GUIDELINES ON SITUATION ANALYSIS FOR PUBLIC … · GUIDELINES ON SITUATION ANALYSIS FOR PUBLIC...

WHO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP/2005.12

GUIDELINES ON

SITUATION ANALYSIS

FOR PUBLIC HEALTH

PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL,

PREVENTION AND ERADICATIONWHO PESTICIDE EVALUATION SCHEME (WHOPES)

© World Health Organization 2005

All rights reserved.

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All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health

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However, the published material is being distributed without warranty

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from its use.

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. OBJECTIVE OF THE GUIDELINES 3

3. METHODOLOGY FOR A SITUATION

ANALYSIS ON PUBLIC HEALTH

PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT 4

3.1 Scope of the analysis 4

3.2 Identifying core information required 4

3.2.1 Assessment of the legislative control

of public health pesticides 4

3.2.2 Assessment of other chemical-related

legal instruments that are relevant

to the management of

public health pesticides 7

3.2.3 Assessment of vector and public

health pest management 7

3.2.4 Assessment of activities by

research institutions, industry and

civil society organizations in the

management of public health pesticides 10

3.2.4.1 Research institutions 10

3.2.4.2 Industry (pesticide and

application equipment) 10

3.2.4.3 Civil society organizations 11

3.2.5 Assessment of participation in

international conventions and

agreements related to

pesticide management 11

3.2.6 Assessment of other relevant

pesticide management activities 12

3.2.6.1 Pesticide poisoning 12

3.2.6.2 Public education 12

3.2.6.3 Collaboration with international,

regional or bilateral

organizations/countries on

pesticide (including public health

pesticide) management 13

3.2.6.4 Information exchange/

consultation 13

3.2.6.5 Formulation and repackaging 13

3.2.6.6 Pesticide storage and

waste management,

including disposal 14

3.2.7 Assessment of financial resources

available and required for public

health pesticide management 15

3.2.8 Assessment of other relevant

information 15

3.3 Process methodology 16

3.3.1 Establishment of a task force

responsible for the analysis 17

3.3.2 Identification of stakeholders/partners 17

3.3.3 Development of a stakeholder

involvement plan 19

3.3.4 Selection of experts to perform

the analysis 19

3.3.5 Identification of key information

providers 20

3.4 Analysis of information collected and

report writing 20

GLOSSARY 23

ANNEX 1. CORE INFORMATION REQUIRED 27

USEFUL REFERENCES 31

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Department of Communicable Disease Control, Prevention

and Eradication (CPE) of the World Health Organization

(WHO) wishes to thank the following individuals for their

critical review of this publication and for their valuable

comments and suggestions:

- Dr R.R. Abeyasinghe, Anti-Malaria Campaign

Directorate, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka

- Dr N. Besbelli, WHO Programme on Chemical Safety,

Geneva, Switzerland

- Dr M.K. Cham, WHO Roll Back Malaria, Geneva,

Switzerland

- Dr J.W. Huismans, Oostkapelle, Netherlands

- Mr Y. Ismail, Pesticide Control Division, Department of

Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

- Mr H. Mahmud, Pesticide Control Division, Department

of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

- Mr G. Manuweera, Registrar of Pesticides, Peradeniya,

Sri Lanka

- Mrs S. Muhammad, Pesticide Control Division,

Department of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

- Dr M. Nathan, Communicable Disease Control,

Prevention and Eradication, Geneva, Switzerland

- Mr T.A. Seng, Vector-Borne Disease Control

Programme, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia

- Dr A. Sundén-Byléhn, United Nations Environment

Programme (UNEP) Chemicals, Geneva, Switzerland

- Ms N. Tajol Aros, Pesticide Control Division,

Department of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

- Mr S. H. Tan, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

- Dr G. Vaagt, Pesticide Management Group, Food and

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),

Rome, Italy

ii

- Dr J. Williams, WHO Roll Back Malaria, Geneva,

Switzerland

- Dr M. Zaim, WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme

(WHOPES), Communicable Disease Control, Prevention

and Eradication, Geneva, Switzerland

CPE extends its sincere appreciation to the Registrar of

Pesticides, Ministry of Agriculture, and to the Anti-Malaria

Campaign Directorate of the Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka,

where the guidelines were first field-tested, for their constructive

suggestions.

This publication has been funded by Roll Back Malaria (RBM)

and the Global Collaboration for Development of Pesticides for

Public Health (GCDPP).

1

1. INTRODUCTION

The use of pesticides is an important component in the

integrated approach to control vectors and pests of public health

importance. Effective management of these public health

pesticides has become an increasingly important priority for

Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) as a

result of the dwindling arsenal of safe and cost-effective

pesticides and the growing challenges arising from their

management under decentralized health systems. The increasing

use of pesticides by individuals and communities for personal

protection and vector control is a further challenge to pesticide

management.

