Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Chapter 6 Directory Commands.

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with

Windows 7 and Linux

Chapter 6Directory Commands

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Objectives

• Describe directory structures• Display directory structures• Navigate directory structures• Work with directories• Work with file management commands• Use removable drives for the storage of application

data

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Directory Structures

• Scenario: organize five buildings on a campus map• Problem 1: adding departments creates clutter• Problem 2: adding course information not possible• Solution: organize campus information in a

directory• Creating a directory structure:

– Begin with “Campus” as the main directory– Add buildings in alphabetical order– Place the departments with the correct building

• Directories can be manipulated with various tools 3

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux 4

Figure 6-1 Campus mapCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning


Figure 6-2 Departments on campusCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning


Directory Structures (continued)

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Figure 6-3 Beginning of the Campus directoryCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning


Figure 6-4 Expanded Campus directory structureCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning


Displaying Directory Structures

• Displaying directory structures in the Windows 7 CLI– Using the command-line interface (CLI):

• User types a command at a visual (command) prompt• OS sends back a response• Two-way interaction continues as long as needed

– Use TREE or DIR command to view a directory– Option for locating a single file or a set of files:

• Specify which characters your search must match

• Windows command prompt to open:– Click Start, pointing to All Programs, click

Accessories, and click Command Prompt8


Using the TREE Command to Display the Directory Structure

• TREE: creates graphical view of disk directories – Shows current directory and all subdirectories below

• Command syntax: TREE [drive:][path] [/F] [/A]– /F: displays filenames in each folder– /A: uses ASCII characters (not extended characters)

• Example: “TREE C:\Documents and Settings\ User01\My Documents”– To include filenames add the /F switch– Use the /A switch to exclude extended characters– Use the pipe symbol (|) to pass the output

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Displaying Filenames in the Windows 7 CLI

• DIR command: displays filenames and subdirectories – Syntax: DIR [drive:][path][filename] [/O[[:]sortorder]] [/P] [/S] [/W]• [drive:][path][filename]: specifies drive,

directory, files • /O: lists files in sorted order• Sortorder: followed by one of six values:

N, S, E, D, G,- • /P: pauses after each screen of information• /S: shows files in specified directory and subdirectories• /W: uses wide list format

• Example: DIR C:\Users\User01\Documents\homework.doc

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Using Wildcard Characters in the Windows 7 CLI

• Two wildcard characters identify groups of files:– The question mark (?): represents any character– The asterisk (*), or star: represents any string

• Using the ? wildcard in DIR mem???.txt:– Lists files named in form “mem” + three characters– Valid matches: memo.txt, memory.txt, mem49.txt

• Using the * wildcard in DIR *.DOC:– Lists all files in current directory with .DOC

extension

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Using Wildcard Characters in the Windows 7 CLI (continued)

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Table 6-1 Examples of using wildcard characters


Displaying the Directory Structure with Windows Explorer

• Windows Explorer is a graphic user interface• Two panes used in layout of Windows Explorer:

– Left pane displays the directory structure of drives– Right pane displays the structure of selected entry

• Basic operation:– Expand Computer to display available drives

• Files and folders view options:– Four icon views, List view, Details view, Tiles,

Content view

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Figure 6-7 Windows ExplorerCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning


Displaying the Directory Structure in Fedora 13

• Directories and files are organized hierarchically• Ability to manipulate directory defined by rights:

– Superuser: arranges information anywhere– Regular user: is confined to a particular branch

• Fedora 13:– Might be configured to open command line– Can open a Terminal console from a GUI

• Home directory is starting directory for regular users– Example: /home/User01

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Fedora 13 Command Syntax

• Command [options] [parameter1] [parameter2] [parameter3]

• ls –l (the l is a lowercase L):– Provides a detailed list of directories, files, and any

errors• ls –l Documents:

– Provides a list of files in the Documents directory

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Displaying Directories and Files in the Fedora 13 CLI

• Use ls command to view list of directories and files• ls default: display directory with files alpha sorted• ls command syntax: ls [options] [location]• Some ls command options:

-a: shows hidden files-l: a long-listing format

• A few examples of useful ls commands:ls –l /etc/hosts: list details about a file/directoryls –iS /etc/hosts: change the order of lines in a

text file17


Displaying Directories and Files in the Fedora 13 CLI (continued)

