Guidance and Counselling - · PDF fileGuidance and Counselling •Guidance is a wider and...

Guidance and Counselling

Concept

Need

Types

11/6/2012 Juhi Nihalani

Meaning of Guidance

• “to indicate”

• “to point out or to show the way”

• It is a sort of help, assistance or suggestion for progress.

• The synonyms of “to guide” are to lead, to conduct, to regulate or to direct.


• All these synonyms leads toward one word and that is to help. But only helping does not mean guidance.

• Similarly giving direction to someone is not the guidance only for eg. You give direction to particular area to a traveler or helping a handicapped person in crossing the road these are not the examples of guidance.

• These are the example of helping others.

• But Guidance is much more than Direction.


Some view points for Guidance

• According to Jones

“ Promotion of the growth of the individual in self-direction.”

• Humphrey and Traxler

“ Guidance is an attainment of self direction by an individual.”

• Ruth Strang

“Guidance is the process of helping every individual through his own efforts.”


• According to Chislom

“Guidance is the process of helping the individual to discover his own talents and to find his place.”

• Kitson calls guidance as

“Individualized Education.”

• Fowler

“Purpose of guidance is to help the students to make more favorable adjustments.


• Crow and Crow

“ Fundamental of all guidance is the help or assistance given by a competent person to an individual so that the latter may direct his life by developing his point of view, make his own decisions and carry out those decisions.”


• Spear’s View

“ Effective guidance programme helps a youth to see clearly four things :

(a) Where he has been?

(b) Where he is now?

(c) Where he is going?

(d) What he has with which to get there?


• Manual of Educational and Vocational Guidance (Ministry of Education, Govt. of India)

“ the process of assisting the individual to choose, prepare for, enter upon and progress in course of action pertaining to the educational, vocational, recreational and community service group of human activity.”


Analysis of Definitions

• Guidance focuses our attention to the individual and not on the problems.

• Guidance leads to discovery of abilities of an individual.

• Guidance is based on interest, abilities, assets, needs and limitations of the individual.

• Guidance leads to self direction and self development.


• Guidance helps the individual to plan wisely for the present and the future.

• Guidance helps the individual to become adjusted in the new environment.

• Guidance helps in achieving success and happiness.


Guidance and Education

• There are so many common elements between guidance and education.

• Two sides of the same coin.

• It is and intrinsic aspect of education.

• Can not think of education devoid of guidance.

• It is an inseparable part of the educative process.

• It is a service which should be involve in teaching situation.


• According to Wrinkle and Lauwerys

“Teaching without intelligent guidance can not be good teaching, and guidance without good teaching is incomplete. Teaching and guidance are inseperable.”


Points of difference between guidance and education :

• Education is broader term. All guidance is education but all education is not guidance.

• Aims and objectives of guidance and education are the same i.e. the best and the maximum development of the personality of the individual BUT… methods used in education are by no means the same as those used in guidance.


• Instruction is the most important element in education. But all the instructions can not be called guidance.

In fact, it is said that guidance is no instruction at all.

• In education there might be some elements of compulsion. In guidance co-operation of individual is secured and help is given to them.

• Guidance is a sub process of Education.

• Guidance is an instrument for the qualitative improvement of education.


Guidance and Counselling

• Guidance is a wider and comprehensive term.

• Counselling is only a part of guidance. • It concerns pupil at problem points.

• Couselling is a process in which the individual is helped to form a decision, to make a choice or to find a direction about all the important matters like the - programme in the school, - Obtaining employment - Planning for life etc.


• Counselling is only one of the techniques in guidance programme.

• Here counsellor knows the child and his profession. The task of guidance is to connect the child with education and his profession. This task cannot be fulfilled unless the counsellor know about the individual – his education and various profession.


• The first step is to know about the child.

• Thus, counselling is rightly said to be the heart of guidance programme.

• If no counselling is undertaken, the time, money and energy spent is collecting information are wasted.


Principals of Guidance :

• Guidance is based on individual differences. ( diff. among individual and diff. among courses of action open to them.)

• Guidance is based on rigid codes of ethics.

• Guidance is based on educational and vocational objectives.

• Guidance is organized service and not incidental.


• Guidance is specialized and generalized service. (both)

• Guidance is development and comprehensive.

• Guidance is practical side of education.

• Guidance is child centered.

• Guidance develops the insight of an individual.

• Guidance considers most of the individual as average normal persons. ( Students should not think that guidance workers are interested serving to the individual who are not normal.)


• Guidance is slow and continuous process.

• Guidance is universal.

• Guidance is planning.


Purpose of Guidance :

• To understand the individual

• Helping the individual in making adjustment.