Pesticide management involves the regulatory control, proper

handling, supply, transport, storage, application, use and waste

management and disposal of pesticides to minimize adverse

environmental effects and human exposure. WHO Guidelines on

the management of public health pesticides1 promote pesticide

management practices that minimize health and environmental

risk, as well as promoting judicious use of the pesticides. The

guidelines are intended to assist Member States with sound

management of public health pesticides and the implementation

of the International code of conduct on the distribution and use

of pesticides.2

Public health pesticides include vector control pesticides,

household insecticides and professional pest management

pesticides. While the majority of Member States have legislation

for the control of agricultural pesticides, a significant number of

1 Guidelines on the management of public health pesticides. Report of the

WHO Interregional Consultation, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 25 28 February

2003 (draft) . Geneva, World Health Organization, 2003

(WHO/CDS/WHOPES/2003.7).2 International code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides

(revised version). Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the

United Nations, 2003.

2

countries have yet to establish such regulations for public health

pesticides.3 Cost-effective and optimized use of limited national

resources for effective regulation and management of pesticides

(agricultural as well as public health pesticides) is a challenge

that requires priority action by most Member States.

Increasing concern over the environmental impacts of pesticide

use, as evidenced by multilateral environmental agreements

such as the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic

pollutants,4 also denotes the urgent need for capacity

strengthening for effective management of public health

pesticides.

While significant steps have been taken by Member States in

recent years to improve pesticide management practices, major

weaknesses still exist, predominantly in developing countries.

Situation analysis is the crucial first step in needs assessment

and the development and execution of a realistic national action

plan for strengthening public health pesticide management

practices.

Situation analysis is a process of gathering and analysing

information on the existing legal, institutional, administrative

and technical infrastructure and available national expertise

across key sectors to address an identified priority issue.

Applied to public health pesticide management, it will provide

insight into shortcomings and limitations, as well as potential

opportunities and challenges that may be faced in development

and execution of an action plan for strengthening such practices.

Situation analysis would also reveal potential overlaps and

identify relevant existing structures upon which new activities

could be built.

3 Public health pesticide management practices by WHO Member States.

Report of a survey 2003 2004. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004

(WHO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP/2004.7).4 Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. Geneva, United

Nations Environment Programme, 2001.

3

These guidelines are addressed to ministries of health and

national pesticide regulatory authorities, which should have the

overall responsibility of initiating the analysis and the

implementation of its outcome. Other national stakeholders

whose actions or mandate impact on the effective management

of public health pesticides should be involved in this process.

These may include other government sectors, the private sector

and academia as well as civil society organizations.

2. OBJECTIVE OF THE GUIDELINES

The objective of this document is to provide guidance in the

performance of a situation analysis aimed at identifying the

weaknesses, strengths and needs for strengthening a country’s

public health pesticide management practices. It identifies the

key steps in the planning process and outlines a methodology for

such analysis. It provides:

1) A scope of the analysis

2) Core information to be obtained

3) The process methodology to be followed, including:

establishment of a task force responsible for the

analysis;

identification of stakeholders/partners;

development of a stakeholder involvement plan;

selection of experts to perform the analysis;

identification of key sectors/informants;

analysis of information and report writing.

4

3. METHODOLOGY FOR A SITUATION

ANALYSIS ON PUBLIC HEALTH

PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT

3.1 Scope of the analysis

To facilitate a comprehensive situation analysis, there is a need

to identify the scope of information that should to be collected.

This will help to determine the processes that will be appropriate

for carrying out the analysis. Annex 1 summarizes the range of

critical information areas that should be assessed. This list is

further detailed in Section 3.2. It is to be noted, however, that

this list is not comprehensive and may require additional

information to meet the specific needs of each country. In the

same way, the processes that are suggested in these guidelines

(Section 3.3) should be adapted and expanded, as necessary, to

meet the requirements of individual countries.

3.2 Identifying core information required

Sections 3.2.1–3.2.8 detail the core information needed for the

situation analysis. This information may be collected through

literature reviews, personal communications, interviews or

focussed group discussions, site visits, etc. A comprehensive

national chemicals profile, if one has been prepared, could serve

as a good starting point for the analysis. The information

collection should also provide opportunities to list identified

shortfalls regarding public health pesticide management that are

identified by the respondents.

3.2.1 Assessment of the legislative control of public health

pesticides

- Describe the existing legal instrument(s) that address the

regulation of the following elements of public health

pesticide management, specifying the name of legal

5

instrument, relevant articles/provisions and responsible

enforcement agencies.

