· PDF file09.03.2013 · 2 gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨ wZwb Avgvi Rb¨...

gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨ 1

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2 gva¨wgK evsjv mvwnZ¨

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cÖwZwbwa n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i wb Ñ we‡k−lY Ki|


cvjv‡gŠ mÄxeP› ª P‡Ævcva¨vq

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : mÄxeP› ª P‡Ævcva¨vq 1834 mv‡j PweŸk ciMYvi KuvVvjcvov MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb mvwnZ¨mgªvU ew¼gP› ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi m‡nvì| wZwb †gw`bxcyi †Rjv ¯‹zj I ûMjx K‡j‡R wk¶vjvf K‡ib Ges wb‡Ri †Póvq Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨, weÁvb I BwZnv‡m AmvaviY cvwÊZ¨ AR©b K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ªU wn‡m‡e evsjvi wewfbœ AÂj I wenv‡ii cvjv‡gŠ‡Z Ae ’vb K‡ib| wZwb K_vmvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Dcb¨vm : gvaexjZv, RjcÖZvc Puv`; MíMÖš’ : iv‡gk¦‡ii A „ó, `vwgbx| mÄxeP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi cvjv‡gŠ ågYKvwnbx Zuvi †kÖô iPbv| 1889 mv‡j wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|]

eûKvj nBj Avwg GKevi cvjv‡gŠ cÖ‡`‡k wMqvwQjvg, cÖZ¨vMgb Kwi‡j ci †mB AÂ‡ji e„Ëvš— wjwLevi wbwgË `yB-GK Rb eÜzevÜe Avgv‡K cybtcyb Aby‡iva Kwi‡Zb, Avwg ZLb Zuvnv‡ì Dcnvm KwiZvg| G¶‡Y Avgvq †Kn Aby‡iva K‡i bv, A_P Avwg †mB e„Ëvš— wjwL‡Z ewmqvwQ| Mí Kiv G eq‡mi †ivM, †Kn ïbyb ev bv-ïbyb, e„× Mí K‡i|

A‡bK w`‡bi K_v wjwL‡Z ewmqvwQ, mKj ¯§iY nq bv| c~‡e© wjwL‡j hvnv wjwLZvg, G¶‡Y †h ZvnvB wjwL‡ZwQ GgZ b‡n| c~‡e© †mB mKj wbR©b ce©Z, KzmywgZ Kvbb cÖf…wZ †h-P‡¶ †`wLqvwQjvg, †m P¶z Avi bvB| GLb ce©Z †Kej cÖ —igq, eb †Kej KÈKvKxY©, Awaevmxiv †Kej K`vPvix ewjqv ¯§iY nq|

hLb cvjv‡gŠ Avgvi hvIqv GKvš— w ’i nBj, ZLb Bb&&j¨vÛ UªvwÄU †Kv¤úvwbi WvKMvwo fvov Kwiqv ivwÎ †ò cÖn‡ii mgq ivwbMÄ nB‡Z hvÎv Kwijvg| cÖv‡Z eivKi b`xi c~e©cv‡i Mvwo _vwgj| b`x AwZ ¶z`ª, ZrKv‡j AígvÎ Rj wQj, mK‡jB nuvwUqv cvi nB‡Z‡Q, Mvwo †Vwjqv cvi Kwi‡Z nB‡e, AZGe MvoIqvb Kzwj WvwK‡Z †Mj|

GgZ mgq Kzwj‡ì KZK¸wj evjK evwjKv Avwmqv Avgvi Mvwo †Nwij| Ômv‡ne GKwU cqmv, mv‡ne GKwU cqmv|Õ GB ewjqv wPrKvi Kwi‡Z jvwMj|

Zvnv‡ì m‡½ GKwU `yB ermi eq¯‹ wkïI Avwmqv AvKv‡ki w`‡K gyL Zzwjqv nvZ cvwZqv ùvovBj| †Kb nvZ cvwZj Zvnv †m Rv‡b bv, mK‡j nvZ cvwZqv‡Q †`wLqv †mI nvZ cvwZj| Avwg Zvnvi n‡¯— GKwU cqmv w`jvg, wkï Zvnv †dwjqv w`qv Avevi nvZ cvwZj, Ab¨ evjK †m cqmv KzovBqv jB‡j wkïi fwMbxi mwnZ Zvnvi Zzgyj Kjn evwaj| GB mgq Avgvi Mvwo Aci cv‡i wMqv DwVj|

eivKi nB‡Z `yB-GKwU ¶z`ª cvnvo †`Lv hvq| e½evmx‡ì †Kej gvV †`Lv Af¨vm, g„wËKvi mvgvb¨ ¯—~c †`wL‡jB Zvnv‡ì Avb›` nq| AZGe †mB ¶z`ª cvnvo¸wj †`wLqv-†h ZrKv‡j Avgvi h‡_ó Avb›` nB‡e Bnv Avi Avðh© Kx ?

Aciv‡nœ †`wLjvg GKwU my›ì ce©‡Zi wbKU w`qv Mvwo hvB‡Z‡Q| GZ wbKU w`qv hvB‡Z‡Q †h, ce©Z¯’ ¶z`ª ¶z`ª cÖ¯—‡ii Qvqv ch©š— †`Lv hvB‡Z‡Q| MvoIqvb‡K Mvwo _vgvB‡Z ewjqv Avwg bvwgjvg| MvoIqvb wRÁvmv Kwij, Ô†Kv_v hvB‡eb ?Õ Avwg ewjjvg, ÔGKevi GB ce©‡Z hvBe|Õ †m nvwmqv ewjj, Ôcvnvo GLvb nB‡Z A‡bK ~i, Avcwb mÜ¨vi g‡a¨ Z_vq †cŠuwQ‡Z cvwi‡eb bv|Õ Avwg G-K_v


†Kv‡bvi~‡c wek¦vm Kwijvg bv| Avwg ¯úó †`wL‡ZwQjvg, cvnvo AwZ wbKU, Z_v hvB‡Z Avgvi cuvP wgwbUI jvwM‡e bv, AZGe MvoIqv‡bi wb‡la bvÑïwbqv Avwg ce©Zvwfgy‡L Pwjjvg| cuvP wgwb‡Ui ¯’‡j 15 wgwbUKvj `ª“Zc`we‡¶‡c †Mjvg, Z_vwc ce©Z c~e©g‡Zv †mB cuvP wgwb‡Ui c_ ewjqv †eva nB‡Z jvwMj| ZLb Avgvi åg eywS‡Z cvwiqv Mvwo‡Z wdwiqv Avwmjvg| ce©Z m¤^‡Ü `~iZv w¯’i Kiv ev½vjxi c‡¶ eo KwVb, Bnvi cÖgvY cvjv‡gŠ wMqv Avwg cybtcyb cvBqvwQjvg|

ciwèm cÖvq `yB cÖn‡ii mgq nvRvwievM †cŠuwQjvg| Z_vq wMqv ïwbjvg, †Kv‡bv m¤£vš— e½evmxi evUx‡Z Avgvi Avnv‡ii Av‡qvRb nB‡Z‡Q|

†h e½evmxi M„‡n AvwZ_¨ ^xKvi Kwi‡Z hvB‡ZwQjvg, Z_vq wMqv Mvwo _vwg‡j Avwg Mvwo nB‡Z AeZiY Kwijvg| Avgv‡K †`wLqv Zuvnviv mK‡jB mv`‡i AMÖmi nB‡jb| bv wPwbqv huvnvi Awfev`b Avwg me©v‡MÖ MÖnY KwiqvwQjvg, wZwbB evUxi KZ©v| †mLv‡b wZb kZ †jvK _vwK‡jI Avgvi `„wó †evanq cÖ_‡gB Zuvnvi gy‡Li cÖwZ cwoZ| †mi~c cÖmbœZve¨ÄK Iô Avwg AwZ Aí †`wLqvwQ| ZLb Zuvnvi eqtµg †evanq cÂvk AZxZ nBqvwQj, e„‡×i ZvwjKvq Zuvnvi bvg DwVqvwQj, Z_vwc Zuvnv‡K eo my›ì †`wLqvwQjvg| †evanq †mB cÖ_g Avwg e„×‡K my›ì †`wL|

†h mg‡qi K_v ewj‡ZwQ, Avwg ZLb wb‡R hyev; AZGe †m eq‡m e„×‡K my›ì †`Lv ag©m½Z b‡n| wKš‘ †m wèm Gi~c ag©wei“× Kvh© NwUqvwQj| G¶‡Y Avwg wb‡R e„×, Kv‡RB cÖvq e„×‡K my›ì †`wL| GKRb gnvbyfe ewjqvwQj †h, gbyl¨ e„× bv nB‡j my›ì nq bv|

Avnviv‡š— wekÖvgM„‡n ewmqv evjKw`‡Mi mwnZ Mí Kwi‡Z Kwi‡Z evjK‡ì kqbNi †`wL‡Z DwVqv †Mjvg| NiwU wej¶Y cwimi, Zvnvi Pvwi †Kv‡Y PvwiLvwb LvU cvZv, ga¨¯’‡j Avi-GKLvwb LvU iwnqv‡Q| wRÁvmv Kivq evj‡Kiv ewjj, ÔPvwi †Kv‡Y Avgiv PvwiRb kqb Kwi, Avi ga¨¯’‡j gv÷vi gnvkq _v‡Kb|Õ GB e‡›`ve¯— †`wLqv eo cwiZ…ß nBjvg| wèvivÎ QvÎ‡ì Kv‡Q wk¶K _vKvi Avek¨KZv A‡b‡K ey‡Sb bv|

evjK‡ì kqbNi nB‡Z ewnM©Z nBqv Avi-GKN‡i †`wL, GK Kuvw` mycK¡ gZ©gvb i¤¢v †`v`yj¨gvb iwnqv‡Q, Zvnv‡Z GKLvwb KvMR Szwj‡Z‡Q| cwoqv †`wLjvg, wbZ¨ hZ K`jx Kuvw` nB‡Z e¨q nq, ZvnvB Zvnv‡Z wjwLZ nBqv _v‡K ! †jv‡K mPivPi Bnv‡K ¶z ª „wó, †QvUbRi BZ¨vw` e‡j : wKš‘ Avwg Zvnv †Kv‡bvi~‡c fvwe‡Z cvwijvg bv| †hi~c Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi e‡›`ve¯— †`wLjvg, Zvnv‡Z ÔKjvKuvwì wnmveÕ †`wLqv eis Av‡iv PgrK…Z nBjvg| hvnv‡ì `„wó ¶z`ª Zvnviv †Kej mvgvb¨ wel‡qi cÖwZB `„wó iv‡L, Ab¨ welq †`wL‡Z cvq bv| wKš‘ Avwg huvnvi K_v ewj‡ZwQ, †`wLjvg Zuvnvi wbKU e„nr m~² mKjB mgfv‡e cwijw¶Z nBqv _v‡K| A‡b‡K Av‡Qb, eo eo welq †gvUvgywU †`wL‡Z cv‡ib, wKš‘ m~² wel‡qi cÖwZ Zuvnv‡ì `„wó G‡Kev‡i c‡o bv| Zuvnv‡ì cÖksmv Kwi bv| huvnviv e„nr m~² GKÎ †`wLqv Kvh© K‡ib, Zvunv‡ìB cÖksmv Kwi|

Avwg fvweqvwQjvg cvjv‡gŠ cÖej kni, my‡Li ¯’vb| ZLb RvwbZvg bv †h cvjv‡gŠ kni b‡n, GKwU cÖKvÊ ciMbvgvÎ| kni †m AÂ‡jB bvB, bMi ~‡i _vKzK, Z_vq GKLvwb MÊMÖvgI bvB, †Kej cvnvo I R½‡j cwic~Y©|

iuvwP nB‡Z cvjv‡gŠ hvB‡Z hvB‡Z hLb evnKM‡Yi wb‡`©kg‡Zv `~i nB‡Z cvjv‡gŠ †`wL‡Z cvBjvg, ZLb Avgvi †eva nBj †hb g‡Z© †gN Kwiqv‡Q| Avwg A‡bK¶Y ùvovBqv †mB g‡bvni `„k¨ †`wL‡Z


jvwMjvg| H AÜKvi †gNg‡a¨ GLbB hvBe GB g‡b Kwiqv Avgvi KZB Avn¬v` nB‡Z jvwMj| KZ¶‡Y †cŠuwQe g‡b Kwiqv Avevi KZB e¨ — nBjvg|

cvjv‡gŠ cÖ‡ek Kwiqv †`wLjvg b`x, MÖvg mKjB Av‡Q, `~i nB‡Z Zvnv wKQzB †`Lv hvq bvB| cvjv‡gŠ ciMbvq cvnvo AmsL¨, cvnv‡oi ci cvnvo, Zvnvi ci cvnvo, Avevi cvnvo; †hb wePwjZ b`xi msL¨vZxZ Zi½|

†mLv‡b GKevi GKwU cvnvo †`wLqv PgrK…Z nBqvwQjvg| †mwU GKwkjv, mgy`‡q GKLvwb cÖ —i| Zvnv‡Z G‡Kev‡i †Kv_vI KYvgvÎ g„wËKv bvB, mgy q cwi®‹vi SiSi Kwi‡Z‡Q| Zvnvi GK ’vb A‡bK ~i ch©š— dvwUqv wMqv‡Q, †mB dvUvi Dci e„nr GK Ak¦ÌMvQ Rwb¥qv‡Q| ZLb g‡b nBqvwQj, Ak¦Ìe„¶ eo iwmK, GB bxim cvlvY nB‡ZI imMÖnY Kwi‡Z‡Q| wKQzKvj c‡i Avi GKw`b GB Ak¦ÌMvQ Avgvi g‡b cwoqvwQj, ZLb fvweqvwQjvg e„¶wU eo †kvlK, Bnvi wbKU bxim cvlv‡YiI wb —vi bvB|

Aciv‡nœ cvjv‡gŠ‡q cÖ‡ek Kwiqv Dfqcvk¦©¯’ ce©Z‡kÖwY †`wL‡Z †`wL‡Z ebga¨ w`qv hvB‡Z jvwMjvg| eb eY©bvq †hi~c Ôkvj Zvj Zgvj, wnš—vjÕ kywbqvwQjvg, †mi~c wKQzB †`wL‡Z cvBjvg bv| Zv, wnš—vj G‡Kev‡iB bvB, †Kej kvjeb, Ab¨ eb¨ MvQI Av‡Q| kv‡ji g‡a¨ cÖKvÊ MvQ GKwUI bvB, mKj¸wjB Avgv‡ì †`wk K`¤ê„‡¶i g‡Zv, bvnq wKQz eo; wKš‘ Zvnv nB‡jI R½j AwZ `yM©g, †Kv_vqI Zvnvi †Q` bvB, GBRb¨ fqvbK| GBi~c eb w`qv hvB‡Z hvB‡Z GK ¯’v‡b nVvr KvôNÈvi we¯§qKi kã KY©‡MvPi nBj, KvôNÈv c~‡e© †gw`bxcyi AÂ‡j †`wLqvwQjvg| M„ncvwjZ cï e‡b c_ nvivB‡j, kãvbymiY Kwiqv Zvnv‡ì AbymÜvb Kwi‡Z nq, GBRb¨ MjNÈvi DrcwË| KvôNÈvi kã ïwb‡j cªv‡Yi wfZi †Kgb K‡i| cvnvo R½‡ji g‡a¨ †m k‡ã Av‡iv †hb Aembœ K‡i; wKš‘ mKj‡K K‡i wK bv, Zvnv ewj‡Z cvwi bv|

Aí wej‡¤^B Aa©ï®‹ Z…Yve„Z GKwU ¶z`ª cÖvš—i †`Lv †Mj, GLv‡bÑ †mLv‡b `yBÑGKwU gay ev †gŠqve„¶ wfbœ †mÑcÖvš—‡i ¸j¥ wK jZv wKQzB bvB, me©Î AwZ cwi®‹vi| ce©ZQvqvq †mÑcÖvš—i Av‡iv ig¨ nBqv‡Q; Z_vq KZK¸wj †KvjevjK GKÎ gwnl PivB‡ZwQj, †mi~c K…òeY© Kvwš— Avi KL‡bv †`wL bvB; mK‡ji Mjvq cyuwZi mvZbix, ayK&&aywKi cwie‡Z© GKÑGKLvwb †Mvj Aviwk; cwiav‡b aov, K‡Y© ebdzj; †Kn gwnlc„‡ô kqb Kwiqv Av‡Q, †Knev gwnlc„‡ô ewmqv Av‡Q, †Kn †Kn b„Z¨ Kwi‡Z‡Q| †hi~c ¯’vb Zvnv‡Z GB cv_y‡i †Q‡j¸wj Dc‡hvMx ewjqv we‡kl my›ì †`LvB‡ZwQj; Pvwiw`‡K Kv‡jv cv_i, cïI cv_y‡i; Zvnv‡ì ivLvjI †mBi~c|

GB AÂ‡j cÖavbZ †Kv‡ji evm| †Kv‡jiv eb¨ RvwZ, Le©vK…wZ, K…òeY©; †`wL‡Z KyrwmZ wK i~cevb Zvnv Avwg gxgvsmv Kwi‡Z cvwi bv! †hÑmKj †Kvj KwjKvZv AvB‡m ev PvÑevMv‡b hvq Zvnv‡ì g‡a¨ Avwg Kvnv‡KI i~cevb †`wL bvB; eis AwZ KzrwmZ ewjqv †eva KwiqvwQ| wKš‘ ¯^‡`‡k †Kvjgv‡ÎB i~cevb, Aš—Z Avgvi P‡¶| e‡bïv e‡b my›ì; wkïiv gvZ…‡µv‡o|

cÖvš—‡ii ci GK ¶z`ª MÖvg, Zvnvi bvg ¯§iY bvB; Z_vq wÎk-ewÎkwU M„n¯’ evm K‡i| mK‡jiB cY©KzwUi| Avgvi cvjwK †`wL‡Z hveZxq ¯¿x‡jvK QzwUqv Avwmj| mK‡jB Avejy‡mi g‡Zv Kv‡jv, mK‡jB hyeZx, mK‡ji KwU‡`‡k GKLvwb Kwiqv ¶z`ª Kvco Rov‡bv| K‡Y© ¶z`ª ¶z`ª ebdzj, gv_vq eo eo ebdzj| hyeZxiv ci¯úi Kuva aivawi Kwiqv †`wL‡Z jvwMj|

ev½vjvi c‡_Nv‡U e„×vB AwaK †`Lv hvq, wKš‘ cvjv‡gŠ AÂ‡j hyeZxB AwaK †`Lv hvq| †Kv‡ji g‡a¨ e„×v AwZ Aí, Zvnviv AwaKeqmx nB‡jI hyeZxB _v‡K, AkxwZcivqYv bv nB‡j Zvnviv †jvjPg©v nq


bv| AwZkq cwikÖgx ewjqv M„nKvh© K…wlKvh© mKj Kvh©B Zvnviv K‡i| cyi“‡liv ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki b¨vq †Kej ewmqv mš—vb i¶v K‡i, KL‡bv KL‡bv PvUvB ey‡b| Avjm¨ Rb¨ cyi“‡liv e½gwnjv‡ì b¨vq kxNª e„× nBqv hvq, ¯¿x‡jv‡Kiv kÖg‡nZz wPi‡hŠebv _v‡K| †jv‡K e‡j cïc¶xi g‡a¨ cyi“lRvwZB ewjô I my›ì; gbyl¨g‡aÏ †mB wbqg| wKš‘ †Kvj‡ì †`wL‡j Zvnv †evanq bv, Zvnv‡ì ¯¿xRvwZivB ewjô I AvÊh© Kvwš—wewkóv| wKš‘ Zvnv‡ì eqtcÖvß cyi“l‡ì Mv‡q Lwo DwV‡Z‡Q, P‡¶ gvwQ Dwo‡Z‡Q, gy‡L nvwm bvB, †hb mK‡jiB Rxebxkw³ Kwgqv Avwmqv‡Q|

GKw`‡bi K_v ewj| †hi~c wbZ¨ Aciv‡nœ GB cvnv‡o hvBZvg †mBi~c Avi GKw`b hvB‡ZwQjvg, c‡_ †`wL GKwU hyev exi`‡c© cvnv‡oi w`‡K hvB‡Z‡Q, cÊv‡Z KZK¸wj ¯¿x‡jvK Zvnv‡K mvwa‡Z mvwa‡Z m‡½ hvB‡Z‡Q|

hLb Avwg wbKUeZx© nBjvg ZLb ¯¿x‡jv‡Kiv wbi¯— nBqv GKcv‡k¦© ùvovBj| e„Ëvš— wRÁvmv Kivq hyev m`‡c© ewjj, ÔAvwg evN gvwi‡Z hvB‡ZwQ, GB gvÎ Avgvi †Mvi“‡K ev‡N gvwiqv‡Q| Avwg eªvþY-mš—vb; †m evN bv gvwiqv †Kvb gy‡L Avi Rj MÖnY Kwi ?Õ Avwg wKwÂZ AcÖwZf nBqv ewjjvg, ÔPj, Avwg †Zvgvi m‡½ hvB‡ZwQ|Õ

Avwg ¯fveZ eo fxZ, Zvnv ewjqv e¨vNª-fj−yK m¤‡Ü Avgvi KL‡bv fq nq bvB| e„× wkKvwiiv KZw`b cvnv‡o GKvKx hvB‡Z Avgvq wb‡la Kwiqv‡Q, wKš‘ Avwg Zvnv KL‡bv Mªvn¨ Kwi bvB, wbZ¨ GKvKx hvBZvg, evN Avwm‡e, Avgvq awi‡e, Avgvq LvB‡e, G mKj K_v KL‡bv Avgvi g‡b AvwmZ bv| †Kb AvwmZ bv Zvnv Avwg GL‡bv eywS‡Z cvwi bv| ˆmwbK cyi“l‡ì g‡a¨ A‡b‡K Avcbvi Qvqv †`wLqv fq cvq, A_P A¤−vb e`‡b iY‡¶‡Î wMqv iY K‡i| ¸wj wK Zievwi Zvnvi A‡½ cÖweó nB‡e GÑK_v Zvnv‡ì g‡b AvB‡m bv| hZw`b Zvnv‡ì g‡b GÑK_v bv AvB‡m, ZZw`b †jv‡Ki wbKU Zvnviv mvnmx; †h wec` bv ey‡S †mB mvnmx| Avw`g Ae ’vq mKj cyiylB mvnmx wQj, Zvnv‡ì ZLb djvdj Ávb nq bvB| R½jx‡ì g‡a¨ A`¨vc †`Lv hvq, mK‡jB mvnmx, BD‡ivcxq mf¨‡ì A‡c¶vI A‡bK As‡k mvnmx; †nZz djvdj †eva bvB| Avwg ZvB Avgvi mvn‡mi we‡kl †MŠie Kwi bv| mf¨Zvi m‡½ m‡½ mvn‡mi fvM Kwgqv AvB‡m; †cbvj †KvW hZ fv‡jv nq mvnm ZZ Aš—wn©Z nq|

GKw`b Aciv‡nœ cvnv‡oi w`‡K hvB‡ZwQjvg, cw_g‡a¨ KZK¸‡jv †KvjKb¨vi mwnZ mv¶vr nBj|

Zvnv‡ì g‡a¨ †hÑ me©v‡c¶v e‡qv‡R¨ôvÑ gv_vq c~Y© Kjm `yB n‡¯— awiqv nvm¨gy‡L Avgvq ewjj, Ôiv‡Î bvP †`wL‡Z Avwm‡eb?Õ Avwg gv_v †njvBqv ^xKvi Kwijvg, Agwb mK‡j nvwmqv DwVj| †Kv‡ji hyeZxiv hZ nv‡m, hZ bv‡P, †evanq c„w_exi Avi †Kv‡bv RvwZi Kb¨viv ZZ nvwm‡Z bvwP‡Z cv‡i bv; Avgv‡ì `yiš— †Q‡jiv Zvnvi kZvsk cv‡i bv|

mÜ¨vi ci Avwg b„Z¨ †`wL‡Z †Mjvg; MÖv‡gi cÖvš—fv‡M GK eUe„¶Z‡j Mªvg ’ hyeviv mgy`qB Avwmqv GKÎ nBqv‡Q| Zvnviv Ô†LuvcvÕ evuvwaqv‡Q, Zvnv‡Z yBÑ wZbLvwb Kv‡Vi ÔwPi“wbÕ mvRvBqv‡Q| †Kn gv`j Avwbqv‡Q, †Knev j¤^v jvwV Avwbqv‡Q, wi³n‡¯— †Kn Av‡m bvB; eq‡mi †`v‡l mK‡jiB †`n PÂj, mK‡jB bvbvfw½‡Z Avcb Avcb ejexh© †`LvB‡Z‡Q| e„‡×iv e„¶g~‡j D”P g„b¥q-g‡Âi Dci Roer ewmqv Av‡Q, Zvnv‡ì Rvby cÖvq ¯‹Ü QvovBqv‡Q| Avwg wMqv Zvnv‡ì cv‡k¦© ewmjvg|

GB mgq `‡j `‡j MÖvg¯’ hyeZxiv Avwmqv Rwg‡Z jvwMj; Zvnviv AvwmqvB hyevw`‡Mi cÖwZ Dcnvm Avi¤¢ Kwij, m‡½ m‡½ eo nvwmi NUv cwoqv †Mj| Dcnvm Avwg wKQzB eywS‡Z cvwijvg bv; †Kej