• Use more with ls to list hidden and unhidden files– Example: ls –a /etc/ | more

• Use sort with ls to control order item appears in list– Example: ls –l /etc | sort –k9 (sort by ninth

field in list)• sort command syntax: sort [options] [files]• pwd command syntax: pwd [options]:

– Displays full path filename of the current directory• more command syntax: more [options]

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Table 6-2 Long-list column definitions using the ls –l command


Using the tree Command to Display the Directory Structure in the Fedora 13 CLI• Tree:

– Recursive directory listing program– Produces an indented listing of files

• tree command:– Shows files in current directory and its subdirectories– Used to list contents of directories in tree-like format

• When directory information is given:– Tree lists all files and/or subdirectories found in the

given directories

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Figure 6-10 Tree-style directory structure in the Fedora 13 CLICourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning


Using Wildcard Characters in the Fedora 13 CLI

• Uses same wildcard characters as Windows 7• Two wildcard characters identify groups of files:

– The question mark (?): represents any character– The asterisk (*), or star: represents any string

• Example with ? wildcard: ls host????– Lists files consisting of host plus any four characters– Possible matches: hostuser, hosthome, host1234

• Example using * wildcard: *.*– Represents all filenames with any extension

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Navigating the Directory Structure

• Analogize operation to climbing a tree:– Before climbing, look up and view the limbs– Climb the limbs, move to smaller limbs; retrace steps

• Discussion of navigation techniques to follow

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Navigating the Directory Structure in the Windows 7 CLI

• Working directory: current directory (location)• To change current directory: CHDIR, CD• Syntax of CD command: CD [/D] [drive:][path]

• Three choices used with the CD command:– CD ..: backs up one subdirectory – CD path: changes to the relative location– CD \path: changes to the absolute location

• Scenario: change relative location of E:\User01– Enter CD College at the command prompt – Command prompt changes to E:\User01\College

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Navigating Directory Structures in Windows Explorer

• Navigating directories in Windows Explorer:– Click a folder in the left pane of Windows Explorer– The location changes, the right pane is refreshed

• For example:– To make Science the current folder– Click Science in the left pane

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Figure 6-13 Navigating to the Science folderCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning


Navigating Directory Structures in Fedora 13

• Use the cd command to change current directory: – Page definition options are beyond scope of book

• cd command syntax: cd [options] [location path]

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Using Absolute and Relative Paths in the Fedora 13 CLI

• Two methods: change absolute path or relative path• Other directory symbols:

– “.” entry: points to the current directory– “..” entry: points to the parent directory

• Change the directory with the absolute path method:– Type cd /college/business/accounting

• Refer to previous directory using the relative path: – Type cd ../../business/accounting• Type cd..– To back up one subdirectory and move up higher

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Working with Directories

• Creating directories in the Windows 7 CLI – Use MD or MKDIR to create a subdirectory– MD command syntax: MD [drive:]path– MD interprets drive and path like CD:

• MD path: creates subdirectory in a relative location• MD \path: creates subdirectory in absolute location

– Creating Physics subdirectory relative to Science:• Navigate to Science with the CD command• Type MD Physics (relative path method) or• Type MD \User01\College\Science\Physics

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Working with Directories (continued)

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Figure 6-14 Using the MD command to make a Physics subdirectoryCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning


Creating Directories in the Windows 7 GUI

• Navigate to the parent folder Science in left pane• Click Science• Right-click the white space• Point to New• Click Folder and type “Physics” • Press Enter

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Figure 6-15 Creating the Physics directoryCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning


Creating Directories in Fedora 13

• Users authorized to create directories with mkdir:– Superuser– Regular user with write permission in parent directory

• mkdir syntax: mkdir [options] [directory name]

• mkdir command options:-p: makes parent directories as needed-v: displays a message for each created directory

• Navigating to arts directory, adding printing directory:cd /college/arts , mkdir printing

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Removing Directories in the Windows 7 CLI

• Use RMDIR or RD (remove directory) command• RD command syntax: RD [/S] [/Q] [drive:]path:– /S: removes directories and files in specified location– /Q: quiet mode (confirmation not requested)

• Two choices for removing a directory:– RD path: removal relative from current location– RD \path: removal absolute from current location