- registration;

- importation;

- formulation and repackaging;

- storage and transport;

- distribution;

- waste management, including disposal of

pesticide containers;

- licensing;

- control of labelling;

- control of unauthorized use of pesticides;

- control of pesticide advertisements;

- control of professional pest control operators;

- control of quality of pesticides;

- monitoring of pesticide residues in food and the

environment;

- control of public health pesticide application

equipment.

Also describe the existing legal instruments for the

control of other groups of pesticides (e.g. agricultural

pesticides).

- Are public health pesticides registered? If so, describe

the registration process (risk assessment, efficacy,

timeline, fees, etc.) taking note of the agencies involved.

Provide information on the committees and

subcommittees involved as well as their responsibilities,

secretariat, members and legislative mandate or

objective. State if the registration of public health

pesticides is carried out by the same authority as that of

agricultural pesticides.

- Are public health pesticide products registered for

specific uses/applications? If so, provide the list of

6

registered vector control pesticides, household

insecticide and professional pest management pesticides.

State whether registered public health pesticides are

gazetted and the list made publicly available.

- Do mechanisms exist to control entry into the country of

public health pesticides, including collaboration with

customs departments and neighbouring countries? If so,

is there is an official web site for the pesticide regulatory

authority? Provide the uniform resource locator (URL)

and briefly describe the types of information available.

Does the site also provide information on public health

pesticides? Are there other official web sites that contain

information on pesticide regulation in the country?

- Is there a tax and/or tariff imposed on imported

pesticides and application equipment? State if it is the

same for agricultural pesticides, household insecticides,

vector control pesticides and professional pest

management pesticides.

- Is there an authorized quality control laboratory for

pesticides in the country? If so, provide the name(s) of

the laboratory, its location, number and qualification of

technical staff, number and type analysis (registration,

import control and market sampling) carried out in the

past year on household insecticides, vector control

pesticides and professional pest management pesticides.

- Is there an authorized laboratory to carry out pesticide

residue analysis in food and environmental samples? If

so, provide the name of the laboratory, its location,

number and qualification of technical staff, type and

number of analysis carried out in the past year. List any

other laboratories that carry out pesticide residue

analysis in food and the environment.

7

- Is there a certification scheme for public health pesticide

application equipment? If so, briefly describe the scheme

and name the responsible authority. Provide the name of

the testing centre(s), location, number and qualification

of technical staff, and type and number of equipment

tested in the past year.

3.2.2 Assessment of other chemical-related legal instruments

that are relevant to the management of public health

pesticides

- Specify and describe any other legal instruments that

address elements of pesticide management. For each

instrument, specify the objectives of the legislation,

relevant articles/provisions, responsible ministries or

bodies, pesticide use categories covered and the

enforcement agency.

- Occupational safety and health

- Environmental protection

- Transportation of hazardous chemicals

- Others (specify).

3.2.3 Assessment of vector and public health pest management

- What are the major vector-borne diseases in the country?

Describe briefly how the vector control/management

activities are planned, implemented, monitored and

evaluated. Provide organizational charts showing all

categories of officers involved in such activities,

including numbers and qualifications at different levels.

Indicate also the target staff requirements, vacancies and

constraints in human resources.

- Is there a vector control group at the central level that

can provide policy and technical support to vector-borne

disease control programmes? If so, provide the number

8

and professional qualifications of officers/members and

terms of reference.

- Describe any collaboration between the ministry of

health and the pesticide regulatory authority with

training institutions on public health pesticides. List the

number and nature of activities carried out in the past

year.

- Has integrated vector management (IVM) been adopted

as the strategy for vector-borne disease control? If so,

name the leading agency and briefly describe the process

and mechanism used for its implementation. Provide a

copy of the national strategy or action plan. Please

indicate if integrated pest management (IPM) is practised

in the country.

- Describe any in-service training of managers in charge of

vector control. List the number and the scope of training

provided in the past year.

- Describe the procurement procedure of vector control

pesticides and application equipment. Briefly discuss

how decisions on procurement and use are being made.

If centrally procured, name the responsible agency/unit

and state if procurement is through tender. List any

limitations in the existing procedure of procurement. If

not centrally procured, provide information on who

makes the decision and how the procurement is carried

out. Describe the mechanism in place to check the

quality of the products.

- Are statistics on imported or locally manufactured vector

control pesticides, professional pest management

pesticides and household insecticides available? If so,

obtain a copy of the statistics for the past year.

9

- For which vector-borne disease programmes are records

of usage of vector control pesticides available? For each

disease, obtain a copy of record of usage for the past

year according to the compound, formulation type and

concentration, type of application and amount of

formulated/active ingredient used. State, with reasons,

the vector-borne disease programmes for which such

pesticide usage data are not available.

- Name the vectors and/or pests for which public health

pesticides are mainly used; provide the latest information

on susceptibility status (name the target species and the

pesticide to which susceptibility was last determined).

