Gue

rino

Maz

zola

(F

all 2

015

Gue

rino

Maz

zola

(F

all 2

015©©

): H

onor

s S

emin

ar

): H

onor

s S

emin

ar

II.2II.2 Psychological RealityPsychological Reality

II.2.1 II.2.1 (F Sept 18) (F Sept 18) Emotions and MusicEmotions and Music

Gue

rino

Maz

zola

(F

all 2

015

Gue

rino

Maz

zola

(F

all 2

015©©

): H

onor

s S

emin

ar

): H

onor

s S

emin

ar

LONDON (Reuters Life! 2009)LONDON (Reuters Life! 2009) - - Fans of classical music and jazz are creative, pop lovers are hardworking and, despite the Fans of classical music and jazz are creative, pop lovers are hardworking and, despite the stereotypes, heavy metal listeners are gentle, creative types who are at ease with stereotypes, heavy metal listeners are gentle, creative types who are at ease with themselves. So says Professor Adrian North of Scotland's Heriot-Watt University who has themselves. So says Professor Adrian North of Scotland's Heriot-Watt University who has been studying the links between people's personalities and their choice of musicbeen studying the links between people's personalities and their choice of music . .

„„People often define their sense of identity through their musical taste, wearing particular clothes, People often define their sense of identity through their musical taste, wearing particular clothes, going to certain pubs, and using certain types of slang,“ North said.going to certain pubs, and using certain types of slang,“ North said.

„„It's not surprising that personality should also be related to musical preference.“It's not surprising that personality should also be related to musical preference.“In what North said was the largest study ever conducted into individuals' musical preference and In what North said was the largest study ever conducted into individuals' musical preference and

character, researchers asked 36,518 people from around the world to rate how much they character, researchers asked 36,518 people from around the world to rate how much they liked 104 different musical styles before taking a personality test. liked 104 different musical styles before taking a personality test.

““Researchers have been showing for decades that fans of rock and rap are rebellious, and that fans Researchers have been showing for decades that fans of rock and rap are rebellious, and that fans of opera are wealthy and well-educated,“ North said. of opera are wealthy and well-educated,“ North said.

„„But this is the first time that research has shown that personality links to liking for a wide range of But this is the first time that research has shown that personality links to liking for a wide range of musical styles.“ musical styles.“

The study concluded that jazz and classical music fans are creative with good self-esteem, although The study concluded that jazz and classical music fans are creative with good self-esteem, although the former are much more outgoing whereas the latter are shy. Country and western fans the former are much more outgoing whereas the latter are shy. Country and western fans were found to be hardworking and shy; rap fans are outgoing and indie lovers lack self-were found to be hardworking and shy; rap fans are outgoing and indie lovers lack self-esteem and are not very gentle. esteem and are not very gentle.

Those who like soul music can take heart as the research concluded they are creative, outgoing, Those who like soul music can take heart as the research concluded they are creative, outgoing, gentle, at ease with themselves and have a high self-esteem. And if you've ever wondered gentle, at ease with themselves and have a high self-esteem. And if you've ever wondered why people driving expensive sports cars often have music blaring from their vehicle, North why people driving expensive sports cars often have music blaring from their vehicle, North could have an explanation. could have an explanation.

Those who choose to listen to exciting, punchy music are more likely to be in a higher earning Those who choose to listen to exciting, punchy music are more likely to be in a higher earning bracket, he says, while those who go for relaxing sounds tend to be lower down the pay bracket, he says, while those who go for relaxing sounds tend to be lower down the pay scale. North is still looking for volunteers to take part in the research. scale. North is still looking for volunteers to take part in the research.

Gue

rino

Maz

zola

(F

all 2

015

Gue

rino

Maz

zola

(F

all 2

015©©

): H

onor

s S

emin

ar

): H

onor

s S

emin

ar

Gus

tav

Kli

mt:

Bee

thov

en f

ries

John A. Sloboda & Patrik N. JuslinJohn A. Sloboda & Patrik N. Juslin((Music and EmotionMusic and Emotion, Oxford U P 2001, p.71), Oxford U P 2001, p.71)

Psychology is concerned with the explanation of human behaviour. Psychology is concerned with the explanation of human behaviour. Behaviour includes overt action as well as ‚inner‘ behaviour, such as Behaviour includes overt action as well as ‚inner‘ behaviour, such as thought, emotion, and other reportable mental states. It can include thought, emotion, and other reportable mental states. It can include behaviour of which the agent is not fully or even partly aware, such as the behaviour of which the agent is not fully or even partly aware, such as the dilation of the pubils of the eye.dilation of the pubils of the eye.

A psychological approach to music and emotion therefore seeks an A psychological approach to music and emotion therefore seeks an explanation of how and why we experience emotional reactions to music, explanation of how and why we experience emotional reactions to music, and how and why we experience music as expressive of emotion.and how and why we experience music as expressive of emotion.

