Guide for Esperanto

8/9/2019 Guide for Esperanto

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Esperanto

This article is about the language. For other uses, seeEsperanto (disambiguation).

Esperanto(/sprnto/or /-rnto/;[esperanto]listen) is aconstructed international auxiliary language.It is the most widely spoken constructed language in theworld.[5] Its name derives fromDoktoro Esperanto(Es-peranto translates as one who hopes), the pseudonymunder which physician and linguistL. L. Zamenhofpub-lished the first book detailing Esperanto, theUnua Libro,

on July 26, 1887. Zamenhofs goal was to create an easy-to-learn, politically neutral language that would transcendnationality and foster peace and international understand-ing between people with different languages.

Between 100,000 and 2,000,000 people worldwide flu-ently or actively speak Esperanto, including perhaps1,000native speakerswho learned Esperanto from birth.Esperanto has a notable presence in 120[6] countries.Its usage is highest in Europe, East Asia, and SouthAmerica.[7]

The firstWorld Congress of Esperantowas organized in

France in 1905. Since then, congresses have been held invarious countries every year, with the exceptions of yearsduring the world wars. Although no country has adoptedEsperanto officially, Esperanto was recommended by theFrench Academy of Sciences in 1921 and recognizedby UNESCO in 1954, which recommended to interna-tional non-government organizations to use Esperanto in1985. The United NationsWorld Tourism Organiza-tion(UNWTO) 1980 Manila Manifesto was calling thetourism industry to use Esperanto for better human re-sources. Esperanto was the 32nd language accepted asadhering to the "Common European Framework of Ref-erence for Languages" in 2007.[8]

Esperanto is currently the language of instruction of theInternational Academy of Sciences in San Marino.[9]

There is evidence that learning Esperanto may provide asuperior foundation for learning languages in general, andsome primary schools teach it as preparation for learningother foreign languages.[10]

Esperanto has a notable online presence.lernu!, the mostpopular online learning platform of Esperanto, reported150,000 registered users in 2013, and sees between150,000 and 200,000 visitors each month.[11] With about209,000 articles, Esperanto Wikipedia is the 32nd-largest

Wikipedia as measured by the number of articles,

[12]

andthe largest Wikipedia in a constructed language.[13] On22 February 2012,Google Translateadded Esperanto as

its 64th language.[14] Duolingostarted the developmentof Esperanto on September 2014 as a language that canbe learnt, making it the first invented language ever onDuolingo; the course is expected to become available inFebruary 2015.[15]

Currently, Esperanto is seen by many of its speakers asan alternative or addition to the growing use of Englishthroughout the world, offering a language that is easier tolearn than English.[16]

1 History

Main article:History of Esperanto

1.1 Creation

The first Esperanto book by L. L. Zamenhof.

Esperanto was created in the late 1870s and early 1880sby L.L.Zamenhof, a Polish-Jewish ophthalmologist fromBiaystok, then part of the Russian Empire. According

1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystokhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Polandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Lazarus_Zamenhofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Esperantohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duolingohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lernu!https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto#Language_acquisitionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_San_Marinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademio_Internacia_de_la_Sciencoj_San_Marinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_European_Framework_of_Reference_for_Languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_European_Framework_of_Reference_for_Languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo_Resolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Scienceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Congress_of_Esperantohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Esperanto_speakershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unua_Librohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_auxiliary_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media:Eo-Esperanto.ogghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Esperantohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_(disambiguation)


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2 1 HISTORY

to Zamenhof, he created the language to foster harmonybetween people from different countries. His feelings andthe situation in Biaystok may be gleaned from an extractfrom his letter to Nikolai Borovko:[17]

The place where I was born and spentmy childhood gave direction to all my futurestruggles. In Biaystok the inhabitants weredivided into four distinct elements: Russians,Poles, Germans and Jews; each of these spoketheir own language and looked on all the othersas enemies. In such a town a sensitive naturefeels more acutely than elsewhere the miserycaused by language division and sees at everystep that the diversity of languages is the first,or at least the most influential, basis for theseparation of the human family into groupsof enemies. I was brought up as an idealist; Iwas taught that all people were brothers, whileoutside in the street at every step I felt thatthere were no people, only Russians, Poles,Germans, Jews and so on. This was alwaysa great torment to my infant mind, althoughmany people may smile at such an 'anguishfor the world' in a child. Since at that time Ithought that 'grown-ups were omnipotent, soI often said to myself that when I grew up Iwould certainly destroy this evil.L. L. Zamenhof, in a letter to NikolaiBorovko, ca. 1895

After some ten years of development, which Zamenhofspent translating literature into Esperanto as well as writ-ing original prose and verse, thefirst book of Esperantogrammarwas published in Warsaw on the 26th of July1887. The number of speakers grew rapidly over thenext few decades, at first primarily in the Russian Empireand Central Europe, then in other parts of Europe, theAmericas, China, and Japan. In the early years, speak-ers of Esperanto kept in contact primarily through cor-respondence and periodicals, but in 1905 the firstworld

congress of Esperanto speakerswas held in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France. Since then world congresses have beenheld in different countries every year, except during thetwo World Wars. Since the Second World War, they havebeen attended by an average of more than 2,000 peopleand up to 6,000 people.

Zamenhofs name for the language was simplyInternaciaLingvo(International Language).[18]

1.2 Early proposals

The autonomous territory ofNeutral Moresnet, betweenwhat is today Belgium and Germany, had a sizable pro-portion of Esperanto-speakers among its small and mul-

Map of Esperanto groups in Europe in 1905.

tiethnic population. There was a proposal to make Es-peranto its official language.

However, time was running out for the tiny territory. Nei-ther Belgium nor Prussia (now within the German Em-pire) had ever surrendered its original claim to it. Around1900, Germany in particular was taking a more aggres-sive stance towards the territory and was accused of sab-otage and of obstructing the administrative process in or-der to force the issue. It was the First World War, how-ever, that was the catalyst that brought about the end ofneutrality. On August 4, 1914, Germany invaded Bel-gium, leaving Moresnet at first an oasis in a desert of

destruction.[19]

In 1915, the territory was annexed by theKingdom of Prussia, without international recognition.

After the Great War, there was a proposal for the Leagueof Nations to accept Esperanto as their working language,following a report byNitobe Inaz, an official delegateof League of Nations during the 13th World Congressof Esperanto in Prague. Ten delegates accepted the pro-posal with only one voice against, the French delegate,Gabriel Hanotaux. Hanotaux did not like how the Frenchlanguage was losing its position as the international lan-guage and saw Esperanto as a threat, effectively wieldinghis veto power to block the decision. However, two years

later, the League recommended that its member states in-clude Esperanto in their educational curricula. For thisreason, many people see the 1920s as the heyday of theEsperanto movement. Anarchismas a political move-ment was very supportive duringthis time of anationalismas well as of the Esperanto language.[20]

1.3 Responses of 20th-century totalitarianregimes to Esperanto

Esperanto attracted the suspicion of many totalitarian

states. The situation was especially pronounced in NaziGermany, Francoist Spain, and the Soviet Union underJoseph Stalin.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anationalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Hanotauxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitobe_Inaz%C5%8Dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Merhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Merhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Congress_of_Esperantohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Congress_of_Esperantohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unua_Librohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unua_Libro


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3

7th Esperanto congress, Antwerp August 1911.

In Nazi Germany, there was a motivation to persecute Es-peranto because Zamenhofwas Jewish. In his work, MeinKampf,Adolf Hitler specifically mentioned Esperanto as

an example of a language that could be used by an in-ternational Jewish conspiracy once they achieved worlddomination.[21] Esperantistswere killed during the Holo-caust, with Zamenhofs family in particular singled outfor murder.[22] The efforts ofsome Esperantiststo ex-pel Jewish colleagues and align themselves with the Reichwere finally futile and Esperanto was forbidden in 1936.Esperantists in German concentration camps taught thelanguage to fellow prisoners,[23] telling guards they wereteaching Italian, the language of one of Germanys Axisallies.