• Removing the Science directory:– Type RD /S \User01\College\Science– Press Enter and then type ‘Y’ to confirm

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Removing Directories in the Windows 7 GUI

• To remove a directory: – Navigate to target folder and right-click – Click Delete – Confirm choice by clicking the Yes button

• Removing the Music folder:– Right-click Music in the right pane– Click Delete, and then confirm the deletion

• A deleted item is placed in the Recycle Bin:– Items can be restored or permanently deleted

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Removing Directories in Fedora 13

• Ownership permission or superuser logon required• rmdir command syntax: rmdir [options] directory[s]

• rmdir command options:-p: tries to remove components in path as needed

• Cannot be used if directories contain files-v: displays a message for each removed directory

• Navigate to Printing directory, remove component:cd /college/arts rmdir printing

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Working with Files

• To keep your files up to date:– Copy one or more files to an alternative location– Move files or directories to another folder or drive – Rename files and directories – Delete files from the computer

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Working with Files in the Windows 7 CLI

• Copying files in the Windows 7 CLI– COPY command: copies files to alternative location– XCOPY: a more powerful version of COPY

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Using the COPY Command in the Windows 7 CLI

• Command syntax: COPY [/V] source [destination]:– source: specifies the file(s) to be copied– destination: specifies target directory and/or

filename– /V: verifies that new files are written correctly

• About the /V switch:– Used to verify that data has been accurately recorded– Slows down COPY as OS must check all disk sectors

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Using the XCOPY Command in the Windows 7 CLI

• Similar to COPY command, but has more switches• Use XCOPY command to:

– Copy files in bulk from one directory or drive to another– Copy whole directories to a new destination

• XCOPY syntax: XCOPY source [destination] [/P] [/S] [/E] [/V] [/Q] [/F] [/L]

• Making a backup of College subdirectories and files:– XCOPY /S \User01\College \User01\Backup– /S option excludes empty directories from operation

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Moving Files in the Windows 7 CLI• Command syntax for moving files:

MOVE [/Y | /-Y] [drive:] [path]filename1[,...] [destination]

• Command syntax for renaming a directory:MOVE [/Y | /-Y] [drive:][path]dirname1 dirname2

• MOVE similar to COPY with one exception:–Source file is always removed from the disk

• Rename the Dental subdirectory to Dental Assistant:MOVE \User01\College\Technology\Dental \User01\College\Technology\Dental Assistant

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Renaming Files in the Windows 7 CLI• RENAME command syntax for renaming files:

– RENAME [drive:][path]filename1 filename2

• REN command syntax for renaming files:– REN [drive:][path]filename1 filename2

• Renaming the Budget.xls file:– Type REN Budget.xls Budget2006.xls

• Wildcards (* and ?) used to change set of filenames:– Restriction: old and new name lengths stay the same– Change “.txt” extension to “.bak”: REN *.txt *.bak

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Deleting Files in the Windows 7 CLI

• DEL syntax: DEL [/P] [/S] [/Q] names• ERASE syntax: ERASE [/P] [/S] [/Q] names• Options for both commands:

– /P: prompts for confirmation before deleting each file– /S: deletes specified files from all subdirectories– /Q: operates in quiet mode

• Delete one or more files using DEL command• To remove the homework.doc file:

– DEL \User01\homework.doc

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Working with Files in the Windows 7 GUI

• Copying files in the Windows 7 GUI:– Example: copying the homework.doc file

• Navigate to the subdirectory that contains the file• Right-click homework.doc• Click Copy• Navigate to the new location in the left pane• Right-click the white space of the right pane• Click Paste

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Moving Files in the Windows 7 GUI

• Similar to copying files in Windows Explorer• Example: to move the homework.doc file

– Navigate to the subdirectory that contains the file– Right-click homework.doc– Click Cut– Navigate to the new location in the left pane– Right-click the white space of the right pane– Click Paste

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Renaming Files in the Windows 7 GUI

• Example: to rename the homework.doc file– Navigate to the subdirectory that contains the file– Right-click homework.doc– Click Rename– Type a new name over homework.doc– Press Enter to save the name

• Attempt to change extension generates warning:– Enter Yes to indicate that new extension is

acceptable

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Deleting Files in the Windows 7 GUI