Describe the process/procedure for routine monitoring

and management of pesticide resistance. Name the

unit/institution that is responsible for such activities.

- Are there are official guidelines on the use/application of

public health pesticides? If so, provide a list of

publication with title, year of publication, target group

and brief description of the content.

- What mechanism and procedure is in place to routinely

monitor the effectiveness of pesticide application in

different vector control programmes?

- Is monitoring of operator exposure to vector control

pesticides carried out? If so, state the name of the

implementing agency, list the name of pesticides

monitored, year of monitoring and number of cases

monitored for each pesticide.

- Are there schemes for training and certification of:

a) vector control personnel and b) pest control operators?

If so, provide the name of the national agency/unit(s)

responsible for the training and the certification, and a

list of the more recent training activities as well as scope

10

of training. How many such certificates have been issued

in the past year?

- Are municipalities involved in vector/public health pest

control operations? If so, provide organizational charts

showing all categories of officers involved in such

activities, including numbers and qualifications at

different levels. Describe briefly how the vector

management activities are planned. What mechanism

and procedure is in place to routinely monitor the

effectiveness of pesticide applications? Provide

information on who makes the decision and how the

procurement is carried out. Describe the mechanism in

place to check on the quality of the product.

3.2.4 Assessment of activities by research institutions, industry

and civil society organizations in the management of

public health pesticides

3.2.4.1 Research institutions

- Provide the names of research institutions in the country

that carry out research on public health pesticides and

state briefly the nature of their research. Also indicate if

such research is conducted in collaboration with the

ministry of health, the pesticide regulatory authority and

other relevant government agencies.

3.2.4.2 Industry (pesticide and application equipment)

- Is there a national association of pesticide

manufacturers/retailers? If so, provide the name and

contact details, as well as the number of members of the

association. Specify if the association is a member of an

international or regional association, and briefly describe

any pesticide product stewardship programme carried

out by them in the past year, with special emphasis on

11

public health pesticides. Also briefly describe the

collaboration of the association with the pesticide

regulatory authority and the ministry of health. If the

association has a web site, provide the URL.

3.2.4.3 Civil society organizations

- Are there civil society organizations in the country

associated with pesticides? If so, provide their name and

contact details (including URL, if any), and briefly

describe the activities of each in support of management

of public health pesticides. Also briefly describe the

collaboration of the organization with the pesticide

regulatory authority and the ministry of health.

3.2.5 Assessment of participation in international conventions

and agreements related to pesticide management

- Does the country participate in international conventions

or agreements related to pesticide management? If so,

specify the focal point and/or the ministry responsible.

Briefly describe the main activities carried out for their

national implementation of the convention/agreement,

and any problem encountered.

Basel Convention on the Control of

Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes

and their Disposal

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic

Pollutants (POPs)

Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed

Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous

Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the

Ozone Layer

Codex Alimentarius Commission

Others (specify).

12

3.2.6 Assessment of other relevant pesticide management

activities

3.2.6.1 Pesticide poisoning

- Is there a central unit that collects pesticide poisoning

data for the whole country? If so, provide the name of

the unit and contact details including URL. Does the unit

provide information on treatment of poisoning? Is there

any formal collaboration between the unit and the

pesticide regulatory authority? List other centres that

provide information on pesticide poisoning treatment.

- In the absence of a central unit, provide the list of

existing units that collect pesticide poisoning data.

- Is there a standard format for reporting of poisoning

events? If so, obtain a copy. Also, if available, request a

copy of the annual report of poisoning events.

- Is there a legal requirement for notification of pesticide

poisoning incidents? If so, provide relevant information.

3.2.6.2 Public education

- List public education and awareness activities carried out

in the past year in relation to vector control pesticides,

household insecticides and professional pest

management pesticides. Define the target audience and

state the implementing agencies, partners and channels

of communication.

13

3.2.6.3 Collaboration with international, regional or bilateral

organizations/countries on pesticide (including public

health pesticide) management

- Briefly describe the nature and outcome of any ongoing

and recent (past five years) international, regional or

bilateral collaboration related to pesticide (including

public health pesticide) management. List the name of

the participating organizations/countries and the

objectives of the collaboration.

- Describe any ongoing and recent (past five years)

programme on pesticide management, supported by

external funding, and provide the name of the project,

name of the agency, local counterpart, objectives,

outcome and the period of the project.

3.2.6.4 Information exchange/consultation

- Briefly describe any formal mechanisms for information

exchange/consultation on issues related to pesticide

management between the ministries of health and

agriculture, environment and with other agencies. Briefly

describe any formal mechanisms for information

exchange/consultations on management of public health

pesticides between the regulatory authority for public

health pesticides and other stakeholders such as civil

society organizations.