In Imperial Japan, the left-wing of the Japanese Es-

peranto movement was persecuted, but its leaders werecareful enough not to give the impression to the govern-ment that the Esperantists were revolutionaries, whichproved a successful strategy.[24]

In the early years of the Soviet Union, Esperantowas given a measure of government support, and theSoviet Esperanto Association was an officially recognizedorganization.[25] The degree of support possibly existedbecause Stalin himself had studied Esperanto.[26] How-ever, in 1937, Stalin reversed this policy. He denouncedEsperanto as the language of spies and had Esperantistsexiled or executed. The use of Esperanto was effectively

banned until 1956.[25]

Fascist Italy, however, allowed the use of Esperanto find-ing its phonology similar to that of Italian and publishingsome tourist material in the language.

After theSpanish Civil War, Francoist Spain persecutedanarchistsandCatalan nationalists, among whom the useof Esperanto was extensive,[27] but in the 1950s the Es-peranto movement was tolerated again.

2 Official use

Esperanto has not been a secondary official language ofany recognized country. However, there were plans at the

Location of Moresnet.

beginning of the 20th century to establish Neutral Mores-netas the worlds first Esperanto state. In addition, theself-proclaimed artificial islandmicronationofRose Is-landused Esperanto as its official language in 1968. In

February 2013 anAvaazpetition was created to makeEsperanto one of the official languages of the EuropeanUnion.[28]

The US Army has published military phrase books inEsperanto,[29] to be used in war games by mock enemyforces. In the summer of 1924, theAmerican Radio Re-lay Leagueadopted Esperanto as its official internationalauxiliary language, and hoped that the language would beused by radio amateurs in international communications,but its actual use for radio communications was negligi-ble.

Esperanto is the working language of several non-

profit international organizations such as theSennaciecaAsocio Tutmonda, a left-wing cultural association, orEducation@Internet, which has developed from an Es-peranto organization; most others are specifically Es-peranto organizations. The largest of these, theWorldEsperanto Association, has an official consultative rela-tionship with the United Nations and UNESCO, whichrecognized Esperanto as a medium for international un-derstanding in 1954.[30] Esperanto is also the first lan-guage of teaching and administration of one university,theInternational Academy of Sciences San Marino.[9]

All the personal documents issued by theWorld Service

Authority, including theWorld Passport, are written inEsperanto, together with English, French, Spanish, Rus-sian, Arabic, and Chinese.[31]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Passporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Service_Authorityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Service_Authorityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademio_Internacia_de_la_Sciencoj_San_Marinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Esperanto_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Esperanto_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E@Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacieca_Asocio_Tutmondahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacieca_Asocio_Tutmondahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_Leaguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_Leaguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaazhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Rose_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Rose_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Moresnethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_nationalisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Esperanto_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Deutsche_Esperanto-Bundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperantist


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4 3 LINGUISTIC PROPERTIES

3 Linguistic properties

3.1 Classification

As a constructed language, most scholars would say

Esperanto is not genealogically related to any naturallanguage. The phonology, grammar, vocabulary, andsemantics arebasedonthe Indo-European languages spo-ken in Europe. Thesound inventoryis essentiallySlavic,as is much of the semantics, whereas the vocabulary de-rives primarily from the Romance languages, with a lessercontribution fromGermanic languagesand minor con-tributions from Slavic languages and Greek. Pragmaticsand other aspects of the language not specified by Za-menhofs original documents were influenced by the na-tive languages of early authors, primarily Russian, Pol-ish, German, and French. However,Paul Wexlerpro-poses that Esperanto isrelexified Yiddish, which in turn

he claims is a relexified Slavic language.[3]

Esperanto has been described as a language lexicallypredominantly Romanic, morphologically intensivelyagglutinative, and to a certain degree isolating incharacter.[32] Typologically, Esperanto hasprepositionsand apragmatic word order that by default is subjectverbobject.Adjectives can be freely placed before or af-ter thenouns they modify, though placing them before thenoun is more common. New words are formed throughextensiveprefixingandsuffixing.

3.2 Phonology

Main article:Esperanto phonology

Esperanto has 23 consonants, five vowels, and twosemivowelsthat combine with the vowels to form sixdiphthongs. (The consonant /j/ andsemivowel /i/arebothwrittenj, and the uncommon consonant /dz/ is writtenwith the digraphdz,[33] which is the only consonant thatdoesn't have its own letter.) Toneis not used to distin-guish meanings of words.Stressis always on the second-last vowel in fully Esperanto words unless a final vowel

ois elided, which occurs mostly in poetry. For exam-ple,familiofamily is [fa.mi.li.o], with the stress on thesecond i, but when the word is used without the final o(famili),the stress remains on the secondi: [fa.mi.li].

3.2.1 Consonants

The 23 consonants are:

The sound /r/ is usuallytrilled[r], but may betapped[].The /v/ is normally pronounced likeEnglishv, but maybe pronounced [] (between Englishvandw) or [w], de-

pending on the language background of the speaker. Asemivowel /u/ normally occurs only indiphthongsafterthe vowels /a/ and /e/, not as a consonant /w/. Common,

if debated,assimilationincludes the pronunciation ofnkas [k] andkzas [z].

A large number of consonant clusters can occur, up tothree in initial position (as instranga, strange) and fourin medial position (as ininstrui, teach). Final clusters

are uncommon except in foreign names, poetic elision offinalo,and a very few basic words such ascenthundredandpostafter.

3.2.2 Vowels

Esperanto has the fivecardinal vowelsfound in such lan-guages asSpanish, Swahili, Tagalog, Modern Hebrew,andModern Greek:

There arealso two semivowels, /i/ and /u/, which combinewith thecardinalvowels to formsix fallingdiphthongs:aj,ej, oj, uj, a,ande.

Since there are only five vowels, a good deal of variationin pronunciation is tolerated. For instance, e commonlyranges from [e] (French ) to [] (French ). These detailsoften depend on the speakers native language. Aglottalstopmay occur between adjacent vowels in some peoplesspeech, especially when the two vowels are thesame, as inheroo hero ([he. ro.o] or [he.ro.o]) andpraavo great-grandfather ([pra.a.vo] or [pra.a.vo]).

3.3 Alphabet

Main article:Esperanto orthography

The Esperanto alphabet is based on the Latin script, usinga one-sound-one-letter principle. It includes six letterswithdiacritics:,,,,(withcircumflex), and(withbreve). The alphabet does not include the lettersq, w,x,or y, which are only used when writing unassimilatedforeign terms or proper names.

The 28-letter alphabet is:

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v z

All unaccented letters are pronounced approximately asin theIPA, with the exception ofc. Esperantojandcareused in a way familiar to speakers of many European lan-guages, but which is largely unfamiliar to English speak-ers: jhas aysound, as inyellowandboy,andchas atssound, as in hits or thezz inpizza.[34] The accented lettersare a bit likeh-digraphs in English: is pronounced likeEnglishch, andlikesh. is thegingem,azhsound,

as infusionor FrenchJacques, and the rareis like theGerman Bach, older ScottishEnglish loch, or how Scousepeople pronounce the 'k' inbookand 'ck' inchicken.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumflexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Chttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_orthographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthongshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Greekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Hebrewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_vowelshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labio-velar_approximanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiodental_approximanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricativehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_flaphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_taphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_trillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_trillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_trillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz_(digraph)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_phonologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93objecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93objecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_flowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolating_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicallyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relexifiedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wexler_(linguist)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmaticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semanticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabularyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language


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3.5 Vocabulary 5

3.3.1 Writing diacritics

Until thewidespread adoption of Unicode, the letters withdiacritics (found in the Latin-Extended A section ofthe Unicode Standard) caused problems with printing andcomputing. This was particularly true of the five letters

with circumflexes, as they do not occur in any other lan-guage. These problems have abated, and are now nor-mally seen only with computing applications that are lim-ited toASCIIcharacters (typically internet chat systemsand databases).

