12
30 40 50 60 70 Guidelines on Managing Speeds in Work Zones
30405060 70
Guidelineson
Managing
Speeds
in
Work Zones
30405060 70
This document summarizes available guidance on setting speed limitsand managing speeds in work zones. The Manual on Uniform TrafficControl Devices (MUTCD) states that “reduced speed zoning (loweringthe regulatory speed limit) should be avoided as much as practical because drivers will reduce their speeds only if they clearly perceive aneed to do so.” However, the determination of work zone speed limitsis typically based on state laws, agency policies and engineering judg‐ment. Many factors impact the decision to reduce the regulatoryspeed limit in a work zone, implement speed limit management strate‐gies and utilize speed reduction strategies. The information presentedin this guide is intended to aid agencies and highway contractors in understanding these factors and the interactions among them.
This document is organized into the following sections:
•Do Slower Speeds Improve Work Zone Safety?
•How Are Drivers Told They Need to Slow Down?
•When Are Slower Speeds Important in Work Zones?
•Should Reduced Speed Limits/Advisories Continue After the WorkShift is Over?
•What If Speed Limits in Work Zones Need to Be Changed Frequentlyto Match Conditions?
•Is Posting Reduced Speed Limits Enough to Get Drivers to SlowDown Voluntarily in Work Zones?
•How Does Law Enforcement Affect Speeds In Work Zones?
•What If Law Enforcement Is Not Available?
•What Other Safety Tools Can be Used to Improve Work Zone Safety?
•Decision Tool for Managing Speeds in Work Zones.
•An Example Approach to Managing Speeds in Work Zones.
_________________Refer to http://www.workzonesafety.org for a copy of this document.
01020
30405060 70 80
90100110120130
140MPH
Guidelines on Managing Speeds in Work ZonesIn a recent survey, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) members
and other highway construction industry experts identified the need for better guidance on setting speed limits
and managing speeds in work zones. A fundamental principle of temporary traffic control is
that road user movement should be inhibited as little as practical. However, reducing
vehicle speeds in work zones is often important when workers are exposed to moving
traffic without positive protection (e.g., barrier wall) or when roadway restrictions
and work operations present increased risks to roadway users. Unfortunately, getting
drivers to slow down through a work zone is neither easy nor inexpensive.
In some work zone situations, slower speeds are not needed to maintain the safety of
workers and road users (such as when the workers and other hazards are not present). In
other work zone situations, slower speeds may be needed only during certain conditions (such as a lane
closure). When slower speeds are not needed, devices used to reduce speeds should be covered, turned off or
removed so that traffic can flow at normal speeds.
Do Slower Speeds Improve Work Zone Safety?It is generally accepted that the safety of both workers and road users is improved in work zones when traffic
is going slower. Logically, crashes and their resulting injuries are likely to be less severe at lower speeds. In
addition, a driver traveling at a slower speed has more time to react and recover in emergency situations. Slower
speeds also reduce wind effects of large trucks and provide
workers more time to react should a vehicle intrusion occur.
However, slower speeds in work zones may also reduce the
roadway capacity and cause localized congestion, which, in
turn, can increase the potential for rear-end crashes.
While the speed of traffic can affect crash frequency and
severity, speed variance is also an important factor. Traffic
moving along at a uniform pace, albeit somewhat faster, may
be safer than traffic moving at slower, non-uniform speeds,
which increases the potential for conflicts between vehicles. Likewise, abrupt reductions in speed, especially if
unexpected by drivers, increase the risk of rear-end collisions and other conflicts, such as vehicles swerving out
of their travel lane.
How Are Drivers Told They Need to Slow Down?Drivers are told that they need to slow down in work zones through the use of reduced
speed limits, speed advisories and other techniques. Regulatory speed limit signs are
used to inform drivers of the legal speed limit in a work zone, while advisory speed
plaques mounted below warning signs inform drivers of the recommended safe maxi-
mum speed for specific conditions. When in effect, reduced speed limits should beenforced and public relations campaigns should be used to alert drivers of enforce‐ment efforts. It is important to cover or remove any existing regulatory speed limits or
advisory speeds that conflict with the temporary work zone speed limits or advisories.
1
G i v e U s A
BRAKE
Wo rk i n g Fo r Yo u
When Are Slower Speeds Important in Work Zones?Overall, the goal is to identify a speed that is safe and reasonable for the current conditions. Slower speedsare needed in work zones when workers are exposed to moving traffic without positive protection orwhen roadway restrictions and work operations present increased risks to roadway users. Reduced speed
limits should be considered for the fol-
lowing work zone conditions:
• workers are located near anopen travel lane without positive protection;
• temporary traffic barrier or pavementedge drop off near an open travel lane;
• narrow lanes;
• lane closures;
• temporary crossovers; and
• unexpected conditions (such as access/egress points, trafficcongestion and crash history).