3.2.6.5 Formulation and repackaging

- Provide information on formulation and repackaging

facilities for public health pesticides including their

location, amount and type of pesticide

formulated/repackaged and corresponding capacity.

14

3.2.6.6 Pesticide storage and waste management, including

disposal

- Provide information on storage facilities of national and

local authorities for vector control pesticides in the

country, including their location, storage capacity and

conditions.5

- Briefly describe activities undertaken by national and

local authorities on proper management of vector control

pesticide stocks, including stock planning and recording,

stock inspection and training on stock management.

- Provide information on bulk storage facilities for

household and professional pest management pesticides

in the country, including their location, storage capacity

and conditions.

- Provide information on facilities where obsolete vector

control pesticides are stored, including location, storage

capacity and conditions. Also provide available

information on household and professional pest

management pesticides.

- Briefly describe the facilities and the common practices

for disposal of public health pesticides. Include any

mechanism for collecting small quantities of obsolete

pesticides. Briefly describe mechanisms used for

collection and disposal of public health pesticide

containers.

5 Pesticide storage and stock control manual. Rome, Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nations, 1995.

15

3.2.7 Assessment of financial resources available and required

for public health pesticide management

- Is there an annual government allocation for

implementation of activities related to:

- legislative control and management of public health

pesticides?

- pesticide management within the vector control

programmes?

- participation in international convention/agreement

related to pesticide management?

- Indicate the shortfalls (in percentages) and steps taken to

overcome this problem, if applicable. Is there a tax

imposed on imported public health pesticides or fees

collected for registration? If so, is the money made

available for the management of public health

pesticides?

- Are there international donations or loans for

implementation of activities related to public health

pesticide management in the country? If so, provide brief

information.

3.2.8 Assessment of other relevant information

Briefly describe if there are any incidents or problems

related to public health pesticides in the country

including cases such as:

- over-exposure to pesticides;

- pollution by pesticides;

- misuse of pesticides;

- lack of awareness by workers and the general public

about the hazards of pesticides;

- illegal trade of pesticides;

16

- resistance development caused by pesticide use in

agriculture sectors;

- poor-quality pesticides;

- others (specify).

Provide information on new activities and developments

related to public health pesticide management.

3.3 Process methodology

The management of public health pesticides cuts across various

sectors, requiring concerted action by the responsible ministries.

Hence, the essential principle in the situation analysis is that of

intersectoral collaboration, with real partnership and ownership

between the ministries of health, the environment and

agriculture. While the situation analysis should be initiated by

the ministry of health and/or the pesticide regulatory authority, it

is important to involve all the major ministries/departments

whose actions and/or mandate impact on the effective

management of public health pesticides from the beginning of

the process.

The situation analysis is seen as the first step towards improving

the management of public health pesticides and should be

completed within a reasonable time frame. It is followed by a

needs assessment, leading to the development of action plans.

Hence, there must be government commitment to the whole

process. Such commitment would ensure that the outcome of the

analysis and the subsequent action plan receive the necessary

political recognition and support for effective implementation.

17

3.3.1 Establishment of a task force responsible for the analysis

There is a need to establish a task force or similar body that will

have overall responsibility for the conduct of the situation

analysis and for reporting the outcome to the government. The

core membership of the task force should be drawn from senior

staff from the key ministries of health, the environment and

agriculture, as well as from the national pesticide regulatory

authority. Other sectors should be included as necessary.

The task force would be responsible for, among others, the

following:

• Development of the terms of reference, workplan and

budget for the situation analysis.

• Identification of other stakeholders/partners, both

governmental and nongovernmental, and development of

modalities for their consultation/participation.

• Development of terms of reference and identification of

expert(s) who will carry out the analysis.

• Organization of a review process, with stakeholder

consultation, and finalization of the report.

• Development of recommendations for follow-up actions to

address gaps and weaknesses identified by the analysis.

• Submission of final report to sector ministers and pesticide

regulatory authority and assurance of political support.

3.3.2 Identification of stakeholders/partners

While not all interested and affected partners/stakeholders will

need to be directly involved in developing and implementing a

situation analysis, it is nevertheless important to understand who

the stakeholders are to ensure that their perspectives and

concerns are taken into account. Involving key stakeholders may

also be of practical relevance, since their actions and

commitment will likely be essential to the implementation and

usefulness of the analysis. If a forum exists to enhance dialogue

18

and coordination at the inter-ministerial level, it may provide an

effective mechanism to identify potential partners.