Abyf‡e w¯’i Kwijvg †h hyeviv VwKqv †Mj| VwKevi K_v, hyev `kÑev‡ivUv, wKš‘ hyeZxiv cÖvq Pwj −k Rb, †mB Pwj −k R‡b nvwm‡j nvBj‡Ûi cëb V‡K|

nvm¨ÑDcnvm¨ †kl nB‡j, b„‡Zï D‡`¨vM Avi¤¢ nBj| hyeZx mK‡j nvZ aivawi Kwiqv Aa©P›`ªvK…wZ †iLvweb¨vm Kwiqv ùvovBj| †`wL‡Z eo PgrKvi nBj| mKj¸wjB mg-D”P, mKj¸wjB cv_y‡i Kv‡jv| mK‡ji gv_vq ebcy®ú, K‡Y© ebcy®ú, I‡ô nvwm| mK‡jB Avn¬v‡` cwic~Y©, Avn¬v‡` PÂj|

e„‡×iv Bw½Z Kwi‡j hyev‡ì `‡j gv`j evwRj, Agwb hyeZx‡ì †`n †hb wknwiqv DwVj; c‡iB Zvnviv b„Z¨ Avi¤¢ Kwij| Zvnv‡ì b„Z¨ Avgv‡ì P‡¶ bZzb, Zvnviv Zv‡j Zv‡j cv †dwj‡Z‡Q, A_P †Kn P‡j bv; †`v‡j bv, U‡j bv| †h †hLv‡b uvovBqvwQj, †m †mBLv‡bB ùvovBqv Zv‡j Zv‡j cv †dwj‡Z jvwMj|

b„Z¨ Avi¤¢ nB‡j ci GK e„× gÂ nB‡Z Kw¤úZ K‡É GKwU Mx‡Zi ÔgnovÕ Avi¤¢ Kwij, Agwb hyeviv †mB MxZ D”P¯^‡i Mvwnqv DwVj, m‡½ m‡½ hyeZxiv Zxeª Zv‡b ÔayjvÕ awij| hyeZx‡ì my‡ii †XD wbK‡Ui cvnv‡o wMqv jvwM‡Z jvwMj|

hyeZxiv Zv‡j Zv‡j bvwP‡Z‡Q, Zvnv‡ì gv_vi ebdzj †mBm‡½ DwV‡Z‡Q bvwg‡Z‡Q, Avevi †mB dz‡ji `ywUÑGKwU Swiqv Zvnv‡ì ¯‹‡Ü cwo‡Z‡Q| kxZKvj wbK‡U, yBÑwZb ’v‡b û û Kwiqv AwMœ R¡wj‡Z‡Q, AwMœi Av‡jv‡K bZ©Kx‡ì eY© Av‡iv Kv‡jv †`LvB‡Z‡Q; Zvnviv Zv‡j Zv‡j bvwP‡Z‡Q, bvwP‡Z bvwP‡Z dz‡ji cvcwoi b¨vq mK‡j GKevi ÔwPwZqvÕ cwo‡Z‡Q, AvKvk nB‡Z P›`ª Zvnv †`wLqv nvwm‡Z‡Q, Avi eUg~‡ji AÜKv‡i ewmqv Avwg nvwm‡ZwQ|

kãv_© I UxKv : KzmywgZ KvbbÑdzj‡kvwfZ evMvb, dz‡jj evMvb, cÖ —igqÑ ce©‡Zi gvwU cv_‡ii g‡Zv n‡q hvIqv; KÈKvKxY©Ñ KuvUvq cwic~Y©, yM©g; K`vPvixÑ KzrwmZ AvPvi, RNb¨ AvPiY, †bvsiv eënvi; WvKMvwoÑ WvKevnx ª“ZMvgx Mvwo, wPwVcÎ enbKvix Mvwo; g„wËKvi mvgvb¨ ¯Z~cÑ †QvU wUjv, DuPz RvqMv; ª“Zc`we‡¶‡cÑ ª“Z ev ZvovZvwo cv Pvwj‡q hvIqv; mv`‡iÑ Av`‡ii m‡½; cÖmbœZve¨ÄKÑ Avbw›`Z,

Drdzj− wP‡Ë; GK Kuvw` mycK¡ gZ©gvb i¤¢vÑ GK Qov my›ìfv‡e ev cwic~Y©iƒ‡c cvKv Kjv; ciMbvÑ A‡bK¸‡jv MÖv‡gi mgwó, †Rjvi Ask we‡kl; †hb g‡Z© †gN Kwiqv‡QÑ cvnvo Ges Pvicv‡ki cwi‡e‡ki NbZ¡ †evSv‡Z G DcgvwU cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hb wePwjZ b`xi msL¨vZxZ Zi½ cvjv‡gŠ‡Z ch©vqµ‡g mgZjf~wg cvnvo †hb b`x-Zi‡½i g‡Zv Ae ’vb Ki‡Q| †KvjevjKÑ †Kvj m¤cÖ vqfy³ evjK; mvZbixÑ KÉnvi, Mjvi gvjv; ayK&aywKÑ j‡KU; aovÑ aywZ, Pxie ¿; cv_y‡i †Q‡j¸wjÑ cvnvwo †Q‡j¸‡jv mvaviYZ Kv‡jvI cwikªgx nq; AkxwZcivqYvÑ Avwki AwaK eqm wewkó e„×v; †jvjPh©vÑ wkw_j ev wXjv Pvgov; kªg‡nZz wPi‡hŠebvÑ cvnvwo GB †g‡qiv cwikªgx nIqvq mnmv e„× nq bv; A`¨vwcÑ AvRI, GL‡bv, †cbvj †KvWÑ †dŠR`vwi gvgjvi `Êwewa; RvbyÑ nuvUz, ¯‹ÜÑ Kuva| cvV cwiwPwZ : mÄxeP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi Ôcvjv‡gŠÕ bvqK åg‡Yvcb¨vm †_‡K AskwU msKwjZ I m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q| hyeK eq‡m †jLK GKevi cvjv‡gŠ wM‡qwQ‡jb| ZviB ¯§„wZPviYg~jK iPbv GwU| †mLvbKvi cvnvo-b`x-MvQcvjv m‡e©vcwi †mLvbKvi gvbyl †jLK‡K w`‡qwQj Acvi Avb›`| GK evOvwj cwiev‡i wZwb AvwZ_¨ MÖnY K‡ib| Zv‡ì cvwievwiK Rxe‡bi GK ˆkwíK eY©bv Av‡Q G iPbvq| †Kvj m¤cÖ`v‡qi gvby‡li mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôvb Dc‡fv‡Mi GK Dc‡fvM¨Ki eY©bvI i‡q‡Q| AZ¨š— mvejxj fvlvq I wm‡bg¨vwUK X‡O Dc¯’vwcZ KvwnbxwU wbtm‡›`‡n imvZ¥K Ges †KŠZ~n‡jvÏxcK|


Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb

1. m¤cÖwZ Zzwg †hLv‡b wk¶v md‡i ev åg‡Y wM‡qwQ‡j Zvi weeiY `vI| 2. evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ `k©bxq ¯’v‡bi bvg I cwiP‡qi GKwU PvU© ˆZwi Ki| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| cvjv‡gŠ AÂ‡j cÖavbZ †Kvb RvwZi †jv‡Ki evm ?

K. gvivwV L. ¸RivwU

M. †Kvj N. gyÊvwi

2| ÔMí Kiv G eq‡mi †ivMÕ Ñ GLv‡b e„‡×i †Kvb êwkó¨‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?

K. e` Af¨vm L. eq‡mi evwZK

M. evPvjZv N. cvwÊZ¨

DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : Rvgvb evevi mv‡_ wm‡j‡Ui Rvdjs hvw”Qj| iv¯—v †_‡K cvnv‡oi †mŠ›`h© †`‡L Mvwo _vgv‡Z

e‡j| Zvici †b‡g †mw`‡K †`Šov‡Z ïi“ K‡i| evev †evSv‡Z Pvq H cvnvo A‡bK `~i wKš‘ Rvgvb Zv wKQz‡ZB wek¦vm Ki‡Z Pvq bv|

3| DÏxc‡Ki Rvgvb Ôcvjv‡gŠÕ iPbvi hvi mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© Ñ

K. †jLK L. MvoIqvb M. e½evmx N. cÖwZ‡ekxi

4| Df‡qi g‡a¨ †h êwkó¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡QÑ K. wbe©yw×Zv L. åg M. GK¸u‡qgx N. mvnm

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ Rwni mv‡n‡ei GjvKvi gvbyl Zvi evmv †_‡K GKUz `~‡i GKRb _v‡K| Zvi mv‡_ Avš—wiKZv, ü`¨Zv I PjvPj K‡i ¯^v”Q‡›`¨| wKš‘ Ab¨ GjvKv †_‡K Avmv Zvi cv‡ki evmvq _v‡K iwdK mv‡ne| Zvi mv‡_ m¤úK© fv‡jv _v‡K bv| eis memgq kÎ“Zvi m¤úK© weivR K‡i| K. †jLK nvRvwiev‡M KLb †cŠu‡QwQj ? L. †jL‡Ki ¶zav AwaKZi cÖ`xß nBj †Kb ? M. DÏxc‡Ki Rwni mv‡n‡ei ¯^v”Q‡›`¨ PjvP‡ji Kvh©µg¸‡jv Ôcvjv‡gŠÕ iPbvq Kv‡ì‡K Bw½Z

K‡i Zv Zz‡j ai| N. ÔDÏxcKwU cvjv‡gŠ iPbvi LÊvsk gvÎ, c~Y©i~c bqÕÑ hyw³mn we‡k−lY Ki|


dz‡ji weevn ew¼gP› ª P‡Ævcva¨vq

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : ew¼gP› ª P‡Ævcva¨vq 26†k Ryb 1838 wLªóv‡ã cwðge‡½i PweŸk ciMbv †Rjvi Aš—M©Z KuvVvjcvov MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb 1858 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K we.G cix¶vq DËxY© nb Ges †m eQiB †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ªU I †WcywU Kv‡j±i c‡` PvKwi‡Z wbhy³ nb| ew¼gP›`ª †ZwÎk eQi GKB c‡` PvKwi K‡i 1891 mv‡j Aemi MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb cvV¨ve ’vqB mvwnZ¨PP©v ïi“ K‡ib| Zuvi Amvgvb¨ K…wZZ¡ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q cvðvZ¨ fvev`‡k© evsjv Dcb¨vm iPbvi cw_K…r wn‡m‡e| 1865 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Zuvi cÖ_g evsjv Dcb¨vm y‡M©kbw›`bx evsjv K_vmvwn‡Z¨ GK bew`Mš— m„wó K‡i| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ Dcb¨vm n‡jv : KcvjKzÊjv, g„Yvwjbx, wele„¶, Bw›ìv, hyMjv½yixq, ivavivbx, P› ª‡kLi, iRbx, K…òKv‡š—i DBj, ivRwmsn, Avb›`gV, †èx †PŠayivbx I mxZvivg| cÖeÜ mvwn‡ZÏ ew¼gP› ª K…wZZ¡ †`wL‡q‡Qb| KgjvKv‡š—i `ßi, †jvKinm¨, K…ò PwiÎ BZ¨vw` Zuvi D‡j −L‡hvM¨ cÖeÜMÖš’| ew¼gP› ª P‡Ævcva¨vq 1894 mv‡ji 8B GwcÖj g„Zz eiY K‡ib|]

êkvL gvm weev‡ni gvm| Avwg 1jv êkv‡L bmx eveyi dzjevMv‡b ewmqv GKwU weevn †`wLjvg| fwel¨r eiKb¨vw`‡Mi wk¶v_© wjwLqv ivwL‡ZwQ|

gwj−Kv dz‡ji weevn| êKvjÑˆkke AemvbcÖvq, KwjKv-Kb¨v weevn‡hvM¨v nBqv Avwmj| Kb¨vi wcZv eo‡jvK b‡n, ¶y`ª e„¶, Zvnv‡Z Avevi A‡bK¸wj Kb¨vfvivMÖ —| m¤^‡Üi A‡bK K_v nB‡ZwQj, wKš‘ †KvbUv w ’i nq bvB| D`¨v‡bi ivRv ¯’jcÙ wb‡ ©vl cvÎ e‡U, wKš‘ No eo DuPz, ¯’jcÙ AZ `~i bvwgj bv| Rev G weev‡n Am¤§Z wQj bv, wKš‘ Rev eo ivMx, Kb¨vKZ©v wcQvB‡jb| MÜivR cvÎ fv‡jv, wKš‘ eo †`gvM, cÖvq Zuvnvi evi cvIqv hvq bv| GBi~c Aeë¯’vi mg‡q ågiivR NUK nBqv gwj−Kv-e„¶m`‡b Dcw ’Z nB‡jb| wZwb Avwmqv ewj‡jb, Ô¸Y&& ! ¸Y&& ! ¸Y&& †g‡q Av‡Q ?Õ

gwj−Kve„¶ cvZv bvwoqv mvq w`‡jb, ÔAv‡Q !Õ ågi cÎvmb MÖnY Kwiqv ewj‡jb, Ô¸Y&& ¸Y&& ¸Y&& ! ¸Y&& ¸Yv¸Y&& ! †g‡q †`wLe|Õ

e„¶, kvLv bZ Kwiqv gyw`Zbqbv Ae¸ÉbeZx Kb¨v †`LvB‡jb|

ågi GKevi e„¶‡K cÖ w¶Y Kwiqv Avwmqv ewj‡jb, Ô¸Y&& ! ¸Y&& ! ¸Y&& ! ¸Y †`wL‡Z PvB| †NvgUv †Lvj|Õ

j¾vkxjv Kb¨v wKQz‡ZB †Nvg&&Uv Ly‡j bv| e„¶ ewj‡jb, ÔAvgvi †g‡q¸wj eo jvRyK| Zzwg GKUz A‡c¶v Ki, Avwg gyL †`LvB‡ZwQ|Õ

ågi †fuv Kwiqv ’jc‡Ùi êVKLvbvq wMqv ivRcy‡Îi m‡½ BqviwK Kwi‡Z ewm‡jb| Gw`‡K gwj−Kvi mÜ¨vVvKzivYx-w`w` Avwmqv Zvnv‡K KZ eySvB‡Z jvwMj Ñ ewjj, Ôw`w`, GKevi †Nvg&&Uv †Lvj Ñ bB‡j, ei Avwm‡e bv Ñ j²x Avgvi, Puv` Avgvi, †mvbv Avgvi, BZ¨vw`|Õ KwjKv KZevi Nvo bvwoj, KZevi ivM Kwiqv gyL NyivBj, KZ evi ewjj, ÔVvb&&w`w`, ZzB hv !Õ wKš‘ †k‡l mÜ¨vi wmœ» ¯^fv‡e gy» nBqv


gyL Lywjj| ZLb NUK gnvkq †fuv Kwiqv ivRevox nB‡Z bvwgqv Avwmqv NUKvjx‡Z gb w`‡jb| Kb¨vi cwig‡j gy» nBqv ewj‡jb, Ô¸Y&& ¸Y&& ¸Y&& ¸Y ¸Yv¸Y&& ! Kb¨v ¸YeZx e‡U| N‡i gay KZ ?Õ

Kb¨vKZ©v e„¶ ewj‡jb, Ôd © w`‡eb, Kovq MÊvq eySvBqv w`‡e|Õ ågi ewj‡jb, Ô¸Y&& ¸Y&&, Avcbvi A‡bK ¸Y Ñ NUKvjxUv ?Õ

Kb¨vKZ©v kvLv bvwoqv mvq w`j, ÔZvI n‡e|Õ

ågiÑÔewj NUKvjxi wKQz AvMvg w`‡j nq bv ?Õ bM` `vb eo ¸YÑ¸Y&& ¸Y&& ¸Y&|Õ

¶z ª e„¶wU ZLb wei³ nBqv, mKj kvLv bvwoqv ewjj, ÔAv‡M e‡ii K_v ej Ñ ei †K ?Õ

ågiÑÔei AwZ mycvÎ|Ñ Zuvi A‡bK ¸Y-bÑb&|Õ

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†Mvaywj jMœ Dcw¯’Z, †Mvjve weev‡n hvÎvi D‡`¨vM Kwi‡Z jvwM‡jb| Dw”P½ov bner evRvB‡Z Avi¤¢ Kwij ; †gŠgvwQ mvbvB‡qi evqbv jBqvwQj, wKš‘ ivZKvbv ewjqv m‡½ hvB‡Z cvwij bv| L‡`¨v‡Ziv Svo awij ; AvKv‡k ZvivevwR nB‡Z jvwMj| †KvwKj Av‡M Av‡M dzKivB‡Z jvwMj| A‡bK eihvÎv Pwjj; ^qs ivRKzgvi ’jcÙ wèvemv‡b Amy ’Ki ewjqv Avwm‡Z cvwi‡jb bv, wKš‘ Rev‡Mvôx Ñ †k¦Z Rev, i³ Rev, Ri` Rev cÖf…wZ mes‡k AvwmqvwQj| Kiex‡ii `j, †m‡K‡j ivRvw`‡Mi gZ eo D”P Wv‡j Pwoqv Avwmqv Dcw¯’Z nBj| †muDwZ bxZei nB‡e ewjqv, mvwRqv Avwmqv `ywj‡Z jvwMj| Mi‡ì †Rvo cwiqv Puvcv Avwmqv ùvovBj Ñ DMÖ MÜ QzwU‡Z jvwMj| MÜiv‡Riv eo evnvi w`qv, `‡j `‡j Avwmqv, MÜ wejvBqv †`k gvZvB‡Z jvwMj| A‡kvK †bkvq jvj nBqv Avwmqv Dcw¯’Z; m‡½ GK cvj wcc&&ov †gvmv‡qe nBqv Avwmqv‡Q; Zvnv‡ì ¸‡Yi m‡½ m¤^Ü bvB, wKš‘ ùv‡Zi R¡vjv eoÑ†Kvb&& weev‡n bv Gi~c eihvÎ †Rv‡U, Avi †Kvb&& weev‡n bv Zvnviv ûj dzUvBqv weev` evavq ? Kzi“eyK KzUR cÖf…wZ AviI A‡bK eihvÎ AvwmqvwQ‡jb, NUK gnvk‡qi Kv‡Q Zuvnv‡ì cwiPq ïwb‡eb| me©ÎB wZwb hvZvqvZ K‡ib Ges wKQz wKQz gay cvBqv _v‡Kb|

AvgviI wbgš¿Y wQj, AvwgI †Mjvg| †`wL, eic‡¶i eo wec`| evZvm evn‡Ki evqbv jBqvwQ‡jb; ZLb ûuÑûg Kwiqv A‡bK gi&&`vwb KwiqvwQ‡jb, wKš‘ Kv‡Ri mgq †Kv_vq jyKvB‡jb, †Kn LyuwRqv cvq


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ZLb ei‡K evmiÑN‡i jBqv †Mj| KZ †h imgqx gaygqx my›ìx †mLv‡b ei‡K †Nwiqv ewmj, Zvnv wK ewje| cÖvPxbv VvKzivYxw`w` UMi mv`v cÖv‡Y euvav iwmKZv Kwi‡Z Kwi‡Z ïKvBqv DwV‡jb| i½‡Yi iv½vgy‡L nvwm a‡i bv| hyB, K‡bï mB, K‡bï Kv‡Q wMqv ïBj; iRbxMÜv‡K ei ZvoKv iv¶mx ewjqv KZ Zvgvmv Kwij; eKzj G‡K evwjKv, Zv‡Z hZ MyY, ZZ i~c b‡n; GK‡Kv‡Y wMqv Pzc Kwiqv ewmqv iwnj; Avi Szg&&Kv dzj eo gvby‡li M„wnYxi gZ †gvUv bxj kvox QovBqv RgKvBqv ewmj| ZLbÑ

ÔKgjKvKvÑIV evwo hvBÑ ivZ n‡q‡Q, I wK, Xz‡j co‡e †h ?Õ

KzmygjZv GB K_v ewjqv Avgvi Mv †Vwj‡ZwQj; Ñ PgK nB‡j, †`wLjvg wKQzB bvB| †mB cy®úevmi †Kv_vq wgwkj ? Ñ g‡b Kwijvg, msmvi AwbZ¨B e‡UÑGB Av‡Q GB bvB| †m ig¨ evmi †K_vq †Mj,Ñ †mB nvm¨gyLx ïåw¯§Zmyavgqx cy®úmy›ìxmKj †Kv_vq †Mj ? †hLv‡b me hvB‡e, †mBLv‡bÑ ¯§„wZi `c©YZ‡j, f~ZmvMiM‡f©| †hLv‡b ivRv cÖRv, ce©Z mgy`ª, MÖn b¶Îvw` wMqv‡Q ev hvB‡e, †mBLv‡b Ñ aŸsmcy‡i! GB weev‡ni b¨vq me k~‡b¨ wgkvB‡e, me evZv‡m Mwjqv hvB‡e Ñ †Kej _vwK‡e Ñ Kx ? †fvM ? bv, †fvM¨ bv _vwK‡j †fvM _vwK‡Z cv‡i bv| Z‡e Kx ? ¯§„wZ ?

Kzmyg ewjj, ÔIV bvÑwK K‡”Pv ?Õ

Avwg ewjjvg, Ô`~i cvMwj, Avwg we‡q w`w”Qjvg|Õ

Kzmyg †Nu‡l G‡m, †n‡m †n‡m Kv‡Q ùvovBqv Avì Kwiqv wRÁvmv Kwij, ÔKvi we‡q, KvKv ?Õ

Avwg ewjjvg, Ôdz‡ji we‡q|Õ

ÔIt †cvov Kcvj, dz‡ji ? Avwg ewj wK ! AvwgI †h GB dz‡ji we‡q w`‡qwQ|Õ

ÔKB ?Õ

ÔGB †h gvjv Muvw_qvwQ|Õ †`wLjvg, †mB gvjvq Avgvi ei Kb¨v iwnqv‡Q|

kãv_© I UxKv : Kb¨vfviMÖ¯— Ñ weevn‡hvM¨v Kb¨v A‡_©; m¤^‡Üi Ñ we‡qi; Kb¨vKZ©v Ñ Kb¨vi AwffveK; cÎvmb Ñ cvZvi Dci Avmb; Ae¸ÉbeZ©xÑ †NvgUv †Ìqv; BqviwK Ñ eÜz‡ì m‡½B ejv P‡j Ggb Avjvc; mÜ¨vVvKzivYx w`w` Ñ GLv‡b mÜ¨vKvj‡K w`w` e‡j m‡¤^vab Kiv n‡”Q; cwigj Ñ myMÜ; M‡Üvcva¨vq Ñ M‡Üi ivRv †evSv‡Z; KzjvPvh© Ñ Kz‡ji AvPvh© ev es‡ki cÖavb cy‡ivwnZ; evÃvgvwj Ñ †h gvwj B‡”QgZ dzj †dvUv‡Z cv‡i; L‡`¨vZ Ñ †RvbvwK †cvKv; G‡qvMY Ñ maev bvix; KgjKvKv Ñ KgjvKvš—‡K KvKv e‡j m‡¤^vab Kiv n‡q‡Q|


cvV cwiwPwZ : ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi jNyiPbv ÔKgjvKv‡š—i `ßiÕ MÖ‡š’i beg msL¨K †jLv Ôdz‡ji weevnÕ| GB iPbvq nvmï‡mi gva¨‡g wewfbœ dz‡ji bvg, †m dzj¸‡jvi M‡Üi ZviZg¨, e‡Y©i iKg‡di AZ¨š— ms‡e`bkxjZvi m‡½ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb ew¼gP›`ª| KLb †Kvb dzj †dv‡U †m ch©‡e¶YI GB iPbvq cvIqv hvq| we‡q-Abyôvb evOvwji Rxe‡b, we‡kl K‡i evwoi wkï-wK‡kvi I cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì g‡a¨ AZxe Avb›` wb‡q Av‡m| GB Abyôv‡b ei-K‡b †K‡›`ª _vK‡jI ei-K‡bi gvZv-wcZv, K‡bi cowk bvixiv bvbv gv½wjK eª‡Z m¤ú„³ _v‡Kb, NUKI _v‡Kb we‡klfv‡e hy³| we‡q Abyôv‡bi m‡½ hy³ _v‡Kb Ggb bvbv e¨w³i cwie‡Z© wewfbœ dz‡ji D‡j −L K‡i AmvaviY `¶Zvq ew¼gP›`ª evOvwji Mvn©¯’¨ GKwU Abyôv‡b Av‡iv Avb›``vqK K‡i GLv‡b Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi GB iPbvfw½ evsjv M`¨ weKv‡ki †¶‡Î ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1. cvVwU‡Z †hme dz‡ji K_v ejv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvi bvg I M‡Üi cwiPq w`‡q GKwU PvU© ˆZwi Ki| 2. dz‡ji eûwea eënvi wjwce× K‡i †kªwY wk¶K‡K †`LvI|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| Ôdz‡ji weevnÕ M‡íi cvÎ †K wQj ?

K. gwj−Kv L. ¯’jcÙ M. iRbxMÜv N. gvjZx

2| G M‡í Kb¨vKzj ej‡Z Kv‡ì‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?

K. †fvgi L. e„¶ M. MvQcvjv N. dzj

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

Rwg`vi Rbva©b †Nvl †g‡qi we‡q w`‡Z wM‡q cvÎ Lyu‡R †eov‡”Qb| A‡bK †LuvRvLyuwRi ci Ae‡k‡l ivq evnv`yi †PŠayixi GKgvÎ cyÎ †èvkxl‡K cvIqv †Mj| i~‡c-My‡Y †m AZzjbxq|

3| DÏxc‡Ki †èvkx‡li mv‡_ Ôdz‡ji weevnÕ M‡íi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q Ñ

i. MÜiv‡Ri ii. †Mvjv‡ei iii. iRbxMÜvi

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?

K. i L. iiM. iii N. i, ii I iii


4| Gi~c mv`„‡kï KviY Kx ?