There are two principal workarounds to this problem,which substitutedigraphsfor the accented letters. Za-menhof, the inventor of Esperanto, created an h-convention, which replaces, , , , ,and withch,gh, hh, jh, sh,andu,respectively. If used in a database, aprogram in principle could not determine whether to ren-der, for example,chascfollowed byhor as, and would

fail to render, for example, the wordsenchavaproperly.A more recent "x-convention" has gained ground sincethe advent of computing. This system replaces each dia-critic with anx(not part of the Esperanto alphabet) afterthe letter, producing the six digraphs cx, gx, hx, jx, sx,andux.

There are computer keyboard layouts that support the Es-peranto alphabet, and some systems use software that au-tomatically replaces x- or h-convention digraphs with thecorresponding diacritic letters (EK forMicrosoft Win-dows[35] and Esperanta Klavaro forWindows Phone[36]

are examples). Another example is the Esperanto

Wikipedia, which accepts the x-convention for input:when a contributor types cxwhen editing an article, itwill appear as the correctin the article text. (The in-put pane also accepts; when the page is saved, it will bechanged tocx, so that the x-convention applies uniformlyin the wikitext.)

3.4 Grammar

Main article:Esperanto grammar

Esperanto words are derived by stringing togetherprefixes,roots, andsuffixes. This process is regular, sothat people can create new words as they speak and be un-derstood.Compoundwords are formed with a modifier-first,head-finalorder, as in English (compare birdsongand songbird, and likewise, birdokanto and kantobirdo).

The differentparts of speechare marked by their ownsuffixes: allcommon nounsend in-o, alladjectivesin-a,all derived adverbs in-e, and allverbsin one of sixtenseandmoodsuffixes, such as thepresent tense-as.

Plural nouns used as grammatical subjects end in -oj(pro-

nounced like English oy), whereas theirsingular directobjectforms end in -on. Plural direct objects end withthe combination-ojn(rhymes with coin); -o-indicates

that the word is a noun, -j- indicates the plural, and -n indicates the accusative. Adjectivesagreewith theirnouns; their endings are plural -aj(pronounced eye),accusative -an, and plural accusative -ajn(rhymes withfine).

The suffix-n, besides indicating the direct object, is usedto indicate movement and a few other things as well.

The six verbinflectionsconsist of three tenses and threemoods. They arepresent tense-as,future tense-os,pasttense -is, infinitive mood -i, conditional mood -us andjussive mood-u(used for wishes and commands). Verbsare not marked for person or number. Thus,kantimeansto sing,mi kantasmeans I sing,vi kantasmeans yousing, andili kantasmeans they sing.

Word order is comparatively free. Adjectives may pre-cede or follow nouns; subjects, verbs and objects mayoccur in any order. However, the article la the,

demonstrativessuch as tiu that andprepositions(suchase at) must come before their related nouns. Simi-larly, the negativenenot andconjunctionssuch askajand and ke that must precede the phrase or clause thatthey introduce. Incopular(A = B) clauses, word order isjust as important as in English: people are animals isdistinguished from animals are people.

3.5 Vocabulary

Main article:Esperanto vocabulary

The core vocabulary of Esperanto was defined byLingvointernacia, published by Zamenhof in 1887. This booklisted 900 roots; these could be expanded into tens ofthousands of words using prefixes, suffixes, and com-pounding. In 1894, Zamenhof published the first Es-peranto dictionary, Universala Vortaro, which had alarger set of roots. The rules of the language allowedspeakers to borrow new roots as needed; it was recom-mended, however, that speakers use most internationalforms and then derive related meanings from these.

Since then, many words have been borrowed, primarily

(but not solely) from the European languages. Not allproposed borrowings become widespread, but many do,especially technical and scientific terms. Terms for every-day use, on the other hand, are more likely to be derivedfrom existing roots; komputilocomputer, for instance,is formed from the verb komputicompute and the suffix-ilotool. Words are alsocalqued; that is, words acquirenew meanings based on usage in other languages. For ex-ample, the wordmusomouse has acquired the meaningof a computer mouse from its usage in English. Esperantospeakers often debate about whether a particular borrow-ing is justified or whether meaning can be expressed by

deriving fromor extending themeaning of existing words.Some compounds and formed words in Esperanto arenot entirely straightforward; for example,eldoni, literally
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_(computing)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_terminologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_vocabularyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunctionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrativehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jussive_moodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_moodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_tensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number#Adjectives_and_determinershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_objecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_objecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_moodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_nounhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speechhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(linguistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_(linguistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_derivationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_grammarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_layoutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-conventionhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/senchavahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_Standard


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give out, means publish, paralleling the usage of cer-tain European languages (such asGerman). In addition,the suffix-um-has no defined meaning; words using thesuffix must be learned separately (such asdekstrento theright anddekstrumenclockwise).

There are not many idiomatic or slang words in Es-peranto, as these forms of speech tend to make inter-national communication difficultworking against Es-perantos main goal.

3.6 Useful phrases

Below are listed someuseful Esperantowords and phrasesalong withIPAtranscriptions:

3.7 Sample text

The following short extract gives an idea of the charac-ter of Esperanto.[37] (Pronunciation is covered above; theEsperanto letterjis pronounced like Englishy.)

Esperanto:

En multaj lokoj de inio estis temploj de ladrako-reo. Dum trosekeco oni preis en latemploj, ke la drako-reo donu pluvon al lahoma mondo. Tiam drako estis simbolo dela supernatura estao. Kaj pli poste, i fariis

prapatro de la plej altaj regantoj kaj simbo-lis la absolutan atoritaton de feda imperie-stro. La imperiestro pretendis, ke li estas filode la drako. iuj liaj vivbezonaoj portis lanomon drako kaj estis ornamitaj per diver-saj drakofiguroj. Nun ie en inio videblasdrako-ornamentaoj, kaj cirkulas legendoj pridrakoj.

English translation:

In many places in China, there were temples of

the dragon-king. During times of drought, peo-ple would pray in the temples that the dragon-king would give rain to the human world. Atthat time the dragon was a symbol of the su-pernatural. Later on, it became the ancestor ofthe highest rulers and symbolised the absoluteauthority of the feudal emperor. The emperorclaimed to be the son of the dragon. All of hispersonal possessions carried the name dragonand were decorated with various dragon fig-ures. Now dragon decorations can be seen ev-erywhere in China and legends about dragons

circulate.

4 Education

The majority of Esperanto speakers learn the languagethroughself-directed study, online tutorials, and corre-spondence courses taught by volunteers. In more recentyears, free teaching websites, like lernu!, have becomepopular.