Reduced speed limits and advisories should only be used in the specific portion of the work zone where conditions or restrictive features are present. The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) recommends a maximum speed limit reduction of 10 mph unless restrictive conditions in the work zone justifya greater reduction. Individual state laws and practices vary considerably regarding the amount of allowablespeed limit reduction and the conditions under which reductions may be used.
Should Reduced Speed Limits/Advisories Continue After the Work Shift Is Over?Reduced speed limits or advisories should be left in place after the work shift
is over only if roadway restrictions still present a hazard. Failure to remove
these signs when they are not needed leads to reduced credibility of speed
limits, decreased compliance with speed control and other temporary
traffic control devices in the work zone, greater variation in vehicle
speeds and negative public opinion of work zones. In order to maintain the credibility of work zone speed limits and advisories, signs and other devices and technologies used to reduce speeds should be covered or removed when no work is occurring and other hazards are not present. It is
also important to keep accurate records of when reduced regulatory speed limits
and advisories are installed or removed in a work zone. This information may
be needed for effective speed enforcement and may also be relevant in evalua-
ting safety and mobility issues in the work zone whenever a crash occurs or
congestion develops.
2
What If Speed Limits in Work Zones Need to Be Changed Frequently to Match Conditions?Covering or removing signs can be a very tedious task to complete on a daily or weekly basis. This task may
also interfere with normal traffic flow and expose workers to traffic hazards. The following new technologies
can be used more easily to vary the speed limit to match conditions:
• static speed limit signs with flashing beacons (flashing beacons are activated when the reduced speed limit isin effect, similar to school zone beacons);
• roll-up speed limit signs that can be mounted on portable sign stands; and
• variable speed limit signs.
Currently, some state laws and procedures may prevent the use of some of these devices. While indicationsare that these technologies are effective, additional research is needed to further examine their effectiveness and practicality.
Is Posting Reduced Speed Limits Enough to Get Drivers to Slow DownVoluntarily in Work Zones?One of the biggest misconceptions in work zone speed management is that
simply lowering the speed limit will actually reduce drivers’ speeds. Unfortu-
nately, numerous studies have shown that posting a reduced speed limit sign
by itself does not slow drivers down. Drivers reduce their speeds throughthe work zone only when they perceive a need to do so, based on condi‐tions in the work zone or the perception of enforcement activities. Typi-
cally, drivers slow down when large equipment and work crews are located
close to moving traffic, when roadway restrictions such as temporary
crossovers or narrowed lanes are in place or when temporary traffic barriers
are near the edge of the lane. It is the situation they see, and not the reduced
speed limit sign itself, that causes drivers to reduce their speeds. However, such voluntary speed reductions are
typically less than 10 mph and often closer to 5 mph (Table 1). Thus, when normal operating speeds on
the roadway are high, these voluntary speed reductions alone may not produce the desired speeds through the
work zone. Unfortunately, simply posting even lower speed limits does not necessarily further reduce speeds.
3
P6921P6921
WHENFLASHING P6921
Table 1. Potential Voluntary Speed Reductions for Various Work Zone Conditions.
How Does Law Enforcement Affect Speeds in Work Zones?The presence of law enforcement in work zones can yield up to a
15 mph decrease in some situations (though average speed reduc-
tions of about 5 to 10 mph are more common). Locating law
enforcement officers in marked vehicles in a work zone will
typically reduce speeds in the immediate vicinity as long as the
enforcement is present. To achieve continuous and lastingspeed reductions throughout the work zone, especially wheredrivers do not perceive the need to slow down, active enforce‐ment that results in citations to speeders is necessary. Thus,
speed enforcement can achieve reasonable compliance with posted work zone speed limits. Since law enforce-
ment personnel are not always available, several states have implemented legislation to allow the use of auto-
mated speed enforcement to issue citations in work zones.
What If Law Enforcement Is Not Available?When law enforcement is not available, other speed management technologies can be used to encourage compliance. These technologies include:
• speed display trailers;
• portable changeable message signs (PCMS) with radar;
• citizen band (CB) radio information systems;
• transverse rumble strips;
Most of these technologies reduce speeds by only a few miles-per-hour; however, in some cases radar activated
speed displays have been shown to reduce speeds by 10 mph (Table 2). Even when only very small speed
reductions are achieved, these techniques may effectively alert drivers to an upcoming change in the highway
environment and thus achieve the safety benefit of an alerted driver.
