Guide to the Museum for Teachers

This information can be used for self guided tours around the museum and also contains ideas for discussion points and activities with Key Stage 2 pupils.

It can be used with the Cogs KS2 Activity Trail leaflet which is available to download from the Museum website.

Before you startWe suggest dividing a class into smaller, supervised groups of five or six pupils. It is worth each group starting their tour/trail on different floors as some of the galleries are narrow. You may see some of our Volunteer team around the Museum, so do encourage the pupils to talk to them to find out more!

Cogs TrailPlease let the Museum know if you plan to do the trail so that the extra resources can be set out. Look out for the Cog wheel shaped information sheets!

What you may need to bring- Clipboards and pencils- Class set of the Cogs trail leaflet- Copies of this guide for each adult

Reception Area

Arab Printing Press (about 1890) In the 19th century more people were reading than ever before. The Education Act of 1880 made school compulsory until the age of 10, so literacy rates had improved. The technology of the prinitng press had also improved with a mechanised process which was much faster. Books, newspapers, posters and advertisments were all being mass produced. The Arab press was developed by businessman Josiah Wade, who became Mayor of Halifax in 1902.

1PLEASE NOTE: Toilets are in reception!Lady Ship Stained Glass windowThe window comes from the Standeven Ltd. Directors office at Ladyship Mills. The company made textiles and build up an export trade across Europe and the World.The pictorial details in the window represent travel, time and commerce.

The machines in the window are;

Spinning wheel

Discuss the meaning of Commerce with pupils. Can they come up with their own definition or use it in a sentence?

Activity Ideas• Ask pupils to spot and work out the

Roman numerals in the Ladyship window

• Sketch names in the font style of the printing press

TelephoneExchange

Typewriter

Machines that made machines

Radial Arm Drilling Machine (1899)

Discuss what the circumference of a circle is and prompt pupils to think about how we can measure it.

Pupils should wrap the string around the drill, then measure the string using the rulers.

The circumference of the drill is 22.5 cm.

2The industrial revolution was the point when we moved from a society based on hand manufacturing to a society based on machinery. As the industrial revolution really got going from the 1840s onwards there was a growing demand for industrial machinery. Metal working and making machines for the mills and factorys became an important industry in Calderdale. This gallery displays a variety of metal production and working tools and machines.

Robson Diesel Engine (1935)

• One of the key reasons for the industrial revolution was the ability to release the energy of non-renewable fossil fuels (gas, oil, coal)

• ‘Sadie’ runs on a non-renewable energy source (oil)

• Powers the belt drive on the ceiling, which transferred the power to the mill machines (ask pupils to look up!)

A drill is a tool with a spinning tip. If a drill bit like this one is attached then it can be used to make holes. Drills need to pow-erful if they are be used to put holes through cast iron or steel.

FoundryAnother important discovery (which contributed to the Industrial Revolution) was the processing of large amounts of strong, cheap iron and later steel. To make machines the metal parts need to be shaped.

• Iron ore was heated in a blast furnace at high temperatures

• Steel is an alloy (a mixture of iron and carbon). This made it stronger than iron.

• Metal ‘castings’ were made in foundries by pouring the liquid iron into moulds

• Pattern makers made detailed wooden patterns for complex shapes to ensure castings were identical.

Discussion Ideas• Why was iron such a good material

for making tools and machines?• What happens to a solid when it is

heated?• Was this a safe place to work? Look

at the displayed danger signs.

Activity Ideas• Make sketches of manufacturer

marks on the machines – emphasise the the local links.

• Investigate if all cog wheels are the same shape and size. Do they all have the same number of cogs

Activity Ideas• Look at the displays and identify the

different tools which would have been used by a Trapper, Hewer, Getter or Hurrier.

• Identify the different products which were made from fireclay and their uses.

Discussion Ideas• What would like have been like for

chilldren working in the mines?• What were living conditions like for

Victorian mill workers in Halifax?

Mining

CoalCoal was the main source of power in Victorian times. It was used for cooking and heating, and for driving machinery, trains and steam ships.

Coal MiningCoal is found under the ground, in coal beds. It is a sedimentary rock. To get coal out from under the ground it needs to be mined. To support the hole or ‘pit’ which was created by the digging, large pieces of timber were used as ‘pit props’.

