Guidelines for development of biomethane feed in 2 / D 2.4 rev.1 December 2013 Page 2 of 26 Authors:...

The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EACI nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Guidelines for development of biomethane feed-in projects

– Aspects of management, technology and project financing

WP 2 / D 2.4 rev.1

December 2013

Page 2 of 26

Authors: Sabine Strauch, Dr. Ulrike Ehrenstein

Contact: Fraunhofer UMSICHT

Research Group »Biogas Technology« Osterfelder Strasse 3

46047 Oberhausen, Germany

www.umsicht.fraunhofer.de

Note on legal topics

All legal topics published in this report exclusively serve the purpose of general information and do not refer to individual legal concerns. The authors and other parties involved assume no liability regarding the correctness, timelines, completeness or usability of the information made available. The assertion of claims of any kind is excluded.

Page 3 of 26

The Biomethane Guide for Decision Makers has been created within the project GreenGasGrids supported by the Intelligent Energy - Europe programme (contract number IEE/10/235/S12.591589).

Webpage: www.greengasgrids.eu

Page 4 of 26

THE GREEN GAS GRIDS PROJECT PARTNERS

German Energy Agency - dena (Germany)

Fraunhofer UMSICHT (Germany)

Austrian Energy Agency (Austria)

Energetski Institut Hrvoje Požar -EIHP (Croatia)

Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie - ADEME (France)

Renewable Energy Agency – REA (UK)

University Szeged (Hungary)

European Biogas Association

Consorzio Italiano Biogas (Italy)

Agentschap NL (The Netherlands)

Krajowa Agencja Poszanowania Energii – KAPE (Poland)

Slovenská Inovacná Energetická Agentúra - SIEA (Slovakia)

Natural Gas Vehicle Association - NGVA

Page 5 of 26

TABLE OF CONTENTS

THE GREEN GAS GRIDS PROJECT PARTNERS .............................................. 4

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. 5

GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING BIOMETHANE PROJECTS ............ 6

ASPECTS OF MANAGEMENT ......................................................................... 7

TECHNICAL ASPECTS ................................................................................ 10

FINANCIAL ASPECTS ................................................................................. 13

SOURCES FOR MORE INFORMATION ......................................................... 15

GLOSSARY ................................................................................................ 26

Page 6 of 26

GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING BIOMETHANE PROJECTS This document is intended to support project developers, and it aims in providing ideas for a risk management when planning and implementing biomethane feed-in projects. The guidelines are divided in three categories that address management, technical and financial aspects.

The list of topics does not claim to be exhaustive. However, it covers relevant issues and questions a project developer has to deal with during the development and planning process for the purpose of project risk assessment and developing a risk mitigation strategy. In the awareness that there are wide differences regarding the existing national legal framework, regulations and permit requirements, the guidelines are framed in general terms and set out as recommendations. However, the principles of an energy efficient, sustainable and economically well managed project implementation remain applicable everywhere.

Page 7 of 26

ASPECTS OF MANAGEMENT Cooperation and partnering can facilitate project ignition and planning.

Which co-operations and partners may be of strategic importance? Especially partners from the following fields should be considered:

o Municipal / regional government

o Feedstock suppliers

o Local gas grid company

o Gas suppliers; justification: in case a gas supplier decides to offer “biomethan” as well (please have a look at the Swiss example). The supplier could offer different mixtures, lets say 5%, 10 or more % of the total delivered natural gas could be biomethan

o R&D organisations

o Biomethane users (e. g. fuel stop, CHP operator)

Which type of enterprise models are available and which legal status is appropriate regarding aspects of

o Legal capacity

o Risk management

o Credit-worthiness

o Minimum deposit

o Organisational needs

o Participation of additional shareholders like companies or residents?

A fundamental requirement for a long term plant operation is a secured

feedstock supply.

Is your feedstock supply based on own resources or is it dependent on feedstock supplier(s)?

In case your feedstock supply is based on feedstock suppliers, how many suppliers are needed to continue with operation in case of shortfall of one supplier

Which contract durations are reasonable (long-/ medium-/ short term) for balancing security and flexibility?

Is the plant technology flexible enough to handle changing feedstock and to process different types of substrate with divers parameters e.g. regarding dry matter content, contaminants / packaging residues?

Page 8 of 26

Identify specific biomethane demand in your region / country.