Esperanto instruction is occasionally available at schools,includingfour primary schools in a pilot projectunderthe supervision of theUniversity of Manchester, and byone count at 69 universities.[38] However, outside Chinaand Hungary, these mostly involve informal arrange-ments rather than dedicated departments or state spon-sorship. Etvs Lornd Universityin Budapest had adepartment of Interlinguisticsand Esperanto from 1966to 2004, after which time instruction moved to voca-tional colleges; there are state examinations for Esperantoinstructors.[39][40] Additionally,Adam Mickiewicz Uni-versityinPolandoffers adiplomain Interlinguistics.[41]TheSenate of Brazilpassed a bill in 2009 that wouldmake Esperanto an optional part of the curriculum inpublic schools, although mandatory if there is demand forit. As of 2012 the bill is still under consideration by theChamber of Deputies.[42][43][44]

Various educators have estimated that Esperanto can belearned in anywhere fromonequarter to one twentieth theamount of time required for other languages.[45] ClaudePiron, a psychologist formerlyat theUniversity of Genevaand ChineseEnglishRussianSpanish translator for theUnited Nations, argued that Esperanto is far more intu-itive than many ethnic languages. Esperanto relies en-tirely on innate reflexes [and] differs from all other lan-guages in that you can always trust your natural tendencyto generalize patterns. [...] The sameneuropsychologicallaw [called by]Jean Piagetgeneralizing assimilationapplies to word formation as well as to grammar.[46]

The Institute of Cybernetic Pedagogy at Paderborn (Ger-many) has compared the length of study time it takesnatively French-speaking high-school students to obtaincomparable 'standard' levels in Esperanto, English, Ger-man, and Italian.[47] The results were:

2000hours studying German =1500hours study-ing English = 1000hours studying Italian (or anyotherRomance language) =150hours studying Es-peranto.

4.1 Language acquisition

Main article:Propaedeutic value of Esperanto

Four primary schools in Britain, with some 230

pupils, are currently following a course in "propaedeuticEsperantothat is, instruction in Esperanto to raise lan-guage awareness and accelerate subsequent learning of
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaedeuticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaedeutic_value_of_Esperantohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Piagethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Genevahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Pironhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Pironhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlinguisticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manchesterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaedeutic_value_of_Esperantohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lernu!https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodidacticismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_words_with_the_ad_hoc_suffix_-umhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_(language)


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5.1 Geography and demography 7

foreign languagesunder the supervision of the Univer-sity of Manchester. As they put it,

Many schools used to teach children therecorder, not to produce a nation of recorder

players, but as a preparation for learning otherinstruments. [We teach] Esperanto, not to pro-duce a nation of Esperanto-speakers, but as apreparation for learning other languages.[48]

Studies have been conducted in New Zealand,[49] UnitedStates,[50][51][52] Germany,[53] Italy[54] and Australia.[55]

The results of these studies were favorable and demon-strated that studying Esperanto before another foreignlanguage expedites the acquisition of the other, natural,language. This appears to be because learning subse-quent foreign languages is easier than learning ones first

foreign language, whereas the use of a grammaticallysimple and culturally flexible auxiliary language like Es-peranto lessens the first-language learning hurdle. In onestudy,[56] a group of Europeansecondary schoolstudentsstudied Esperanto for one year, then French for threeyears, and ended up with a significantly better commandof French than a control group, who studied French forall four years. Similar results have been found for othercombinations of native and second languages, as well asfor arrangements in which the course of study was re-duced to two years, of which six months is spent learningEsperanto.[55]

5 Community

5.1 Geography and demography

Location map of hosts of the Esperanto community hospitalityservice Pasporta Servo(akin toCouchSurfing), by 2005.

Esperanto is by far the most widely spokenconstructedlanguagein the world.[57] Speakers are most numerous inEuropeandEast Asia, especially inurban areas, wherethey often formEsperanto clubs.[58] Esperanto is partic-ularly prevalent in the northern and central countries of

Europe; in China,Korea, Japan, andIranwithin Asia;[24]inBrazil,Argentina, andMexicoin the Americas;[59] andinTogoin Africa.[60]

5.1.1 Number of speakers

An estimate of the number of Esperanto speakers wasmade bySidney S. Culbert, a retiredpsychologyprofes-soratthe University of Washington anda longtime Esper-antist, who tracked down and tested Esperanto speakers

in sample areas in dozens of countries over a period oftwenty years. Culbert concluded that between one andtwo million people speak Esperanto at Foreign ServiceLevel 3, professionally proficient (able to communicatemoderately complex ideas without hesitation, and to fol-low speeches, radio broadcasts, etc.).[61] Culberts esti-mate was not made for Esperanto alone, but formed partof his listing of estimates for all languages of more thanone million speakers, published annually in the World Al-manac and Book of Facts. Culberts most detailed ac-count of his methodology is found in a 1989 letter toDavid Wolff.[62] Since Culbert never published detailed

intermediate results for particular countries and regions,it is difficult to independently gauge the accuracy of hisresults.

In the Almanac, his estimates for numbers of languagespeakers were rounded to the nearest million, thus thenumber for Esperanto speakers is shown as two million.This latter figure appears in Ethnologue. Assuming thatthis figure is accurate, that means that about 0.03% of theworlds population speaks the language. Although it is notZamenhofsgoalofa universal language, it still representsa level of popularity unmatched by any other constructedlanguage.

Marcus Sikosek (nowZiko van Dijk) has challenged thisfigure of 1.6 million as exaggerated. He estimated thateven if Esperanto speakers were evenly distributed, as-suming one million Esperanto speakers worldwide wouldlead one to expect about 180 in the city ofCologne. VanDijk finds only 30fluentspeakers in that city, and simi-larly smaller-than-expected figures in several other placesthought to have a larger-than-average concentration ofEsperanto speakers. He also notes that there are a totalof about 20,000 members of the various Esperanto orga-nizations (other estimates are higher). Though there areundoubtedly many Esperanto speakers who are not mem-

bers of any Esperanto organization, he thinks it unlikelythat there are fifty times more speakers than organizationmembers.[58]

Finnish linguist Jouko Lindstedt, an expert on native-bornEsperanto speakers, presented the following scheme[1]

to show the overall proportions of language capabilitieswithin the Esperanto community:

1,000 have Esperanto as their native language.

10,000 speak it fluently.

100,000 can use it actively.

1,000,000 understand a large amount passively.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jouko_Lindstedthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne,_Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziko_van_Dijkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_auxiliary_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologuehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Almanachttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Almanachttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILR_or_Foreign_Service_Level_language_ability_measureshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILR_or_Foreign_Service_Level_language_ability_measureshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washingtonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_S._Culberthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_clubhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CouchSurfinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasporta_Servohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_servicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_servicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_schoolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)


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8 5 COMMUNITY

10,000,000 have studied it to some extent at sometime.

In the absence of Dr. Culberts detailed sampling data, orany other census data, it is impossible to state the number

of speakers with certainty. According to thewebsiteoftheWorld Esperanto Association:

Numbers of textbooks sold and membership oflocal societies put the number of people withsome knowledge of the language in the hun-dreds of thousands and possibly millions.[63]

In 2009 Lu Wunsch-Rolshoven used 2001 year censusdata[64] from Hungary[65] and Lithuania as a base for anestimate, resulting in approximately 160,000 to 300,000to speak the language actively or fluently throughout the

world, with about 80,000 to 150,000 of these being in theEuropean Union.

5.1.2 Native speakers

Main article:Native Esperanto speakers

Native Esperanto speakers,denaskuloj,have learned thelanguage from birth from Esperanto-speaking parents.[59]

This usually happens when Esperanto is the chief or onlycommon language in an international family, but some-

times occurs in a family of devoted Esperantists.[66]

The15th edition of Ethnologue cited estimates that there were200 to 2,000 native speakers in 1996,[67] but these figureswere removed from the 16th and 17th editions.[68]

5.2 Culture

Esperanto books at the World Esperanto Congress, Rotterdam2008.