K. †mŠ›`h© L. cÖwZcwË M. †KŠwjb¨ N. Ae¯’vb

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

†gŠix GKw`b evevi Kv‡Q evqbv a‡i †evUvwbKvj Mv‡W©‡b †eov‡Z hv‡e| evev GKw`b I‡K wb‡q †eov‡Z †M‡j †m fxlY Lywk nq| bvbv Rv‡Zi dzj-d‡ji Mv‡Qi mgv‡ivn †`‡L †m Awff~Z n‡q hvq| `xN©w`b †m †hme dzj-d‡ji bvg ï‡b‡Q †m¸‡jv AvR wbR †Pv‡L †`‡L LyeB Avbw›`Z nq| Ae‡k‡l wm×vš— †bq Ñ evwoi AvwObvq †QvÆ GKUv evMvb Ki‡e|

K. Ôdz‡ji weevnÕ M‡í †K NU‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i ? L. ¶y`ª e„¶wU †Kb wei³ n‡qwQj ? M. DÏxc‡Ki †gŠixi fv‡jvjvMvi Ôdz‡ji weevnÕ M‡íi mv`„k¨c~Y© w`KwU e¨vL¨v Ki| N. †gŠixi gv‡S m„ó cÖwZwµqvB †hb Ôdz‡ji weevnÕ M‡íi g~j †PZbv Ñ hyw³mn eywS‡q †jL|


myfv

iex› ªbv_ VvKzi

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : iex› ªbv_ VvKzi 25†k êkvL 1268 mv‡j (7B †g 1861 wLªóvã) KjKvZvi †Rvovmuv‡Kvi VvKzi cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv gnwl© †`‡e› ªbv_ VvKzi Ges wcZvgn wcÖÝ ØviKvbv_ VvKzi| we`¨vj‡qi AvbyôvwbK wk¶v wZwb jvf K‡ibwb, wKš‘ mvwn‡Zï wewPÎ †¶‡Î Zuvi c`PviYv GK we¯§‡qi welq| wZwb wQ‡jb cÖK…Z A‡_©B Amvgvb¨ cÖwZfvai e¨w³| evj¨Kv‡jB Zuvi KwecÖwZfvi D‡b¥l N‡U| gvÎ c‡bi eQi eq‡m Zuvi ebdzj Kve¨ cÖKvwkZ nq| 1913 mv‡j iex› ªbv_ ÔMxZvÄwjÕ Kv‡eï Rb¨ Gkxq‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_g mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| e ‘Z Zuvi GKK mvabvq evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ mKj kvLvq `ª“Z DbœwZ jvf K‡i Ges wek¦ iev‡i †MŠi‡ei Avm‡b cÖwZwôZ nq| wZwb GKvav‡i mvwnwZ¨K, `vk©wbK, wk¶vwe`, myiKvi, bvU¨ cÖ‡hvRK I Awf‡bZv| Kve¨, †QvUMí, Dcb¨vm, bvUK, cÖeÜ, Mvb BZ¨vw` mvwn‡Zï mKj kvLvB Zuvi Ae`v‡b mg„×| Zuvi ARmª iPbvi g‡a¨ ÔgvbmxÕ, Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ, ÔwPÎvÕ, ÔKíbvÕ, Ô¶wYKvÕ, ÔejvKvÕ, ÔcybðÕ, Ô†Pv‡Li evwjÕ, Ô†MvivÕ, ÔN‡i evB‡iÕ, Ô†hvMv‡hvMÕ, Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ, ÔwemR©bÕ, ÔWvKNiÕ, Ôi³KiexÕ, ÔMí¸”QÕ, ÔwewPÎ cÖeÜÕ BZ¨vw` we‡klfv‡e D‡j−L‡hvM¨| 22‡k kÖveY 1348 mv‡j (7B AvM÷ 1941 wLªóvã) KjKvZvi wek¦Kwe iex› ªbv_ VvKzi †kl wbtk¦vm Z¨vM K‡ib| ]

†g‡qwUi bvg hLb myfvwlYx ivLv nBqvwQj ZLb †K RvwbZ †m †evev nB‡e| Zvnvi ywU e‡ov †evb‡K my‡Kwkbx I mynvwmbx bvg †Ìqv nBqvwQj, ZvB wg‡ji Aby‡iv‡a Zvnvi evc †Qv‡Uv †g‡qwUi bvg myfvwlYx iv‡L| GLb mK‡j Zvnv‡K ms‡¶‡c myfv e‡j|

`¯‘igZ AbymÜvb I A_©e¨‡q e‡ov `ywU †g‡qi weevn nBqv †M‡Q, GLb †Qv‡UvwU wcZvgvZvi bxie ü`qfv‡ii g‡Zv weivR Kwi‡Z‡Q|

†h K_v Kq bv †m †h Abyfe K‡i Bnv mK‡ji g‡b nq bv, GBRb¨ Zvnvi mv¶v‡ZB mK‡j Zvnvi fwel¨r m¤^‡Ü ywðš—v cÖKvk KwiZ| †m †h weavZvi Awfkvc¯î~‡c Zvnvi wcZ…M„‡n Avwmqv Rb¥MÖnY Kwiqv‡Q G K_v †m wkïKvj nB‡Z eywSqv jBqvwQj| Zvnvi dj GB nBqvwQj, mvavi‡Yi „wóc_ nB‡Z †m Avcbv‡K †Mvcb Kwiqv ivwL‡Z me©`vB †Póv KwiZ| g‡b KwiZ, Avgv‡K mevB fzwj‡j euvwP| wKš‘, †e`bv wK †Kn KL‡bv †fv‡j? wcZvgvZvi g‡b †m me©`vB RvMi~K wQj|

we‡klZ, Zvnvi gv Zvnv‡K wb‡Ri GKUv ÎywU¯î~c †`wL‡Zb; †Kbbv, gvZv cyÎ A‡c¶v Kb¨v‡K wb‡Ri Aski~‡c †`‡LbÑ Kb¨vi †Kv‡bv Am¤ú~Y© †`wL‡j †mUv †hb we‡kli~‡c wb‡Ri j¾vi KviY ewjqv g‡b K‡ib| eiÂ, Kb¨vi wcZv evYxKÉ myfv‡K Zuvnvi Ab¨ †g‡q‡ì A‡c¶v †hb GKUz †ewk fv‡jvevwm‡Zb; wKš‘ gvZv Zvnv‡K wb‡Ri M‡f©i Kj¼ Ávb Kwiqv Zvnvi cÖwZ e‡ov wei³ wQ‡jb| myfvi K_v wQj bv, wKš‘ Zvnvi my`xN©cj−ewewkó e‡ov e‡ov ywU Kv‡jv †PvL wQjÑGes Zvnvi Iôvai fv‡ei AvfvmgvÎ KwP wKkj‡qi g‡Zv Kuvwcqv DwVZ|

K_vq Avgiv †h fve cÖKvk Kwi †mUv Avgvw`M‡K A‡bKUv wb‡Ri †Póvq Mwoqv jB‡Z nq, KZKUv ZR©gv Kivi g‡Zv; mKj mg‡q wVK nq bv, ¶gZvi Afv‡e A‡bK mg‡q fzjI nq| wKš‘ Kv‡jv †PvL‡K wKQz ZR©gv Kwi‡Z nq bvÑgb Avcwb Zvnvi Dc‡i Qvqv †d‡j; fve Avcwb Zvnvi Dc‡i KL‡bv cÖmvwiZ KL‡bv gyw`Z nq; KL‡bv D¾¡jfv‡e R¡wjqv D‡V, KL‡bv ¤ −vbfv‡e wbweqv Av‡m,


KL‡bv A¯—gvb P‡›`ªi g‡Zv Awb‡glfv‡e Pvwnqv _v‡K, KL‡bv `ªyZ PÂj we`y¨‡Zi g‡Zv w`M&wew`‡K wVKwiqv D‡V| gy‡Li fve ê AvRb¥Kvj hvnvi Ab¨ fvlv bvB Zvnvi †Pv‡Li fvlv Amxg D`vi Ges AZj¯úk© MfxiÑ A‡bKUv ¯^”Q AvKv‡ki g‡Zv, D`qv¯— Ges Qvqv‡jv‡Ki wb¯—ä i½f~wg| GB evK¨nxb gby‡lï g‡a¨ e„nr cÖK…wZi g‡Zv GKUv weRb gnË¡ Av‡Q| GBRb¨ mvaviY evjKevwjKviv Zvnv‡K GKcÖKvi fq KwiZ, Zvnvi mwnZ †Ljv KwiZ bv| †m wbR©b wØcÖn‡ii g‡Zv kãnxb Ges m½xnxb|

MÖv‡gi bvg PÊxcyi| b`xwU evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU †Qv‡Uv b`x, M„n ’N‡ii †g‡qwUi g‡Zv, eû`~i ch©š— Zvnvi cÖmvi b‡n; wbijmv Zš^x b`xwU Avcb K~j i¶v Kwiqv KvR Kwiqv hvq; `yB av‡ii MÖv‡gi mK‡jiB m‡½ Zvnvi †hb GKUv-bv-GKUv m¤úK© Av‡Q| `yB av‡i †jvKvjq Ges Ziy”QvqvNb D”P ZU; wbgœZj w`qv MÖvgj²x †mªvZw¯^bx AvZ¥we¯§„Z `ªyZ c`‡¶‡c cÖdzj− ü`‡q Avcbvi AmsL¨ Kj¨vYKv‡h© Pwjqv‡Q|

evYxK‡Éi Ni b`xi G‡Kev‡i Dc‡iB Zvnvi euvLvwii †eov, AvUPvjv, †MvqvjNi, †XuwKkvjv, L‡oi —~c, †ZuZzjZjv, Avg KuvVvj Ges Kjvi evMvb †bŠKvevwn-gv‡ÎiB `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i| GB Mvn©¯’¨ m”QjZvi g‡a¨ †evev †g‡qwU KvnviI bR‡i c‡o wK bv Rvwb bv, wKš‘ KvRK‡g© hLwb Aemi cvq ZLwb †m GB b`xZx‡i Avwmqv e‡m|

cÖK…wZ †hb Zvnvi fvlvi Afve c~iY Kwiqv †`q| †hb Zvnvi nBqv K_v Kq| b`xi KjaŸwb, †jv‡Ki †Kvjvnj, gvwSi Mvb, cvwLi WvK, Ziyi gg©iÑmg¯— wgwk‡q Pvwiw`‡Ki Pjv‡div-Av‡›`vjb-K¤ú‡bi mwnZ GK nBqv mgy‡ ªi Zi½ivwki b¨vq evwjKvi wPiwb¯—ä ü`q-DcK~‡ji wbK‡U Avwmqv fvwOqv c‡o| cÖK…wZi GB wewea kã Ges wewPÎ MwZ, BnvI †evevi fvlv Ñ e‡ov e‡ov P¶zcj −ewewkó myfvi †h fvlv ZvnviB GKUv wek¦e¨vcx we¯—vi; wSwj −iec~Y© Z…Yf~wg nB‡Z kãvZxZ b¶Î‡jvK ch©š— †Kej Bw½Z, fw½, msMxZ, µ›`b Ges `xN©wbk¦vm|

Ges ga¨v‡ý hLb gvwSiv †R‡jiv LvB‡Z hvBZ, M„n‡¯’iv NygvBZ, cvwLiv WvwKZ bv, †Lqv-†bŠKv eÜ _vwKZ, mRb RMr mg¯— KvRK‡g©i gvSLv‡b mnmv _vwgqv wMqv fqvbK weRbg~wZ© aviY KwiZ, ZLb iy`ª gnvKv‡ki Z‡j †Kej GKwU †evev cÖK…wZ Ges GKwU †evev †g‡q gyLvgywL Pzc Kwiqv ewmqv _vwKZÑ GKRb mywe¯—xY© †iŠ‡`ª, Avi-GKRb ¶z`ª Ziy”Qvqvq|

mzfvi †h ¸wUKZK Aš—i½ eÜzi `j wQj bv Zvnv b‡n| †Mvqv‡ji ywU Mvfx, Zvnv‡ì bvg me©kx I cv½ywj| †m bvg evwjKvi gy‡L Zvnviv KL‡bv ï‡b bvB, wKš‘ Zvnvi c`kã Zvnviv wPwbZÑ Zvnvi K_vnxb GKUv KiyY myi wQj, Zvnvi gg© Zvnviv fvlvi A‡c¶v mn‡R eywSZ| myfv KLb Zvnv‡ì Avì Kwi‡Z‡Q, KLb fr©mbv Kwi‡Z‡Q, KLb wgbwZ Kwi‡Z‡Q, Zvnv Zvnviv gvby‡li A‡c¶v fv‡jv eywS‡Z cvwiZ|

myfv †Mvqv‡j XzwKqv `yB evûi Øviv me©kxi MÖxev †eób Kwiqv Zvnvi Kv‡bi Kv‡Q Avcbvi MÊ‡`k Nl©Y KwiZ Ges cv½ywj wmœ»`„wó‡Z Zvnvi cÖwZ wbix¶Y Kwiqv Zvnvi Mv PvwUZ| evwjKv w`‡bi g‡a¨ wbqwgZ wZbevi Kwiqv †MvqvjN‡i hvBZ, Zvnv Qvov AwbqwgZ AvMgbI wQj; M„‡n †h w`b †Kv‡bv KwVb K_v ïwbZ †m w`b †m Amg‡q Zvnvi GB g~K eÜz`ywUi Kv‡Q AvwmZÑ Zvnvi mwnòzZvcwic~Y© welv`kvš— `„wócvZ nB‡Z Zvnviv Kx-GKUv AÜ Abygvbkw³i Øviv evwjKvi gg©‡e`bv †hb eywS‡Z


cvwiZ, Ges myfvi Mv †Nuwlqv Avwmqv A‡í A‡í Zvnvi evû‡Z wks Nwlqv Nwlqv Zvnv‡K wbe©vK e¨vKzjZvi mwnZ mvš—¡bv w`‡Z †Póv KwiZ|

Bnviv Qvov QvMj Ges weovjkveKI wQj; wKš‘ Zvnv‡ì mwnZ myfvi Gi~c mgK¶fv‡e ˆgÎx wQj bv, Z_vwc Zvnviv h‡_ó AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk KwiZ| weovjwkïwU w`‡b Ges iv‡Î hLb-ZLb myfvi Mig †KvjwU wbtms‡Kv‡P AwaKvi Kwiqv myLwb`ªvi Av‡qvRb KwiZ Ges myfv Zvnvi MÖxev I c„‡ô †Kvgj Av½ywj eyjvBqv w`‡j †h Zvnvi wb ªvKl©‡Yi we‡kl mnvqZv nq, Bw½‡Z Gi~c AwfcÖvqI cÖKvk KwiZ|

DbœZ †kªwYi Rx‡ei g‡a¨ myfvi Av‡iv GKwU m½x RywUqvwQj| wKš‘ Zvnvi mwnZ evwjKvi wVK wKi~c m¤úK© wQj Zvnv wbY©q Kiv KwVb, KviY, †m fvlvwewkó Rxe; myZivs Df‡qi g‡a¨ mgfvlv wQj bv|

†MuvmvB‡ì †Qv‡Uv †Q‡jwUÑZvnvi bvg cÖZvc| †jvKwU wbZvš— AKg©Y¨| †m †h KvRKg© Kwiqv msmv‡ii DbœwZ Kwi‡Z hZœ Kwi‡e eû †Póvi ci evc-gv †m Avkv Z¨vM Kwiqv‡Qb| AKg©Y¨ †jv‡Ki GKUv myweav GB †h, AvZ¥xq †jv‡Kiv Zvnv‡ì Dc‡i wei³ nq e‡U, wKš‘ cÖvq Zvnviv wbtm¤úK© †jvK‡ì wcÖqcvÎ nqÑ KviY, †Kv‡bv Kv‡h© AveÜ bv _vKv‡Z Zvnviv miKvwi m¤úwË nBqv ùvovq| kn‡ii †hgb GK-AvaUv M„nm¤úK©nxb miKvwi evMvb _vKv Avek¨K †Zgwb MÖv‡g yB-PvwiUv AKg©Y¨ miKvwi †jvK _vKvi we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb| Kv‡R-K‡g© Av‡gv‡`-Aem‡i †hLv‡b GKUv †jvK Kg c‡o †mLv‡bB Zvnvw`M‡K nv‡Zi Kv‡Q cvIqv hvq|

cÖZv‡ci cÖavb kLÑ wQc †dwjqv gvQ aiv| Bnv‡Z A‡bK mgq mn‡R KvUv‡bv hvq| Aciv‡nœ b`xZx‡i Bnv‡K cÖvq GB Kv‡R wbhy³ †`Lv hvBZ| Ges GB Dcj‡¶ myfvi mwnZ Zvnvi cÖvq mv¶vr nBZ| †h-†Kv‡bv Kv‡RB wbhy³ _vK, GKUv m½x cvB‡j cÖZvc _v‡K fv‡jv| gvQ aivi mgq evK¨nxb m½xB me©v‡c¶v †kªôÑ GBRb¨ cÖZvc myfvi gh©v`v eywSZ| GBRb¨ mK‡jB myfv‡K myfv ewjZ, cÖZvc Avi-GKUz AwZwi³ Avì ms‡hvM Kwiqv myfv‡K ÔmyÕ ewjqv WvwKZ|

myfv †ZuZzjZjvq ewmqv _vwKZ Ges cÖZvc AbwZ`~‡i wQc †dwjqv R‡ji w`‡K Pvwnqv _vwKZ| cÖZv‡ci GKwU Kwiqv cvb eivÏ wQj, myfv Zvnv wb‡R mvwRqv AvwbZ| Ges †eva Kwi A‡bK¶Y ewmqv ewmqv Pvwnqv B”Qv KwiZ, cÖZv‡ci †Kv‡bv-GKUv we‡kl mvnvh¨ Kwi‡Z, GKUv-†Kv‡bv Kv‡R jvwM‡Z, †Kv‡bvg‡Z RvbvBqv w`‡Z †h GB c„w_ex‡Z †mI GKRb Kg cÖ‡qvRbxq †jvK b‡n| wKš‘ wKQzB Kwievi wQj bv| ZLb †m g‡b g‡b weavZvi Kv‡Q A‡jŠwKK ¶gZv cÖv_©bv KwiZÑ gš¿e‡j mnmv Ggb GKUv Avðh© KvÊ NUvB‡Z B”Qv KwiZ hvnv †`wLqv cÖZvc Avðh© nBqv hvBZ, ewjZ, ÔZvB †Zv, Avgv‡ì mywfi †h GZ ¶gZv Zvnv †Zv RvwbZvg bv|Õ

g‡b K‡iv, mzfv hw` RjKzgvix nBZ, Av‡ — Av‡ — Rj nB‡Z DwVqv GKUv mv‡ci gv_vi gwY Nv‡U ivwLqv hvBZ; cÖZvc Zvnvi Zz”Q gvQ aiv ivwLqv †mB gvwbK jBqv R‡j Wze gvwiZ; Ges cvZv‡j wMqv †`wLZ, i~cvi AÆvwjKvq †mvbvi cvj‡¼Ñ†K ewmqv?Ñ Avgv‡ì evYxK‡Éi N‡ii †mB †evev †g‡q myÑ Avgv‡ì my †mB gwY`xß Mfxi wb —ä cvZvjcyixi GKgvÎ ivRKb¨v| Zvnv wK nB‡Z cvwiZ bv| Zvnv wK GZB Am¤¢e| Avm‡j wKQzB Am¤¢e bq, wKš‘ ZeyI my cÖRvk~b¨ cvZv‡ji ivRes‡k bv Rwb¥qv evYxK‡Éi N‡i Avwmqv Rwb¥qv‡Q Ges †MvmvB‡ì †Q‡j cÖZvc‡K wKQz‡ZB Avðh© Kwi‡Z cvwi‡Z‡Q bv|


myfvi eqm µ‡gB evwoqv DwV‡Z‡Q| µ‡g †m †hb Avcbv‡K Avcwb Abyfe Kwi‡Z cvwi‡Z‡Q| †hb †Kv‡bv GKUv c~wY©gvwZw_‡Z †Kv‡bv-GKUv mgy`ª nB‡Z GKUv †Rvqv‡ii †mªvZ Avwmqv Zvnvi Aš—ivZ¥v‡K GK b~Zb Awbe©Pbxq †PZbvkw³‡Z cwic~Y© Kwiqv Zzwj‡Z‡Q| †m Avcbv‡K Avcwb †`wL‡Z‡Q, fvwe‡Z‡Q, cÖkœ Kwi‡Z‡Q, Ges eywS‡Z cvwi‡Z‡Q bv|

Mfxi c~wY©gviv‡Î †m GK-GKw`b ax‡i kqbM„‡ni Øvi Lywjqv f‡q f‡q gyL evovBqv evwn‡ii w`‡K Pvwnqv †`‡L c~wY©gvcÖK…wZI myfvi g‡Zv GKvwKbx myß RM‡Zi Dci RvwMqv ewmqv-†hŠe‡bi in‡m¨ cyj‡K welv‡` Amxg wbR©bZvi G‡Kev‡i †kl mxgv ch©š—, Ggb-wK, Zvnv AwZµg KwiqvI ag&&_g&& Kwi‡Z‡Q, GKwU K_v Kwn‡Z cvwi‡Z‡Q bv| GB wb¯—ä e¨vKzj cÖK…wZi cÖv‡š— GKwU wb¯—ä e¨vKzj evwjKv uvovBqv|

Gw`‡K Kb¨vfvivMÖ¯— wcZvgvZv wPwš—Z nBqv DwVqv‡Qb| †jv‡KI wb›`v Avi¤¢ Kwiqv‡Q| Ggb-wK, GK-N‡i Kwi‡e Ggb RbieI ïbv hvq| evYxK‡Éi m”Qj Ae¯’v, `yB †ejvB gvQfvZ Lvq, GRb¨ Zvnvi kÎy wQj|

¯¿xcyiy‡l we¯—i civgk© nBj| wKQzw`‡bi g‡Zv evYx we‡`‡k †Mj| Ae‡k‡l wdwiqv Avwmqv Kwnj, ÒP‡jv, KwjKvZvq P‡jv|Ó

we‡`khvÎvi D`&‡hvM nB‡Z jvwMj| Kzqvkv-XvKv cÖfv‡Zi g‡Zv myfvi mg¯— ü`q AkÖyev‡®ú G‡Kev‡i fwiqv †Mj| GKUv Awbw`©ó Avk¼v-e‡k †m wKQzw`b nB‡Z µgvMZ wbe©vK&& Rš‘i g‡Zv Zvnvi evc-gv‡qi m‡½ m‡½ wdwiZÑ WvMi P¶z †gwjqv Zuvnv‡ì gy‡Li w`‡K Pvwnqv Kx-GKUv eywS‡Z †Póv KwiZ, wKš‘ Zuvnviv wKQz eySvBqv ewj‡Zb bv|

BwZg‡a¨ GKw`b Aciv‡nœ wQc †dwjqv cÖZvc nvwmqv Kwnj, ÒKx †i my, †Zvi bvwK ei cvIqv †M‡Q, ZzB we‡q Ki‡Z hvw”Qm? †`wLm Avgv‡ì fzwjm †b|Ó

ewjqv Avevi gv‡Qi w`‡K g‡bv‡hvM Kwij| gg©we× nwiYx e¨v‡ai w`‡K †hgb Kwiqv ZvKvq, bxi‡e ewj‡Z _v‡K ÔAvwg †Zvgvi Kv‡Q Kx †`vl KwiqvwQjvgÕ, myfv †Zgwb Kwiqv cÖZv‡ci w`‡K Pvwnj; †mw`b Mv‡Qi Zjvq Avi ewmj bv| evYxKÉ wb`ªv nB‡Z DwVqv kqbM„‡n ZvgvK LvB‡ZwQ‡jb, myfv Zuvnvi cv‡qi Kv‡Q ewmqv Zuvnvi gy‡Li w`‡K Pvwnqv Kuvw`‡Z jvwMj| Ae‡k‡l Zvnv‡K mvš—¡bv w`‡Z wMqv evYxK‡Éi ï®‹ K‡cv‡j AkÖy MovBqv cwoj|

Kvj KwjKvZvq hvBevi w`b w¯’i nBqv‡Q| myfv †MvqvjN‡i Zvnvi evj¨-mLx‡ì Kv‡Q we`vq jB‡Z †Mj, Zvnvw`M‡K ¯^n‡¯— LvIqvBqv, Mjv awiqv GKevi `yB †Pv‡L hZ cv‡i K_v fwiqv Zvnv‡ì gy‡Li w`‡K PvwnjÑ yB †bÎcj−e nB‡Z Uc&&Uc&& Kwiqv AkÖyRj co‡Z jvwMj|

