal
Guntur 49.96 58.68
, - 41.02
55.20
55.50
65.88
62.93
44.18
47.90
71.36
75.07
81.75
81.70
60.70
68.44
22 Kurnool
23 La1 Bahadur Nagar -
25 Madanapalle -- -.
26 Mahabwbnagar
-. , -- - . . - - - - - .. - 32 Ongole 54.98 79.26 86.25 72.05 - - . - - - - .- - - 33 Proddalur
"-
34 Uutubullapur
36 Rajendra Nagar
37 Ramagundam
38 Secunderabad
39 Seril~ngam Pally 72 13 78 70 65 09
40 Sr~kakulam 81 69 89 39 73 99 , 1
- - 41 Tadeoall~oudem I . I - - 75 97 I 80 76 71-28 1
57.15 1 63 18 48 96 enap 1 , -4 43 Tirupatr 62.58 7 2 . 6 8 ' 5147 +-+I;----- 44 Uppal Kalan - i L
Source: The Encyclopaedia of lndla - Dr. N. Seshagiri (Ed.)
60.26
68.84
60.60
63.22
57 37
52.66
45.65
43.07
~ 1 5 0 61,43 1 7 1 . ~ 1 i0.52 1 7 G 4 1 88,50 1 6 9 , 7 ~ ] - ---
66 96
76.44
66.95
71.66
66.27
6740
65.57
63.22
~ , 4 8
45 Vijay awada 60.20
46 isakhapatnarn
47 izianagaram
48 arangal
53.49
80.73 ,----1
- ---- 54.04
54.22
48.56
55.96
53.22
51.69
72.30 1 7493
72.46
72.97
7190
67 78 (
77.96 1 83.54 ..-- 82.70
84.05 - 78.05 - 79.02
75.42
93.12
87.07
82.99
85.86
83 28
All the Class-l towns naturally have higher literacy rate than the
lower class towns. But within the same class there are temporal differences of
literacy and also place wise differences. For example Hyderabad the state
head quarters having 14 universities and innumerable higher educational
institutions has less literacy rate than Chittoor, Tirupati, Karimnagar, etc.,
because of two reasons. Firstly Hyderabad receives more of illiterate migrants
thereby decreasing the literacy rate and secondly Hyderabad has been
divided into several urban agglomerations (Table No. 4.22). These
agglomerations have very high literacy rate can be compared with other highly
recorded class-l towns in terms of Irteracy. As per the table, the two case
study towns have regrstered more than 80% l~teracy durlng all the three
decades which is one of the causes of increase of unemployment.
The unemployment rate in the State as per National Sample Survey
Organization (NSSO) data is 6.67%. The unemployment rate among
educated is higher (7.3%) than the unemployment rate of the illiterate. There
are about 3.10 million job seekers registered in employment exchanges in
Andhra Pradesh (2001). A large chunk of them (57%) i.e, 1.80 million people
are without any skills. About 50,000 professional postgraduates, and 5 ,
62,167 educated and skilled are also awaiting for jobs in organised sector.
The class-l towns are the target of migration for education and employment
purposes from rural, lower urban centres and lower class towns.
In 2001 census among the urban agglomerations Nalgonda tops
the list in terms of literacy rate (88.28%) followed by Karimnagar (85.02%)
and Mahbubnagar (84.06%). The least literacy rates were recorded in
Kothagudem (51.58%) followed by Adoni (60.86%) and Gadwal (66.09%).
Among the 7 Municipal Corporations, Warangal ranks first with a literacy rate
(81.63%) followed by Vijayawada (80.68%), Hyderabad (78.85%)), and
Rajahmundiy (77.89%), Visakhapatnam (77.10%), Guntur (78.09%) and
Kurnool (72.41 %).
In 2011 census, the literacy rate of Andhra Pradesh is 67.02%
against 60.47% in 2001 and among the districts Hyderabad ranks 1''
(83.25%), Ranga Reddy ranks 2"d (75.87%), West Godavari ranks 3'
(74.63%) and Krishna gained 4Ih rank (73.74%). The least rank is noticed in
Kumool(59.97%), Vizianagaram (58.89%) and Mahaboobnagar (51.07%)
Among the independent towns the highest literacy rate of (91.22%)
was recorded in Ramachandrapuram BHEL (TS) followed by Gaddiannaram
(90.56%) and Kantabamsugudu (90.49%). The lowest literacy rate (46.92%)
was recorded in Serilingampalle followed by Ramapuram (47.69%) and Kallur
(50.42%).
4.3.2. Occupational Structure in Class-l Towns and UAs of Andhra Pradesh:
The composition of working force in an area varies by sex, residence
and age. Mehta (1967, p.50) rightly observed that in most of the societies of
the world, the earning of bread was primarily a male responsibility. The male
participation rates are ubiquitously more than the female participation rates
which is true in the case of class-I townslcities of Andhra Pradesh as the
table No. 4.23.
The less number of female workers participation are due to the
patriarchial system of the society, age old prejudices against female mobility,
frequent child births, limited desire on the part of the female themselves to
participate in the economic struggle.
It is also observed that the total workers are less in number to non-
workers. This low proportion of working force is because of high dependency
ratio which was the product of the high rate of natural increase.