Is there a gas grid available

Are there natural gas mobility projects?

Are there CHP operators that may be interested in using biomethane?

Are there gas suppliers who may be interested in using biomethane

Are there special requirements the production chain has to fulfil to open specific markets (e.g. certification)?

Page 9 of 26

Don’t underestimate the process of obtaining licences and permits.

Get in contact with the responsible authorities at an early stage of the project. Determine carefully which permits are needed.

Which obstacles or objections can be expected and how can these be overcome?

Is your foreseen time schedule realistic?

Will public consultation be required?

Will an environmental impact assessment be required?

A realistic time schedule helps to prevent from collisions between

opposed interests.

How long is the period for project approval usually?

What are the time-determining project development steps?

Is your EPC supplier experienced enough to set up a realistic time schedule?

Gain public acceptance and think about participation models

How will the public be informed about the action (e. g. press release, personal discussions, civil dialogue, inauguration party)?

How will potential reservations and fears on the construction be handled?

How does the public benefit from the project (e. g. financial participation models, biomethane supply, local added value, tax earning for the community)? Are these facts communicated?

Page 10 of 26

TECHNICAL ASPECTS The search for an appropriate site location has to consider

infrastructural, organisational but also land planning aspects.

Evaluate the chosen site location regarding the following issues:

o available feedstock sources today and in the future

o developed infrastructure for transport and logistics

o short transport distances for substrate supply

o distance to appropriate gas connection point

o acceptance of residents

o visibility of the plant

Are all aspects of regional planning considered?

Is it probable that permits will be given for biomethane production at this site location?

Use state of the art technology for biogas production that suits your

purpose.

Which substrates shall be fermented? Are these substrates being perceived as competitive to food usage? Which gas yield is expected?

Is the plant flexible to process changing substrate qualities and to ensure a biological stable fermentation?

Is the plant design appropriate to efficient biogas production? Pay attention to the following:

o Does substrate pre-treatment offer chances to increase gas yield?

o Avoid gas losses by e.g. smart gas storage management, covered digestate storage tanks, high quality membrane for gas storage roof

o installing appropriate measurement equipment to control and monitor the relevant process parameters (e.g. pH, flow rate, main gas components)

Keep an emergency gas flare at the site to avoid gas emissions during unscheduled maintenance periods.

Page 11 of 26

Biogas upgrading technology has to be evaluated in detail.

Is biogas upgrading really the most efficient solution or are there appropriate heat sinks available that can be supplied by micro biogas grids or district heating systems?

Which upgrading technology is available? Which supplier offers supply and service in your country? Which company is experienced and has best references?

Which gas pre-treatment is required by the chosen upgrading technology? Think about issues such as required redundancy and warranty.

Temperature can affect plant efficiency significantly. Is the plant designed in respect of the existing climate conditions?

Do the mode of operation and the substrate composition might cause fluctuating gas quality (e. g. variable methane content, impact concentrations of trace gases and impurities)? Is the plant designed to operate smoothly and reliable under these conditions?

Is the overall energy efficiency satisfactory? Does the upgrading technology suit the grid requirements in terms of gas quality, product pressure?

Is lean gas treatment required?

Consider both investment and operating costs when developing the grid

injection concept.

Which gas requirements exist (pressure, gas quality, heating value, range of the parameters, gas stream)?

How far away is the grid connection point?

Is adjustment of heating value necessary? Which methods are possible (e.g. injection as additive or replacement gas / adding LPG / creating specific calorific value area / REKO)?

Intend a cooperative joint development of the grid connection concept together with the gas grid operator.

Page 12 of 26

Operation and maintenance, process monitoring and skilled staff ensure

the profitability and smooth operation of your biomethane project.

Is the maintenance concept elaborated?

Do clear processes and responsibilities exist?

Is skilled technical staff available to conduct scheduled and unscheduled maintenance?

Are regular safety and educational trainings scheduled?

Are there regular checks to determine emissions (also from covered digestate storages) scheduled?

How is the plant efficiency (substrate input, electricity consumption vs. output) be evaluated? How are the data received from the measurement equipment processed and used for short / medium and long term process monitoring concept

Pay attention to a well organised disposal of digestate and consumed

resources.

How can the digestate be used? Pay attention to nutrient balance and ground water protection issues. Is digestate processing (e.g. solid-liquid-separation, composting) necessary?