†mw`b ïK¬vØv`kxi ivwÎ| myfv kqbM„n nB‡Z evwni nBqv Zvnvi †mB wPicwiwPZ b`xZ‡U k®úkh¨vq jyUvBqv cwojÑ †hb aiYx‡K, GB cÖKvÊ g~K gvbeZv‡K `yB evû‡Z awiqv ewj‡Z Pv‡n, ÔZzwg Avgv‡K hvB‡Z w`‡qv bv, gv| Avgvi g‡Zv `ywU evû evovBqv ZzwgI Avgv‡K awiqv iv‡Lv|Õ


kãv_© I UxKv : M‡f©i Kj¼ Ñ mš—vb wn‡m‡e Kj¼, Mf© n‡jv gv‡qi †cU †h e¨w³ ev e ‘‡K cwiev‡i †bwZevPK wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq Zv n‡jv Kj¼; my xN© cj−ewewkó Ñ eo cvZvwewkó, `xN© n‡jv eo, ÔmyÕ hy³ n‡q ÔeoÕ‡K we‡klvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q; cj−e n‡jv cvZv; GLv‡b †Pv‡Li cvZv wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡q‡Q| Iôvai Ñ Iô Ges Aai, Dc‡ii I wb‡Pi †VuvU [Iô+Aai = Iôvai] wK‡kvjq Ñ Mv‡Qi bZzb cvZv| ZR©gv Ñ Abyev`, GK fvlv †_‡K Ab¨ fvlvq ejv ev †jLv| A —gvb Ñ Wzeš—, Wz‡e hv‡”Q Ggb, P› ª-m~‡h©i cwðg w`‡K A „k¨ Ae ’v| Awb‡glfv‡e Ñ cjKnxbfv‡e, Awb‡gk Ñ AcjK, cjKnxb D`qv — Ñ D`q + A — = D`qv —, Avwef©ve I wZ‡ivfve, DVv I Wzev| Qvqv‡jvK Ñ Qvqv + Av‡jvK = Qvqv‡jvK; †Kv‡bv e ‘i Ici Av‡jv co‡j †h cÖwZwe¤ nq Zv n‡jv Qvqv; weRb gnË¡ Ñ weRb Ñ Rbk~b¨, wbR©b; gnË¡ Ñ Ae`vb; weRb gnË¡ Ñ †Kvjvnjgy³ cÖK…wZi Ae ’vi †h AvKl©Yxq w`K| Zšx Ñ ¶xY I myMwVZ A½wewkó| euvLvwi Ñ Kuv‡ai yw`‡K ycÖv‡š— Szwj‡q †evSv en‡bi euv‡ki dvwj| †XuwKkvjv Ñ †h N‡i †XuwK ivLv nq; †XuwK n‡jv avb †_‡K Pvj ˆZwii †jvKR hš¿; GL‡bv MÖvgxY Rxe‡b A‡bK evwo‡Z †XuwKi Ni Av‡Q| Mvn© ’ m”QjZv Ñ cvwievwiK ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi m”QjZv| wPiwb —ä n„ q DcK~j Ñ kvš— n„ q; wb —ä n‡jv Av‡jvobnxb Ae ’v; DcK~j n‡jv K~‡ji m „k; GLv‡b n„ q DcK~j ej‡Z n„ ‡qi wKbvivi K_vB ejv n‡q‡Q| wSwj−ie c~Y© Ñ wSu wSu †cvKvi AvIqvR/k‡ã gyLi| weRb g~wZ© Ñ wbR©b Ae ’v; weRb n‡jv wbR©b ev Rbgvbek~b¨, g~wZ© n‡jv †Kv‡bvwKQz cÖwZK…wZ; weRbg~wZ© kãwU GLv‡b †Kvjvnjnxb Ae ’v ev wbR©b/Rbgvbek~b¨ Ae ’v †evSv‡Z eën„Z n‡q‡Q| MÊ‡`k Ñ ewai, †evev| welv`kvš— Ñ ytLgMœ, wec` = ùywZ©k~b¨Zv, welYœZv; welv`kvš— n‡jv Lye‡ewk welv`MÖ —Zv †_‡K †h kvš— Ae ’v| c~wY©gvwZw_ Ñ Puv‡ì cwic~Y© i~c nIqvi mgq| Kb¨vfvivMÖ — wcZv-gvZv Ñ †h wcZv-gvZvi weevn‡hvM¨v Kb¨v mš—v‡bi we‡q nqwb| K‡cvj Ñ Mvj; †bÎcj−e Ñ †Pv‡Li cvZv; ïK¬vØv`kx Ñ Puv‡ì wØZxq w`b|

cvV cwiwPwZ : iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii myfv MíwU Zuvi weL¨vZ ÔMí¸”QÕ †_‡K msM„nxZ n‡q‡Q| GKRb evK&&cÖwZeÜx wK‡kvix myfvi cÖwZ †jL‡Ki n„`q wbsov‡bv fv‡jvevmv I ggZ¡‡eva MíwU Agi n‡q Av‡Q| myfv K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv| gv g‡b K‡ib G-Zvi wbqwZi †`vl, wKš‘ evev Zuv‡K fv‡jvev‡mb| Avi †KD Zvi m‡½ wg‡k bvÑ†L‡j bv| wKš‘ Zvi wekvj GKwU AvkÖ‡qi RMr Av‡Q| hviv K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv †mB †cvlv cÖvYx‡ì Kv‡Q †m gyLi| Zv‡ì †m LyeB Kv‡Qi Rb| Avi wecyj wbe©vK cÖK…wZi Kv‡Q †m cvq gyw³i Avb›`| iex› ªbv_ VvKzi g~jZ cÖwZeÜx gvby‡li AvkÖ‡qi Rb¨ GKwU RMr ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb Ges †mBm‡½ Zv‡ì cÖwZ Avgv‡ì ggZ¡‡ev‡ai D‡Øvab NUv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb

1. wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwZeÜx‡ì mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ Kx Kx D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv hvq| G wel‡q cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi K‡i †kÖwYwk¶‡Ki wbKU Rgv `vI|

2. †Zvgvi Pvicv‡ki mgv‡R myfvi g‡Zv Kv‡iv Rxeb-ev¯—eZv _vK‡j Zv wb‡Ri fvlvq wjL| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| wQc †d‡j gvQ aiv Kvi cÖavb kL wQj ?

K. myfvwlYxi L. evYxK‡Éi

M. my‡Kwkbxi N. cÖZv‡ci


2| evYxK‡Éi ï®‹ K‡cv‡j AkÖ“ Mwo‡q c‡owQj †Kb ?

i. myfv‡K we‡q w`‡eb e‡j

ii. myfv K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv e‡j

iii. †g‡qwUi fwel¨r †f‡e




†mB †QvÆ‡ejvq gwR©bv GKwU weovj I GKwU KzKzi Qvbv G‡bwQj| bvg w`‡q‡Q cywl Avi cyUz|

AvR cywl Avi cyUz cy‡ivcywi eo n‡q‡Q| bvg a‡i WvK‡jB gyn~‡Z©B nvwRi nq| cywl †Kv‡j D‡V

e‡m wKš‘ cyUz GKUz `~‡i ùvwo‡q †jR bvovq|

3| gwR©bvi g‡a¨ myfvi †h êwkó¨ j¶Yxq, Zv n‡jv Ñ

K. BZi cÖvwYi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk M. GKvKx‡Z¡i mv_x BZi cÖvwY

L. BZi cÖvwYi cÖwZ ggZ¡‡eva N. mevi †_‡K wb‡R‡K Avov‡j ivLv|

4| D³ êwkó¨ †h Pi‡Yi gva¨‡g dz‡U I‡V Zv n‡jv Ñ

i. w`‡b wZbevi †Mvqvj N‡i hvIqv

ii. yB evû Øviv Mjv Rwo‡q aiv

iii. gv‡S gv‡S Zv‡ì‡K fr©mbv Kiv|


K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

yB cyÎ mš—v‡bi ci Kb¨v mš—vb cjvk eveyi cwiev‡i Avb‡›ì eb¨v wb‡q G‡jv| bvg ivLv n‡jv ÔKj¨vYxÕ| mK‡ji †Pv‡Li gwY Kj¨vYx †e‡o IVvi mv‡_ mv‡_ cjvkevey eyS‡Z cvi‡jb eq‡mi Zzjbvq Kj¨vYxi gvbwmK weKvk N‡U wb| wKQz ej‡j d¨vj&&d¨vj&& K‡i †P‡q _v‡K| Kj¨vYxi we‡qi K_vevZ©v Pj‡Q| cjvkevey Kj¨vYxi meB eic¶‡K Ly‡j ej‡jb| me ï‡b e‡ii evev my‡eva evey ej‡jb, Ôcjvk evey Kj¨vYxi g‡Zv Avgvi †Q‡jI †Zv n‡Z cvi‡Zv, Kv‡RB Kj¨vYx gv‡K N‡i wb‡Z Avgv‡ì †Kv‡bv AvcwË †bB|Õ

K. myfvi MÖv‡gi bvg Kx ? L. ÔwcZv-gvZvi bxie ü`qfveÕ Ñ K_vwU Øviv †jLK Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb ? M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g As‡ki e³‡e¨ Kj¨vYx I myfvi †h we‡kl w`KwUi m½wZ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q Ñ Zv

e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Kj¨vYx I myfv GKB cwiw¯’wZi wkKvi n‡jI Df‡qi †cÖ¶vcU I cwiYwZ wfbœ Ñ we‡k−lY Ki|


jvB‡eªwi iex› ªbv_ VvKzi

gnvmgy‡`ªi kZ erm‡ii K‡j−vj †Kn hw` Ggb Kwiqv euvwaqv ivwL‡Z cvwiZ †h, †m NygvBqv cov wkïwUi g‡Zv Pzc Kwiqv _vwKZ, Z‡e †mB bxie gnvk‡ãi mwnZ GB jvB‡eªwii Zzjbv nBZ| GLv‡b fvlv Pzc Kwiqv Av‡Q, cÖevn w¯’i nBqv Av‡Q, gvbevZ¥vi Agi Av‡jvK Kv‡jv A¶‡ii k„•L‡j KvM‡Ri KvivMv‡i euvav cwoqv Av‡Q| Bnviv mnmv hw` we‡ ªvnx nBqv D‡V, wb¯—äZv fvwOqv †d‡j, A¶‡ii †eov `» Kwiqv GKev‡i evwni nBqv Av‡m! wngvj‡qi gv_vi Dc‡i KwVb ei‡di g‡a¨ †hgb KZ KZ eb¨v evuav Av‡Q, †Zgwb GB jvB‡eªwii g‡a¨ gvbeü`‡qi eb¨v †K euvwaqv ivwLqv‡Q!

we`y¨r‡K gvbyl †jvnvi Zvi w`qv euvwaqv‡Q, wKš‘ †K RvwbZ gvbyl kã‡K wbtk‡ãi g‡a¨ euvwa‡Z cvwi‡e| †K RvwbZ msMxZ‡K, ü`‡qi Avkv‡K, RvMÖZ AvZ¥vi Avb›àŸwb‡K, AvKv‡ki ˆèevYx‡K †m KvM‡R gywoqv ivwL‡e! †K RvwbZ gvbyl AZxZ‡K eZ©gv‡b e›`x Kwi‡e! AZj¯úk© Kvjmgy‡ ªi Dci †Kej GK-GKLvwb eB w`qv muv‡Kv euvwaqv w`‡e!

jvB‡eªwii g‡a¨ Avgiv mnmª c‡_i †PŠgv_vi Dc‡i `vuovBqv AvwQ| †Kv‡bv c_ Abš— mgy‡`ª wMqv‡Q, †Kv‡bv c_ Abš— wkL‡i DwVqv‡Q, †Kv‡bv c_ gvbeü`‡qi AZj¯ú‡k© bvwgqv‡Q| †h †h- w`‡K avegvb nI, †Kv_vI evav cvB‡e bv| gvbyl Avcbvi cwiÎvY‡K GZUzKz RvMqvi g‡a¨ euvavBqv ivwLqv‡Q|

k‡•Li g‡a¨ †hgb mgy‡`ªi kã ïbv hvq, †Zgwb GB jvB‡eªwii g‡a¨ wK ü`‡qi DÌvbcZ‡bi kã ïwb‡ZQ| GLv‡b RxweZ I g„Z e¨w³i ü`q cvkvcvwk GK cvovq evm Kwi‡Z‡Q| ev` I cÖwZev` GLv‡b `yB fvB‡qi g‡Zv GKm‡½ _v‡K; mskq I wek¦vm, mÜvb I Avwe®‹vi GLv‡b †`‡n †`‡n jq nBqv evm K‡i| GLv‡b `xN©cÖvY ¯^ícÖvY cig âh© I kvwš—i mwnZ RxebhvÎv wbe©vn Kwi‡Z‡Q, †Kn Kvnv‡KI D‡c¶v Kwi‡Z‡Q bv|

KZ b`x mgy`ª ce©Z Dj−•Nb Kwiqv gvb‡ei KÉ GLv‡b Avwmqv †cuŠwQqv‡QÑ KZ kZ erm‡ii cÖvš— nB‡Z GB ¯î Avwm‡Z‡Q| G‡mv, GLv‡b G‡mv, GLv‡b Av‡jv‡Ki Rb¥msMxZ Mvb nB‡Z‡Q|

Ag„Z‡jvK cÖ_g Avwe®‹vi Kwiqv †h †h gnvcyi“l †h- †Kvbw`b Avcbvi Pvwiw`‡K gvbyl‡K WvK w`qv ewjqvwQ‡jb Ô†Zvgiv mK‡j Ag„‡Zi cyÎ, †Zvgiv wèäv‡g evm Kwi‡ZQÕ †mB gnvcyi“l‡ì KÉB mnmª fvlvq mnmª erm‡ii ga¨ w`qv GB jvB‡eªwii g‡a¨ cÖwZaŸwbZ nB‡Z‡Q|

GB e‡½i cÖvš— nB‡Z Avgv‡ì wK wKQz ewjevi bvB| gvbe mgvR‡K Avgv‡ì wK †Kv‡bv msev` wèvi bvB| RM‡Zi GKZvb msMx‡Zi g‡a¨ e½‡`kB †Kej wb¯—ä nBqv _vwK‡e!

Avgv‡ì c`cÖvš—w¯’Z mgy`ª wK Avgvw`M‡K wKQz ewj‡Z‡Q bv| Avgv‡ì M½v wK wngvj‡qi wkLi nB‡Z ˆKjv‡mi †Kv‡bv Mvb enb Kwiqv Avwb‡Z‡Q bv| Avgv‡ì gv_vi Dc‡i wK Z‡e Abš— bxjvKvk bvB| †mLvb nB‡Z Abš—Kv‡ji wPi‡R¨vwZg©qx b¶Îwjwc wK †Kn gywQqv †dwjqv‡Q|

†`k-we‡`k nB‡Z AZxZ-eZ©gvb nB‡Z cÖwZw`b Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q gvbeRvwZi cÎ Avwm‡Z‡Q; Avgiv wK Zvnvi DË‡i `ywU-PviwU PwU PwU Bs‡iwR Le‡ii KvMR wjwLe| mKj †`k Amxg Kv‡ji c‡U wbR wbR bvg Lyw`‡Z‡Q| evOvwji bvg wK †Kej ìLv‡ —i wØZxq cv‡ZB †jLv _vwK‡e| Ro A „‡ói mwnZ


gvbevZ¥vi msMÖvg Pwj‡Z‡Q, ˆmwbKw`M‡K AvnŸvb Kwiqv c„w_exi w`‡K w`‡K k•LaŸwb evwRqv DwVqv‡Q, Avgiv wK †Kej Avgv‡ì DVv‡bi gvPvi DciKvi jvD-Kzgov jBqv gKÏgv Ges Avwcj PvjvB‡Z _vwKe|

eû ermi bxie _vwKqv e½‡`‡ki cÖvY fwiqv DwVqv‡Q| Zvnv‡K Avcbvi fvlvq GKevi Avcbvi K_vwU ewj‡Z `vI| evOvwj-K‡Éi mwnZ wgwjqv wek¦msMxZ gayiZi nBqv DwV‡e|

kãv_© I UxKv : K‡j−vj- †XD, k•L- kvgy‡Ki †Lvjm, Dj−•Nb- cvi nIqv, j•Nb Kiv, Ag„Z‡jvK- ¯^M©, †e‡nkZ, ˆKjvm- wn›`y a‡g©i †èZv wk‡ei evm¯’vb wn‡m‡e ewY©Z wngvjq ce©‡Zi DuPz ¯’vb, wke‡jvK|

cvV cwiwPwZ : jvB‡eªwi iex› ªªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ GKwU weL¨vZ cÖeÜ| G cÖe‡Ü iex›`ªbv_ jvB‡eªwii ¸i“Z¡ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| wZwb jvB‡eªwi‡K gnvmg~‡`ªi K‡j−vj aŸwbi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| †Kbbv, jvB‡eªwi‡Z gvbevZ¥vi aŸwbivwk eB‡qi cvZvq e›`x n‡q _v‡K| eB‡qi †fZi w`‡qB Avgiv AvKv‡ki ˆèevYx †_‡K gvnvZ¥v‡ì K_v †c‡q _vwK| huv‡ì mvwbœa¨ Avgv‡ì KLbB cvIqv m¤¢e bq,eB‡qi †fZi w`‡qB Avgiv Zv‡ì †c‡Z cvwi| eB Avgv‡ì AZx‡Zi mv‡_ †mZyeÜ M‡o †`q| G eB‡qi ¯’vb n‡jv jvB‡eªwi| G jvB‡eªwi‡ZB gvbe ü`‡qi DÌvbcZ‡bi kã †kvbv hvq| jvB‡eªwi‡Z mKj c‡_i mKj g‡Zi gvby‡li mw¤§jb N‡U| jvB‡eªwii gn‡Ë¡i K_v eY©bv K‡i †jLK e‡j‡Qb- RM‡Zi D‡Ï‡k¨ wK Avgv‡ìI wKQz ejvi bvB? Avgiv wK †Kej Zz”Q welq wb‡q Kjn K‡i †eov‡ev| †jLK †k‡l Avkv e¨³ K‡i e‡j‡Qb- evOvwjiv †R‡M D‡V‡Q| ZvivI Avcb fvlvq wj‡L we‡k¦i ÁvbfvÊvi mg„× K‡i Zzj‡e|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb

1. †Zvgvi GjvKvi ev †Zvgvi †`Lv ev Zzwg eënvi Ki Ggb GKwU cvVvMvi ev jvB‡eªwii cwiPq `vI|

2. †Zvgv‡ì ¯‹z‡ji cvVvMviwU Kxfv‡e Av‡iv Dbœqb Kiv hvq- †m wel‡q cÖ¯—ve `vI|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| ÔjvB‡eªwiÕ cÖe‡Ü gnvmgy‡`ªi kZ erm‡ii K‡j−v‡ji mv‡_ †KvbwU‡K Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb ?

K. gvbevZ¥vi L. Av‡jv‡KiM. jvB‡eªwii N. msMxZ‡K

2| ÔjvB‡eªwiÕ cÖe‡Ü Ômnmª c‡_i †PŠgv_vÕ Ñ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?

K. eû Áv‡bi mw¤§jb M. eû ü`‡qi mw¤§jbL. eû iv¯—vi mw¤§jb N. eû Rxe‡bi mw¤§jb


wn›`y gymjgvb evsjvi evOvwj Rb¥g„Zzï eÜ‡b Awfbœ Avcb mËv|


3| DÏxc‡K †h welqe¯‘i Bw½Z i‡q‡Q Zv ÔjvB‡eªwiÕ cÖe‡Üi †h Pi‡Y e¨³ n‡q‡Q Ñ

i. RxweZ I g„Z e¨w³i ü`q cvkvcvwk GK cvovq evm Kwi‡Z‡Qii. ev` I cÖwZev` GLv‡b `yB fvB‡qi gZ GKm‡½ _v‡Kiii. mÜvb I Avwe®‹vi GLv‡b †`‡n †`‡n jq nBqv evm K‡i


K. i L. iiiM. i I ii N. i, ii I iii

4| Bw½Zgq welqe¯‘wU n‡jv Ñ

K. wnsmv L. we‡ØlM. msnwZ N. N„Yv

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

GKR‡bi c‡¶ me©we`¨v wekvi` nIqv Am¤¢e| †mRb¨ G‡KKRb G‡KK wel‡q cvi`wk©Zv jvf K‡i| Avevi †h e¨w³ †h we`¨vq cvi`wk©Zv jvf K‡i Zvi meUzKz Ávb gw¯—‡®‹ aviY KivI GKR‡bi c‡¶ m¤¢e nq bv| ZvB cÖ‡qvRb Ggb †Kvb Dcvq D™¢ve‡bi, hvi e‡`Šj‡Z ìKvi Abyhvqx mg — wel‡q GKUv †gvUvgywU Ávb jvf Kiv hvq| †mB †_‡K cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q Ávb msi¶‡Yi|

K. Kx‡mi g‡a¨ mgy‡`ªi kã ïbv hvq ? L. ÔRxweZ I g„Z e¨w³i ü`q cvkvcvwk GK cvovq evm Kwi‡Z‡QÕ Ñ K_vwU eywS‡q ej| M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Ávb msi¶‡Yi KviYwU ÔjvB‡eªwiÕ cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K Zy‡j ai| N. Ôgvbe ü`‡qi eb¨v‡K †eu‡a ivLvi cÖ‡qvRbxq w`KwUB †hb DÏxcK I jvB‡eªwi cÖe‡Üi g~j

e³e¨Õ Ñ we‡k−lY Ki|


†`bvcvIbv iex› ªbv_ VvKzi

cuvP †Q‡ji ci hLb GK Kb¨v Rwb¥j ZLb evc-gv‡q A‡bK Avì Kwiqv Zvnvi bvg ivwL‡jb wbi~cgv| G †Mvôx‡Z Ggb †kŠwLb bvg BwZc~‡e© KLbI †kvbv hvq bvB| cÖvq VvKzi-†èZvi bvgB cÖPwjZ wQjÑM‡Yk KvwZ©K cve©Zx Zvnvi D`vniY|

GLb wbiƒcgvi weev‡ni cÖ¯—ve Pwj‡Z‡Q| Zvnvi wcZv ivgmy›ì wgÎ A‡bK †LuvR K‡ib wKš‘ cvÎ wKQz‡ZB g‡bi gZb nq bv| Ae‡k‡l g¯— GK ivqevnv`y‡ii N‡ii GKgvÎ †Q‡j‡K mÜvb Kwiqv evwni Kwiqv‡Qb| D³ ivqevnv`y‡ii ˆcZ…K welq-Avkq hwÌ A‡bK n«vm nBqv Avwmqv‡Q wKš‘ e‡b`x Ni e‡U|

eic¶ nB‡Z `k nvRvi UvKv cY Ges eûj `vbmvgMÖx Pvwnqv ewmj| ivgmy›ì wKQzgvÎ we‡ePbv bv Kwiqv Zvnv‡ZB m¤§Z nB‡jb : Ggb cvÎ †Kv‡bvg‡Z nvZQvov Kiv hvq bv|

wKQz‡ZB UvKvi †RvMvo Avi nq bv| euvav w`qv, weµq Kwiqv, A‡bK †Póv‡ZI nvRvi Qq-mvZ evwK iwnj| G w`‡K weev‡ni w`b wbKU nBqv Avwmqv‡Q|

Ae‡k‡l weev‡ni w`b Dcw¯’Z nBj| wbZvš— AwZwi³ my‡` GKRb evwK UvKvUv avi w`‡Z ¯xKvi KwiqvwQj, wKš‘ mgqKv‡j †m Dcw¯’Z nBj bv| weevnmfvq GKUv Zzgyj †Mvj‡hvM evwaqv †Mj| ivgmy›ì Avgv‡ì ivqevnv`y‡ii nv‡Z-cv‡q awiqv ewj‡jb, ÔïfKvh© m¤úbœ nBqv hvK, Avwg wbðq UvKvUv †kva Kwiqv wè|Õ ivqevnv yi ewj‡jb, ÔUvKv nv‡Z bv cvB‡j ei mfv¯’ Kiv hvB‡e bv|Õ

GB yN©Ubvq Aš—tcy‡i GKUv Kvbœv cwoqv †Mj| GB ¸i“Zi wec‡ì †h g~j KviY †m †Pwj cwiqv, Mnbv cwiqv, Kcv‡j P›`b †jwcqv Pzc Kwiqv ewmqv Av‡Q| fvex k¦ïiKz‡ji cÖwZ †h Zvnvi Lye-GKUv fw³ wKsev AbyivM Rwb¥‡Z‡Q, Zvnv ejv hvq bv|

BwZg‡a¨ GKUv myweav nBj| ei mnmv Zvnvi wcZ…‡`‡ei Aeva¨ nBqv DwVj| †m evc‡K ewjqv ewmj, Ô†Kbv‡ePv-ì`v‡gi K_v Avwg eywS bv; weevn Kwi‡Z AvwmqvwQ, weevn Kwiqv hvBe|Õ

evc hvnv‡K †`wLj Zvnv‡KB ewjj, Ô†`‡L‡Qb gnvkq, AvRKvjKvi †Q‡j‡ì eënvi ?Õ yB-GKRb cÖexY †jvK wQj, Zvnviv ewjj, Ôkv¯¿wk¶v bxwZwk¶v G‡Kev‡i bvB, Kv‡RB|Õ

eZ©gvb wk¶vi welgq dj wb‡Ri mš—v‡bi g‡a¨ cÖZ¨¶ Kwiqv ivqevnv yi n‡Zv`¨g nBqv ewmqv iwn‡jb| weevn GKcÖKvi welYœ wbivb›`fv‡e m¤úbœ nBqv †Mj|

k¦ïievwo hvBevi mgq wbi~cgv‡K ey‡K Uvwbqv jBqv evc Avi †Pv‡Li Rj ivwL‡Z cvwi‡jb bv| wbiy wRÁvmv Kwij, ÔZviv wK Avi Avgv‡K Avm‡Z †`‡e bv, evev ?Õ ivgmy›ì ewj‡jb, Ô†Kb Avm‡Z †`‡e bv gv| Avwg †Zvgv‡K wb‡q Avme|Õ

ivgmy›ì cÖvqB †g‡q‡K †`wL‡Z hvb wKš‘ †envBevwo‡Z Zuvi †Kv‡bv cÖwZcwË wQj bv| PvKi¸‡jv ch©š— Zuvnv‡K wbPz bR‡i †`‡L| Aš—tcy‡ii evwn‡i GKUv ¯^Zš¿ N‡i cuvP wgwb‡Ui Rb¨ †Kv‡bvw`b ev †g‡q‡K †`wL‡Z cvb, †Kv‡bv w`b-ev †`wL‡Z cvb bv|


KzUz¤^M„‡n Ggb Kwiqv Avi Acgvb †Zv mn¨ nq bv| ivgmy›ì w¯’i Kwi‡jb, †hgb Kwiqv nDK UvKvUv †kva Kwiqv w`‡Z nB‡e|

wKš‘ †h FYfvi Kuv‡a Pvwcqv‡Q ZvnviB fvi mvgjv‡bv `ytmva¨| LiPc‡Îi AZ¨š— UvbvUvwb cwoqv‡Q Ges cvIbv`vi‡ì `„wóc_ GovBevi Rb¨ me©`vB bvbvi~c nxb †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kwi‡Z nB‡Z‡Q|

G w`‡K k¦ïievwo DwV‡Z ewm‡Z †g‡q‡K †LuvUv jvMvB‡Z‡Q| wcZ…M„‡ni wb›`v ïwbqv N‡i Øvi w`qv AkÖ“wemR©b Zvnvi wbZ¨wµqvi g‡a¨ uvovBqv‡Q|

we‡klZ kvïwoi Av‡µvk Avi wKQz‡ZB †g‡U bv| hw` †Kn e‡j, ÔAvnv Kx kÖx| eD‡qi gyLLvwb †`wL‡j †PvL RyovBqv hvq|Õ kvïwo SsKvi w`qv DwVqv e‡j, ÔkÖx †Zv fvwi| †hgb N‡ii †g‡q †Zgwb kÖx|Õ