4
Work Zone Condition
Work Zone Reduced Speed Limit Sign
Barrier Near Inside Travel Lane
Lane Encroachment
Lane Closure
Construction Vehicle Access/Egress Location
Temporary Crossover
Two‐Lane, Two‐Way Barrier Separated Traffic
Potential Voluntary Speed Reduction*
0 to 3 mph
0 to 3 mph
1 to 5 mph
1 to 7 mph
5 to 6 mph
4 to 9 mph
7 to 9 mph
• drone radar;
• narrowing lanes with channelizing devices; and
• transverse pavement markings.
* The speed reductions listed are based on a study conducted in Texas. Operating speeds upstream of the workzones ranged from 60 mph to 77 mph.
Table 2. Potential Speed Reductions for Various Speed Management Techniques.
* The speed reductions listed are based on a number of studies, and the results vary considerably.
What Other Safety Tools Can be Used to Improve Work Zone Safety?Tools that reduce vehicle speeds in work zones are not the only strategies and
techniques used to improve safety for workers and road users. Some states
have enacted laws that increase penalties for work zone violations
(e.g., double fine laws and suspension of license). Other tools
include removing or reducing the interaction between workers and
motorists, improving the visibility of the work zone, improving travel
path delineation, using intrusion countermeasures, managing worker
safety, and providing public information.
Decision Tool for Managing Speeds in Work ZonesChart 1 provides a decision tool to assist practitioners with managing speeds in work zones. Engineering judgment, as well as individual state laws and practices, should be used to determine the
appropriate speed limit, speed limit management strategies, and speed reduction strategies for each work zone.
In cases where state practices do not provide specific guidance on speed limit reductions in work zones,
practitioners may reference National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Results
Digest Number 192 which contains a procedure for determining work zone speed limits.
5
Speed Management Technique
CB Radio Information Systems
Narrow Lanes With Channelizing Devices
Transverse Pavement Markings
Portable Changeable Message Sign With Radar
Drone Radar
Transverse Rumble Strips
Speed Display Trailers
Potential Speed Reduction*
0 to 2 mph
0 to 5 mph
0 to 5 mph
0 to 6 mph
2 to 3 mph
2 to 5 mph
2 to 10 mph
Chart 1. Decision Tool for Managing Speeds in Work Zones.
6
STAR
T HE
RE
Do n
ot n
eed
spee
d re
duct
ion
stra
tegi
es
Do n
ot re
duce
spee
d lim
it
Impl
emen
t spe
ed
redu
ctio
n st
rate
gies
Will
wor
kers
be
next
to m
ovin
g tr
affic
with
out p
ositi
ve p
rote
ctio
nor
will
road
way
rest
rictio
nspr
esen
t inc
reas
ed ri
skto
road
way
user
s?
Will
ther
e be
tim
esdu
ring
whi
ch w
orke
rs&
road
way
rest
rictio
nsar
e no
tpr
esen
t?
Are
driv
ers e
xpec
ted
tovo
lunt
arily
slow
dow
nw
ithin
5 m
ph o
f the
wor
kzo
ne sp
eed
limit?
Are
the
spee
d re
duct
ion
stra
tegi
es e
xpec
ted
tore
duce
spee
ds w
ithin
5 m
phof
the
wor
k zo
nesp
eed
limit?
Cons
ider
an
appr
opria
tesp
eed
limit
redu
ctio
n
Leav
e re
duce
d sp
eed
limit
sign
s in
plac
e
Cons
ider
use
of s
peed
redu
ctio
n st
rate
gies
. Law
enf
orce
men
t. D
river
feed
back
dev
ices
. Per
cept
ual m
etho
ds
Impl
emen
t a re
duce
d sp
eed
limit
man
agem
ent s
trat
egy
. Cov
er o
r rem
ove
sign
s. U
se n
ew te
chno
logi
es
Reco
nsid
erm
agni
tude
of
spee
d lim
itre
duct
ion
An Example Approach to Managing Speeds in Work ZonesThe New York State Department of Transportation’s (NYSDOT) guidance on setting speed limits and managing
speeds in work zones is summarized below and is included herein only as an example of one state’s policies and
procedures. More information regarding NYSDOT’s policies and procedures can be found in Chapter 16 of the
NYSDOT Highway Design Manual and NYSDOT Engineering Instruction (EI) 08-030.