Main articles: Esperanto culture, Esperanto literature,Esperanto filmandEsperanto music

Esperantistscan access an internationalculture, includ-ing a large body of original as well as translated literature.There are more than 25,000 Esperanto books, both orig-inals and translations, as well as several regularly dis-tributedEsperanto magazines. In 2013 a museum aboutEsperanto opened in China.[69] Esperantists use the lan-

guage for free accommodations with Esperantists in 92countries using the Pasporta Servo or to develop penpal friendships abroad through the Esperanto Pen PalService.[70]

Every year, 1,5003,000 Esperantists meet for theWorldCongress of Esperanto (Universala Kongreso de Es-peranto).[71][72]

Historically, muchEsperanto music, such asKaj Tiel Plu,has been in various folk traditions.[73] There is also a va-riety of classical and semi-classical choral music, bothoriginal and translated, as well as large ensemble music

that includes voices singing Esperanto texts. Lou Harri-son, who incorporated styles and instruments from manyworld cultures in his music, used Esperanto titles and/ortexts in several of his works, most notablyLa Koro-Sutro(1973). David Gainesused Esperanto poems as well asan excerpt from a speech by Dr. Zamenhof for hisSym-phony No. 1 (Esperanto)for mezzo-soprano and orches-tra (199498). He wrote original Esperanto text for hisPovas plori mi ne plu (I Can Cry No Longer) for unaccom-paniedSATBchoir (1994).

There are also sharedtraditions, such asZamenhof Day,and sharedbehaviourpatterns. Esperantistsspeak pri-

marily in Esperanto atinternational Esperanto meetings.Detractors of Esperanto occasionally criticize it as hav-ing no culture. Proponents, such as Prof. HumphreyTonkinof theUniversity of Hartford, observe that Es-peranto is culturally neutral by design, as it was intendedto be a facilitator between cultures, not to be the carrierof any one national culture. The lateScottishEsperantoauthorWilliam Auldwrote extensively on the subject, ar-guing that Esperanto is the expression of acommon hu-man culture, unencumbered by national frontiers. Thus itis considered a culture on its own.[74]

5.3 Noted authors in Esperanto

Main article:Esperanto authors

Some authors of works in Esperanto are:

5.4 Popular culture

Main article:Esperanto in popular cultureEsperanto has been used in a number of films and nov-

els. Typically, this is done either to add the exotic flavour

of a foreign language without representing any particu-lar ethnicity, or to avoid going to the trouble of invent-ing a new language. TheCharlie ChaplinfilmThe Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Dictatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_in_popular_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_authorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_as_an_international_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_as_an_international_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Auldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hartfordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Tonkinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Tonkinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Esperanto_Congresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperantisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamenhof_Dayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATBhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gaines_(composer)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Harrisonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Harrisonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_musichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Congress_of_Esperantohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Congress_of_Esperantohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_palhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_palhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasporta_Servohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Esperanto_magazineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_literaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperantisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_musichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_filmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_literaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Congress_of_Esperantohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Esperanto_speakershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbookhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Esperanto_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website


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5.5 Science 9

Scene from ChaplinsThe Great Dictatorwith a shop sign read-ingVestaoj Malnovaj(Old Clothes).

Dictator(1940) showedJewish ghettoshop signs in Es-peranto. Two full-lengthfeature filmshave been pro-duced withdialogueentirely in Esperanto: Angoroj, in1964, andIncubus,a 1965B-moviehorror film. Otheramateur productions have been made, such as a drama-tisation of the novel Gerda Malaperis(Gerda Has Dis-appeared). A number of mainstream films in nationallanguages have used Esperanto in some way.

Esperanto is used as the universal language in thefar future of Harry Harrison's Stainless Steel Rat andDeathworld stories. Poul Anderson's story "High Trea-son" takes place in a future where Earth became united

politically but was still divided into many languages andcultures, and Esperanto became the language of its spacearmed forces, fighting wars with various extraterrestrialraces.

The opening song to the popular video gameFinal Fan-tasy XI, 'Memoro de la tono', was written in Esperanto.It was the first game in the series that was played online,andwould have players from both Japan andNorth Amer-ica (official European support was added after the NorthAmerican launch) playing together on the same servers,using an auto-translate tool to communicate. The com-poser,Nobuo Uematsu, felt that Esperanto was a good

language to symbolize worldwide unity.Esperanto is also found in the comic book seriesSagaasthe language Blue, spoken by the inhabitants of Wreath.It is rendered in blue-colored text. Blue is generally onlyspoken by inhabitants of Wreath, while most other cul-tures use a universal language that appears to be simplynamed Language. Some Wreath inhabitants use trans-lator rings to communicate with those who don't speakBlue. Magic seems to be activated via the linguisticmedium of blue.

In the television show Red Dwarf, the bulk of which takesplace more than three million years in the future, crew-

manArnold Rimmerconstantly spends his time trying tolearn Esperanto and failing, even compared to his bunk-mateDave Listerwho only maintains a casual interest.

Additionallymany of thesignsaroundthe ship Red Dwarfare written in both English and Esperanto. The novelInfinity Welcomes Careful Drivers states that, although notrequired, it is widely expected that officers in the SpaceCorps be fluent in the language, hence Rimmers interest.

5.5 Science

Hungarian astronautBertalan Farkas, the first Esperantist inspace.

In 1921 the French Academy of Sciences recom-mended using Esperanto for international scientificcommunication.[75] A few scientists and mathematicians,such asMaurice Frchet (mathematics),John C. Wells(linguistics), Helmar Frank(pedagogy and cybernetics),and Nobel laureate Reinhard Selten (economics) have

published part of their work in Esperanto. Frank andSelten were among the founders of the InternationalAcademy of SciencesinSan Marino, sometimes calledthe Esperanto University, where Esperanto is the pri-mary language of teaching and administration.[76][77]

A message in Esperanto was recorded and includedinVoyager 1'sGolden Record.

5.6 Commerce and trade

Esperanto business groups have been active for many

years. The French Chamber of Commerce did researchin the 1920s and reported in The New York Times in1921 that Esperanto seemed to be the best businesslanguage.[78]

5.7 Goals of the movement

Zamenhofs intention was to create an easy-to-learn lan-guage to foster international understanding. It was toserve as an international auxiliary language, that is, asa universal second language, not to replace ethnic lan-guages. This goal was widely shared among Esperanto

speakers in the early decades of the movement. Later,Esperanto speakers began to see the language and the cul-ture that had grown up around it as ends in themselves,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Recordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contents_of_the_Voyager_Golden_Recordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademio_Internacia_de_la_Sciencoj_San_Marinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademio_Internacia_de_la_Sciencoj_San_Marinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Seltenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmar_Frankhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Wellshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Ren%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9chethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Scienceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertalan_Farkashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Welcomes_Careful_Drivershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dwarf_ships#Red_Dwarfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Lister_(Red_Dwarf)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Rimmerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dwarfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saga_(comic_book)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuo_Uematsuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Treason_(Anderson_story)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Treason_(Anderson_story)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Andersonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathworldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_Steel_Rathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Harrison_(writer)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-moviehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubus_(1965_film)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angorojhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialoguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_filmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_ghettohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Dictatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Dictator


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even if Esperanto is never adopted by the United Nationsor other international organizations.[75]

Those Esperanto speakers who want to see Esperantoadopted officially or on a large scale worldwide are com-monly calledfinvenkistoj, fromfina venko, meaning final

victory, or pracelistoj, frompracelo, meaning originalgoal.[79] Those who focus on the intrinsic value of thelanguage are commonly called ramistoj, fromRauma,Finland, where a declaration on the near-term unlike-lihood of the fina venko and the value of Esperantoculture was made at the International Youth Congress in1980.[80]

The Prague Manifesto (1996) presents the views ofthe mainstream of the Esperanto movement and of itsmain organisation, the World Esperanto Association(UEA).[81]

5.8 Symbols and flags

Main article:Esperanto symbolsEsperanto symbols

Theverda stelo

Thejubilea simbolo

The earliest flag, and the one most commonly used to-day, features a green five-pointed star against a white

canton, upon a field of green. It was proposed to Zamen-hof byIrishman Richard Geoghegan, author of the firstEsperanto textbook for English speakers, in 1887. Theflag was approved in 1905 by delegates to the first confer-ence of Esperantists at Boulogne-sur-Mer. A version withan E superimposed over the green star is sometimesseen. Other variants include that for Christian Esperan-tists, with a whiteChristian crosssuperimposed upon thegreen star, and that for Leftists, withthe color of the fieldchanged from green to red.[82]

In 1987, a second flag design was chosen in a contestorganized by the UEA celebrating the first centennial

of the language. It featured a white background withtwo stylised curved E"s facing each other. Dubbed thejubilea simbolo (jubilee symbol),[83] it attracted criti-

cism from some Esperantists, who dubbed it the mel-ono (melon) because of the designs elliptical shape. Itis still in use, though to a lesser degree than the traditionalsymbol, known as the verda stelo (green star).[84]

5.9 Politics

Esperanto has been placed in many proposed politicalsituations. The most popular of these is theEurope Democracy Esperanto, which aims to establish Es-peranto as theofficial languageof theEuropean Union.Grins Report, published in 2005 byFranois Grinfoundthat the use of English as the lingua franca within theEuropean Union costs billions annually and significantlybenefits English-speaking countries financially. The re-port considered a scenario where Esperanto would be thelingua franca and found that it would have many advan-

tages, particularly economically speaking, as well as ide-ologically.