GgbwK, eD‡qi LvIqvciviI hZœ nq bv| hw` †Kv‡bv `qvciZš¿ cÖwZ‡ewkbx †Kv‡bv Î“wUi D‡j −L K‡i, kvïwo e‡j, ÔIB †Xi n‡q‡Q|Õ A_©vr, evc hw` cyiv `vg w`Z †Zv †g‡q cyiv hZœ cvBZ| mK‡jB Ggb fve †`Lvq †hb ea~i GLv‡b †Kv‡bv AwaKvi bvB, duvwK w`qv cÖ‡ek Kwiqv‡Q|

†eva nq, Kb¨vi GB-mKj Abvì Ges Acgv‡bi K_v ev‡ci Kv‡b wMqv _vwK‡e| ZvB ivgmy›ì Ae‡k‡l emZevwo weµ‡qi †Póv Kwi‡Z jvwM‡jb|

wKš‘ †Q‡j‡ì †h M„nnxb Kwi‡Z ewmqv‡Qb †m K_v Zvnv‡ì wbKU nB‡Z †Mvc‡b ivwL‡jb| w¯’i KwiqvwQ‡jb, evwo weµq Kwiqv †mB evwo fvov jBqv evm Kwi‡eb; Ggb †KŠk‡j Pwj‡eb †h, Zvunvi g„Zz i c~‡e© G K_v †Q‡jiv Rvwb‡Z cvwi‡e bv|

wKš‘ †Q‡jiv Rvwb‡Z cvwij| mK‡j Avwmqv Kuvw`qv cwoj| we‡klZ e‡ov wZbwU †Q‡j weevwnZ Ges Zvnv‡ì Kvnv‡iv-ev mš—vb Av‡Q| Zv‡ì AvcwË AZ¨š— ¸i“Zi nBqv uvovBj, evwo weµq ’wMZ nBj|

ZLb ivgmy›ì bvbv ’vb nB‡Z we¯—i my‡` Aí Aí Kwiqv UvKv avi Kwi‡Z jvwM‡jb| Ggb nBj †h, msmv‡ii LiP Avi P‡j bv|

wbiy ev‡ci gyL †`wLqv me eywS‡Z cvwij| e„‡×i cK¡ †K‡k, ï®‹ gy‡L Ges m`¨msKzwPZ fv‡e ˆ`b¨ Ges `ywðš—v cÖKvk nBqv cwoj| †g‡qi Kv‡Q hLb evc Acivax ZLb †m Aciv‡ai AbyZvc wK Avi †Mvcb ivLv hvq| ivgmy›ì hLb †envBevwoi AbygwZµ‡g ¶YKv‡ji Rb¨ Kb¨vi mv¶vrjvf Kwi‡Zb ZLb ev‡ci eyK †h †Kgb Kwiqv dv‡U Zvnv Zuvnvi nvwm †`wL‡jB †Ui cvIqv hvBZ|

†mB e¨w_Z wcZ…ü`q‡K mvš—¦bv wèvi D‡Ï‡k¨ w`bKZK ev‡ci evwo hvBevi Rb¨ wbiy wbZvš— Aaxi nBqv DwVqv‡Q| ev‡ci ¤ −vb gyL †`wLqv †m Avi `~‡i _vwK‡Z cv‡i bv| GKw`b ivgmy›ì‡K Kwnj, Ôevev, Avgv‡K GKevi evwo jBqv hvI|Õ ivgmy›ì ewj‡jb, ÔAv”Qv|Õ

wKš‘ Zuvnvi †Kv‡bv †Rvi bvBÑ wb‡Ri Kb¨vi Dc‡i wcZvi †h ¯^vfvweK AwaKvi Av‡Q Zvnv †hb c‡Yi UvKvi cwie‡Z© eÜK ivwL‡Z nBqv‡Q| GgbwK, Kb¨vi `k©b †mI AwZ mms‡Kv‡P wf¶v Pvwn‡Z nq Ges mgqwe‡k‡l wbivk nB‡j wØZxq K_vwU Kwnevi gyL _v‡K bv|

wKš‘ †g‡q Avcwb evwo Avwm‡Z Pvwn‡j evc Zvnv‡K bv Avwbqv †Kgb Kwiqv _v‡K, ZvB, †envB‡qi wbKU †m m¤^‡Ü ìLv¯— †ck Kwievi c~‡e© ivgmy›ì KZ nxbZv, KZ Acgvb, KZ ¶wZ ¯^xKvi Kwiqv †h wZbwU nvRvi UvKv msMÖn KwiqvwQ‡jb, †m BwZnvm †Mvcb _vKvB fv‡jv|


†bvU-KLvwb i“gv‡j RovBqv Pv`‡i euvwaqv ivgmy›ì †envB‡qi wbKU wMqv ewm‡jb| cÖ_‡g nvm¨gy‡L cvovi Lei cvwo‡jb| n‡iK…‡òi evwo‡Z GKUv g¯— Pzwi nBqv wMqv‡Q, Zvnvi A‡`¨vcvš— weeiY ewj‡jb; bexbgvae I ivavgvae `yB fvB‡qi Zzjbv Kwiqv we`¨veyw× I ¯^fve m¤^‡Ü ivavgva‡ei myL¨vwZ Ges bexbgva‡ei wb›`v Kwi‡jb; kn‡i GKUv bZzb e¨v‡gv Avwmqv‡Q, †m m¤^‡Ü A‡bK AvRMwe Av‡jvPbv Kwi‡jb; Ae‡k‡l ûuKvwU bvgvBqv ivwLqv K_vq K_vq ewj‡jb, Ônuv nuv, †envB, †mB UvKvUv evwK Av‡Q e‡U| †ivRB g‡b Kwi, hvw”Q Agwb nv‡Z K‡i wKQz wb‡q hvB, wKš‘ mgqKv‡j g‡b _v‡K bv| Avi fvB, ey‡ov n‡q c‡owQ|Õ Ggwb GK `xN© f~wgKv Kwiqv cÄ‡ii wZbLvwb Aw¯’i g‡Zv †mB wZbLvwb †bvU †hb AwZ mn‡R AwZ Ae‡n‡j evwni Kwi‡jb| m‡egvÎ wZb nvRvi UvKvi †bvU †`wLqv ivqevnv`yi AÆnvm¨ Kwiqv DwV‡jb|

ewj‡jb, Ô_vK, †envB, I‡Z Avgvi KvR †bB|Õ GKUv cÖPwjZ evsjv cÖev‡ì D‡j −L Kwiqv ewj‡jb, mvgvb¨ Kvi‡Y nv‡Z `yM©Ü Kwi‡Z wZwb Pvb bv|

GB NUbvi c‡i †g‡q‡K evwo Avwbevi cÖ¯—ve KvnviI gy‡L Av‡m bv Ñ †Kej ivgmy›ì fvwe‡jb, Ô†m-mKj KzUzw¤^Zvi ms‡KvP Avgv‡K Avi †kvfv cvq bv|Õ gg©vnZfv‡e A‡bK¶Y Pzc Kwiqv _vwKqv Ae‡k‡l g„`y¯^‡i K_vUv cvwo‡jb| ivqevnv`yi †Kv‡bv KviYgvÎ D‡j−L bv Kwiqv ewj‡jb, Ô†m GLb n‡”Q bv|Õ GB ewjqv K‡g©vcj‡¶ ¯’vbvš—‡i Pwjqv †M‡jb|

ivgmy›ì †g‡qi Kv‡Q gyL bv †`LvBqv Kw¤úZ n‡ — K‡qKLvwb †bvU Pv`‡ii cÖv‡š— euvwaqv evwo wdwiqv †M‡jb| g‡b g‡b cÖwZÁv Kwi‡jb, hZw`b bv mg¯— UvKv †kva Kwiqv w`qv Ams‡Kv‡P Kb¨vi Dc‡i `vwe Kwi‡Z cvwi‡eb ZZw`b Avi †envBevwo hvB‡eb bv|

eûw`b †Mj| wbi~cgv †jv‡Ki Dci †jvK cvVvq wKš‘ ev‡ci †`Lv cvq bv| Ae‡k‡l Awfgvb Kwiqv †jvK cvVv‡bv eÜ KwijÑZLb ivgmy›`‡ii g‡b e‡ov AvNvZ jvwMj, wKš‘ Zey †M‡jb bv|

Avwk¦b gvm Avwmj| ivgmy›ì ewj‡jb, ÔGevi c~Rvi mgq gv‡K N‡i AvwbeB, bwn‡j Avwg ÑÕ| Lye GKUv k³iKg kc_ Kwi‡jb|

cÂgx wK lôxi w`‡b Avevi Pv`‡ii cÖv‡š— ¸wUKZK †bvU euvwaqv ivgmy›ì hvÎvi D‡`¨vM Kwi‡jb| cuvP erm‡ii GK bvwZ Avwmqv ewjj, Ô`v`v, Avgvi R‡b¨ Mvwo wKb‡Z hvw”Qm ?Õ eûw`b nB‡Z Zvnvi †VjvMvwo‡Z Pwoqv nvIqv LvBevi kL nBqv‡Q, wKš‘ wKQz‡ZB Zvnv wgwUevi Dcvq nB‡Z‡Q bv| Qq erm‡ii GK bvwZwb Avwmqv m‡iv`‡b Kwnj, c~Rvi wbgš¿‡Y hvBevi g‡Zv Zvnvi GKLvwbI fv‡jv Kvco bvB|

ivgmy›ì Zvnv Rvwb‡Zb Ges †m m¤^‡Ü ZvgvK LvB‡Z LvB‡Z e„× A‡bK wPš—v Kwiqv‡Qb| ivqevnv`y‡ii evwo hLb c~Rvi wbgš¿Y nB‡e ZLb Zuvnvi ea~MY‡K AwZ hrmvgvb¨ AjsKv‡i AbyMÖncvÎ `wi‡`ªi g‡Zv hvB‡Z nB‡e, G K_v ¯§iY Kwiqv wZwb A‡bK `xN©wbk¦vm †dwjqv‡Qb; wKš‘ Zvnv‡Z Zuvnvi jjv‡Ui eva©K¨‡iLv MfxiZi Aw¼Z nIqv Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv dj nq bvB|

ˆ`b¨cxwoZ M„‡ni µ›`baŸwb Kv‡b jBqv e„× Zuvnvi †envBevwo‡Z cÖ‡ek Kwi‡jb| AvR Zuvnvi †m ms‡KvPfve bvB; Øvii¶x Ges f…Z¨‡ì gy‡Li cÖwZ †m PwKZ mj¾ `„wócvZ `~i nBqv wMqv‡Q, †hb Avcbvi M„‡n cÖ‡ek Kwi‡jb| ïwb‡jb, ivqevnv`yi N‡i bvB, wKQz¶Y A‡c¶v Kwi‡Z nB‡e| g‡bi D”Q¡vm mseiY Kwi‡Z bv cvwiqv ivgmy›ì Kb¨vi mwnZ mv¶vr Kwi‡jb| Avb‡›` `yB †PvL w`qv Rj cwo‡Z jvwMj| evcI Kuv‡`, †g‡qI Kuv‡`; `yBR‡b †Kn Avi K_v Kwn‡Z cv‡i bv| Ggb Kwiqv wKQz¶Y †Mj| Zvi c‡i ivgmy›ì Kwn‡jb, ÔGevi †Zv‡K wb‡q hvw”Q gv| Avi †Kv‡bv †Mvj bvB|Õ


Ggb mgq ivgmy›`‡ii †R¨ôcyÎ ni‡gvnb Zuvnvi `ywU †Qv‡Uv †Q‡j m‡½ jBqv mnmv N‡i cÖ‡ek Kwi‡jb| wcZv‡K ewj‡jb, Ôevev, Avgv‡ì Z‡e Gevi c‡_ fvmv‡j ?Õ

ivgmy›ì mnmv AwMœg~wZ© nBqv ewj‡jb, Ô†Zv‡ì Rb¨ wK Avwg biKMvgx ne| Avgv‡K †Zviv Avgvi mZ¨ cvjb Ki‡Z w`we †b ?Õ ivgmy›ì evwo weµq Kwiqv ewmqv Av‡Qb; †Q‡jiv wKQz‡Z bv Rvwb‡Z cvq Zvnvi A‡bK eë¯’v KwiqvwQ‡jb, wKš‘ Zey Zvnviv Rvwbqv‡Q †`wLqv Zvnv‡ì cÖwZ nVvr AZ¨š— i“ó I wei³ nBqv DwV‡jb| Zuvnvi bvwZ Zuvnvi yB nuvUz me‡j RovBqv awiqv gyL Zzwjqv Kwnj, Ô`v`v, Avgv‡K Mvwo wK‡b w`‡j bv?Õ bZwki ivgmy›`‡ii Kv‡Q evjK †Kv‡bv DËi bv cvBqv wbi“i Kv‡Q wMqv Kwnj, Ôwcwmgv, Avgv‡K GKLvbv Mvwo wK‡b †`‡e ?Õ wbi~cgv mg — e¨vcvi eywS‡Z cvwiqv Kwnj, Ôevev, Zzwg hw` Avi GK cqmv Avgvi k¦ïi‡K `vI Zv n‡j Avi †Zvgvi †g‡q‡K †`L‡Z cv‡e bv, GB †Zvgvi Mv Quy‡q ejjyg|Õ ivgmy›ì ewj‡jb, ÔwQ gv, Agb K_v ej‡Z †bB| Avi G UvKvUv hw` Avwg bv w`‡Z cvwi Zvn‡j †Zvi ev‡ci Acgvb, Avi †ZviI Acgvb|Õ wbi~ Kwnj, ÔUvKv hw` `vI Z‡eB Acgvb| †Zvgvi †g‡qi wK †Kv‡bv gh©v`v †bB| Avwg wK †Kej GKUv UvKvi _wj, hZ¶Y UvKv Av‡Q ZZ¶Y Avgvi `vg ! bv evev, G UvKv w`‡q Zzwg Avgv‡K Acgvb †Kv‡iv bv| ZvQvov Avgvi ¯^vgx †Zv G UvKv Pvb bv|Õ ivgmy›ì Kwn‡jb, ÔZv n‡j †Zvgv‡K †h‡Z †`‡e bv, gv|Õ wbi~cgv Kwnj, Ôbv †`q †Zv Kx Ki‡e e‡jv| ZzwgI Avi wb‡q †h‡Z †P‡qv bv|Õ ivgmy›ì Kw¤úZ n‡¯— †bvUevuav PvìwU Kuv‡a Zzwjqv Avevi †Pv‡ii g‡Zv mK‡ji `„wó GovBqv evwo wdwiqv †M‡jb| wKš‘ ivgmy›ì GB †h UvKv AvwbqvwQ‡jb Ges Kb¨vi wb‡l‡a †m UvKv bv w`qvB Pwjqv wMqv‡Qb, †m K_v †Mvcb iwnj bv| †Kv‡bv ^fve‡KŠZ~njx ØvijMœKY© `vmx wbiyi kvïwo‡K GB Lei w`j| ïwbqv Zuvnvi Avi Av‡µv‡ki mxgv iwnj bv| wbi~cgvi c‡¶ Zvnvi k¦ïievwo kikh¨v nBqv DwVj| G w`‡K Zvnvi ¯^vgx weev‡ni Aíw`b c‡iB †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ªU nBqv †`kvš—i Pwjqv wMqv‡Q Ges cv‡Q msmM©‡`v‡l nxbZv wk¶v nq GB IR‡i m¤úªwZ ev‡ci evwoi AvZ¥xq‡ì mwnZ wbiyi mv¶vrKvi m¤ú~Y© wbwl× nBqv‡Q| GB mg‡q wbiyi GKUv ¸i“Zi cxov nBj| wKš‘ †mRb¨ Zvnvi kvïwo‡K m¤ú~Y© †`vl †Ìqv hvq bv| kix‡ii cÖwZ †m AZ¨š— Ae‡njv KwiZ| KvwZ©K gv‡mi wn‡gi mgq mg¯— ivZ gv_vi ìRv †Lvjv, kx‡Zi mgq Mv‡q Kvco bvB| Avnv‡ii wbqg bvB| `vmxiv hLb gv‡S gv‡S Lvevi Avwb‡Z fzwjqv hvBZ ZLb †h Zvnv‡ì GKevi gyL Lywjqv ¯§iY KivBqv †Ìqv, ZvnvI †m KwiZ bv| †m c‡ii N‡ii `vm`vmx Ges KZ©vM„wnYx‡ì AbyMÖ‡ni Dci wbf©i Kwiqv evm Kwi‡Z‡Q, GB ms¯‹vi Zvnvi g‡b e×g~j nB‡ZwQj| wKš‘ Gi~c fveUvI kvïwoi mn¨ nBZ bv| hw` Avnv‡ii cÖwZ ea~i †Kv‡bv Ae‡njv †`wL‡Zb Z‡e kvïwo ewj‡Zb, Ôbev‡ei evwoi †g‡q wKbv! Mwi‡ei N‡ii Abœ Iui gy‡L †iv‡P bv|Õ KL‡bv-ev ewj‡Zb, Ô†`‡Lv-bv GKevi, wQwi n‡”Q, †`‡Lv bv, w`‡b w`‡b †hb †cvovKvV n‡q hv‡”Q|Õ

†ivM hLb ¸i“Zi nBqv DwVj ZLb kvïwo ewj‡jb, ÔIi mg¯— b¨vKvwg|Õ Ae‡k‡l GKw`b wbiy mweb‡q kvïwo‡Z ewjj, Ôevev‡K Avi Avgvi fvB‡ì GKevi †`Le, gv|Õ


kvïwo ewj‡jb, Ô†Kej ev‡ci evwo hvBevi Qj|Õ †Kn ewj‡j wek¦vm Kwi‡e bvÑ †hw`b mÜ¨vi mgq wbiyi k¦vm Dcw¯’Z nBj †mBw`b cÖ_g Wv³vi †`wLj Ges †mBw`b Wv³v‡ii †`Lv †kl nBj| evwoi e‡ov eD gwiqv‡Q, Lye ayg Kwiqv A‡š—¨wówµqv m¤úbœ nBj| cÖwZgv-wemR©‡bi mgv‡ivn m¤^‡Ü †Rjvi g‡a¨ ivq‡PŠayix‡ì †hgb †jvKweL¨vZ cÖwZcwË Av‡Q, e‡oveD‡qi mrKvi m¤^‡Ü ivqevnv`yi‡ì †Zgwb GKwU L¨vwZ iwUqv †MjÑ Ggb P›`bKv‡ôi wPZv G gyjy‡K †Kn KLbI †`‡L bvB| Ggb NUv Kwiqv kÖv×I †Kej ivqevnv`yi‡ì evwo‡ZB m¤¢e, Ges ïbv hvq, Bnv‡Z Zuvnv‡ì wKwÂZ FY nBqvwQj|

ivgmy›ì‡K mvš—¦bv wèvi mgq, Zvnvi †g‡qi †h wKi~c gnvmgv‡iv‡n g„Zz¨ nBqv‡Q, mK‡jB Zvnvi eûj eY©bv Kwij| G w`‡K †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui wPwV Avwmj, ÔAvwg GLv‡b mg¯— e‡›`ve¯— Kwiqv jBqvwQ, AZGe Awej‡¤^ Avgvi ¯¿x‡K GLv‡b cvVvB‡e|Õ ivqevnv`y‡ii gwnlx wjwL‡jb, Ôevev †Zvgvi R‡b¨ Avi-GKwU †g‡qi m¤^Ü KwiqvwQ, AZGe Awej‡¤^ QzwU jBqv-GLv‡b Avwm‡e|Õ Gev‡i wek nvRvi UvKv cY Ges nv‡Z nv‡Z Av`vq|

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2. †Zvgvi Rvbv †hŠZzK cÖ_vi wkKvi †Kv‡bv †g‡qi Kvwnbx wjL|

3. Ô†hŠZzK MÖnY Kiv DwPr bqÕÑ mc‡¶ AviI hyw³ cÖ`k©b K‡i GKwU cÖeÜ †jL|


eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| ivgmy›ì †Kvb gv‡m †g‡q‡K N‡i Avbvi cÖwZÁv K‡ib ?

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2| Ôkv¯¿wk¶v, bxwZwk¶v G‡Kev‡i bvBÕ GK_v ejvi KviY Kx ?

K. gy‡L gy‡L K_v ejvq L. agx©q wewawb‡la bv gvbvqM. c‡Yi UvKv D‡c¶v KivqN. evevi Ag‡Z we‡q Kivq


Mwb wgqv GKRb K…lK| B‡Zvg‡a¨ Pvlvev` K‡i Avw_©K Ae¯’vi A‡bK DbœwZ K‡i‡Q| GKgvÎ †Q‡ji we‡q †`qvi wPš—v Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ Pviw`K †_‡K A‡bK cÖ —ve Avm‡Z ïi“ Kij| MÖv‡gi †jvKRb aij aygav‡gi mv‡_ we‡qi Drme cvj‡bi Rb¨| Avi G‡Z Mwb wgqv‡K Pov my‡` avi Ki‡Z n‡jv †gvUv As‡Ki UvKv| GKmgq mewKQz nvwi‡q Avevi †m wbt¯^ n‡q hvq|

3| DÏxc‡Ki Mwb wgqvi mv‡_ Ô†`bv cvIbvÕ M‡íi ivgmy›`‡ii mv`„k¨c~Y© w`K n‡jv Ñ

i. A ~i`wk© cwiKíbv ii. FYMÖ — Ae ’v iii. mš—vbevrmj¨


K. i I ii L. i I iiiM. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

4| ivgmy›ì †Kvb w`K w`‡q Mwb wgqv †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ ?

K. f~m¤úwË L. AvwacZ¨M. †jvf N. Avc¨vqb

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

ˆngyi evev †ckvq Aa¨vcK| Zuvi GKgvÎ †g‡q‡K †eŠ K‡i N‡i Zzj‡Z A‡b‡Ki AvMÖn| Zv‡ì wek¦vm ˆngyi evevi mg — m¤úwËi gvwjK n‡e ney ei| G jovB‡q weRqx n‡jv Ac~e©‡ì cwievi| k¦ïi evwo‡Z eD‡qi gh©v`v A‡kl| GKmgq Zviv Rvb‡Z †cj, AMva abm¤úwË `~‡i _vK, †g‡qi we‡q‡Z evev †gvUv As‡Ki FY K‡i‡Qb| G‡Z k¦ïi evwo‡Z ˆngyi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv Ges Zvi evevi cÖwZ kÖ×vfw³i GZUzKz NvUwZ KL‡bvB †`Lv †`q wb| eis Zuv‡K FY †_‡K gyw³ †`qvi Rb¨ GwM‡q hvq ˆngyi k¦ïi| K. wbi~cgvi we‡q‡Z eic¶ KZ UvKv cY †P‡qwQj ? L. ÔeZ©gvb wk¶vi welgq djÕ ej‡Z †jLK Kx eywS‡q‡Qb ? M. DÏxc‡Ki ˆngyi evevi mv‡_ †`bv cvIbv M‡íi wbi~cgvi evevi mv „k¨c~Y© w`KwU e¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxc‡Ki ˆngy I Ô†`bvcvIbvÕ M‡íi wbi~cgv‡K GKm~‡Î Muv_v hvq wK ? hyw³mn cÖgvY Ki|


eB cov cÖg_ †PŠayix

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VvKzi`vm gyLy‡hï elx©qmx ¯¿x mvZw`‡bi R¡‡i gviv †M‡jb| e„× gy‡Lvcva¨vq gnvkq av‡bi Kviev‡i AwZkq m½wZcbœ| Zuvi Pvi †Q‡j, wZb †g‡q, †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì †Q‡jcy‡j nBqv‡Q, RvgvBivÑcÖwZ‡ewki `j, PvKi-evKi Ñ †m †hb GKUv Drme evwaqv †Mj| mg — MÖv‡gi †jvK aygav‡gi kehvÎv wfo Kwiqv †`wL‡Z Avwmj| †g‡qiv Kuvw`‡Z Kuvw`‡Z gv‡qi yB cv‡q Mvp Kwiqv AvjZv Ges gv_vq Nb Kwiqv wm›`yi †jwcqv w`j, ea~iv jjvU P›`‡b PwP©Z Kwiqv eûg~j¨ e‡¯¿ kvïoxi †`n Av”Qvw`Z Kwiqv w`qv AvuPj w`qv Zuvnvi †kl cà~wj gyQvBqv jBj| cy‡®ú, c‡Î, M‡Ü, gv‡j¨, Kji‡e g‡b nBj bv G †Kv‡bv †kv‡Ki e¨vcviÑG †hb eoevwoi M„wnYx cÂvk el© c‡i Avi GKevi bZyb Kwiqv Zuvnvi ¯^vgxM„‡n hvÎv Kwi‡Z‡Qb| e„× gy‡Lvcva¨vq kvš—gy‡L Zuvnvi wPiw`‡bi mw½bx‡K †kl we`vq w`qv Aj‡¶ `y‡dvUv †Pv‡Li Rj gywQqv †kvKvZ© Kb¨v I ea~MY‡K mvš—¦bv w`‡Z jvwM‡jb| cÖej nwiaŸwb‡Z cÖfvZ-AvKvk Av‡jvwoZ Kwiqv mg — MÖvg m‡½ m‡½ Pwjj| Avi GKwU cÖvYx GKUz ~‡i _vwKqv GB `‡ji m½x nBj| †m KvOvjxi gv| †m Zvnvi KzUxi-cÖv½‡Y †MvUv-K‡qK †e¸b Zzwjqv GB c‡_ nv‡U PwjqvwQj, GB `„k¨ †`wLqv Avi bwo‡Z cvwij bv| iwnj Zvnvi nv‡U hvIqv, iwnj Zvnvi AuvP‡j †e¸b euvav,Ñ†m †Pv‡Li Rj gywQ‡Z gywQ‡Z mK‡ji wcQ‡b k¥kv‡b Avwmqv Dcw¯’Z nBj| MÖv‡gi GKv‡š— Mi“oÑb`xi Zx‡i k¥kvb| †mLv‡b c~e©v‡ýB Kv‡Vi fvi, P›`‡bi UzKiv, N„Z, gay, a~c, aybv cÖf…wZ DcKiY mwÂZ nBqvwQj, KvOvjxi gv †QvURvZ, `y‡ji †g‡q ewjqv Kv‡Q hvB‡Z mvnm cvBj bv, Zdv‡Z GKUv DuPz wXwci g‡a¨ ùvovBqv mg¯— A‡š— wówµqv cÖ_g nB‡Z †kl ch©š— DrmyK AvMÖ‡n †PvL †gwjqv †`wL‡Z jvwMj| cÖk¯— I ch©vß wPZvi c‡i hLb ke ¯’vwcZ Kiv nBj ZLb Zuvnvi iv½v cv-yLvwb †`wLqv Zvnvi yÕP¶z RyovBqv †Mj, B”Qv nBj QzwUqv wMqv GKwe› y AvjZv gyQvBqv jBqv gv_vq

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gv PgwKqv wdwiqv Pvwnqv Kwnj, euva‡evÕLb †i ! nVvr Dc‡i A½ywj wb‡`©k Kwiqv e¨MÖ¯^‡i Kwnj, `¨vL `¨vL evev,Ñevgyb-gv IB i‡_ P‡o m‡M¨ hv‡”Q !