Are you informed about nutrient limits, storage requirements to be fulfiled?

Pay attention to a well organized disposal of used operating resources (e.g. waste water, oil, amines) according to the applicable regulations.

Quality of plant management can be increased to a significant extent by

networking and sharing information.

Partners for know how exchange might be

o Biogas / biomass associations

o Operators of pioneer plants

o R&D organisations

Which upgrading technology is available (supplier, service, references)?

Page 13 of 26

FINANCIAL ASPECTS Work out a fully auditable feasibility model and a realistic business plan.

To what amount are the capital expenditures (CAPEX) costs added?

• Project development and obtaining licenses

• Ground/land

o Biogas production equipment

o Biogas upgrading equiomen

o Compressors

o Civil works

o Grid connection

o Plant monitoring equipment

o Unforeseen

To what amount do the operational expenditures (OPEX) sum up?

o Substrate supply

o Labor and spare parts for scheduled and unscheduled maintenance

o Expenses for biomethane trade / certification

o Digestate disposal

o Finance service (interest)

o Administration

o Unforeseen

Does the business plan contain sufficient reserve for unforeseen additional costs (e.g. additional requirements on behalf of the permit) or lower than foreseen revenues?

To which extend does a project delay (e.g. delayed grid connection) influence your business plan?

Is there any cost sharing foreseen regarding expenditures for grid connection?

Is there financial support / funding available?

Choose an experienced financing institute.

Is your financing partner experienced in financing biogas projects?

Page 14 of 26

Be well prepared for negotiating with your financing partner.

Which mode of financing is appropriate (e.g. loan/ project financing /leasing of assets)?

Negotiating with financing institute may take time periods of several months. Therefore contacting the financing partner at an early stage of the project is advisable.

Are all required documents prepared?

o Feedstock supply contracts

o Biomethane sales contract

o Digestate disposal contracts

• Offer for EPC

• Offer for Civil works

• Offer for system control

• Enegineering Procurement Construction offer?

• Contract for land/ground

o Grid connection contract

o Business plan

o Permits / licenses

o O&M contracts / concept

o Insurances

Page 15 of 26

SOURCES FOR MORE INFORMATION

Analysis methods

Handbook: »Messmethodensammlung Biogas«

(engl.: Methods of measurement – methods to

determine analytical and process describing

parameters in the field of biogas)

http://www.energetische-biomassenutzung.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Ver%C3%B6ffentlichungen/07_Messmethodensamm_Biogas_web.pdf

DE 2012

Best practice projects for Waste to Biogas

IEE project »UrbanBiogas«

http://www.urbanbiogas.eu/

EN 2011

Biogas monitoring programme

Report: »Biogas Messprogramm II«

(eng.: Biogas measurement programme II)

http://mediathek.fnr.de/broschuren/bioenergie/biogas/biogas-messprogramm-ii-61-biogasanlagen-im-vergleich.html

D 2009


Report »Evaluatie van de vergisters in Nederland – deel I«

(engl.: .Evaluation of digesters in the Netherlands –

part I)

(http://www.agentschapnl.nl/sites/default/files/bijlagen/Evaluatie%20van%20de%20vergisters%20in%20Nederland%20november%202011.pdf)

NL 2011

Page 16 of 26


Report »Evaluatie van de vergisters in Nederland – deel II«

(engl.: Evaluation of digesters in the Netherlands –

part II)

(http://www.agentschapnl.nl/actueel/nieuws/rapportage-procesmonitoring-verbeterpunten-voor-vergisting)

NL 2013

Biomass potential

Report: »Využitie poľnohospodárskej biomasy na energetické účely a na trvalo udržateľný rozvoj«

(engl. Use of agricultural biomass for energy and its

effect on a sustainable development)

http://www.tsup.sk/files/vyuzitie_poln.biomasy_na_energet.ucely.pdf

SK 2010

Biomass potential

Presentation: »Potenciál biomasy pre výrobu bioplynu«

(engl.: Biomass potential for biogas production)

http://www.siea.sk/materials/files/medzinarodne/projekty/ggg/Potencial_biomasy_pre_vrobu_bioplynu.pdf