5.10 Religion

Esperanto has served an important role in several reli-gions, such asOomotofrom Japan and theBaha'i FaithfromIran, and has been encouraged by others, like someSpiritistmovements.

5.10.1 Oomoto

TheOomotoreligion encourages the use of Esperantoamong its followers and includes Zamenhof as one of itsdeified spirits.[85]

5.10.2 Bah' Faith

TheBah' Faithencourages theuse of an auxiliary inter-national language. The Baha'is believe that it will not bethe language of the future, although it has great potentialin this role, as it has not been chosen by the people.[86] L.L. Zamenhof's daughterLidjabecame a Bah',[87] andvarious volumes of theBah' literaturesand other Baha'ibooks have been translated into Esperanto. In 1973, theBah' Esperanto-Leaguefor active Bah' supporters ofEsperanto was founded.

5.10.3 Spiritism

In 1908, spiritist Camilo Chaigneau wrote an articlenamed Spiritism and Esperanto in the periodicLa Vied'Outre-Tombe recommending the use of Esperanto in

a central magazine for all spiritists and esperantists.Esperanto then became actively promoted by spiritists,at least inBrazil, initially byIsmael Gomes Bragaand
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Gomes_Bragahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%2527%C3%AD_Esperanto-Leaguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%2527%C3%AD_literaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidia_Zamenhofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%2527%C3%AD_Faith_and_auxiliary_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%2527%C3%AD_Faith_and_auxiliary_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%2527%C3%AD_Faithhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomotohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha%2527i_Faithhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomotohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Grinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grin%2527s_Reporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_%E2%80%93_Democracy_%E2%80%93_Esperantohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_%E2%80%93_Democracy_%E2%80%93_Esperantohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_jubilee_symbolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_crosshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Geogheganhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_(flag)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_jubilee_symbolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_symbolshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Manifesto_(Esperanto)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauma,_Finlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raumismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finvenkismo


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Frantiek Lorenz; the latter is known in Brazil as Fran-cisco Valdomiro Lorenz, and was a pioneer of both spiri-tist and Esperantist movements in this country.[88]

The Brazilian Spiritist Federation publishes Esperantocoursebooks, translations ofSpiritisms basic books, and

encourages Spiritists to become Esperantists.[89]

5.10.4 Bible translations

The first translation of theBibleinto Esperanto was atranslation of theTanakhor Old Testament done byL.L. Zamenhof. The translation was reviewed and com-pared with other languages translations by a group ofBritish clergy and scholars before its publication at theBritish and Foreign Bible Societyin 1910. In 1926 thiswas published along with a New Testament translation,in an edition commonly called the Londona Biblio. In

the 1960s, theInternacia Asocio de Bibliistoj kaj Orien-talistojtried to organize a new, ecumenical EsperantoBible version.[90] Since then, the Dutch Remonstrant pas-tor Gerrit Berveling has translated theDeuterocanonicalor apocryphal books in addition to new translations ofthe Gospels, some of the New Testament epistles, andsome books of the Tanakh or Old Testament. These havebeen published in various separate booklets, or serializedinDia Regno, but theDeuterocanonicalbooks have ap-peared in recent editions of the Londona Biblio.

5.10.5 Christianity

Mass in Esperanto during the 95th World Congress of Esperantoin Havana.

Christian Esperanto organizations include two that wereformed early in the history of Esperanto:

1910 TheInternational Union of Catholic Esper-antists. Two Roman Catholic popes,John Paul II

andBenedict XVI, have regularly used Esperanto intheir multilingualurbi et orbiblessings at Easter andChristmas each year since Easter 1994.

1911 The International Christian EsperantistsLeague.

Individual churches using Esperanto include:

The Quaker Esperanto Society, with activities as de-scribed in an issue of The Friend[91]

1910 First Christadelphian publications inEsperanto.[92][93]

There are instances of Christian apologists andteachers who use Esperanto as a medium. Nigerianpastor Bayo Afolaranmis "Spirita nutrao" (spiritualfood) Yahoo mailing list, for example, has hostedweekly messages since 2003.[94]

Chick Publications, publisher ofProtestant fundamental-

istthemed evangelistic tracts, has published a number ofcomic book style tracts byJack T. Chicktranslated intoEsperanto, including This Was Your Life!" (Jen ViaTuta Vivo!")[95]

5.10.6 Islam

Ayatollah Khomeiniof Iran called on Muslims to learnEsperanto and praised its use as a medium for better un-derstanding among peoples of different religious back-grounds. After he suggested that Esperanto replace En-glish as an international lingua franca, it began to beused in the seminaries ofQom. An Esperanto trans-lation of the Qur'an was published by the state shortlythereafter.[96][97] In 1981, its usage became less popu-lar when it became apparent that followers of theBah'Faithwere interested in it.[96]

6 Criticism

Main article:Criticism of Esperanto

Esperanto was conceived as a language of internationalcommunication, more precisely as a universal second lan-guage.[98] Since publication, there has been debate overwhether it is possible for Esperanto to attain this posi-tion, andwhether it would be an improvement for interna-tional communication were it to do so; Esperanto propo-nents have also been criticized for diverting public fundsto encourage its study over more-useful livingworld lan-guages.[99]

Since Esperanto is a planned language, there have beenmany criticisms of minor points.[100] An example is Za-menhofs choice of the word edzoover something like

spozo for husband, spouse,[101] orhischoiceoftheClas-sic Greek and Old Latin singular and plural endings -o, -oj, -a, -ajover their Medieval contractions -o, -i, -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Esperantohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%2527%C3%AD_Faithhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%2527%C3%AD_Faithhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeinihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_T._Chickhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalist_Christianityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalist_Christianityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_Publicationshttp://groups.yahoo.com/group/spiritanutrajxo/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_apologeticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christadelphianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Esperanto_organizations#Religionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Esperanto_organizations#Religionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbi_et_orbihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Catholic_Esperantistshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Catholic_Esperantistshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocanonicalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocanonicalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_and_Foreign_Bible_Societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritist_Codificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Lorenz


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a, -e. (Both these changes were adopted by the Ido re-form, though Ido dispensed with adjectival agreement al-together.) Some more common examples of general crit-icism include the following:

Esperanto has not yet achieved the hopes of its

founder to become a universal second language.Although many promoters of Esperanto stress thesuccesses it has had, the fact remains that wellover a century since its publication, the Esperanto-speaking community remains comparatively tinywith respect to the world population. In the caseof theUnited Kingdom, for instance, Esperanto israrely taught in schools, because it is regarded by thegovernment as not meeting the needs of the nationalcurriculum.[102] Many critics see its aspirations forthe role of a preponderant international auxiliarylanguage as doomed because they believe it cannot

compete with English in this regard. The vocabulary and grammar are based on major