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nvtÑ†auv †j‡M‡Q ê Z bv ! ZzB Kvu`‡ZwQwj !

gv Avi cÖwZev` Kwij bv| †Q‡ji nvZ awiqv Nv‡U bvwgqv wb‡RI mœvb Kwij, KvOvjx‡KI mœvb KivBqv N‡i wdwij,Ñk¥kvb-mrKv‡ii †klUzKz †`Lv Avi Zvi fv‡M¨ NwUj bv|

mš—v‡bi bvgKiYKv‡j wcZvgvZvi g~pZvq weavZvcyi“l Aš—ix‡¶ _vwKqv AwaKvsk mg‡q ïay nvm¨ KwiqvB ¶vš— nb bv, Zxeª cÖwZev` K‡ib| ZvB Zvnv‡ì mg¯— RxebUv Zvnv‡ì wb‡Ri bvg¸‡jv‡KB †hb AvgiY f¨vOPvBqv Pwj‡Z _v‡K| KvOvjxi gvi Rxe‡bi BwZnvm †QvU, wKš‘ †mB †QvÆ KvOvjRxebUzKz weavZvi GB cwinv‡mi `vq nB‡Z Ae¨vnwZ jvf KwiqvwQj| Zvnv‡K Rb¥ w`qv gv gwiqvwQj, evc ivM Kwiqv bvg w`j AfvMx| gv bvB, evc b`x‡Z gvQ awiqv †eovq, Zvnvi bv Av‡Q w`b, bv Av‡Q ivZ| Zey †h wK Kwiqv ¶z ª AfvMx GKw`b KvOvjxi gv nB‡Z euvwPqv iwnj †m GK we¯§‡qi e¯‘| hvnvi mwnZ weevn nBj Zvnvi bvg iwmK evN, ev‡Ni Ab¨ evwNbx wQj, Bnv‡K jBqv †m MÖvgvš—‡i DwVqv †Mj, AfvMx Zvnvi AfvM¨ I wkïcyÎ KvOvjx‡K jBqv MÖv‡gB cwoqv iwnj|

Zvnvi †mB KvOvjx eo nBqv AvR cbiq cv w`qv‡Q| m‡egvÎ †e‡Zi KvR wkwL‡Z Avi¤¢ Kwiqv‡Q, AfvMxi Avkv nBqv‡Q AviI eQiLv‡bK Zvnvi Afv‡Mï mwnZ hywS‡Z cvwi‡j `ytL NywP‡e| GB `ytL †h wK, whwb w`qv‡Qb wZwb Qvov Avi †KnB Rv‡b bv|

KvOvjx cyKzi nB‡Z AuvPvBqv Avwmqv †`wLj Zvnvi cv‡Zi fz³ve‡kl gv GKUv gvwUi cv‡Î XvwKqv ivwL‡Z‡Q, Avðh© nBqv wRÁvmv Kwij, ZzB †Lwj †b gv ?

†ejv Mwo‡q †M‡Q evev, GLb Avi w¶‡` †bB|

†Q‡j wek¦vm Kwij bv, ewjj, bv, w¶‡` †bB ê wK ! ˆK, †`wL †Zvi nuvwo ?

GB Qjbvq eûw`b KvOvjxi gv KvOvjx‡K duvwK w`qv Avwmqv‡Q| †m nuvwo †`wLqv Z‡e Qvwoj| Zvnv‡Z Avi GKR‡bi gZ fvZ wQj| ZLb †m cÖmbœgy‡L gv‡qi †Kv‡j wMqv ewmj| GB e‡q‡mi †Q‡j mPivPi


Giƒc K‡i bv, wKš‘ wkïKvj nB‡Z eûKvj hver †m i“Mœ wQj ewjqv gv‡qi †µvo Qvwoqv evwn‡ii m½xmv_x‡ì mwnZ wgwkevi my‡hvM cvq bvB| GBLv‡b ewmqvB Zvnv‡K †Ljvayjvi mva wgUvB‡Z nBqv‡Q|

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gv ewjj, Avwg †h †Pv‡L †`Lby KvOvjx, evgyb-gv i‡_i Dc‡i e‡m| †Zbvi ivOv cv- yLvwb †h mevB †PvL †g‡j †`L‡j †i !

mevB †`L‡j ?

meŸvB †`L‡j|

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gv †Q‡j‡K `yB nv‡Z ey‡K Pvwcqv awij| e¯‘Z †mw`b Zvnv‡K G civgk© Kg †jv‡K †`q bvB, Ges hLb †m wKQz‡ZB ivRx nBj bv, ZLb DrcvZ-Dc`ªeI Zvnvi cÖwZ mvgvb¨ nq bvB, †mB K_v ¯§iY Kwiqv AfvMxi †PvL w`qv Rj cwo‡Z jvwMj| †Q‡j nvZ w`qv gyQvBqv w`qv ewjj, Ku¨vZvUv †c‡Z †è gv, ïwe?

gv Pzc Kwiqv iwnj| KvOvjx gv yi cvwZj, Kuv_v cvwZj, gvPvi Dci nB‡Z †QvU evwjkwU cvwoqv w`qv nvZ awiqv Zvnv‡K weQvbvq Uvwbqv jBqv hvB‡Z, gv Kwnj, KvOvjx, AvR †Zvi Avi Kv‡R wM‡q KvR †bB|

KvR KvgvB Kwievi cÖ¯—ve KvOvjxi Lye fv‡jv jvwMj, wKš‘ Kwnj, Rjcvwbi cqmv `y‡Uv Z Zv n‡j †`‡e bv gv !

bv w`K †M, ÑAvq †Zv‡K iƒcK_v ewj|

Avi cÖjyä Kwi‡Z nBj bv, KvOvjx Zr¶Yvr gv‡qi eyK †Nuwlqv ïBqv cwoqv Kwnj, ej&& Zv n‡j|

ivRcyËzi, †KvUvjcyËzi Avi †mB c¶xivR †Nvov Ñ

AfvMx ivRcyÎ, †KvUvjcyÎ Avi c¶xivR †Nvovi K_v w`qv Mí Avi¤¢ Kwij| G-mKj Zvnvi c‡ii Kv‡Q KZw`‡bi †kvbv Ges KZw`‡bi ejv DcK_v| wKš‘ gyn~Z©-K‡qK c‡i †Kv_vq †Mj Zvnvi


ivRcyÎ, Avi †Kv_vq †Mj Zvnvi †KvUvjcyÎÑ †m Ggb DcK_v ïi“ Kwij hvnv c‡ii Kv‡Q Zvnvi †kLv bqÑ wb‡Ri m„wó| R¡i Zvnvi hZ evwo‡Z jvwMj, Dò i³‡mªvZ hZ ª“Z‡e‡M gw¯—‡®‹ ewn‡Z jvwMj, ZZB †m †hb be be DcK_vi B› ªRvj iPbv Kwiqv Pwj‡Z jvwMj| Zvnvi weivg bvB, we‡”Q` bvBÑ KvOvjxi ¯^í †`n evi evi †ivgvwÂZ nB‡Z jvwMj| f‡q, we¯§‡q, cyj‡K †m m‡Rv‡i gv‡qi Mjv RovBqv Zvnvi ey‡Ki g‡a¨ †hb wgwkqv hvB‡Z Pvwnj|

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†K gv ?

†Zvi nv‡Zi Av¸b hw` cvB evev, evgyb-gvi gZ AvwgI m‡M¨ †h‡Z cv‡ev|

KvOvjx Aõz‡U ïay Kwnj, hvtÑej‡Z †bB|

gv †m K_v †eva Kwi ïwb‡ZB cvBj bv, Zßwbtk¦vm †dwjqv ewj‡Z jvwMj, †QvURvZ e‡j ZLb wKš‘ †KD †Nbœv Ki‡Z cvi‡e bvÑ ytLx e‡j †KD †VwK‡q ivL‡Z cvi‡e bv| Bm! †Q‡ji nv‡Zi Av¸b,Ñi_‡K †h Avm‡ZB n‡e|

†Q‡j gy‡Li Dci gyL ivwLqv fMœK‡É Kwnj, ewjm †b gv, ewjm †b, Avgvi eÇ fq K‡i|

gv Kwnj, Avi †`L&& KvOvjx, †Zvi evev‡K GKevi a‡i Avbwe, Agwb †hb cv‡qi ay‡jv gv_vq w`‡q Avgv‡K we`vq †`q| Agwb cv‡q AvjZv, gv_vq wmu yi w`‡q,ÑwKš‘ †K ev †`‡e ? ZzB w`we, bv †i KvOvjx? ZyB Avgvi †Q‡j, ZzB Avgvi †g‡q, ZzB Avgvi me! ewj‡Z ewj‡Z †m †Q‡j‡K G‡Kev‡i ey‡K Pvwcqv awij|

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w`b yB-wZb Ggwb †Mj| cÖwZ‡ekxiv Lei cvBqv †`wL‡Z Avwmj, †h hvnv gywó‡hvM RvwbZ, nwi‡Yi wkO-Nlv Rj, †Mu‡U-Kwo cyovBqv gay‡Z gvwoqv PvUvBqv †Ìqv BZ¨vw` Ae¨_© Jl‡ai mÜvb w`qv †h hvnvi Kv‡R †Mj| †Q‡jgvbyl KvOvjx e¨wZe¨¯— nBqv DwV‡Z, gv Zvnv‡K Kv‡Q Uvwbqv jBqv Kwnj, †Kve‡i‡Ri ewo‡Z wKQz n‡jv bv evev Avi I‡ì Ily‡a KvR n‡e ? Avwg Ggwb fv‡jv n‡ev|

KvOvjx Kuvw`qv Kwnj, ZzB ewo Z †Lwj †b gv, Dby‡b †d‡j w`wj| Ggwb wK †KD mv‡i ?


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MÖv‡g Ck¦i bvwcZ bvox †`wL‡Z RvwbZ, ciw`b mKv‡j †m nvZ †`wLqv ZvnviB mygy‡L gyL M¤¢xi Kwij, `xN©k¦vm †dwjj Ges †k‡l gv_v bvwoqv DwVqv †Mj| KvOvjxi gv Bnvi A_© eywSj, wKš‘ Zvnvi fqB nBj bv| mK‡j Pwjqv †M‡j †m †Q‡j‡K Kwnj, GBevi GKevi Zv‡K †W‡K Avb‡Z cvwim evev ?

Kv‡K gv ?

IB †h †iÑI-Mvu‡q †h D‡V †M‡QÑ

KvOvjx eywSqv Kwnj, evev‡K ?

AfvMx Pzc Kwiqv iwnj|

KvOvjx ewjj, †m Avm‡e †Kb gv ?

AfvMxi wb‡RiB h‡_ó m‡›`n wQj, Z_vwc Av‡¯— Av‡ — Kwnj, wM‡q ejwe, gv ïay GKUy †Zvgvi cv‡qi ay‡jv Pvq|

†m ZLwb hvB‡Z D`¨Z nB‡j †m Zvnvi nvZUv awiqv †dwjqv ewjj, GKUz Kuv`vKvUv Kwim evev, ewjm gv hv‡”P|

GKUz _vwgqv Kwnj, †dievi c‡_ Agwb bvc‡Z-†eŠwì KvQ †_‡K GKUz AvjZv †P‡q Avwbm K¨vOvjx, Avgvi bvg Ki‡jB †m †`‡e| Avgv‡K eo fv‡jvev‡m|

fv‡jv Zvnv‡K A‡b‡KB evwmZ| R¡i nIqv Aewa gv‡qi gy‡L †m GB KqUv wRwb‡mi K_v GZevi GZiKg Kwiqv ïwbqv‡Q †h, †m †mBLvb nB‡Z Kuvw`‡Z Kuvw`‡Z hvÎv Kwij|

ciw`b iwmK y‡j mgqgZ hLb Avwmqv Dcw ’Z nBj ZLb AfvMxi Avi eo Ávb bvB| gy‡Li c‡i gi‡Yi Qvqv cwoqv‡Q, †Pv‡Li `„wó G msmv‡ii KvR-mvwiqv †Kv_vq †Kvb&& ARvbv †`‡k Pwjqv †M‡Q|

KvOvjx Kvuw`qv Kwnj, gv‡Mv ! evev G‡m‡QÑcv‡qi ay‡jv †b‡e †h !

gv nqZ eywSj, nqZ eywSj bv, nqZ ev Zvnvi Mfxi mwÂZ evmbv ms¯‹v‡ii gZ Zvnvi Av”Qbœ †PZbvq Nv w`j| GB g„Zz¨c_-hvÎx Zvnvi Aek evûLvwb kh¨vi evwn‡i evovBqv nvZ cvwZj|

iwmK nZeyw×i gZ ùvovBqv iwnj| c„w_ex‡Z ZvnviI cv‡qi ay‡jvi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q, BnvI †Kn bvwK Pvwn‡Z cv‡i Zvnv Zvnvi Kíbvi AZxZ| wew›ì wcmx ùvovBqv wQj, †m Kwnj, `vI evev, `vI GKUz cv‡qi ay‡jv|

iwmK AMÖmi nBqv Avwmj| Rxe‡b †h ¯¿x‡K †m fv‡jvevmv †`q bvB, Akb-emb †`q bvB, †Kvb †LuvRLei K‡i bvB, giYKv‡j Zvnv‡K †m ïay GKUz cv‡qi ayjv w`‡Z wMqv Kuvw`qv †dwjj|


ivLv‡ji gv ewjj, Ggb mZxj²x evgyb-Kv‡q‡Zi N‡i bv R‡b¥, I Avgv‡ì `y‡ji N‡i Rb¥v‡j †Kb !

GBevi Ii GKUz MwZ K‡i `vI evevÑK¨vOvjvi nv‡Zi Av¸‡bi †jv‡f I †hb cÖvYUv w`‡j|

AfvMxi Afv‡Mï †èZv A‡MvP‡i ewmqv wK fvwe‡jb Rvwb bv, wKš‘ †Q‡jgvbyl KvOvjxi ey‡K wMqv G K_v †hb Zx‡ii gZ weuwaj|

†mw`b w`‡bi †ejvUv KvwUj, cÖ_g ivwÎUv KvwUj, wKš‘ cÖfv‡Zi Rb¨ KvOvjxi gv Avi A‡c¶v Kwi‡Z cvwij bv| wK Rvwb, GZ †QvURv‡Zi RbÏ ¯^‡M© i‡_i eë¯’v Av‡Q wK bv, wKsev AÜKv‡i cv‡q nuvwUqvB Zvnv‡ì iIbv nB‡Z nq,ÑwKš‘ GUv eySv †Mj, ivwÎ †kl bv nB‡ZB G `ywbqv †m Z¨vM Kwiqv †M‡Q|

KzUxi-cÖv½‡Y GKUv †ejMvQ, GKUv Kzovj Pvwnqv Avwbqv iwmK Zvnv‡Z Nv w`qv‡Q wK †`q bvB, Rwg`v‡ii `v‡ivqvb †Kv_v nB‡Z QzwUqv Avwmqv Zvnvi Mv‡j mk‡ã GKUv Po KlvBqv w`j; Kzovj Kvwoqv jBqv Kwnj, kvjv, GwK †Zvi ev‡ci MvQ Av‡Q †h KvU‡Z †j‡MwQm ?

iwmK Mv‡j nvZ eyjvB‡Z jvwMj, KvOvjx Kuv`-Kvu` nBqv ewjj, evt, G †h Avgvi gv‡qi nv‡Z-†cuvZv MvQ, `v‡ivqvbRx| evev‡K Lv‡gvKv Zzwg gvi‡j †Kb ?

wn›`y¯’vbx `v‡ivqvb Zvnv‡KI GKUv AkÖve¨ Mvwj w`qv gvwi‡Z †Mj, wKš‘ †m bvwK Zvnvi Rbbxi g„Z‡`n ¯úk© Kwiqv ewmqvwQj, ZvB A‡kŠ‡Pi f‡q Zvnvi Mv‡q nvZ w`j bv| nuvKvnuvwK‡Z GKUv wfo Rwgqv DwVj, †KnB A¯^xKvi Kwij bv †h webv AbygwZ‡Z iwm‡Ki MvQ KvwU‡Z hvIqvUv fv‡jv nq bvB| ZvnvivB Avevi `v‡ivqvbRxi nv‡Z-cv‡q cwo‡Z jvwMj, wZwb AbyMÖn Kwiqv †hb GKUv ûKzg †`b| KviY, Amy‡Li mgq †h-†Kn †`wL‡Z Avwmqv‡Q KvOvjxi gvi ZvnviB nv‡Z awiqv Zvnvi †kl Awfjvl e¨³ Kwiqv †M‡Q|

`v‡ivqvb fzwjevi cvÎ b‡n, †m nvZ-gyL evwoqv RvbvBj, G-mKj PvjvwK Zvnvi Kv‡Q LvwU‡e bv|

Rwg`vi ’vbxq †jvK b‡nb; MÖv‡g Zuvnvi GKUv KvQvwi Av‡Q, †Mvg —v Aai ivq Zvnvi KZ©v| †jvK¸‡jv hLb wn› y ’vwbUvi Kv‡Q e¨_© Abybq-webq Kwi‡Z jvwMj, KvOvjx EaŸ©k¦v‡m †`Šwoqv G‡Kev‡i KvQvwi-evwo‡Z Avwmqv Dcw ’Z nBj| †m †jv‡Ki gy‡L gy‡L ïwbqvwQj, wcqv`viv Nyl jq, Zvnvi wbðq wek¦vm nBj AZeo Am½Z AZ¨vPv‡ii K_v hw` KZ©vi †MvPi Kwi‡Z cv‡i Z Bnvi cÖwZweavb bv nBqvB cv‡i bv| nvq †i AbwfÁ! evOjv‡`‡ki Rwg`vi I Zvnvi Kg©Pvix‡K †m wPwbZ bv| m`¨gvZ…nxb evjK †kv‡K I D‡ËRbvq D &&åvš— nBqv G‡Kev‡i Dc‡i DwVqv AvwmqvwQj, Aai ivq †mBgvÎ mÜ¨vwýK I hrmvgvb¨ Rj‡hvMv‡š— evwn‡i AvwmqvwQ‡jb, wew¯§Z I µz× nBqv Kwn‡jb, †K †i?

Avwg KvOvjx| `v‡ivqvbRx Avgvi evev‡K †g‡i‡Q|

†ek K‡i‡P| nvivgRv`v, LvRbv †`qwb eywS ?

KvOvjx Kwnj, bv eveygkvq, evev MvQ KvU‡ZwQj, ÑAvgvi gv g‡i‡PÑewj‡Z ewj‡Z †m Kvbœv Avi Pvwc‡Z cvwij bv|

GB KvbœvKvwU‡Z Aai AZ¨š— wei³ nB‡jb| †QuvovUv gov QzuBqv Avwmqv‡Q, wK Rvwb GLvbKvi wKQz QzuBqv †dwjj bvwK ! agK w`qv ewj‡jb, gv g‡i‡P Z hv bx‡P †b‡e ùvov| I‡i †K AvwQm †i, GLv‡b GKUz †MveiRj Qwo‡q †` ! wK Rv‡Zi †Q‡j ZyB ?


KvOvjx mf‡q cÖv½‡Y bvwgqv ùvovBqv Kwnj, Avgiv `y‡j|

Aai Kwn‡jb, `y‡j ! `y‡ji govi KvV wK n‡e ïwb ?

KvOvjx ewjj, gv †h Avgv‡K Av¸b w`‡Z e‡j †M‡Q ! Zzwg wR‡Ám Ki bv eveygkvq, gv †h mevB‡K e‡j †M‡Q, m°‡j ï‡b‡Q †h ! gv‡qi K_v ewj‡Z wMqv Zvnvi Aby¶‡Yi mg¯— Aby‡iva Dc‡iva gyn~‡Z© ¯§iY nBqv KÉ †hb Zvnvi Kvbœvq dvwUqv cwo‡Z Pvwnj|

Aai Kwn‡jb, gv‡K †cvovwe Z Mv‡Qi `vg cuvPUv UvKv Avb&& †M| cviwe ?

KvOvjx RvwbZ Zvnv Am¤¢e| Zvnvi DËixq wKwbevi g~j¨¯îƒc Zvnvi fvZ LvBevi wcZ‡ji KuvwmwU wew›ì wcmx GKwU UvKvq euvav w`‡Z wMqv‡Q †m †Pv‡L †`wLqv Avwmqv‡Q, †m Nvo bvwoj, ewjj, bv|

Aai gyLLvbv AZ¨š— weK…Z Kwiqv Kwn‡jb, bv Z, gv‡K wb‡q b`xi Povq cyu‡Z †dj †M hv| Kvi evevi Mv‡Q †Zvi evc Kzo–j †VKv‡Z hvqÑcvRx, nZfvMv, b”Qvi !

KvOvjx ewjj, †m †h Avgv‡ì DVv‡bi MvQ eveygkvq ! †m †h Avgvi gv‡qi nv‡Z †cuvZv MvQ|

nv‡Z †cuvZv MvQ ! cuv‡o, e¨vUv‡K Mjvav°v w`‡q evi K‡i †` Z !

cuv‡o Avwmqv Mjvav°v w`j, Ges Ggb K_v D”PviY Kwij hvnv †Kej Rwg`v‡ii Kg©PvixB cv‡i|

KvOvjx ayjv Svwoqv DwVqv `vuovBj, Zvi c‡i ax‡i ax‡i evwni nBqv †Mj| †Kb †m †h gvi LvBj, wK Zvnvi Aciva, †Q‡jUv fvweqvB cvBj bv| †Mvg¯—vi wbwe©Kvi wP‡Ë `vM ch©š— cwoj bv| cwo‡j G PvKwi Zvnvi RywUZ bv| Kwn‡jb, c‡ik, †`L Z †n, G e¨vUvi LvRbv evKx c‡o‡Q wK bv| _v‡K Z Rvj-Uvj wKQz GKUv †K‡o G‡b †hb †i‡L †`q,ÑnvivgRv`v cvjv‡Z cv‡i|

gyLy‡h¨-evwo‡Z kÖv‡×i w`bÑgv‡S †Kej GKUv w`b gvÎ evKx| mgv‡iv‡ni Av‡qvRb M„wnYxi Dchy³ KwiqvB nB‡Z‡Q| e„× VvKzi`vm wb‡R ZË¡veavb Kwiqv wdwi‡ZwQ‡jb, KvOvjx Avwmqv Zvunvi m¤§y‡L `vuovBj, Kwnj, VvKzigkvB, Avgvi gv g‡i †M‡Q|

ZzB †K ? wK Pvm ZzB ?