• Development of personal abilities and potentialities.

• Improving school activities.

• Coordinating home, school and society.


Erickson has listed the following purposes of guidance :

• Careful study of individual

• Informational services

• Counselling

• Placement and follow up

• Assisting the school staff

• Co-ordination


Need For Guidance • Educational Need :

There is a great need of guidance as students have to face problems in

- Selection of subjects or courses

- Selection of books

- Selection of hobbies

- Selection of co-curricular activities

- Developing study habits

- Organisation of time and work

- Concentrating on studies

- Building social relationships

- Making satisfactory progress and adjustment 11/6/2012 Juhi Nihalani

Guidance should be given in all these fields.

- Student’s choice of further education in college. ( As many of the students do not know about the

college and courses offered in the institutions – they simply join because others have told them to do so)

Thus, guidance is very much needed for helping the

individual to develop and utilize properly his potentialities, abilities and skills and to acquire maximum knowledge without difficulty.


• Vocational Need :

- India is said to be a rich country inhabited by the poor. It means the natural resources have not been utilized properly.

- Round pegs have been fitted into sqare holes and square pegs have been fitted into round holes.

- Thus, vocational guidance is needed to help the individual to know himself, to know the world of work, adequate information about jobs, skills and opportunity to make a right choice in the vocation based on one’s abilities, interest and aptitude to get the suitable job in their chosen field.


• Psychological Need :

- Emotional strain in youth due to home and community - no of problem children is increasing day by day – for guiding maladjusted children so that they may lead a better family life, become good citizens and make adjustments.


• Social Need

Following changes have been seen in the social, political and economical structure of our society

- Breaking joint family system

- Self decision for selecting life partners

- Employment of women

- Increasing population

- Blind beliefs of people

- Lack of guidance at home

Thus, the complex social, economic, political and educational structure has made guidance and counselling necessity.


Types of Guidance

• Educational Guidance

• Vocational Guidance

• Recreational guidance

• Health guidance

• Civic-social-moral guidance


Educational Guidance :

It is an admitted fact that all is not well with

our educational system. Every stage in the

educational ladder – elementary, secondary and

university – requires reformation and reorganization. There is a lot of wastage and

stagnation in education. The number of failure is

increasing in various examinations. Education is

not according to the abilities, aptitude and and

interest of the individual.


Need of Educational Guidance :

• Wastage and Stagnation

• Diversified curriculum

• Decision for further education

• Preparation for future vocation

• For balance life


Functions / purpose of Educational Guidance :

• Wise selection of the curriculum

• Improvement in methods of study

- modes of reading

- modes of taking notes - methods of memorizing

• To provide special methods of education for backward students

• To make special arrangements for gifted students

• To help the students to secure information concerning to the possibility and desirability of further schooling


• To help the students to find the purposes and functions of different types of school.

• To help them to know the requirements for entrance into the school of their choice.

• To guide them in selection of vocations.


How to impart Educational Guidance :

• Oriental Talks

• Initial interview

• Uses of Test • intelligent test

• Aptitude test

• Interest inventories

• Scholastic attainment test

• Personality test


• Social and Economical status study

• Study of school life

• Medical examination

• Construction of profile

• Follow up work


Vocational Guidance:

• National Vocational Guidance Association ; U.S.A. (1937)

“ Vocational guidance is a process of assisting the individual to choose an occupation, prepare for it, enter upon and progress in it.”


Characteristics or Purpose of Vocational Guidance :

• It is a process of helping the child to develop his potentialities to an optimum level.

• It is a process of helping the person to impart occupational information, broadening his occupational horizon and stimulating his interest in vocations.

• To help to choose an occupation for life, to prepare for it and to place him againts a suitable job. Moreover his progress in the job is to be watched.


• To help a person to develop and accept an integrated and adequate picture of himself and his role in the economy of the society.

• To evaluate one’s role in term of reality and practicability.

• To help an individual to achieve the vocational goal. The process of achieving should be beneficial to the society.

• To help the individual to attend satisfaction or happiness in achieving the goal.

• To help an individual to make adjustment in relation to his occupation or job.


Need for vocational guidance :

• Increasing number of occupations.

• From the health point of view

• From personal and social point of view

• From the point of view of utilising human potentialities.

• From the point of view of discipline in youth


• Financial point of view on an individual.

• Financial point of view of the employer.

• Financial point of view of the society.

“The wealth of the world is created by the work of skilled hands on raw materials.”