Trappers - opened and closed the mine door to let miners through. It was a very important job, controlling the mine ventilation. This job was done by children, who had to sit in the dark for hours.

Hewer - cut the coal with a hand tool like a pick axe, working at the coal seam. They would have had a candle or safety lamp to see where they were working. A strong older child could have done this job.

Getter - gathered the coal cut out by the Hewer and put it on wooden sleds to be taken to the surface. Another job a child might have done.

Hurrier - this was one of the toughest jobs and was normally done by a child aged between 6 and 8. They pulled the loaded sled to the surface

Thruster - a younger child may have pushed the sled with their hands or even forehead.

FireclayFlreclay is a sedimentary mudstone which lies under coal seams. Because of this it was often mined in association with coal.

Uses of FireclayIt is called fireclay because it very heat resistant. Its original use was often as fire bricks or tiles in the lining of furnaces. and as chimney pots.

When it is fired fireclay has a minimal porosity which makes it a good material for drainage pipes and sanitary ware. The drive for improvements in Victorian sanitation created more demand for fireclay.

Ranger ReportEngineer William Ranger visited Halifax in 1851 to investigate social and health conditions of mill workers. One of his key recommendations was that improvement to sanitation were needed.

His observations included;• An open sewer above Cornmarket• Instances of 12 people sleeping in three

beds• One toilet for 121 people on Middle Street• Life expectancy of a labourer was 22

years old

Power for a Revolution

Discussion Ideas• What is the difference between

non-renewable (oil, coal, gas)and renewable enrgy (water, wind, geo-thermal) sources?

• What different types of energy can pupils think of? Rotational, electrical, gravitational, heat, light, sound.

Activity Ideas• Identify the different walls aroud the

water wheel, beam engine and horizontal engine and talk about why they might be different.

• Look for electrical safety signs.• Role play pupils moving around the

gallery as electrons in a circuit.

Waterwheel from Stone Mill Tannery (1800s) Before the industrial revolution and the widespread use of steam power in mills, water wheels were an important source of energy to power mill machinery. Water falls from above into the buckets of the water wheel causing the axle to turn. The waterwheel powered the fulling stocks, which thickened textiles by beating them with heavy wooden hammers.

What is it made from?• Oak spokes and Elm buckets• Iron and Steel Wheel

Steam Power!

Frame Beam Engine (1860-70)The large flywheel stores rotational energy and transfers energy via a drive belt to other machines. Cogs (teeth) can alsoconnect different sized wheels to work together asgears (a simple machine).• Pupils could try to count or estimate the

number of cogs (teeth).• Some pupils may be able to do a

calculation by counting the number of teeth per spoke and using multiplication. 8 spokes x 17 cogs (teeth)

= 136 cogs (teeth)

Horizontal Steam Engine (1926)This is one of the last steam engines made in Yorkshire.

it is called a Horizontal engine because the cylinder is horizontal.

• Coal is burned in a fire releasing heat energy

• Heat energy is used in the boiler to boil water and release steam

• The steam is piped into a cylinder • Pressure builds up moving pistons inside

the cylinder back and forth• The pistons turn the flywheel and

transfers the energy to the mill machines.

ElectricityElectricity is a type of energy.

• Electrical energy is caused by particles called electrons moving about to make a current, usually along a circuit.

• Electricity can be very dangerous and cause a nasty shock. Uncovered wires and water are particular hazards.

• The amount of electricity moving through a circuit is measured in amps using an ammeter.

• The ammeters on display record 0 amps as there is no electrical current.

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4Lumb’s Governor (made in Elland)The Governor ocontrolled the speed of the engine. When the fly weight dropped more steam was admitted into the engine to restore speed.

Waterwheels restricted mills to be located by rivers. Steam engines provided reliable energy able to power very large machines.

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Activity Ideas•

Discussion Ideas•

Classic Carpets

CorkThe mystery material is cork.

It has amazing properties which make it useful for parts in machines which produce friction and heat.• Low mass - can float• Waterproof• A good insultor, doesn’t conduct heat• Durable - surviving high impact

Properties of Materials• Waterproof - cork• Stretchy - yarn fibres• Strong - metal• Shiny - glass• Hard - wood• Flexible - leather

Holdsworth’s Moquette Loom (1890’s)Holdsworth’s was one of the first businesses located in the Piece Hall.On the loom there are four creels which have eight frames of bobbins which hold the yarn to be woven - this means the design can include eight colours. The moquette loom made textiles for seats for buses, trains and aircraft.