Table No, 413: Occupational structure-2001 (Classsl towns and UAs of Andhra Pradesh) I
Total Workers Total workers %of %of '
% of %of non. Main Main Maffiinal Md,ilMl
Class l Towns1 Total Non. workers to workers workers out WOrktK9 Total woken to
Male cities1 UKS ~op l l adm % Wo,kers Iota1 cut ol W of total lo,al b , l
population workers wotkers wokel$ population
1 9 Khammam 118620 $3513 ! 51205 80.55 1B l1945 13504i 1,99 i #505 ' 4203 5 M 7 8 20 Kolhagudein 105266 . 75487 71.11 WOO1 7949 1 R i t 5 1 29779 211.29 1 85283 8850 1 M I 131 21 Kukatpally 8'll 9 x 0 325 i 19232 8406 15028 15,# 198029 1 67 15 i5 91.15 7775 115 22 Kurnool 269122 90416 3360 68467 75.72 21941 2428,17870e 6840 83810 _ 92.69 6606 1.31
125
A-
Source: Tie Encyclopaedia of India - Dr. N. Seshagiri (Ed,)
It is noticed from the table 4.23, that high percentage of workers to
total population is seen in Kothagudem (71.71%), followed by Malkajgiri
(44.70%), both consisting of limited number of population of less than
1,50,000 and less percentage of workers are found in Ramagundam (26.85%)
and Mahaboobnagar (28.29%) where non-workers are more in number.
Hyderabad, the biggest corporation in the state and 5' metropolitan
city in India having 36.13 lakh populations (2001) but has only 48% of working
force which is much less when compared to small cities. The reason for the
less percentage of workers may be due to the remaining 52% of dependent
population covering students, aged, under employed (daily wage workers),
non-workers due to various reasons (who came to the city educational,
medical treatment, etc.,) and commuters from the hinterland of the city.
In the class-l cities of Andhra Pradesh main workers are more in
number compared to marginal workers due to the conspicuous shift from
agricultural to nsn-agricultural sector of economy which signifies that these
towns/cities had developed the infrastructure for the rapid expansion of the
secondary and tertiary sectors.
The same table reveals that of the total workers main workers
contribute high percentage than the marginal workers, is associated with
increasing employment opportunities in these townslcities whereby additional
persons were able to get employment at least for some part of the year if not
for major part of the year.
People, who migrated to the cities and found work, brought their
cousins and rest of the families to the cities. First one shelter was built, then
two and then two thousand and the so on and so forth. The rapid natural
increase in the rural areas produced an excess supply of labour in agriculture.
Due to the incentive to migrate to the cities for work, the rural-urban and the
urban to urban migration increased rapidly increasing the number of slums.
4.3.3. Emergence of Slums in Class-l TownslCIties of Andhra Pradesh - A By-Product of Urbanization:
Rapid economic growth and industrialization in the state has caused
the emergence of slums in the townslcities. The high density of population
cannot survive with ecological ease within the small extent of the cities
thereby burst out in the form of slums. Apart from this, very high rates for
residential plots in the citiesltowns which are beyond the reach of the poor,
lack of developed residential land the influx of population to urban areas in
search of employment are the root causes for the growth of slums. The
houses are either dilapidated condition or Kutcha in slum areas, which totally
lack basic civic amenities such as electricity, drinking water, toilets, fresh air,
roads, etc. There is likelihood of occurrence of air and water borne diseases
in such areas
Already written that the percentage of slum population as against the
total population of the State is 6.80. The average literacy rate in the slum
areas of the State is 70.70% as against 61 . I 1 % for the State as a whole. The
literacy rate figures give an indication of the rural literacy migration to the
urban areas in search of employment. With these factors the slums in the
Class - I and major cities are mushrooming in number, deteriorating the
normal living of the people by disturbing the ecology and environment of the
cities. (Thaware Kailas, 201 1).
Among 48 class-l townslcities high percentage of slum population is
observed in Dharmavaram where developmental activities are slow as it is
positioned in class-l towns in 2001 census and the least percentage is seen in
Kukatpally (6.66%) where most of the people migrated to the neighbouring
rnetro city i.e., Hyderabad and high literacy rate in consonance with their high
degree of urbanization (Table No. 4.24).
Table No. 4.24: Slum Po~ulation in Class-l towns and UAs of ~ndh;a Pradesh - 2001 I 1 %of Slum 1 I -l--r-l I S. 1 CIW - I / rotat I TOW slum 1 popu1atim to 1 Ma,e / j j J Litwates 1 No Towns/ Cltles Population population 1 total % #
Source: The Encplppaedia of lndla --Dr.. Seshagiri (Ed.)
It is found that male population of the slums has little higher than the
female. This is because females are considered as economic and social
liability by the parent, while the males are credited as an asset to the family,
resulted in the female foeticide. But the difference between the sexes is not
recorded as per the table 4.24.
The table also narrates that, of the 48 class-I townslcities in the state
the slum population is increasing gradually decade by decade though several
attempts by the government or local bod~es have been taken forth to develop
the already existing slums and to control the newly forming slums. There are
14 class-l towns having 30 to 40%; 8 towns havlng 40 to 50%; 5 towns with
50 to 60%; 2 towns with 60 to 70% and one town hav~ng more than 70% slum
population out of the total population The literacy rates also correspondingly
high In all the said towns because the slum dwellers are educated migrants
mostly under employed or still seeklng jobs.
Special mention has to be made here about the two case study
cities namely Tirupati and Vijayawada which comes under 30 to 40% category
but still posses major problems to the area because these areas are very
important and great pilgrim centres where people expect peace and clean
environment. The existing demographic, spatial, cultural and other related
elements and effects of slums in the two cities are explained in detail in the
next chapter.
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CENSUS OF INDIA, General Population Tables - A Series (Part II 0) 1981,
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MAHENDRA DEV, S. AND RAVI, C. (2007) Poverty and Inequality - All lndia
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