• Example: to delete the homework.doc file– Navigate to the subdirectory that contains the file– Right-click homework.doc– Click Delete– Confirm File Delete message generated:

• To delete the file, click the Yes button

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Working with Files in Fedora 13• Copying files in the Fedora 13 CLI

– Three variations on the cp command syntax:• cp [options] [source path] [target path]• cp [options] [source path] [target directory]

• cp [options] [source directory] [target directory]

– Some cp command options:-l: links files instead of copying them-R or -r: copies directories recursively-s: makes symbolic links instead of copying files

– To copy a branch with deep, nested directories:• cp -r /college/science/chemistry/* /college/arts/

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Moving Files in the Fedora 13 CLI• Two variations on the command syntax:

mv [options] [source] [target]mv [options] [source] [target directory]

• Command options:-f: displays a prompt before overwriting-I: also displays a prompt before overwriting but is used in interactive processing-v: displays command activity as it occurs

• mv similar to cp with one exception:–The source file is always removed from its directory

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Renaming the Files in the Fedora 13 CLI

• Use the mv command• To change Dental Department to Dental Assistant:

– Type mv /User01/college/technology/dental /User01/college/technology/dental assistant

• Use quotes to enclose filenames with spaces

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Deleting Files in the Fedora 13 CLI

• Use the rm command to delete one or more files• rm command syntax: rm [options] file[s]• rm command options:

-I: prompts before any removal-R or -r: removes contents of directories recursively-v: displays command activity as it occurs

• To remove all of the .doc files from /User01:–Type rm /mnt/sdb1/User01/*

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Using Removable Drives for Application Data Storage

• Using Removable Drives in the Windows 7 CLI– Format disk before use:

• To remove any existing files • To improve the odds that the USB drive will accept new

files without write errors– After formatting disk:

• You can copy the files from the hard drive

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Formatting Removable Drives in the Windows 7 CLI

• FORMAT syntax: FORMAT volume [/V:label] [/Q]– volume: specifies drive letter (followed by a colon)– /V:label: specifies the volume label– /Q: performs a quick format

• To format a USB drive as the H drive:– Type FORMAT H: and press Enter

• Specify up to 11 volumes using the /V switch• Use the /Q switch to perform a quick format

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Copying Files to a Removable Drive in the Windows 7 CLI

• Copy files to formatted disk with COPY or XCOPY• To copy the homework.doc file:

– Navigate to the subdirectory that contains the file– Enter the command COPY homework.doc H:

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Using Removable Drives in the Windows 7 GUI

• Formatting removable drives in the Windows 7 GUI:– To format a USB drive:

• Place it in the USB port• From Windows Explorer, right-click the USB option

and then click Format• Format USB dialog box appears• Click the Quick Format check box• Click the Start button to start the format

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Using Removable Drives in the Windows 7 GUI (continued)

• Copying files to a Disk in the Windows 7 GUI– Windows Explorer:

• Can copy files to a formatted disk

• Storing files from an application– Click File ->Save As– Click the Save in list box, click the USB drive– Type filename then click Save

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Using Removable Drives in the Fedora 13 CLI

• To prepare a disk for use:– Unmount the disk and format it– Mount the disk drive and copy files from hard drive

• Formatting removable drives in the Fedora 13 CLI:– Use floppy command to format removable drives – Syntax: floppy [options] [target device]

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Using Removable Drives in the Fedora 13 CLI (continued)

• Formatting removable drives in the Fedora 13 CLI (continued):– Some options used with floppy command:

• probe, -p: probes for available floppy drives• -format, -f: formats the disk in the floppy drive

• Copying files to a removable drive in the Fedora 13 CLI– To copy a file called homework.doc:

• Navigate to subdirectory that contains file, then usecp homework.doc /dev/fd0 orcp homework.doc /dev/sda0

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Summary

• Use directory structures to:– Organize and maintain information in files and folders

• Use a command-line interface (CLI):– To help you display the contents of a directory

• To manage the directory structure:– Create new directories to categorize folder information – Remove directories that are obsolete

• When you navigate directory structures:– Each operating system has its own syntax

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Summary (continued)

• When navigating the absolute path:– Provide the drive and the full path name

• When navigating with a relative path:– The current directory path is implied

• Use a command prompt or a GUI to:– Copy, move, rename, and delete files

• Removable drives:– Provide portability for file management and

processing

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