A special mechaniam called a jacquard controls the pattern. The punched cards of the jacquard provided a binary code for the colour sequence of the fabric, and are often likened to being the first computer!

Bobbins on spinning frames and looms needed to be replaced four or five times a day and this was the job of ‘doffers’. They were often young boys who had to work fast and accurately.

• Pupils could estimate the number of bobbins.

• Some pupils may be able to count and calculate approximately how many there are by counting the bobbins on a row and multiplying.

Some pupils could calculate how many bobbins of each colour there are and then to work this out as a percentage or fraction.

Why is it important to use a material with the right properties for machine parts?

Crossley’s Wilton Loom (1940’s)John Crossley & Sons was the largest carpet manufacturer in the world in the 19th and most of the 20th century. It was based in Dean Clough Mill here in Halifax.

Two sets of threads are used on a loom. One is put in the loom in straight (front to back) lines – this was called the warp. Loom weights are tied to the warp threads to keep the threads taut. The other yarn called the weft is taken or thrown across the loom using a shuttle.

Carpet weaving is done on larger looms

Percy Shaw’s Cat’s Eye (1934)Also on on the gallery is a display about the Cat’s Eye, which was invented in Halifax by Percy Shaw. Cat’s Eyes are used all over the world today.

It is made from four glass beads, a rubber moulding and a castiron base. The glass beads are arranged in pairs facing in opposite directions. They reflect light back at cars which helps guide motorists at night and in the fog.

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Activity Ideas• Design chocolate

advertisments, characters or marketing slogans inspired by at the cartoon strip adverts on display.

Discussion Ideas• What are the ingredients for Quality

Street toffees and chocolate? Can you find out where the ingredients come from?

• What is the role of smell in tasting foods?

Quality Sweets

King of All the ToffeesIn Halifax a brand-new toffee ‘Mackintosh’s Celebrated Toffee’ was invented by John Mackintosh and his wife Violet by combining hard butterscotch with soft caramel. It was sold as the Toffee De Luxe and was later marketed as ‘The King of All the Toffees’.

Quality StreetTheir son Harold created Quality Street in 1936, a time when boxed chocolates were expen-sive and came in expensive packaging as a luxury item. Quality Street was developed for working families, with individually wrapped toffees covered in chocolate in a brightly coloured tin featuring the characters of Miss Sweetly and Major Quality. The tin helped to keep the contents fresh and released a lovely chocolate and toffee smell when opened!

Toffee Wrapping machine

Brand new technology was introduced to manufacture Quality Street, including the world’s first twist wrapping machine which would wrap each individual chocolate. Machines were needed to keep up with demand as Quality Street was exported all over the world. Advertising played a important role in its success.A volunteer may be available to demonstrate the toffee wrapper. It takes approx. 3 seconds to wrap one toffee.

Toffee Boiler300lbs of ingredients were boiled in the large copper pan. The pan was heated b steam passing through the hollow pan.Copper is a an excellent conductor of heat (fives times better than iron) so the heat spreads evenly across the pan. The liquid toffee was then poured out onto a cooled metal slab to cool. When ready the toffee was broken up into small pieces to be sold.

The recipe for Toffee De Luxe used local ingredients like milk, sugar beets and eggs.

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Wire Drawing

Wire was needed for woollen manufacture, providing reeds for looms. With the growth of the textile industry there was an increase in the need for wire suppliers. Long lengths of wire were made by pulling rods of a ductile metal, such as copper, through a die of harder metal.

By 1870 improvements in steelmaking made it possible to produce large amounts of steel wire for the first time. Different diameters of wires could be produced, as small as 0.15mm.

Tensile StrengthThis is a measurement of the force needed to pull a wire to the point where it breaks. The tensile strength is the amount of tensile stress just before it breaks. A ductile metal can be stretched into a thin wire before it breaks. Metals which can be beaten into thin sheets are called malleable.

Uses of WireThe uses of wire increased in the 19th century being used for hat pins, corsets, fishing, needles, fences and telegraphs. Wire is still used for many purposes today, Including shopping trolleys!

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