Avwg KvOvjx| gv e‡j †M‡Q †Zbv‡K Av¸b w`‡Z|

Zv w` †M bv|

KvQvwii e¨vcviUv BwZg‡a¨B gy‡L gy‡L cÖPvwiZ nBqv cwoqvwQj, GKRb Kwnj, I †eva nq GKUv MvQ Pvq|ÑGB ewjqv †m NUbvUv cÖKvk Kwiqv Kwnj|

gyLy‡h¨ wew¯§Z I wei³ nBqv Kwn‡jb, †kvb Ave`vi| AvgviB KZ Kv‡Vi ìKvi,ÑKvj ev‡` ciï KvR| hv hv, GLv‡b wKQz n‡e bvÑGLv‡b wKQz n‡e bv| GB ewjqv Ab¨Î cÖ¯’vb Kwi‡jb|

fÆvPvh© gnvkq A`~‡i ewmqv d`© Kwi‡ZwQ‡jb, wZwb ewj‡jb, †Zv‡ì †R‡Z †K K‡e Avevi †cvovq †i? hv, gy‡L GKUz by‡ov †R¡‡j w`‡q b`xi Povq gvwU †` †M|

gy‡Lvcva¨vq gnvk‡qi eo †Q‡j e¨¯—mg¯—fv‡e GB c‡_ †Kv_vq hvB‡ZwQ‡jb, wZwb Kvb Lvov Kwiqv GKUz ïwbqv Kwn‡jb, †`L‡Pb fU&&Pvh©gkvq, me e¨vUvivB GLb evgyb-Kv‡qZ n‡Z Pvq| ewjqv Kv‡Ri †Suv‡K Avi †Kv_vq Pwjqv †M‡jb|


KvOvjx Avi cÖv_©bv Kwij bv| GB NÈv-`y‡q‡Ki AwfÁZvq msmv‡i †m †hb G‡Kev‡i eyov nBqv wMqvwQj| wbtk‡ã ax‡i ax‡i Zvnvi giv gv‡qi Kv‡Q wMqv Dcw¯’Z nBj|

b`xi P‡i MZ© Lyuwoqv AfvMx‡K †kvqvb nBj| ivLv‡ji gv KvOvjxi nv‡Z GKUv L‡oi AuvwU R¡vwjqv w`qv ZvnviB nvZ awiqv gv‡qi gy‡L ¯úk© KivBqv †dwjqv w`j| Zvi c‡i mK‡j wgwjqv gvwU Pvcv w`qv KvOvjxi gv‡qi †kl wPý wejyß Kwiqv w`j|

mevB mKj Kv‡R e¨¯—,Ñïay †mB †cvov L‡oi AvuwU nB‡Z †h ¯^í ayuqvUzKz Nywiqv Nywiqv AvKv‡k DwV‡ZwQj, ZvnviB cÖwZ cjKnxb P¶z cvwZqv KvOvjx EaŸ©`„‡ó ¯—ä nBqv Pvwnqv iwnj|

kãv_© I UxKv : gyLy‡h¨ Ñ gy‡Lvcva¨vq c`we, †jvKgy‡L D”Pvi‡Yi cv_©K¨ N‡U‡Q GLv‡b; elx©qmx Ñ AwZ e„×, mK‡ji g‡a¨ eq‡m eo, ¿xevPK kã wn‡m‡e eëüZ; m½wZcbœ Ñ A_©-m¤ú‡ì AwaKvix; A‡š—¨wówµqv Ñ g„Z e¨w³i mrKvi, g„‡Zï Rb¨ Awš—g ev †kl Abyôvb; mM¨ Ñ ¯M©, †jvKgy‡Li D”Pvi‡Y cv_©K¨ N‡U‡Q; Aš—ix¶ Ñ AvKvk, MMb; fz³ve‡kl Ñ †fvRb ev LvIqvi c‡i cv‡Z hv c‡o _v‡K; cÖmbœ Ñ mš‘ó, Lywk; cÖmbœgyL Ñ Lywk fiv gyL; †µvo Ñ †Kvj; kke¨ — Ñ Li‡Mvk ev kk‡Ki g‡Zv e¨ —; †Zbvi Ñ Zvi, Zuvi; y‡j Ñ cvjwK enbKvix wn› y m¤úª vqwe‡kl, wbPz Rv‡Zi gvbyl e‡j AwfwnZ; B› ªRvj Ñ Rv ywe`¨v, GLv‡b M‡íi gva¨‡g gy» ev †gvwnZ K‡i ivLvi ¶gZv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q; †ivgvÂ Ñ wkniY, Abyf~wZi Avwa‡K¨ Mv‡qi †jvg uvwo‡q hvIqv; fMœKÉ Ñ weK…Z ¯i, GLv‡b AwZ Av‡e‡M KvOvjxi fvOv ev weK…Z ¯‡i K_v ejv †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q; cÖYvgx Ñ cy‡ivwnZ ev †è-†èx‡K †Ìqv mvjvwg, GLv‡b KweivR‡K †Ìqv wPwKrmv wd wn‡m‡e †Ìqv UvKv †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q; gywó‡hvM Ñ †UvUKv wPwKrmv; †Mu‡U Kwo Ñ KuvUvhy³ kvgyK RvZxq cÖvwY; wb —ä Ñ wbðj, wbtmvo; wbe©vK; nwiaŸwb Ñ nwi bv‡gi aŸwb, wn› y ag©vej¤xiv g„Z‡`n enb Kivi mgq mg‡eZK‡É †èZv nwii bvg D”P¯‡i e‡j _v‡K Zv‡K nwiaŸwb e‡j; ms ‹vi Ñ wek¦vm, †SuvK, AvRb¥ aviYv; Akb Ñ Lv`¨ ªe¨, Avnv‡ii e ‘; mÜ¨vwýK Ñ mÜ¨v‡ejvq wn› y m¤úª v‡qi wbZ¨KiYxq c~Rv|

cvV cwiwPwZ : myKzgvi †mb m¤úvw`Z Ôkir mvwnZ¨mgMÖÕ MÖ‡š’i cÖ_g LÊ †_‡K ÔAfvMxi ¯^M©Õ bvgK MíwU msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Mixe-`yLx bxPz †kÖwYi †Q‡j KvOvjx| Zvi gv AfvMx| cÖwZ‡ekx DuPz Rv‡Zi gyLy‡h¨ evwoi M„nKÎx©i g„Zzï ci mrKv‡ii `„k¨ †`‡L AfvMxi †fZiKvi fvevbyf~wZ cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g ïi“ nq G Mí| g„‡Zi kehvÎvi Avo¤îZv I mrKv‡ii e¨vcKZv †`‡L AfvMxI wb‡Ri g„Zz¨ gyn~‡Z©i ¯^cœ †`‡L| P›`b, wmu`yi, AvjZv, gvjv, N„Z, gay, a~c, aybv, AwMœi †auvqvq gyLy‡h¨ evwoi wMwbœ ¯^‡M© Mgb K‡i‡Qb| `ywLbx AfvMxI fv‡e Zvi g„Zzï mgq ¯^vgxi cv‡qi a~wj wb‡q g„Zz¨ †k‡l cyÎ gyLvwMœ Ki‡j †mI ¯^‡M© hv‡e| g„Zzï mgq KvOvjx Zvi evev‡K nvwRi Ki‡Z cvi‡jI cv‡iwb Kv‡Vi Afv‡e gv‡qi mrKvi Ki‡Z| G M‡í mvgš—ev‡ì wbg©g i~c Ges bxP †kÖwYi nZ`wi ª gvby‡li ytL-Kó I hš¿Yv kirP› ª AZ¨š— ì`x fvlvq Dc ’vb K‡i‡Qb|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1. †Zvgvi †`Lv abx cwiev‡ii Kv‡iv g„Zz I Mixe cwiev‡ii Kv‡iv g„Zz NUbvi Zzjbvg~jK weeiY vI| 2. KvOvjx Zvi gv‡qi cÖwZ †h gvZ…fw³ †`wL‡q‡Qb GiKg †Kv‡bv NUbv wjwce× Ki|


eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| †Kvb b`xi Zx‡i kk¥vb NvU Aew¯’Z ?

K. ksL L. Mi“o M. MovB N. cÙv

2| iwmK †ej MvQwU Kx Kv‡R eënvi Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj ? K. AfvMxi ke`vn L. Nievwo ˆZwi M. ivbœvi KvV msMÖn N. KvOvjxi Rb¨

DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : ZK©iZœ Kwn‡jb avi wbwe ïawe Kxfv‡e ? Mdzi ewjj, †hgb K‡i cvwi ïae evev VvKzi,

†Zvgv‡K duvwK †è bv| 3| ZK©iZœ AfvMxi ¯^M© M‡íi †Kvb&& Pwi‡Îi cÖwZwbwa ?

K. VvKzi `vm gyLy‡R¨ L. iwmK `y‡j M. `v‡ivqvbRx N. Aai

4| GB cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i KviY n‡jv Ñ i Df‡qB Rwg`v‡ii cÖwZwbwa ii Rwg`v‡ii †Mvg¯—v iii Rwg`vi I eªvþY

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i L. iiM. iii N. ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ GB wbôzi Awf‡hv‡M Mdzi †hb evK&‡iva nBqv †Mj| ¶‡YK c‡i ax‡i ax‡i Kwnj, Kvnb Lv‡bK Lo Gevi fv‡M †c‡qwQjvg| wKš‘ †Mj m‡bi e‡Kqv e‡j KZ©vgkvq me a‡i ivL‡jb ? †Ku‡` †K‡U nv‡Z cv‡q c‡o ejjvg, evey gkvB, nvwKg Zzwg, †Zvgvi ivRZ¡ †Q‡o Avi cvjve †Kv_vq ? Avgv‡K cY`‡kK wePzwj bv nq `vI| Pv‡j Lo †bB| evc †ewU‡Z _vwK, ZvI bv nq ZvjcvLvi †MuvRvMuvRv w`‡q G el©vUv KvwU‡q †è, wKš‘ bv †L‡Z †c‡q Avgvi g‡nk †h g‡i hv‡e|

K. KvOvjxi evevi bvg Kx ? L. Ô†Zvi nv‡Zi Av¸b hw` cvB, AvwgI m‡M¨ hveÕ Dw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki| M. DÏxc‡K ÔAfvMxi ¯^M©Õ M‡íi †h mgvRwP‡Îi Bw½Z i‡q‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. KvOvjxi m‡½ DÏxc‡Ki Mdz‡ii mv`„k¨ _vK‡jI KvOvjx m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Mdz‡ii cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i bv

Ñ gš—e¨wUi h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY Ki|


wbixn evOvwj †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb 9B wW‡m¤î 1880 wLªóv‡ã iscyi †Rjvi cvqive›` MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv RnxiywÏb †gvnv¤§` Avey Avjx nvq`vi mv‡ei m¤£vš— f~ ^vgx wQ‡jb| †QvU‡ejvq eo †evb Kwigy‡bœmv †eMg †iv‡Kqv‡K evsjv wk¶vq mvnvh¨ K‡ib| c‡i wZwb eo fvB Beªvwng mv‡e‡ii ZË¡veav‡b Bs‡iwR †k‡Lb| wenv‡ii Aš—M©Z fvMjcy‡ii ˆmq` mvLvIqvZ †nv‡m‡bi m‡½ weev‡ni ci wZwb †eMg †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb bv‡g cwiwPZ nb| ¯^vgxi †cÖiYvq wZwb mvwnZ¨PP©v ïiy K‡ib| mgKvjxb gymjgvb mgv‡R cÖPwjZ Kzms¯‹v‡ii weiy‡× wZwb †jLbx aviY K‡ib| gymwjg bvix RvMi‡Y wZwb AMÖYx f~wgKvq AeZxY© nb| mvLvIqvZ †g‡gvwiqvj Mvj©m ¯‹zj I AvÄygv‡b LvZqvwZ‡b Bmjvg cÖwZôv K‡i wZwb gymjgvb bvix‡ì wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZi c‡_ AMÖmi n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡ib| cÙivM, Ae‡ivaevwmbx, gwZPzi, myjZvbvi ¯cœ BZ¨vw` Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’| 9B wW‡m¤î 1932 mv‡j †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb g„Zz eiY K‡ib| ]

Avgiv ye©j wbixn evOvwj| GB evOvwj k‡ã †Kgb mygayi Zij †Kvgj fve cÖKvk nq| Avnv ! GB Awgqvwm³ evOvwj †Kvb& weavZv MwoqvwQ‡jb ? Kzmy‡gi †mŠKzgvh©, P‡›`ªi Pw› ªKv, gayi gvayix, hyw_Kvi †mŠif, mywßi bxieZv, f~a‡ii APjZv, bebxi †KvgjZv, mwj‡ji ZijZvÑGK K_vq wek¦RM‡Zi mgy`q †mŠ›`h© Ges wmœ»Zv jBqv evOvjx MwVZ nBqv‡Q ! Avgv‡ì bvgwU †hgb kÖ“wZgayi Z`ª“c Avgv‡ì mgy`q wµqvKjvcI mnR I mij|

Avgiv g~wZ©gZx KweZvÑhw` fviZel©‡K BsivwR ai‡Yi GKwU AÆvwjKv g‡b K‡ib, Z‡e e½‡`k Zvnvi êVKLvbv (drawing room) Ges evOvwj Zvnv‡Z mvRm¾v (drawing room suit)! hw` fviZel©‡K GKUv m‡ivei g‡b K‡ib, Z‡e evOvwj Zvnv‡Z cwÙbx| hw` fviZel©‡K GKLvbv Dcb¨vm g‡b K‡ib, Z‡e evOvwj Zvnvi bvwqKv! fvi‡Zi cyi“l mgv‡R evOvwj cyi“wlKv! AZGe Avgiv g~wZ©gvb Kve¨|

Avgv‡ì Lv`¨`ªe¨¸‡jv,ÑcyuBkv‡Ki WuvUv, mwRbv I cyuwU gr‡mï †SvjÑAwZkq mim| Avgv‡ì Lv`¨`ªe¨¸‡jvÑN„Z, `y», Qvbv, bebxZ, ¶xi, mi, m‡›`k I im‡Mvj−vÑAwZkq my¯^v`y| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki cÖavb dj, Avgª I KuvVvjÑimvj Ges gayi| AZGe Avgv‡ì Lv`¨mvgMÖx wÎ¸YvZ¥KÑmim, my¯^v`y, gayi|

Lv‡`ï ¸Y Abymv‡i kix‡ii cywó nq| ZvB mwRbv †hgb exReûj, Avgv‡ì †`‡k †ZgbB fyuwowU ¯’~j| bebx‡Z †KvgjZv AwaK, ZvB Avgv‡ì ¯^fv‡ei fxi“Zv AwaK| kvixwiK †mŠ›`h© m¤^‡Ü AwaK ejv wb®cÖ‡qvRb; GLb †cvlvK cwi”Q‡ì K_v ewj|

Avgv‡ì ei A½ †hgb ˆZjwm³ bewbMwVZ my‡Kvgj, cwi‡aqI Z ª“c AwZ m~² wkgjvi a~wZ I Pvì| Bnv‡Z evqymÂvj‡bi (Ventilation Gi) †Kvb evav weNœ nq bv ! Avgiv mgq mgq mf¨Zvi Aby‡iv‡a †KvU kvU© eënvi Kwi e‡U, KviY cyi“lgvby‡li meB mn¨ nq| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì Aa©v½xÑ†ngv½x, †Kòvw½MY Z`vbyKi‡Y BsivR jjbv‡ì wbj©¾ cwi”Q` (†kwgR R¨v‡KU) eënvi K‡ib bv| Zuvnviv AwZkq myKzgvix jwjZv j¾veZx jwZKv, ZvB AwZ gm„Y I m~² ÔnvIqvi kvwoÕ c‡ib| evOvwji mKj e¯‘B my›ì, ¯^”Q I mnRjä|


evOvwji ¸‡Yi K_v wjwL‡Z nB‡j Abš— gmx, KvMR I AK¬vš— †jL‡Ki Avek¨K| Z‡e ms‡¶‡c ywU PvwiUv ¸‡Yi eY©bv Kwi|

abe„w×i yB Dcvq, evwYR¨ I K…wl| evwYR¨ Avgv‡ì cÖavb eëmvq| wKš‘ ZvB ewjqv Avgiv (Avi‡e¨vcb¨v‡mi) wmÜev‡ì b¨vq evwYR¨‡cvZ AwbwðZ djjv‡fi Avkvq Abš— Acvi mvM‡i fvmvBqv w`qv ˆbiv‡kï SÅvev‡Z IZ‡cÖvZ nB bv| Avgiv Bnv‡K (evwYR¨) mnR I ¯^ívqvmmva¨ Kwiqv jBqvwQ| A_©vr evwYwR¨ eëmv‡q †h KwVb cwikªg Avek¨K, Zvnv eR©b KwiqvwQ| GB Rb¨ Avgv‡ì †`vKv‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbl bvB, ïay wejvm`ªe¨Ñbvbvwea †Kk‰Zj I bvbvcÖKvi †ivMea©K Jla Ges ivOv wcË‡ji Aj¼vi, bKj nxivi AvswU, †evZvg BZ¨vw` weµqv_© gRy` Av‡Q| C`„k eëmv‡q KvwqK cwikªg bvB| Avgiv LuvwU †mvbv i~cv RIhv‡nivr ivwL bv, KviY UvKvi Afve| we‡klZt AvwR Kvwj †Kvb& wRwblUvi bKj bv nq ?

hLbB †Kn GKUz hZœ cwikªg ¯^xKvi c~e©K Ò`xN©‡KkxÓ ˆZj cÖ ‘Z K‡ib, AgbB Avgiv Z`byKi‡Y Òn«¯^‡KkxÓ evwni Kwi| ÒKzš—jx‡biÓ m‡½ Ò†KkjxbÓ weµq nq| evRv‡i Ògw¯—®‹ wmœ»KvixÓ Jla Av‡Q, Ògw¯—®‹ DòKvixÓ `ªeÏ Av‡Q| GK K_vq ewj, hZ cÖKv‡ii bKj I wb®cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbl nB‡Z cv‡i, meB Av‡Q| Avgiv avb¨ ZÊy‡ji eëmvq Kwi bv, KviY Zvnv‡Z cwikªg Avek¨K|

Avgv‡ì Ab¨Zg eëmvqÑcvm weµq| GB cvm we‡µZvi bvg ÒeiÓ Ges †µZv‡K Òk¦ïiÓ e‡j| GK GKwU cv‡mi g~j¨ KZ Rvb ? ÒA‡a©K ivRZ¡ I GK ivRKzgvixÓ| Gg,G, cvm Ag~jïZœ, Bnv †h †m †µZvi †µq b‡n| wbZvš— m¯—v `‡i weµq nB‡j, g~j¨ÑGK ivRKzgvix Ges mgy`q ivRZ¡| Avgiv Ajm, ZijgwZ, kªgKvZi, †Kvgjv½ evOvwj wKbv ZvB fvweqv †`wLqvwQ, mkix‡i cwikªg Kwiqv gy`ªvjvf Kiv A‡c¶v Old fool k¦ï‡ii h_vme©¯^ jyÉb Kiv mnR|

GLb K…wlKv‡h©i K_v ewj| K…wl Øviv Abœe„w× nB‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Avgiv fvweqv †`wLqvwQ K…wlwefv‡Mi Kvh© (Agriculture) Kiv A‡c¶v gw¯—®‹ De©i (Brain culture) Kiv mnR| A_©vr KK©k De©i f~wg Kl©Y Kwiqv avb¨ Drcv`b Kiv A‡c¶v gyL¯’ we`¨vi †Rv‡i A_© Drcv`b Kiv mnR| Ges K…wlKv‡h© cvi`wk©Zv cÖ`k©b Kiv A‡c¶v †Kej M.R.A.C cvk Kiv mnR| AvBbPP©v Kiv A‡c¶v K…wl wel‡q ÁvbPP©v Kiv KwVb| A_ev †iŠ‡`ªi mgq QÎ n‡¯— K…wl‡¶Î cwi`k©‡bi Rb¨ K…wl wel‡q ÁvbPP©v A‡c¶v UvbvcvLvi Z‡j Avivg †K`vivq ewmqv `ywf©¶ mgvPvi (Famine Report) cvV Kiv mnR| ZvB Avgiv A‡bœvrcv`‡bi †Póv bv Kwiqv A_© Drcv`‡b m‡Pó AvwQ| Avgv‡ì A‡_©i Afve bvB, myZivs AbœKóI nB‡e bv| `wi`ª nZfvMv me Abœvfv‡e g‡i gi“K, Zv‡Z Avgv‡ì wK ?

Avgiv AviI A‡bK cÖKvi mnR Kvh© wbe©vn Kwiqv _vwK| h_v :

(1) ivR¨ ¯’vcb Kiv A‡c¶v ÒivR¨Ó Dcvwa jvf mnR|

(2) wkíKv‡h© cvi`kx© nIqv A‡c¶v B.Sc I D.Sc cvm Kiv mnR|

(3) Aíwe¯—i A_©e¨‡q †`‡k †Kvb gnr Kvh© Øviv L¨vwZ jvf Kiv A‡c¶v ÒLuv evnv`yiÓ ev Òivq evnv`yiÓ Dcvwa jv‡fi Rb¨ A_© e¨q Kiv mnR|

(4) cÖwZ‡ekx `wi ª‡ì †kvK yt‡L e¨w_Z nIqv A‡c¶v †e‡`kxq eo †jvK‡ì g„Zz yt‡L Ò†kvK mfviÓ mf¨ nIqv mnR|

(5) †`‡ki `ywf©¶ wbevi‡Yi Rb¨ cwikªg Kiv A‡c¶v Av‡gwiKvi wbKU wf¶v MÖnY Kiv mnR|


(6) ¯^v¯’ï¶vq hZœevb nIqv A‡c¶v ¯^v¯’¨ bó Kwiqv Jla I Wv³v‡ii n‡¯— Rxeb mgc©Y Kiv mnR|

(7) ¯^v‡¯’ï DbœwZ Øviv gyLkªxi cÖdzj−Zv I †mŠ›`h© ea©b Kiv (A_©vr healthy & cheerful nIqv) A‡c¶v (ï®‹M‡Ê!) Kvwj‡Wvi, wgé Af †ivR I wf‡bvwjqv cvDWvi (Kalydore, milk of rose and Vinolia powder) gvwLqv my›ì nB‡Z †Póv Kiv mnR|

(8) KvnviI wbKU cÖnvijvf Kwiqv Zr¶Yvr evûe‡j cÖwZ‡kva jIqv A‡c¶v gvbnvwbi †gvKÏgv Kiv mnR BZ¨vw`|

Zvici Avgiv g~wZ©gvb Avjm¨ÑAvgv‡ì M„wnYxMY G wel‡q AMÖYx| †Kn †Kn kªxgZxw`M‡K ¯^n‡¯— iÜb Kwi‡Z Aby‡iva Kwiqv _v‡Kb| wKš‘ ewj, Avgiv hw` †iŠ`ªZvc mn¨ Kwi‡Z bv cvwi, Z‡e Avgv‡ì Aav©½xMY wKi~‡c AwMœZ DËvc mwn‡eb ? Avgiv †Kvgjv½-Zuvnviv †Kvgjv½x; Avgiv cvVK, Zuvnviv cvwVKv; Avgiv †jLK, Zuvnviv †jwLKv| AZGe Avgiv cvPK bv nB‡j Zvunviv cvwPKv nB‡eb †Kb ? myZivs †h j²xQvov wè¨v½bvw`M‡K iÜb Kwi‡Z e‡j, Zvnvi wÎwea `Ê nIqv DwPZ| h_v Zvnv‡K (1) Zzlvb‡j `» Ki, AZtci (2) R‡en& Ki, Zvici (3) duvwm `vI !

Avgiv mK‡jB KweÑAvgv‡ì Kv‡e¨ exiim A‡c¶v Ki“Yim †ewk| Avgv‡ì GLv‡b †jLK A‡c¶v †jwLKvi msL¨v †ewk| ZvB KweZvi †mªv‡Z webv Kvi‡Y AkÖ“cÖevn †ewk ewnqv _v‡K| Avgiv c`¨ wjwL‡Z ewm‡j †Kvb& welqUv ev` w`B ? ÒfMœ k~c©Ó, ÒRxY© Kuv_vÓ, ÒcyivZb PwURyZvÓÑwKQzB cwiZvR¨ b‡n| Avgiv Avevi KZ bZyb k‡ãi m„wó KwiqvwQ; h_vÑÒAwZ ïåbxjv¤îÓ, ÒmvkÖ“mRjbqbÓ BZ¨vw`| kªxgZx‡ì Ki“Y wejvcÑcÖjvcc~Y© c‡`ï ÒAkÖ“R‡jiÓ eb¨vq e½‡`k ax‡i ax‡i Wyweqv hvB‡Z‡Q ! myZivs †`wL‡Z‡Qb, Avgiv mK‡jB Kwe|

Avi AvZ¥cÖksmv KZ Kwie ? GLb Dcmsnvi Kwi|

kãv_© I UxKv : †mŠKgvh ©- †mŠ›`h©, SÅvev‡Z- SÅvi evZvm, Kzš—jxb, †Kkjxb- †jL‡Ki Avg‡j RbwcÖq Pz‡j †`qvi †Z‡ji bvg, nvIqvi kvwo- m~² my‡Zvi kvwo, cvZjv kvwo, ZÊj- Pvj, Kvwj‡Wvi, wgé Ae †ivR, wf‡bvwjqv cvDWvi- †mŠ›`h©ea©K mvgMÖx, wè¨v½bv- ¯^‡M©i iƒcwm, ûicwi, ïåbxjv¤î- cwi®‹vi bxj AvKvk, mvkÖ“mRjbqb- Rjfiv †PvL, AvZ¥cÖksmv- wb‡Ri cÖksmv|

cvV cwiwPwZ : Av‡jvP¨ cÖeÜwU‡Z †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb evOvwj bvix cyi“‡li cÖvZ¨wnK RxebvPi‡Yi wewfbœ w`K nvm¨ imvZ¥Kfv‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| evOvwj cyi“lM‡Yi AjmwcÖqZv, kvixwiK cwikª‡g Abxnv, evMvo¤î AvPiY m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv †hgb i‡q‡Q †Zgwb bvix‡ì A‡nZzK iƒcPP©v, cwiPP©v Ges wb‡R‡ì Aejv cÖgvY Kivi me©vZ¥K cÖ‡Póvi cÖwZ †bwZevPK i‡q‡Qb|

Abykxjbx Kg©-Abykxjb

1. Ôwbixn evOvwjÕ cvVwU‡Z (†h mg‡qi) evOvwji †hme êwk‡óï K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|


eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| †eMg †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb Kv‡K g~wZ©gvb Kve¨ e‡j‡Qb ?

K. bvix‡K L. cyi“l‡K M. evOvwj‡K N. Bs‡iR‡ì‡K

2| Ôwbixn evOvwjÕ cÖe‡Ü †jwLKv Ôcvm weµqÕ ej‡Z Kx eywS‡q‡Qb ?

K. wk¶v‡K L. e¨w³‡K M. e¨w³Z¡‡K N. g~j¨‡eva‡K


Kg©¯ú„nvi Afv‡e AvR Avgiv n‡q AvwQ mK‡ji †P‡q `xb| †h evOvwj mviv c„w_exi †jvK‡K w`‡bi ci w`b wbgš¿Y K‡i LvIqv‡Z cv‡i ZvivB AvR n‡”Q mK‡ji Øv‡i wfLvix|

3| DÏxc‡K wbixn evOvwj cÖe‡Ü evOvwj Pwi‡Îi cÖwZdwjZ w`KwU n‡jv Ñ

i. †fvRbwcÖqZv ii. AjmZv iii. Kg©wegyLZv



4| G PvwiwÎK êwk‡óï Kvi‡Y evOvwj AvR †Kvb cwiP‡q cwiwPZ ?