Setting Speed Limits in Work Zones
• Speed limit reductions in work zones should be used only when necessary and should be appropriate to theconditions or restrictive features present.
• Advisory speeds that warn drivers of potential hazardous conditions are preferred to regulatory speed
reductions.
• When an advisory speed or reduction in the regulatory speed limit is warranted, the speed limit should not be reduced more than 10 mph below the preconstruction posted speed limit, unless an engineering studyshows that the geometric conditions warrant a greater speed reduction.
• Advisory or regulatory speed limit reductions shall be posted only when the conditions necessitating the reduced speed are actually present.
• Work zone traffic control should be designed to provide work zone geometric transitions, sight distance, lanewidth, and superelevation that result in a work zone speed limit that meets or exceeds the design speed orpreconstruction posted speed limit plus 5 mph in order to minimize speed differential of vehicles enteringthe work zone.
• Chart 2 is used by NYSDOT to assist in determining the need for reduced regulatory speed limits in work zones.
Managing Speeds in Work ZonesBeginning in 2006, NYSDOT focused on reducing operating speedsin excess of posted work zone speed limits through the use of:
• state police presence and enforcement in “major active workzones”;
• radar speed display signs or radar-equipped PCMS in “major active work zones”; and
• “Loss of License” signs.
A “major active work zone” is defined as a work zone having thefollowing conditions:
• work on a fully controlled access roadway with preconstructionspeed limit of 55 mph or greater and
• workers on foot in the roadway and not predominantlyseparated from traffic by positive protection such as temporaryconcrete barrier.
7
Chart 2. Example Procedure – NYSDOT Work Zone Regulatory Speed Limit Reduction Flow Chart.
8
WO
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ZO
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RE
GU
LA
TO
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SP
EE
DL
IMIT
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FL
OW
CH
AR
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and
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EN
GT
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FT
HE
AC
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AR
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>½
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DU
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IN
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GU
LA
TO
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SP
EE
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WORKZONE
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LIM
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XX
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S
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OR
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EA
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SIG
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PE
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OR
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E
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ON
ST
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CT
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SP
EE
DL
IMIT
PL
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5M
PH
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OM
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ISA
FR
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WA
Y
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NC
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IMIT
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LIM
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WORKZONE
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ed
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rkZ
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*
STA
RT
NO
TE
S:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
30405060 70
How Can I Locate More Information Regarding This Topic?
Federal Highway Administration Work Zone Mobility and Safety Program
website. http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/wz/index.asp.
Federal Highway Administration Speed Management Safety website.
http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/speedmgt/.
Federal Highway Administration Work Zone Peer-to-Peer Program.
http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/wz/p2p/index.htm.
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/.
Engineering Countermeasures for Reducing Speeds: A Desktop Reference of
Potential Effectiveness. Federal Highway Administration, May 2009.
http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/speedmgt/ref_mats/eng_count/.
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Results Digest Number 192. Transportation Research Board, National Research
Council, Washington, D.C., September 1996. Available upon request from
NCHRP staff.
Finley, M.D., L. Theiss, N.D. Trout, and G.L. Ullman. Studies to Improve
the Management of Regulatory Speed Limits in Texas Work Zones. Research
Report 0-5561-1. Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas,
December 2008. http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-5561-1.pdf.
Highway Design Manual Chapter 16 – Maintenance and Protection of Traffic in
Highway Work Zones. New York State Department of Transportation, Albany,
New York, January, 20, 2006.
https://www.nysdot.gov/divisions/engineering/design/dqab/hdm.
Engineering Instruction (EI) 08-030 Work Zone Speed Limit Reductions. New
York State Department of Transportation, Albany, New York, September 9,
2008. https://www.nysdot.gov/main/business-center/consultants/forms-publica-
tions-and-instructions/engineering-information-issuance-system/ei-
repository/ei08030.pdf.
Developed By:
The Roadway Safety Consortium202‐628‐5465
www.workzonesafety.org
Laborers’ International Union of North AmericaLaborers’ Health and Safety Fund of North America
LIUNA Training and Education FundAmerican Road and Transportation Builders Association
National Asphalt Pavement AssociationInternational Union of Operating Engineers
American Association of State Highwayand Transportation Officials
Texas Transportation InstituteFOF Communications
This material is based upon work supported by the Federal Highway Administration
under Grant Agreement No. DTFH61‐06‐G‐00007.
Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed inthis publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflectthe view of the Federal Highway Administration. This publication does notconstitute a national standard, specification or regulation.
U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
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