Selection of Vocation :

• Information about the Individual • Physical development

• Level of intelligence

• Mental abilities

• Interest

• Aptitudes

• Personality characteristics

• Educational and professional qualifications,

• Socio-economic status of the family


• Information about the world of work • Identifying Data;

• Place and area of work

• Salaries

• Non financial incentives

• Requirements for the job

• Methods of entering the job

• Working conditions

• Condition of employment ( Probation period,

transfer conditions, opportunity for promotion, leave conditions)

• Importance of occupation.



Couselling : The Concept

• There are so many problems that can not be solved by an individual alone. Individual need help of a trained person for solving their emotional problems. Such help in the school is provided by the counsellor. It implies personal relationship between two individuals in which one gives certain kind of help to the other. Couselling is thus, the activity where all the facts are gathered togather and the experience of the students are focused upon the particular problem to be solved by him, where he is given direct and personal help in solving his problems.

• Couselling is aimed at the progressive development of the individual to solve problems.


• According to Myres

“ Counselling implies a relationship between two individuals in which one gives certain type of assistance to the other.”

According to Ruth Strong

“ Couselling is a process to develop direct relationship between counsellor and student.”

According to Webster

“ Couselling means friendly exchange of thoughts.”


According to Gilbert C. Renn

“ Couselling is a process of developing

personal and dynamic relationship between two persons, in which the counsellor is

understanding, experience and mature person.

Whereas the person in front in comparatively

less mature, eager to understand and is

struggling to get the solution of the problem. Both try to find out the practical solution of the

problem as a result of which student find outs the way by his own insight.”


Need of counselling :

• When a student has to get the solution of the problem and to reach to the desirable goal and for that if wants to get the ways to reach there by an expert, experienced and understanding person couselling is needed.

• To get the reliable and meaningful information pertaining to any problem.


• When can not take the decisions on our own then one needs counsellor.

• If one is unaware of the problem and for one’s best development one can also take the advise of the counsellor.

• One is aware of the problem but suddenly some kind of problem arises and one is unable to solve the problem intellectually.

• If there are certain questions related to maladjustment and the progress is blocked.

• When there is a conflict for selecting a career.

• When there is a conflict between parents and child’s aspiration in terms of selecting a particular field.


• When there is a problem in planning and implementing the plan to reach to the goal.

• If there is a problem to proceed in the right direction after taking the decision.

• To have it or leave it

• At the time of frustration, conflicts, depression etc. one needs couselling.

• When a person is handicapped, has inferiority complex

Thus, a person needs the tonic of counselling.


Approaches of counselling • Directive counselling

it is PRESCRIPTIVE, INFORMATIVE or COUNSELLOR – CENTRED counselling.

E. G. Williamson is the chief exponent of this type of counselling.

- Cousellor has the major role

- He gives advice to the students

- He is the leader of the situation

- He does most of the talking

- The problem is on the focus not the individual.

- The student has to co-operate with the counsellor in the whole process.


• Student works under the counsellor and not with him.

• Counsellor is an authoritative person – who passes judgement over the students behaviour.

• It gives more importance to the intellect rather than emotions.

• Counsellor employs varying degrees of directions in helping the student to arrive at sound decisions through the councious use of intellect.


Steps of directive counselling suggested by Williamson :

• Analysis of the problem.

• Synthesis of the problem

• Diagnosis of the problem

• Discovering the causes of the problem

• Prognosis or predicting future development of

the student’s problem.

• Couselling or prescribing remedial measures.

• Follow up.


Non Directive Counselling :

This type of counselling is also known as client-centred counselling. CARL ROGERS has been chieg exponent of this type of counselling. The steps in this type of counselling according to Rogers are –

• The individual comes for help

• The helping situation is usually defined.

• The counsellor encourages the individual for free expression of his feelings.


• The counsellor accepts and clarifies negative feelings.

• Negative feelings or impulses are followed by faint and tentative expression of the positive impulses.

• Counsellor accepts and recognizes positive feelings of the individual.

• This provides the basis on which the individual can go ahead to the new level of integration.

• Counsellor clarifies possible decisions or course of action.


• Counselling develops further insight, a more complete and accurate understanding of the problem

• This facilitates integrated positive action

• This develops a feeling of increased independence.

*The processes are not necessarily in serial order and mutually exclusive.


Eclectic Counselling :

• The main exponent is F. C. Throne.

• He is of the view that – the counsellor should not limit themselves to one method but should attempt to vary their approaches keeping in mind the needs of the individual students in view.

• He stressed on counsellor reationship.

• It is possible to alternate between directive ( problem centered) and non directive (client centered) methods even in the same interview without disrupting the student.


• The eclectic counsellor should select their couselling procedure according to their predict effect on the student rather than on the basis of theoretical allegiances.


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