Gue

rino

Maz

zola

(F

all 2

015

Gue

rino

Maz

zola

(F

all 2

015©©

): H

onor

s S

emin

ar

): H

onor

s S

emin

ar Definition of EmotionDefinition of Emotion

characteristicscharacteristics examplesexamples

self-reportself-report feelings, verbal descriptions, feelings, verbal descriptions, checklists, rating scales, etc.checklists, rating scales, etc.

expressive behaviorexpressive behavior facial expressions, gestures, facial expressions, gestures, vocalization, etc.vocalization, etc.

physiological measuresphysiological measures blood pressure, skin conductance, blood pressure, skin conductance, muscle tension, EKG, EEG, etc.muscle tension, EKG, EEG, etc.

qualia!qualia!

Gue

rino

Maz

zola

(F

all 2

015

Gue

rino

Maz

zola

(F

all 2

015©©

): H

onor

s S

emin

ar

): H

onor

s S

emin

ar Categories of Emotions (R.S. Lazarus et al.) Categories of Emotions (R.S. Lazarus et al.)

EmotionEmotion Juncture of planJuncture of plan Core relational themeCore relational theme

HappinessHappiness Subgoals being achievedSubgoals being achieved Making reasonable progress towards a goalMaking reasonable progress towards a goal

AngerAnger Active plan frustratedActive plan frustrated A demeaning offense against me and mineA demeaning offense against me and mine

SadnessSadness Failure of major plan or loss of Failure of major plan or loss of active goalactive goal

Having experienced an irrevocable lossHaving experienced an irrevocable loss

FearFear Self perseveration goal threatened Self perseveration goal threatened or goal conflictor goal conflict

Facing an immediate, concrete, or Facing an immediate, concrete, or overwhelming physical dangeroverwhelming physical danger

DisgustDisgust Gustatory goal violatedGustatory goal violated Taking in or being close to an indigestible Taking in or being close to an indigestible object or idea (metaphorically speaking)object or idea (metaphorically speaking)

Gue

rino

Maz

zola

(F

all 2

015

Gue

rino

Maz

zola

(F

all 2

015©©

): H

onor

s S

emin

ar

): H

onor

s S

emin

ar

Two Dimensions of Emotions Two Dimensions of Emotions

(J.A. Russell et al. „circumplex model“)(J.A. Russell et al. „circumplex model“)

activationactivation

pleasantnesspleasantness

Gue

rino

Maz

zola

(F

all 2

015

Gue

rino

Maz

zola

(F

all 2

015©©

): H

onor

s S

emin

ar

): H

onor

s S

emin

ar

A Neurotransmitter Model?A Neurotransmitter Model?

Have essentially 9 neurotransmitter types:Have essentially 9 neurotransmitter types:

1. 1. acetylcholineacetylcholine motor control, motor control, learning, learning,

memory, sleep, memory, sleep, dreamdream

2. 2. epinephrineepinephrine energyenergy

3. 3. norepinephrinenorepinephrine arousal, vigilancearousal, vigilance

4. 4. serotoninserotonin impulses, dreamimpulses, dream

5. 5. dopaminedopamine reward, motivation, reward, motivation, motor controlmotor control

6. 6. gabagaba inhibit action inhibit action potentialpotential

7. 7. glutamateglutamate enhance action potential, enhance action potential, learning, memorylearning, memory

8. 8. endorphinendorphin reward, pain reductionreward, pain reduction

9. 9. substance psubstance p pain perception, pain perception, moodmood

Gue

rino

Maz

zola

(F

all 2

015

Gue

rino

Maz

zola

(F

all 2

015©©

): H

onor

s S

emin

ar

): H

onor

s S

emin

ar

painpain

energyenergy

memorymemory

pleasurepleasuregabagaba

substance psubstance ppain perceptionpain perception

endorphinsendorphinspain reductionpain reduction

dopaminedopaminemotivationmotivation

serotonineserotonineimpulses, dreamimpulses, dream

glutamateglutamateenhance action potential, enhance action potential, learning, memorylearning, memory

acetylcholineacetylcholinemotor control, learning, motor control, learning,

memory, sleep, memory, sleep, dreamdream

epinephrineepinephrineenergyenergy

norepinephrinenorepinephrinearousal, vigilancearousal, vigilance

Gue

rino

Maz

zola

(F

all 2

015

Gue

rino

Maz

zola

(F

all 2

015©©

): H

onor

s S

emin

ar

): H

onor

s S

emin

ar

Susan Langer and Alf Gabrielsson:Susan Langer and Alf Gabrielsson:

• Langer (1942): Langer (1942): - - Music represents the dynamic form of emotional life, not Music represents the dynamic form of emotional life, not specific emotions.specific emotions.- Music is a tonal analogue to emotive life.- Music is a tonal analogue to emotive life.

• Gabrielsson (1995):Gabrielsson (1995): - There is an isomorphism between the structure of music and - There is an isomorphism between the structure of music and the structure of feelings.the structure of feelings.- In summary, we may consider emotion, motion, and music as - In summary, we may consider emotion, motion, and music as being isomorphic.being isomorphic.