European languages, and are not universal. Simul-taneously, the vocabulary, diacritic letters,[101] andgrammar are too dissimilar from the major Euro-pean languages, and therefore Esperanto is not aseasy as it could be for speakers of those languagesto learn, even though it is much easier to learn thanany other European language.[103][104] The too Eu-ropean criticism is often specific to a few pointssuch as adjectival agreement and the accusative case(generally such obvious details are all that reform

projects suggest changing), but sometimes it is moregeneral: Both the grammar and the 'international'vocabulary are difficult for many Asians, amongothers, and give an unfair advantage to speakersof European languages.[105] One attempt to addressthisissueis Lojban, which draws fromsix languages,Arabic,Mandarin Chinese,English,Hindi,Russian,andSpanish, and whose grammar is designed forcomputer parsing.[106] Attempts to address the notEuropean enough criticism include the youngerplanned languagesIdoandInterlingua.[107]

Either that Esperanto has no native culture,[108] or

that Esperanto culture is Euro-centric. Although ithas a large international literature, Esperanto doesnot encapsulate a specific culture. Its vocabularyand semantics are derived from European languages.Both infuse the language with a European worldview.[109]

The vocabulary is too large. Rather than derivingnew words from existing roots, large numbers ofnew roots are adopted into the language with the in-tent of being internationally accommodating whenin reality the language only caters to European lan-guages. This makes the language more difficult

for non-Europeans than it needs to be.[105] A sim-ilar argument is made by many Esperanto speak-ers, not against the language itself but against the

way it is (in their view) misused by many (mostlyEuropean) speakers; they argue that compoundsor derivations should be used whenever possible,and new root words borrowed only when absolutelynecessary.[110][111]

Esperanto asymmetry in gender formation makesitsexist.[108] Most kin terms and titles are mascu-line by default and only feminine when so specified.There have been many attempts to address this is-sue, of which one of the better known is iism[112]

(used by the Esperantist writerJorge Camacho),[113]

from whichRiismderived.

Esperanto is, looks, and/or sounds artificial. Thiscriticism is often due to the letters with circum-flex diacritics, which some find odd or cumber-some, along with their being invented specificallyfor Esperanto rather than borrowed from existing

languages; as well as being arguably unnecessary,as for example with the use of instead ofw.[108]

Others claim that an artificial language will neces-sarily be deficient, due to its very nature,[114] al-though the Hungarian Academy of Sciences hasfound that Esperanto fulfills all the requirements ofa living language.[115] InCulture and Value,LudwigWittgensteinsaid:

Esperanto. The feeling of disgust weget if we utter an invented word with in-vented derivative syllables. The word iscold, lacking in associations, and yet it

plays at being language. A system ofpurely written signs would not disgust usso much.[116]

7 Modifications

Main article:Esperantido

Though Esperanto itself has changed little since the pub-lication of theFundamento de Esperanto(Foundation of

Esperanto), a number of reform projects have been pro-posed over the years, starting withZamenhofs proposalsin 1894andIdoin 1907. Several later constructed lan-guages, such asUniversal, were based on Esperanto.

In modern times, attempts have been made to eliminateperceived sexism in the language. One example of this isRiism. However, as Esperanto has become a living lan-guage, changes are as difficult to implement as in ethniclanguages.

8 Eponymous entities

There are some geographical and astronomical featuresnamed after Esperanto, or after its creator L. L. Zamen-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_(Esperantido)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido_(language)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Esperantohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Esperantohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamento_de_Esperantohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperantidohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgensteinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgensteinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_and_Valuehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Scienceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Camacho_(writer)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlinguahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido_(language)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinesehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojbanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom


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hof. These includeEsperanto IslandinZed IslandsoffLivingston Island,[117] and the asteroids1421 Esperantoand1462 Zamenhofdiscovered by Finnish astronomerand EsperantistYrj Visl.

9 See also

Distributed Language Translation

Color argument

Comparison between Esperanto and Ido

Comparison between Esperanto and Interlingua

Comparison between Esperanto and Novial

Encyclopedia of Esperanto

EoLA ESP-Disk

Esperantic Studies Foundation

Esperanto library

Esperanto magazine

Esperanto Wikipedia

Esperantology

Esperantujo

lernu!

Indigenous Dialogues

North American Summer Esperanto Institute

Semajno de Kulturo Internacia

10 References

[1] Lindstedt, Jouko. Re: Kiom?" (posting). [email protected], 22 April 1996.

[2] EsperantoatEthnologue(17th ed., 2013)

[3] Wexler, Paul (2002).Two-tiered Relexification in Yiddish:Jews, Sorbs, Khazars, and the Kiev-Polessian Dialect. DeGruyter Mouton.ISBN 9783110898736.

[4] Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarstrm, Harald; Forkel,Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). Esperanto.Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolu-tionary Anthropology.

[5] Zasky, Jason (2009-07-20), Discouraging Words,Failure Magazine, But in terms of invented languages, itsthe most outlandishly successful invented language ever.

It has thousands of speakerseven native speakersandthats a major accomplishment as compared to the 900 orso other languages that have no speakers. Arika Okrent

[6] Universala Esperanto-Asocio: Kio estas UEA?".Uea.org. Retrieved 14 January 2015.

[7] User locations. Pasporta Servo. Retrieved 6 January2014..

[8] edukado.net / Ekzamenoj / Referenckadro.

Edukado.net. Retrieved 14 January 2015.

[9] Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj (AIS) San-Marino.Ais-sanmarino.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.

[10] YouTube: Learn Esperanto first: Tim Morley at TEDx-Granta

[11] La programo de la Kleriga lundo en UK 2013. Univer-sala Esperanto Asocio. Retrieved 6 January 2014.

[12] List of Wikipedias. Meta.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 14January 2015.

[13] List of Wikipedias by language group.

Meta.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 14 January 2015.[14] Brants, Thorsten (February 22, 2012). Tutmonda

helplingvo por iuj homoj. Google Translate Blog.Google. Retrieved August 14, 2012.

[15] incubator.duolingo.com/courses/eo/en/status

[16] Grin Report, page 81 Thus Flochon (2000: 109) notesthat 'the Institute of Cybernetic Education of Paderborn(Germany) has compared the learning times of severalgroups of French-speaking baccalaurat students to reachan equivalent standard level in four different languages:Esperanto, English, GermanandItalian. Theresults areas

follows: to reach this level, 2000 hours of German studyproduce a linguistic level equivalent to 1500 hours of En-glish study, 1000 hours of Italian study and ... 150 hoursof Esperanto study.' No comment. Other estimates scat-tered in the literature confirm faster achievement in targetlanguage skills in Esperanto than in all theother languageswith which the comparison has been made (Ministry ofEducation [Italy], 1995) as well as propaedeutic benefitsof Esperanto (Corsetti and La Torre, 1995).

[17] The letter is quoted inEsperanto: The New Latin for theChurch and for Ecumenism, by Ulrich Matthias. Transla-tion from Esperanto by Mike Leon and Maire Mullarney

[18] Esperanto. Ling.ohio-state.edu. 2003-01-25. Re-trieved 2010-12-05.