Those potential partners who have mandates directly related to

the problem addressed are the most obvious and easiest to

identify. There may be partners, however, for whom the

relationship is not as immediately obvious. For example,

officials from a ministry of finance may have no direct mandate

relating to public health pesticide management, but may make

decisions that have profound implications for the success of an

action plan to implement the recommendations of a situation

analysis. Therefore, in addition to the ministries of health, the

environment and agriculture, other ministries such as housing,

finance, trade and industry, and labour may need to participate.

Other governmental entities such as central agencies or councils

responsible for the development and implementation of laws,

regulations, policies and activities related to pesticide

management, and/or aspects of pollution prevention and control,

may also be involved.

Industry is an important source of information on the

management of public health pesticides, and is also increasingly

being assigned stewardship roles. Hence, its involvement is

important for comprehensive analysis and the implementation of

action plans.

The involvement of civil society organizations (community,

public interest groups, etc.), academia and research institutions

is important for the effective management of public health

pesticides.

While working with the various stakeholders and partners, the

objectivity of the analysis must be maintained.

19

3.3.3 Development of a stakeholder involvement plan

The task force should develop modalities for effective

consultation with all identified stakeholders. Opportunities

provided by existing mechanisms may be explored. To ensure

effective stakeholder participation, the following principles6

should be considered:

- transparency;

- clarity of roles and responsibilities;

- comprehensiveness of participation;

- two-way communication;

- understandable and timely information

disclosure;

- stakeholder education;

- adequate funding for participation.

3.3.4 Selection of experts to perform the analysis

Staffing for the performance of a situation analysis on public

health pesticide management should preferably involve a team

of at least two technical experts: one in the field of pesticide

legislation and control, the other in vector control management.

It is important to detail an overall management and

accountability structure with clearly defined roles and

responsibilities for each individual. Special skills in conducting

surveys, focus group discussions or other information-gathering

activities may also be needed. The team should develop a draft

report on the analysis that includes recommendations for

consideration by the task force.

6 Guidance on action plan development for sound chemicals management

(working draft). Geneva, United Nations Institute for Training and

Research/Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of

Chemicals, 2001.

20

Based on the guidance provided by the task force, the team

should be mindful of the ethical issues, including obtaining

permission from relevant ministries and agencies, and the

confidentiality of respondents.

3.3.5 Identification of key information providers

Personnel to be consulted should include officials and technical

experts from the national pesticide regulatory authority, ministry

of health responsible for vector control programmes and

environmental health, ministry of the environment, ministry of

agriculture, customs department, port authorities and

representatives of local pesticide industry, academia and civil

society organizations.

3.4 Analysis of information collected and report writing

It is important to organize the findings and interpretations in a

concise and easy-to-understand manner. It is often helpful to

organize results into key issues identified, why they are

significant and suggestions for action to address them. The

International code of conduct on the distribution and use of

pesticides7 and Guidelines on the management of public health

pesticides,8 as well as other multilateral environmental

agreements (e.g. the Stockholm, Rotterdam and Basel

conventions) provide the framework for sound management of

pesticides and should be consulted.

7 International code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides

(revised version). Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations, 2003.8 Guidelines on the management of public health pesticides. Report of the


2003 (draft) . Geneva, World Health Organization, 2003

(WHO/CDS/WHOPES/2003.7).

21

It would be desirable for policy-makers and representatives of

key government agencies and organizations to be involved in a

discussion of the findings and in developing recommendations

in a manner that generates a sense of ownership and

commitment to their implementation. This is a key role of the

task force, which will evaluate the draft report and, after

consultation with relevant stakeholders, also share the report

with all partners for comments before finalization. The final

report should be submitted for endorsement by the relevant

sectoral ministers and widely distributed.

23

GLOSSARY

Certification scheme for pesticide application equipment

A set of regulations and procedures, including those

related to institutional infrastructure and human

resources, to be followed in order to register and certify

equipment used for the application of pesticides. The

certification confirms compliance with established

standards and norms that have to be specified in the

certification procedures. Certification can be carried out

by public or private entities and can be voluntary or

legally binding.

Civil society organizations

A civil society organization (CSO)9 is that of a non-state,

not-for-profit, voluntary organization formed by people

in that social sphere. This term is used to describe a wide

range of organizations, networks, associations, groups

and movements that are independent from government

and that sometimes come together to advance their

common interests through collective action.

Disposal

Any operation to recycle, neutralize, destruct or isolate

pesticide waste, used containers and contaminated

materials.10

9 Glossary of globalization, trade and health terms. Geneva, World Health

Organization, [year] (available at: http//:www.who.int/trade/glossary/en;

accessed 25 April 2005).10

International code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides

(revised version). Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations, 2003.

24

Distribution

The process by which pesticides are supplied through

trade channels to local or international markets.11

Integrated pest management (IPM)

The careful consideration of all available pest control

techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate

measures to discourage the development of pest

populations and keep pesticides and other interventions

to levels that are economically justified and that reduce

or minimize risks to human health and the environment.

IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop, with the

least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems, and

encourages natural pest control mechanisms.12

Integrated vector management (IVM)

A process of evidence-based decision-making

procedures designed to plan, deliver, monitor and

evaluate targeted, cost-effective and sustainable

combinations of regulatory and operational vector

control measures, with a measurable impact on

transmission risks, adhering to the principles of

subsidiary, intersectoral collaboration and partnership.13

11



United Nations, 2003.12




Guidelines on the management of public health pesticides. Report of the


2003 (draft). Geneva, World Health Organization, 2003


25

Obsolete pesticides

Stocked pesticides that can no longer be used for their

original or any other intended purpose and which

therefore require disposal. These pesticides can no

longer be used because they have been banned, have

deteriorated or are unsuitable for their original intended

use and cannot be used for another purpose or easily

modified to become usable.14

Pest control operators (PCOs)

A PCO is an employee of a pest control company who

actually performs pest control services.

Product stewardship

The responsible and ethical management of a pesticide

product from its discovery through to its ultimate use and

beyond.15

Professional pest management pesticides

Pesticides that are used by certified professional

pesticide applicators to control pests including termites

and structural pests in homes, commercial and industrial

premises and public health areas.16

14

Disposal of bulk quantities of obsolete pesticides in developing countries.

Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1995.15








26

Public health pesticides

Pesticides that are used to control pests of public health

significance. They include vector control pesticides,

household insecticides and professional pest

management pesticides.17

17





27

ANNEX I. CORE INFORMATION REQUIRED

1. Assessment of the legislative control of public health

pesticides, including:

- product registration;

- importation;


- storage and transport;

- distribution;

- waste management, including disposal of

pesticide containers;

- licensing;

- control of labelling;

- control of unauthorized use of pesticides;

- control of advertisements;

- control of professional pest control operators;

- control of quality of pesticides;

- monitoring of pesticide residues in food and the

environment;

- control of public health pesticide application

equipment.

2. Assessment of other chemical-related legal instruments

that are relevant to management of public health

pesticides, including:

- occupational safety and health;

- environment protection;

- transportation of hazardous chemicals.

28

3. Assessment of vector and public health pest

management, including:

- organizational structure of vector/public health

pest control unit(s);

- planning, monitoring and evaluation of

vec tor /pub l ic hea l th pes t con t ro l

programmes/activities;

- use of IVM methods in programme;

- procurement of pesticides;

- resistance monitoring and management;

- monitoring of operator exposure;

- collaboration with national pesticide regulatory

authority and other institutions;

- training and certification of vector control

personnel.

4. Assessment of activities by research institutions, industry

and civil society organizations in the management of

public health pesticides.

5. Assessment of participation in international conventions

and agreements on issues related to pesticide

management.

- Basel Convention

- Stockholm Convention

- Rotterdam Convention

- Montreal Protocol

- Codex Alimentarius Commission.

29

6. Assessment of other relevant pesticide management

activities, including:

- pesticide poisoning;

- public education;

- collaboration with international, regional or

bilateral agencies on pesticide (including public

health pesticide) management;

- information exchange/consultation;


- pesticide storage and waste management

including disposal.

7. Assessment of financial resources available and required

for public health pesticide management, including:

- government allocation;

- pesticide taxes and fees;

- international donations and loans.

8. Assessment of other relevant information, including:

Incidents and problems related to public health

pesticides, such as:

- overexposure to pesticides;

- pollution by pesticides;

- misuse pesticide of pesticides;

- lack of awareness by workers and the general

public about the hazards of pesticides;

- illegal trade of pesticides;

- resistance development caused by pesticide use

in agricultural sectors;

- poor-quality pesticides.

31

USEFUL REFERENCES

FAO, 1988. Guidelines for the retail distribution of pesticides

with particular reference to storage and handling at point of

supply to users in developing countries. Rome, Food and

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (available at:

http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/

AGP/AGPP/pesticid/default.htm; accessed 25 April 2005).

FAO, 1988. Post registration surveillance and other activities in

the field. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the

United Nations (available at:



FAO, 1989. Guidelines for legislation on control of pesticides.

Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

(available at:



FAO, 1990. Personal protection when working with pesticides

in tropical climates. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization

of the United Nations (available at:



FAO, 1991. Initial introduction and subsequent development of

a simple national pesticide registration and control scheme.

Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

(available at:



32

FAO, 1994. Provisional guidelines on tender procedures for the

procurement of pesticides. Rome, Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nations (available at:



FAO, 1995. Guidelines on good labelling practice. Rome, Food

and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (available

at: http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/


FAO/UNEP, 1998. Rotterdam Convention on the prior informed

consent (PIC) procedure for certain hazardous chemicals and

pesticides in international trade. Rome, Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nations/Geneva, United Nations

Environment Programme (available at: http://www.pic.int;

accessed 25 April 2005).