SK 2012

Biomass potential

Realiserbar biogaspotential i Sverige år 2030 genom rötning och Förgasning«

(engl.: Realizable potential of biogas in Sweden in

2030 through anaerobic digestion and gasification)

http://energigas.se/~/media/Files/www_energigas_se/Publikationer/Rapporter/BiogaspotentialSverige2030.ashx

SE 2013

Biomethane in transport sector

Brochure: »The role of natural gas and biomethane in the fuel mix of the future in Germany«

http://www.dena.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/Verkehr/Dokumente/Studie_-_The_role_of_natural_gas_and_biomethane_in_the_fuel_mix_of_the_future_in_Germany..pdf

EN 2010

Page 17 of 26

Biomethane in transport sector

IEE project »BiogasMAX«

http://www.biogasmax.de/downloads/secure/#biogasmax reports

EN 2010


Report: »Monitoring gaskwaliteit groengasinvoeding«

(engl.: Monitoring gas quality Biomethane injection)

http://www.agentschapnl.nl/sites/default/files/Rapport%20(definitief)%20-%20Monitoring%20gaskwaliteit%20groengasinvoedingen.pdf

NL 2013

Technical and financial information for Project developement

IEE project »Biomethane regions«

Online tool for estimating biomethane production costs: http://bio.methan.at/en/download_biomethane-calculator

EN 2013

Gas engine operation

Report: »SGC Rapport 286 - Extending the performance, fuel efficiency and stability of stoichiometric spark ignition natural gas engines – Gas engine research at KCFP 2007-2012«

http://www.sgc.se/ckfinder/userfiles/files/SGC286.pdf

EN 2013

Gas quality Article: »Identification of the Microbiological Community in Biogas Systems and Evaluation of Microbial Risks from Gas Usage« in Science of the Total Environment 367 (2006): 606-615., Authors: Vinneras, Björn, Caroline Schönning, and Annika Nordin.

EN 2006

Page 18 of 26

Gas quality Report: »Analyse van biogassen uit vergistingsinstallaties«

(engl.: Analysis of components in biogas from

digester plants)

http://www.agentschapnl.nl/sites/default/files/bijlagen/Analyse%20van%20biogassen%20uit%20vergistingsinstallaties.pdf

NL 2008

Gas quality Study: »Greensafe - Risico-inventarisatie van microbiologische componenten in groengas«

(engl.: Greensafe - Risk-inventory of

microbiological components in Biomethane)

http://www.netbeheernederland.nl/nieuws/nieuws-detail/?newsId=a3701585-3e37-4803-a812-0fb70f375e97

NL 2013

Grid injection Report: »Pipeline Quality Biomethane: North American Guidance Document for Interchangeability of Dairy Waste Derived Biomethane«

http://www.gastechnology.org/market_results/Pages/Dairy-Biomethane-Guidance-Documents.aspx

EN 2009

Grid injection Report: »Gasnetze der Zukunft«

(engl.: Gas grids of the future)

Study on alternative grid connection concepts for biomethane projects, e.g. adjusting calorific value

http://www.biogaspartner.de/fileadmin/biogas/Downloads/Artikel/Gasnetze_der_Zukunft_Mai2010.pdf

DE 2010

Page 19 of 26

Grid injection Report: »Groen Gas Invoeding in het Gasnet - Scenario Ontwikkeling«

(engl.: Biomethane injection into the grid – Scenario development)

http://www.agentschapnl.nl/sites/default/files/bijlagen/Groen%20Gas%20Invoeding%20in%20het%20Gasnet%20-%20Scenario%20Ontwikkeling.pdf

NL 2010

Grid injection Report: »SGC Rapport 261 Inmatning av biogas på naturgasnätet - Tekniska och ekonomiska aspekter på slopad propantillsats«

(engl.: Feeding biogas onto the national gas grid - Technical and economical aspects on omitting propane addition)


SE 2012

Grid injection Report: »SGC Rapport 246 Characterisation of contaminants in biogas before and after upgrading to vehicle gas«

http://www.sgc.se/ckfinder/userfiles/files/SGC246_eng.pdf

EN 2012

Grid injection Report: »Guidance Document for the Introduction of Landfill-Derived Renewable Gas into Natural Gas Pipelines«

http://www.gastechnology.org/market_results/Pages/Dairy-Biomethane-Guidance-Documents.aspx