[19] Musgrave, George Clarke.Under Four Flags for France,1918, p. 8

[20] Anarkiistoj estis inter la pioniroj de la disvastigo de Es-peranto. En 1905 fondiis en Stokholmo la unua anarki-isma Esperanto-grupo. Sekvis multaj aliaj: en Bulgario,inio kaj aliaj landoj. Anarkiistoj kaj anarki-sindikatistoj,kiuj anta la Unua Mondmilito apartenis al la nombre plejgranda grupo inter la proletaj esperantistoj, fondis en 1906la internacian ligon Paco-Libereco, kiu eldonis la Interna-cian Socian Revuon. Paco-libereco unuiis en 1910 kunalia progresema asocio, Esperantista Laboristaro. La ko-

muna organizao nomiis Liberiga Stelo. is 1914 tiuorganizao eldonis multe da revolucia literaturo en Es-peranto, interalie anka anarkiisma. Tial povis evolui en
http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~hana/esr/http://www.u-matthias.de/latino/latin_en.htmhttp://www.u-matthias.de/latino/latin_en.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translatehttp://googletranslate.blogspot.com/2012/02/tutmonda-helplingvo-por-ciuj-homoj.htmlhttp://googletranslate.blogspot.com/2012/02/tutmonda-helplingvo-por-ciuj-homoj.htmlhttp://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias_by_language_group#Indo-European-based_Constructed_.28340.2C659_.E2.80.93_1.3.25.29http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipediashttp://www.uea.org/kongresoj/2013/kleriga_lundo.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8gSAkUOElsghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8gSAkUOElsghttp://www.ais-sanmarino.org/http://edukado.net/ekzamenoj/referenckadrohttp://www.pasportaservo.org/monda-mapohttp://uea.org/info/en/kio_estas_ueahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_Magazinehttp://failuremag.com/index.php/feature/article/discouraging_words/http://glottolog.org/http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/espe1235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110898736https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologuehttp://www.ethnologue.com/language/epohttp://www.helsinki.fi/~jslindst/denask-l.htmlhttp://www.helsinki.fi/~jslindst/denask-l.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semajno_de_Kulturo_Internaciahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Summer_Esperanto_Institutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Dialogueshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lernu!https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperantujohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperantologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_magazinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_libraryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperantic_Studies_Foundationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESP-Diskhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EoLAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Esperantohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Novialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Interlinguahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Idohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_argumenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Language_Translationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yrj%C3%B6_V%C3%A4is%C3%A4l%C3%A4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1462_Zamenhofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1421_Esperantohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zed_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_Island


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14 10 REFERENCES

la jaroj anta la Unua Mondmilito ekzemple vigla kore-spondado inter eropaj kaj japanaj anarkiistoj. En 1907la Internacia Anarkiisma Kongreso en Amsterdamo farisrezolucion pri la afero de internacia lingvo, kaj venis dumla postaj jaroj similaj kongresaj rezolucioj. Esperantistoj,kiuj partoprenis tiujn kongresojn, okupiis precipe pri la

internaciaj rilatoj de la anarkiistoj.ESPERANTO KAJANARKIISMO by Will Firth

[21] Sutton, Geoffrey (2008). Concise Encyclopedia of theOriginal Literature of Esperanto, 18872007. Mon-dial. ISBN 978-1-59569-090-6. Hitler specificallyattacked Esperanto as a threat in a speech in Munich(1922) and inMein Kampfitself (1925). The Nazi Min-ister for Education banned the teaching of Esperantoon 17 May 1935....all Esperantists were essentially ene-mies of the state, serving through their language Jewish-internationalist aims (pages 161162)

[22] About ESW and the Holocaust Museum. Esperan-

todc.org. 1995-12-05. Retrieved 2010-12-05.[23] Lins, Ulrich (1988). Die gefhrliche Sprache. Gerlingen:

Bleicher. p. 112.ISBN 3883500232.

[24] Lins, Ulrich (2008). Esperanto as language and ideain China and Japan (PDF). Language Problems andLanguage Planning (John Benjamins) 32 (1): 4760.doi:10.1075/lplp.32.1.05lin.ISSN 0272-2690. RetrievedJuly 2, 2012.

[25] Donald J. Harlow, The Esperanto Book, chapter 7.Donh.best.vwh.net. Retrieved 2010-12-05.

[26] Leon Trotsky.Chapter IV: The period of reaction: Leon

Trotsky: Stalin An appraisal of themanandhisinfluence(1940)". Marxists.org. Retrieved 14 January 2015.

[27] La utilizacin del esperanto durante la Guerra Civil Es-paola. Nodo50.org. Retrieved 14 January 2015.

[28] Esperanto, an official language of the European Union,now!".Avaaz. Retrieved 14 January 2015.

[29] "The Maneuver Enemywebsite. Kafejo.com. 2004-06-02. Retrieved 2010-12-05.

[30] Unesco and Esperanto. Uea.org. 2010-06-08. Re-trieved 2010-12-05.

[31] World Government Documents (Personal)". Worldser-vice.org. Retrieved 14 January 2015.

[32] Blank, Detlev (1985). Internationale Plansprachen. EineEinfhrung (International Planned Languages. An Intro-duction). Akademie-Verlag. ISSN 0138-55 X.

[33] Kalocsay & Waringhien (1985)Plena analiza gramatikode Esperanto, 17, 22

[34] These letters occasionally have these values in Englishas well, for example the j in hallelujah, Jarlsberg,or Jgermeister, and the c in the name of composerPenderecki, Czech presidentVclav Havel, or the mineralletovicite.

[35] Ek!". Esperanto.mv.ru. Retrieved 14 January 2015.

[36]

[37] Maire Mullarney Everyones OwnLanguage, p147, NitobePress, Channel Islands, 1999

[38] Esperanto en universitatoj. Uea.Org. 2003-04-17. Re-trieved 2010-12-05.

[39] enhavo. Web.archive.org. 2009-10-27. Archived fromthe originalon 2009-10-27. Retrieved 2010-12-05.

[40] Elte Btk. Webcitation.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.

[41]

[42] Atividade Legislativa - Projetos e Matrias.Senado.gov.br. Retrieved 14 January 2015.

[43] PL 6162/2009 - Projetos de Lei e Outras Proposies -Cmara dos Deputados. Camara.gov.br. Retrieved 14January 2015.

[44] Entidades manifestam apoio proposta de incluir ensinode Esperanto na grade de disciplinas da rede pblica.Senado Federal - Portal de Notcias. Retrieved 14 January2015.

[45] Is Esperanto four times easier to learn?". Esperanto-USA. Retrieved 2010-12-05.

[46] Piron, Claude: The hidden perverse effect of the cur-rent system of international communication, publishedlecture notes

[47] Flochon, Bruno, 2000, L'espranto , in Gauthier, Guy(ed.)Langues: une guerre mort, Panoramiques.4e trim.

48: 8995. Cited in Franois Grin,L'enseignement des

langues trangres comme politique publique(French)

[48] Springboard to Languages. Spring-board2languages.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.

[49] Report: Article in Enciklopedio de Esperanto, volume I,p.436, on the pedagogic value of Esperanto.

[50] Report: Christian Rudmick, The Wellesley CollegeDanish-Esperanto experiment.

[51] Report: Edward Thorndike, Language Learning.Bureau of Publications of Teachers College, 1933.Interlingua.org

[52] Helen S. Eaton, The Educational Value of an ArtificialLanguage.The Modern Language Journal, #12, pp. 8794 (1927). Blackwellpublishing.com

[53] Protocols of the annual November meetings in Pader-born Laborkonferencoj: Interlingvistiko en Scienco kajKlerigo (Working conference: Interlinguistics in Scienceand Education), which can be obtained from the Instituteof Pedagogic Cybernetics in Paderborn. Also in theworksby Frank, Lobin, Geisler, and Meder.

[54] Study International Language (known as Esperanto)Commission, Interministerial Decree (PDF). Interna-cialingovo.org. 1993. Retrieved 14 January 2015.

[55] Andrew Norman. home. Web.archive.org. Retrieved2010-12-05.
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[66] Jouko Lindstedt (January 2006). Native Esperanto asa Test Case for Natural Language(PDF).University ofHelsinki Department of Slavonic and Baltic Languagesand Literatures.

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[77] Frank, Helmar; Fssmeier, Reinhard (2000). AIS

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