FAO/WHO/UNEP, 1999. Guidelines for the management of

small quantities of unwanted and obsolete pesticides. Rome,

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

(FAO Pesticide Disposal Series No. 7; available at:

http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/

X1531E/X1531E00.htm; accessed 25 April 2005).

FAO, 2001. Guidelines on procedures for the registration,

certification and testing of new pesticide application equipment.

Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the

United Nations.

FAO, 2001. Guidelines on the organization and operation of

training schemes and certification procedures for operators of

pesticide application equipment. Rome, Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nations.

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FAO, 2001. Guidelines on the organization of schemes for

testing and certification of agricultural pesticide sprayers in

use. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the

United Nations.

FAO/WHO, 2001. Amount of poor-quality pesticides sold in

developing countries alarmingly high. Rome, Food and

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/Geneva,

World Health Organization (Press Release 01/05; available at:

http://www.fao.org/waicent/ois/press_ne/presseng/2001/

pren0105.htm; accessed 25 April 2005).

FAO, 2002. Manual on development and use of FAO and

WHO specifications for pesticides, 1st ed. Rome, Food and

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO Plant

Production and Protection Paper No. 173).

GIFAP, 1991. Disposal of unwanted pesticides stocks: guidance

on the selection of practical options. Brussels, Groupement

International des Associations Nationales de Fabricants de

Produits Agrochimiques.

Najera JA, Zaim M, 2002. Malaria vector control: decision

making criteria and procedures for judicious use of insecticides.

Geneva, World Health Organization


UN, 1997. Recommendations on the transport of dangerous

goods – Model regulations, 10th revised ed. New York/Geneva,

United Nations (available at:

http://www.unece.org/trans/main/dgdb/har/har_2005.html;


UNEP, 1989. Basel Convention on the control of transboundary

movements of hazardous goods and their disposal. Geneva,

United Nations Environment Programme (available at:

http//www.unep.ch/basel/; accessed 25 April 2005).

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UNEP, 2001. Stockholm Convention on persistent organic

pollutants. Geneva, United Nations Environment Programme

(available at: http://www.basel.int/text/con-e.htm; accessed

25 April 2005).

UNITAR, 2004. Developing and sustaining an integrated

national programme for sound chemicals management

(guidance document). Prepared through collaboration of

UNITAR with UNEP, ILO, FAO, WHO, UNIDO and OECD

and the secretariat of OPCW, Basel Convention and IFCS

(available at: http://www.unitar.org/cwm/publications/

current/inp/inp_gd_2004-05_(13_may2004_red_r1).pdf;


UNITAR, 2004. Guidance on action plan development for

sound chemicals management (draft guidance document for

UNITAR/UNDP/GEF Action Plan Project review). Available at:

http://www.unitar.org/cwm/publications/current/ap/

UNITAR_action_plan_gd_26_apr_05.pdf; accessed

25 April 2005.

WHO, 1990. Equipment for vector control, 3rd ed. Geneva,

World Health Organization.

WHO/UNEP, 1991. Guidelines for treating and disposing of

small quantities of pesticide wastes. New York, World

Environmental Centre (guidelines prepared by

WHO/UNEP/World Bank/Australian Resource assessment

Commission/East-West Centre/International Solid Waste and

Public Cleansing Association/USEPA).

WHO, 1996. Report of the WHO Informal Consultation on the

evaluation and testing of insecticides, Geneva, 7–11 October

1996. Geneva, World Health Organization

(CTD/WHOPES/IC/96.1).

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WHO, 1997. Guidelines for poison control. Geneva,

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WHO, 1997. Report of the first WHOPES Working Group

meeting, Geneva, 26–27 June 1997. Geneva, World Health

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WHO, 1998. Techniques to detect insecticide resistance

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World Health Organization (WHO/CDS/CPC/MAL/98.6).

WHO, 1998. Test procedures for insecticide resistance

monitoring in malaria vectors, bio-efficacy and persistence of

insecticides on treated surfaces. Report of the WHO Informal

Consultation, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 28–30 September

1998. Geneva, World Health Organization

(WHO/CDS/CPC/MAL/98.12; available at:

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products – Guide for the preparation of educational and

training materials. Geneva, World Health Organization

(WHO/CDS/CPC/WHOPES/99.1).

WHO, 2000. Guidelines for the purchase of public health

pesticides. Geneva, World Health Organization


WHO, 2002. Specifications for public health pesticides. Geneva,

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http://www.who.int/ctd/whopes/specifications_and_

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36

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Pesticide_Application_Equipment_SilwoodPark_2004.pdf;


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