EN 2012

Grid injection / gas distribution

Report: »Distributionsformer för biogas och naturgas i Sverige«

(engl.: Distribution routes for biogas and natural

gas in Sweden)

http://energigas.se/~/media/Files/www_energigas_se/Publikationer/Rapporter/Dist_rapp091113_slutlig_rev091123.ashx

SE 2009

Page 20 of 26

Grid injection / Micro gas grids

Report: »SGC Rapport 264 - Nya nätverk för biogas«

(engl.: New networks for biogas)

(Swedish summary of a raw biogas networks project, full English version not available for download)


SE 2012

Grid injection / Micro gas grids

Article: »Biogas Grids – An Intelligent Element in Efficient Utilisation of Renewable Energy«

http://www.sigrid.de/mediapool/55/553823/data/Kusch_Biogas_Grids_ARSA-2012_Proceedings.pdf

EN 2012

Heat utilisation

IEE project »Biogas Heat«

http://www.biogasheat.org/documents/

Handbook Biogas Heat

http://www.biogasheat.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2013/04/Handbook-2012-12-14-Final.pdf

EN, DE, IT, HR, CZ, PL, LV

2012

Heat utlisation Report: »Introduction and development of the Swedish district heating systems - Critical factors and lessons learned, RES-H/C Policy project report«

http://www.miljo.lth.se/svenska/publikationer/visaInfo.asp?ID=352

EN 2009

Networks for biomass projects

IEE project »BEn«

http://www.ben-project.eu/results/

D 2.2 Guidelines for successful establishment of networks

D 4.3 Technological, financial and management guide for biomass projects

EN 2009

Page 21 of 26

Plant emissions

Report: »SGC Rapport 248 - Construction, evaluation and demonstration of mobile catalytic combustion units for destruction of methane and different odour pollutants«


EN 2012

Plant emissions

Report: »SGC Rapport 282 - Metanutsläpp i den svenska fordonsgaskedjan – En nulägesanalys«

(engl.: Methane emissions in the Swedish CNG/CBG

chain – A current situation analysis)


SE 2013

RES policy development

Master thesis: »Biogas policies, incentives and barriers -a survey of the strategies of three European countries«

Survey on support schems in Germany, Sweden and Spain


EN 2010


Report: »Overview of biomethane markets and regulations in GreenGasGrids partner countries«

http://www.greengasgrids.eu/info/downloads.html

EN 2012


Report: »Biomethane guide for decision-makers - a policy guide on biogas injection into the natural gas grid«

http://www.greengasgrids.eu/info/downloads.html

EN 2013


Report »Langfristszenarien und Strategien für den Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland bei Berücksichtigung der Entwicklung in Europa und global«

(engl: Longterm scenarios and strategies for development of RES)

http://www.fvee.de/fileadmin/publikationen/Politische_Papiere_anderer/12.03.29.BMU_Leitstudie2011/BMU_Leitstudie2011.pdf

DE 2012

SNG production

Report: »SGC Rapport 281 - Small and medium scale technologies for bio-SNG production«


EN 2013

Page 22 of 26

SNG production

Report: »SGC Rapport 272 - Process development of co-production of synthetic natural gas (Green SNG) and Fischer-Tropsch diesel«


EN 2013

Substrate Pretreatment

Report: »SGC Rapport 247 Biogas from lignocellulosic biomass«


EN 2012

Substrates for biogas production

Article: »Energy crop production costs in the EU« in Biomass & Bioenergy, No. 33, pp. 1577-1586, Authors: Ericsson, K., Rosenqvist, H., Nilsson, L.J


EN 2009

Substrates for biogas production

Brochure: »Energigrödor för biogasproduktion. Del 1, odling och arealeffektivitet«

(engl.: Energy crops for biogas production, part 1:

Cultivation and area efficiency – Crops 4 biogas

research project)

http://miljo.lth.se/fileadmin/miljo/Bjornsson_Rapport_80_2012.pdf

SE 2012

Sustainability evaluation

Report: »Basisdaten zu THG Bilanzen für Biogas-Prozessketten und Erstellung neuer THG-Bilanzen«

(engl.: GHG balancing for process chains of biogas

and biomethane)

http://www.ifeu.de/oekobilanzen/pdf/THG_Bilanzen_Bio_Erdgas.pdf

DE 2008


Report: »SGC Rapport 219 - Livscykelanalys av biogas från avloppsreningsverksslam«

(engl.: Life cycle assessment of biogas from Waste

Water Treatment Sludge)


SE 2010

Page 23 of 26


Report: »Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels in Sweden«


EN 2010


Report: »Indirekt förändrad markanvändning och biodrivmedel – en kunskapsöversikt«

(engl.: Indirect land use change and biofuels – a

review)


SE 2011


Report: »Challenges and opportunities for future production of food, feed and biofuel- A land use perspective«


EN 2011


Report: »SGC Rapport 257 Livscykelanalys av biogas från restprodukter«

(engl.: Life Cycle Assessment of biogas produced

from residues)


SE 2012


IEE project »Big>East«

Biogas Handbook

http://www.big-east.eu/downloads/downloads.html

EN, HR, BG, RO

2008


NGVA Europe Position Paper »Biomethane - The renewable natural gas«

http://www.ngvaeurope.eu/members/position-papers/NGVA-Europe-Position-Paper-on-Biomethane.pdf

EN 2010

Page 24 of 26


Brochure: »Aan de slag met groen gas. Informatie voor initiatiefnemers«

(engl.:Getting started with biomethane.

Information for entrepreneurs)

http://www.agentschapnl.nl/sites/default/files/bijlagen/Aan%20de%20slag%20met%20groen%20gas.%20Informatie%20voor%20initiatiefnemers.pdf

NL 2010


Report: »Biogas ur gödsel, avfall och restprodukter - goda svenska exempel«

(engl.: Biogas from manure, waste and residual

products – Swedish best practice)

http://energigas.se/~/media/Files/www_energigas_se/Publikationer/Rapporter/GodaExempel2012_Rapport6518.ashx

SE 2012


Report: »SGC Rapport 249 - Teknisk och ekonomisk utvärdering av lantbruksbaserad fordonsgasproduktion«

(engl.: Technical and economical evaluation of

agricultural fuel gas production)


SE 2012


Handbook: »Guide to biogas«

http://mediathek.fnr.de/broschuren/fremdsprachige-publikationen/english-books/guide-to-biogas-from-production-to-use.html

EN 2012


Brochure: »Biomethan«

http://mediathek.fnr.de/biomethan.html

DE 2012


Presentation: »Ekonomika BPS (Financial figures) «

http://www.siea.sk/materials/files/medzinarodne/projekty/ggg/2_seminar/Gyongyova_GGG_Ekonomika_BPS.pdf

SK 2012


Brochure: »biogaspartner – a joint initiative. Biogas Grid Injection in Germany and Europe – Market, technology and Players«

http://www.dena.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/Erneuerbare/Dokumente/biogaspartner_a_joint_initiative_2013.pdf

DE, EN 2013

Page 25 of 26

Upgrading technology

Brochure: »Biogas upgrading to vehicle fuel standards and grid injection«

http://www.iea-biogas.net/files/daten-redaktion/download/publi-task37/upgrading_report_final.pdf

EN 2006


Report: »Biogaseinspeisung«

(engl.: Biogas injection)

http://www.biogaseinspeisung.de/ ergebnisse/bericht/

Volume 3: SNG methanation - technological and economical analysis of thermochemical gas production and upgrading

Volume 4: Technologies and costs of biogas injection

DE 2008


Brochure: »Biogas upgrading technologies – developments and innovations«

http://www.iea-biogas.net/files/daten-redaktion/download/publi-task37/upgrading_rz_low_final.pdf

EN 2009


Report: »SGC Rapport 285 - Biogas med kolmembranuppgradering för optimerad biogasanvändning på lantbruk«

(engl.: Biogas with carbon-membrane upgrading for

optimised biogas utilisation on farms)


SE 2013


Report: »SGC Rapport 280 In-situ methane enrichment of raw biogas in the anaerobic digestion process«


EN 2013


Report: »SGC Rapport 277 Carbon dioxide removal in indirect gasification«


EN 2013


Report: »SGC Rapport 270 Biogas upgrading - Review of commercial technologies«


EN 2013

Page 26 of 26

GLOSSARY CAPEX Capital expenditures

CHP Gas engine for cogeneration of heat and power

Digestate Nutrient rich residues from processed biogas substrates; suitable to be used as fertilizer

OPEX

O&M

Operational expenditures

Operation and maintanance

R&D Research and Development

REKO Computer-based monitoring of calorific value

WP Work package

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