K. g~wZ©gvb L. cwÙbx M. cyi“wlKv N. bvwqKv

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ b›` evwoi nZ bv evwni, †Kv_v Kx N‡U wK Rvwb, PwoZ bv Mvwo, wK Rvwb KLb Dëvq MvwoLvwb| †bŠKv wd-mb Wzwe‡Q fxlY, †i‡j Kwjkb nq, nuvwU‡j mc©, Kz°zi Avi Mvwo-Pvcv cov fq| ZvB ï‡q ï‡q K‡ó euvwPqv iwnj b›`jvj| mK‡j ewjj, Ôf¨vjv †i b›`, †eu‡P _vK wPiKvj|

K. †Kvb RvZxq †cvkvK‡K Bs‡iR jjbv‡ì wbj©¾ cwi”Q` ejv n‡q‡Q ? L. †eMg †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb evOvwj‡K g~wZ©gvb KvR e‡j‡Qb †Kb ? M. b›`jv‡ji êwkó¨ Ôwbixn evOvwjÕ cÖe‡Ü hv‡ì Kvh©µg‡K Bw½Z K‡i Zv‡ì ¯îƒc Zz‡j ai| N. DÏxc‡K Ôwbixn evOvwjÕ cÖe‡Üi D‡cw¶Z w`KwU we‡k−lY Ki|


cwj−mvwnZ¨ gyn¤§` knx`yj −vn&

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : gyn¤§` knx yj−vn& 10B RyjvB 1885 wLªóv‡ã cwðge‡½i PweŸk ciMbv †Rjvi ewminvU gnKzgvi †cqviv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb 1910 mv‡j KjKvZv wmwU K‡jR †_‡K ms¯‹…‡Z we.G. Abvm© cvm K‡ib| 1912 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wZwb Zzjbvg~jK fvlvZ‡Ë¡ Gg.G. wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| gyn¤§` knx yj −vn& c¨vwi‡mi †mvieb wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K fvlvZ‡Ë¡ wW‡c−vgv Ges wW. wjU. jv‡fi †MŠie AR©b K‡ib| wZwb my xN© wÎk ermiKvj evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ K‡jR I wek¦we`¨vj‡q evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï Aa¨vcK Ges Aa¨¶iƒ‡c wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| Amvgvb¨ cÖwZfvai gyn¤§` knx yj−vn& wQ‡jb mycwÊZ I fvlvwe`| wZwb wQ‡jb gy³eyw×i AwaKvix| cÖvPxb fvlv I mvwnZ¨ m¤ú‡K© yiƒn I RwUj mgm¨vi hyw³c~Y© e¨vL¨v I we‡k−l‡Y wZwb Amvgvb¨ cvwÊ‡Zï cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| evsjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë, evsjv mvwn‡Zï K_v ( yB LÊ) Ges evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’| Zuvi Ab¨Zg KvjRqx m¤úv`bv MÖš’ Ôevsjv‡`‡ki AvÂwjK fvlvi AwfavbÕ| wZwb AvjvI‡ji ÔcÙveZxÕ, we`¨vcwZ kZKÕmn AviI A‡bK MÖš’ m¤úv`bv K‡ib| wkï cwÎKv ÔAvOyiÕ ZuviB m¤úv`bvq cÖKvwkZ nq| G Qvov cvV¨cy —K Abyev` Ges bvbv †gŠwjK iPbvq wZwb Zuvi `¶Zvi cwiPq †i‡L‡Qb| 13B RyjvB 1969 mv‡j XvKvq gyn¤§` knx yj −vni Rxebvemvb N‡U|]

cwj−MÖv‡g kn‡ii g‡Zv MvqK, ev`K, bZ©K bv _vK‡jI Zvi Afve †bB| Pviw`‡K †KvwKj, †`v‡qj, cvwcqv cÖf…wZ cvwLi KjMvb, b`xi KzjKzj aŸwb, cvZvi gg©i kã, k¨vgj k‡mï fw½gq wnjv`yjv cÖPzi cwigv‡Y kn‡ii Afve GLv‡b c~Y© K‡i w`‡”Q| cwj −i Nv‡U gv‡V, cwj −i Av‡jvevZv‡m, cwj −i cÖ‡Z¨K ci‡Z ci‡Z mvwnZ¨ Qwo‡q Av‡Q| wKš‘ evZv‡mi g‡a¨ evm K‡i †hgb Avgiv fz‡j hvB evqy-mvM‡i Avgiv Wz‡e AvwQ, †Zgwb cvovMuv‡q †_‡K Avgv‡ì g‡bB nq bv †h KZ eo mvwnZ¨ I mvwn‡Zï DcKiY Qwo‡q Av‡Q|

kÖ‡×q W±i `x‡bkP›`ª †mb Ôˆggbwmsn MxwZKvÕ msMÖn K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb, mvwn‡Zï Kx GK Ag~j¨ Lwb cwj−Rbbxi ey‡Ki †Kv‡Y jywK‡q Av‡Q| my`~i cwð‡gi mvwnZïwmK †iuvgv †ivujv ch©š— gqgbwms‡ni gw`bv wewei †mŠ›`‡h© gy» n‡q‡Qb| gbmyi eqvwZi g‡Zv AviI KZ cwj −Kwe kû‡i P¶yi A‡MvP‡i cwj−‡Z AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡i Av‡Qb, †K Zuv‡ì mvwn‡Zï gRwj‡m G‡m RM‡Zi m‡½ †Pbv‡kvbv Kwi‡q †`‡e? AvR hw` evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ‡Z¨K cwj − †_‡K GBme ARvbv A‡Pbv Kwe‡ì Mv_v msMÖn K‡i cÖKvk Kiv nZ, Zvn‡j †`Lv †hZ evsjvi gymjgvbI mvwnZ¨ m¤ú‡` KZ abx| wKš‘ nvq! G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †¯^”Qv‡meK `j KB?

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Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’| cÖeÜ QvovI wZwb KweZv, Dcb¨vm I †QvU‡ì eB iPbv K‡i‡Qb| 1936 mv‡j wZwb ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib|]

PvKwi Kiv KvR DËg, hLb Zv nq RvwZi †mevÑ hLb Zv‡Z gh©v`v I e¨w³Z¡ bó nq bv| hLb Rxeb avi‡Yi m¤j n‡q c‡o PvKwi-hLb †mUv‡K †`kÑ ‡mev e‡j g‡b nq bv, ZLb Zv †Kv‡iv bv| mZ¨ I AvBb A‡c¶v Dcwi¯’ Kg©Pvix‡K hw` †ewk gvb‡Z nq, Zv n‡j m‡i co| cÖfzi mvg‡b hw` g‡bi ej bv _v‡K, KwVbfv‡e mZ¨ ej‡Z bv cvi, cÖ‡qvRb n‡jB PvKwi †Q‡o †èvi m½wZ bv _v‡KÑ Zvn‡j eySe PvKwi K‡i Zzwg cvc K‡iQ|

g‡bi ¯^vaxbZv‡K i¶v Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j †Zvgv‡Z I cï‡Z cÖ‡f` _vK‡e bvÑ Rxeb †Zvgvi wg_¨v n‡e| ¯^vaxb ü`q, m‡Zï †meK Kvgvi nI, †mI fv‡jv| wbR‡K hš¿ K‡i †d‡jv bv|

mr, Ávbx I gnr whwb, wZwb wbR‡K e¨w³Z¡nxb Ki‡Z fqsKi j¾v †eva K‡ib| wZwb Zv‡Z cvc †eva K‡ib|

PvKwi K‡i Ab¨vq cqmvq abx nevi †jvf ivL ? †Zvgvi †P‡q gyw` fv‡jv| gywì cqmv cweÎ| A‡bK hyeK _vK‡Z cv‡i, hviv g‡b K‡i †Kv‡bviKg GKUv PvKwi msMÖn K‡i mgv‡Ri †fZ‡i Avmb cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cvi‡jB n‡jv| Pzwii mvnv‡h¨B †nvK ev Amr Dcvq Aej¤^b K‡iB †nvK, ¶wZ †bB|

PwiÎ †Zvgvi wb®‹j¼Ñ mvgvb¨ KvR K‡i cqmv Dcvq Ki, Zv‡Z RvZ hv‡e bv| Pzwi Ab¨v‡qi mvnv‡h¨ †h euvP‡Z †Póv K‡i, ZviB RvZ hvq, Amr Dcv‡q Avq †Kv‡iv bv, wg_¨vi AvkÖq wbI bv| †jvK‡K Kvq`vq †d‡j A_© msMÖn Ki‡Z Zzwg N„Yv †eva †Kv‡iv|

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mr Dcv‡q †h cqmv Dcvq Kiv hvq Zv‡Z †Zvgvi AvZ¥vi cZb n‡e bv| †Zvgvi AvZ¥vi cZb n‡e Avj‡m¨ I AmvayZvq| †ZvgviB ¯ú‡k© KvR †MŠiegq n‡e|

Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †jvK †hgb AvRKvj we‡j‡Z hvq GKKv‡j †Zgwb K‡i we‡j‡Zi †jvK wMÖm åg‡Y †hZ|


we‡jZ-†diZ †jvK‡K †KD BU †U‡b ev Kzwji KvR K‡i cqmv Dcvq Ki‡Z †`‡L‡Q ?

we‡j‡Zi GK cwÊZ †`kågY Øviv AMva Ávb AR©b K‡iwQ‡jbÑ wMÖK‡`k †_‡K wd‡i G‡m wZwb Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb Ggb KvR, hv Zzwg Avwg Ki‡Z j¾v‡eva Kie| Zv‡Z wK Zuvi RvZ wM‡qwQj ? hvi g‡a¨ Ávb I ¸Y Av‡Q, †m Kqw`b wb‡P c‡o _v‡K ? †jv‡K Zv‡K m¤§vb K‡i Dc‡i †U‡b †Zv‡jB|

Kv‡R gvby‡li RvZ hvq bvÑ GUv wek¦vm Ki‡Z n‡e| KvRnxb nI H mgq hLb Kv‡Ri †fZi AmvayZv cÖ‡ek K‡i, Avi †Kv‡bvÑ mg‡qB bq|

wek¦-mf¨Zvi GZ `vb Zzwg †fvM Ki Gme Kx K‡i n‡jv ? nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ bq wK ? KvRKvg‡K †L‡jv g‡b Ki‡j Pj‡e bv| wgw¯¿i nvZzwoi AvNvZ, Kvgv‡ii Kcv‡ji Nvg, Kzwji †Kv`vj‡K kÖ×vi †Pv‡L †`‡Lv|

A‡b‡K e‡j, Zv‡ì Rb¨ †Kv‡bv KvR †bB| †h KvRB Zviv KiyK, †h w`‡KB Zviv nuvUzKÑ †Kej e¨_©Zv Avi e¨_©Zv ! g~L© hviv ZvivB G K_v e‡j| Zv‡ì G e¨_©Zvi Rb¨ Zviv wb‡R `vqx ! GB ˆbiv‡kï nv-ûZvk Zv‡ìB Ag‡bv‡hvM Avi Kzu‡owgi dj|

Wv³vi Rbmb gvÎ Kq Avbv cqmv wb‡q jÛ‡bi g‡Zv kn‡i wM‡q Dcw¯’Z n‡qwQ‡jb, A_P wZwb KviI Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv nvZ cv‡Zbwb| GK eÜz Zuv‡K GK mgq GK †Rvov Ry‡Zv w`‡qwQ‡jb| Acgvb‡eva K‡i wZwb †m Ry‡Zv c‡_ †d‡j w`‡qwQ‡jb| D`¨g, cwikÖg I †Póvi mvg‡b me evavB cvwb n‡q hvq| G ¸Y hvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q, †h e¨w³ cwikÖgx, Zvi ytL †bB| Rbmb‡K A‡bK mgq ivwÎ‡Z bv †L‡q ï‡q _vK‡Z n‡Zv, Zv‡Z wZwb †Kv‡bvw`b e¨w_Z ev nZvk nbwb| evav‡K P~Y© K‡i exicyiy‡li g‡Zv wZwb †h KxwZ© †i‡L wM‡q‡Qb, Zv A‡bK †`‡ki A‡bK cwÊZB cvi‡eb bv|

¸Y _vK‡jI †Póv bv Ki‡j RM‡Z cÖwZôv jvf Kiv hvq bv| Aviwfs mv‡ne e‡j‡Qb, Pzc K‡i e‡m _vK‡j KvR n‡e bv| †Póv Ki, bovPov Ki, Ggb wK wKQz-bvo, †fZi wKQz djv‡Z cvi‡e| KzKz‡ii g‡Zv wPrKvi Ki, wmsn n‡qI Nywg‡q _vK‡j Kx jvf ?

cix¶vq K…ZKvh© n‡qQ, Zvici g‡b n‡”Q †Zvgvi g~j¨ GK cqmv bq| wRÁvmv Kwi, †Kb ? Rvb bv, G RM‡Z hviv wbZvš— Avbvwo Zviv gv‡m nvRvi nvRvi UvKv Dcvq Ki‡Q ?

†Zvgvi GB gg©‡e`bv I `yt‡Li KviY Zzwg g~L©| gvbyl evwj‡Z †mvbv djv‡Z cv‡i, G Zzwg wek¦vm Ki bv? Zzwg Kuy‡o, †Zvgvi D`¨g †bB, Zzwg GKUv AvZ¥cÖZ¨qnxb AfvMv|

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dK&&m mv‡ne‡K GK mgq GK f`ª‡jvK e‡jwQ‡jb, Avcbvi †jLv fv‡jv bq| Kv‡Ri PviyZvi cÖwZ Zuvi GZ bRi wQj †h, wZwb †mB w`b †_‡K ¯‹z‡ji evj‡Ki b¨vq †jLv Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb Ges AíKv‡ji g‡a¨ Zuvi †jLv PgrKvi n‡q †Mj|

DbœwZi Avi GK KviY n‡”Q „wó I g‡bv‡hvM| GK f`ª‡jv‡Ki LvwbK Rwg wQj| Rwg‡Z jvf †Zv nZB bv, eis w`b w`b Zuvi ¶wZ nw”Qj| wbiycvq n‡q bvggvÎ UvKv wb‡q wZwb GK e¨w³‡K Rwg¸‡jv BRviv w`‡jb| K‡qK eQi †k‡l BRviv`vi GK w`b f~¯^vgx‡K ej‡jb, hw` Rwg¸‡jv weµq K‡ib Zvn‡j Avgv‡KB †`‡eb| Avcbvi K…cvq GB Kq eQ‡i Avwg A‡bK UvKv Rgv Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ| f~ ^vgx AevK n‡q wRÁvmv Ki‡jb, GK eQ‡ii †fZi †h Rwg‡Z Avwg GKUv cqmv Dcvq Ki‡Z cvwi


wb, †mB Rwg gvÎ K‡qK eQi Pvl K‡iB Lwi` Ki‡Z mvnm KiQ ? †m ejj, Avcbvi g‡Zv Ag‡bv‡hvMx I evey Avwg bB| cwikÖg Qvov Avwg Avi wKQz Rvwb bv| †ejv `kUv ch©š— Nygv‡bv Avgvi Af¨vm bq|

GK hyeK ¯‹U mv‡n‡ei Kv‡Q Dc‡`k †P‡qwQj| hyeK‡K wZwb GB Dc‡`k †`b : Kzu‡owg †Kv‡iv bv, hv Kievi, Zv GLbB Avi¤¢ Ki| wekÖvg hw` Ki‡Z nq KvR †m‡i Ki‡e|

mg‡qi hviv mØënvi K‡i, Zviv wRZ‡eB| mg‡qB UvKv, mgq UvKvi †P‡q †ewk| Rxeb‡K DbœZ K‡iv KvR K‡i| Ávb AR©b Ki| PwiÎ‡K wVK K‡i e‡m _vK| K…c‡Yi g‡Zv mg‡qi KvQ †_‡K †Zvgvi cvIbv ey‡S bvI|

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mvayZv I m‡Zï †fZi w`‡q †hgb DbœwZ jvf Kiv hvq, Ggb Avi wKQz‡Z bq| mZ¨ Ges mvayZv‡K j¶¨ †i‡L eëmv Ki, †Zvgvi DbœwZ Aek¨¤¢vex| RyqvPzwi K‡i `y w`‡bi Rb¨ Zzwg jvfevb n‡Z cvi, †m jvf `y w`‡bi| RM‡Z †h mg¯— gvbyl eëmv‡Z DbœwZ K‡i‡Qb Zuv‡ì Kv‡RKv‡g KLbI wg_¨v, RyqvPzwi wQj bv| eëmv, fv‡jv KvR-Gi †fZi Agh©v`vi wKQz †bB| A‡MŠie nq nxb civaxbZvq, wg_¨v I AmvayZvq|

GK e¨w³ gyw` Rxe‡bi j¾v mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡iwQj| gievi Av‡M GKLvbv KvM‡R wj‡L †i‡L wM‡qwQjÑ ÔG nxb Rxeb Avgvi c‡¶ Amnbxq|Õ Zvi g„Zz¨‡Z Avgv‡ì g‡b †Kv‡bv `qvi D‡`ªK nq bv| †jvKwU GZ nxb wQj †h, Zvi gyw` n‡q euvPeviI AwaKvi wQj bv| KvRKvg ev eëmv‡Z A‡MŠie †bB| XvKvi mycÖwm× beve es‡ki bvg c~e©e‡½ cÖwm×| GB es‡ki cÖwZôvZv AvwjgDj−vn&& wQ‡jb GKRb eëmvqx| RvwZi Kj¨vY nq eëmvi †fZi w`‡q| eëmv‡K †h kÖ×vi †Pv‡L †`‡L bv †m g~L©| Bs‡iR RvwZi GB †MŠie-Mwigvi GK KviY eëmv| eëmv bv Ki‡j Zviv GZ eo n‡Z cviZ bv|

†h wRwbm wb‡R wKb‡j V‡KQ e‡j g‡b nq, †m wRwbm †µZv‡K KLbI wÌ bv| KLbI AbwfÁ †µZv‡K VwKI bv| nq‡Zv g‡b n‡e †Zvgvi †jvKmvb n‡jv, wKš‘ bv, A‡c¶v Ki, †Zvgvi mvayZv I mybvg Qov‡Z `vI, †jvKmv‡bi `k¸Y G‡m †Zvgvi c‡K‡U fwZ© n‡e|

eëmvi †fZi mvayZv i¶v K‡i KvR Kivq A‡bKLvwb gbyl¨‡Z¡i ìKvi| †h eëmvqx †jvf mseiY K‡i wb‡Ri mybvg‡K euvwP‡q iv‡L, †m Kg gn‡Ë¡i cwiPq †`q bv| wgó I mwnòz eënvi, f ªZv Ges Aí jv‡fi B”Qv †Zvgvi eëmvqx Rxeb‡K mdj Ki‡e|


AbeiZ PvKwii †jv‡f hye‡Kiv †mvbvi kw³fiv Rxeb‡K weow¤^Z K‡i w`‡”Q| wgw¯¿, Kvgvi, wkíx, ìwR Giv wK mZ¨B wbgœ¯—‡ii †jvK ? Awkw¶Z e‡jB wK mf¨ mgv‡R G‡ì ¯’vb †bB ? hv Zzwg mvgvb¨ e‡j Ae‡njv KiQ, Zv KZLvwb Ávb, wPš—v I mvabvi dj Zv wK †f‡e †`‡LQ ? wkw¶Z e¨w³ †h †Kv‡bv KvRB KiyK bv, Zvi m¤§vb, A_© `yB-B jvf n‡e| AvZ¥vi Adziš— kw³‡K gvby‡li K…cvcÖv_x© n‡q e¨_© K‡i w`‡qv bv|

kãv_© I UxKv : e¨w³Z¡Ñ e¨w³we‡k‡li êwkó¨| wb®‹j¼Ñ wbg©j| †c−‡Uv (wLª:c~: 427-347)-wk¶veªZx I mZ¨vbymÜvbx †c−‡Uv 387 wLªó c~e©v‡ã GKv‡Wwg bv‡g G‡_‡Ý GKwU we`¨vjq ’vcb K‡ib Ges wk¶vg~jK M‡elYvq eªZx nb| wicvewjK Zuvi weL¨vZ MÖš’| †c−‡Uvi g‡Z, e¨w³‡Z¡i gvb ev Rxe‡bi mv_©KZv Kx ? Zuvi K_vq Only an examined life is worthliving A_©vr cixw¶Z RxebB mv_©K Rxeb-AvZ¥Áv‡bi Øviv cwikxwjZ Rxeb‡evaB e¨w³mËvi aviK I evnK| AmvayZvÑ cÖZviYv, AmrKvR| †L‡jvÑ g~j¨nxb, wbK…ó|

W. Rbmb- (Dr. Samual Johnson : 1709-1784)-GKRb wewkó Bs‡iR †jLK I Bs‡iwR fvlvq cÖ_g Awfavb msKjK| wZwb eû cÖL¨vZ Awfavb cÖ‡YZv| †hgb : Dictionary, Vanity of Human Wishes, Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia, Lives of the Poets BZ¨vw`|

Aviwfs- (Washington Irving : 1883-1959)-GKRb Av‡gwiKvb †jLK| Zuvi me©‡kÖô RbwcÖq MÖ‡š’i bvg Ôwicf¨vb DBsKj|Õ

¯‹U- (Sir Walter Scott : 1771-1832)- Bs‡iwR fvlvq cÖL¨vZ ¯‹wUk Jcb¨vwmK I Mv_v iPwqZv| Zuvi Ab¨Zg †kÖô Dcb¨vm ÔAvBfvb‡nvÕ|

nv-ûZvk-Av‡¶caŸwb| D‡ ªK-D`q, mÂvi| †MŠie-Mwigv, gh©v`v, Me©| weow¤Z- ytLcÖvß| e¨_©-wbõj|

cvV cwiwPwZ : ÔD`¨g I cwikÖgÕ wbeÜwU †gvnv¤§` jyrdi ingv‡bi ÔDbœZ RxebÕ MÖ‡š’i `kg cwi‡”Q` †_‡K msM„nxZ| MÖ‡š’i g~j wbe‡Ü Gi bvg ÔPvKwi, KvRKg© I eëmv : D`¨g, †Póv, cwikÖg|Õ D`¨g I cwikÖg wbe‡Ü †gvnv¤§` jyrdi ingvb ¯úói~‡c D”PviY K‡i‡Qb †h, Rxeb avi‡bi Rb¨ PvKwi Ki‡Z n‡e| KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e †Kv‡bv KvRB †hb g‡bi ¯^vaxbZv‡K Le© bv K‡i| PvKwi Rxe‡b ¯^v_©e„w× ev Ab¨v‡qi †Kv‡bv ¯úk© †hb bv _v‡K| KvR †QvU †nvK ¶wZ †bB, wKš‘ civbyMÖ‡ni P‡µ †hb e¨w³ Zvi mËvi Agh©v`v K‡i Avkvi cZb bv NUvq| c„w_ex‡Z GgbI `„óvš— Av‡Q, huviv GKKv‡j †QvULv‡Uv KvR K‡i‡Qb, AvZ¥m¤§vb eRvq †i‡L wbR j¶¨ w¯’i †i‡L Ae‡k‡l n‡q‡Q c„w_exL¨vZ †jvK| Av‡Z¥vbœwZi Rb¨ cwikÖg Ges D`¨g Acwinvh©, Gi m‡½ `„wó I g‡bv‡hvM _vK‡Z n‡e| mvayZv I m‡Zï †fZi w`‡q †hgb mËvi gwngv D™¢vwmZ nq Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g, †Zgwb mgv‡RI ¯^wbf©i hye‡Ki, wkw¶Z gvby‡li Adziš— kw³i cÖKvkI Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB| `ytL nq, hLb †`Lv hvq, D`xqgvb hye‡Ki g‡a¨ †h m¤¢vebvgq †mvbvi g‡Zv g~jëvb kw³ mshy³ Av‡Q, ZLb ZvivB civbyMÖ‡ni †gv‡n `yqv‡i `yqv‡i PvKwii Rb¨ gv_v Kz‡U gi‡Q| A_P Zv‡ì Kv‡Q, Kg©kw³fiv `ywU mej nvZ Av‡Q, wk¶vjä Ávb, AwfÁZvgq gw¯—®‹ Av‡Q, DÏxcbvgq cÖvYù~wZ© Av‡Q, GB ¸Yvewji mdj cÖ‡qvM Zv‡ì †`‡e mv_©K Rxe‡bi mÜvb, AvZ¥wbf©iZv Z_v AvZ¥cÖwZôvq A‡gq kw³|


Abykxjbx Kg©-Abykxjb 1. mgvR I ivóªxq Rxe‡b PvKwi I Rb‡mevi cuvPwU Kv‡Ri D‡j−L Ki| 2. †Zvgvi GjvKvq Zzwg Kx Kx mgvR‡mevg~jK KvR Ki‡Z cvi Zvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| ÔD`¨g I cwikªgÕ cÖeÜwU †jL‡Ki †Kvb MÖš’ †_‡K msM„nxZ ? K. D”P Rxeb L. gnr Rxeb M. DbœZ Rxeb N. gvbe Rxeb

2| Ômg‡qi hviv mØënvi K‡i Zviv wRZ‡eBÕÑGK_v Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ? K. cwikªgxiv weRqx n‡e L. Avjm¨ Z¨vM Kiv DwPZ M. KvR‡K N„Yv Kiv AbywPZ N. mrkª‡gi †Kvb weKí †bB

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : cwikªg †mŠfv‡Mï cÖm~wZ|

3| ÔD`¨g I cwikªgÕ cÖe‡Üi †h Pwi‡Îi gv‡S DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZdjb †`Lv hvq wZwb n‡jb Ñ i. Aviwfs ii. W. Rbkb iii. †c −‡Uv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

4| D³ cÖwZdj‡bi KviY Kx ? K. mZZv I cwikªg L. D`¨g I cwikªg M. D`¨g I mvnm N. cwikªg I wbôv

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ : kvgxg †ckvq ˆbk cÖnix| GKw`b iv‡Z †`‡L g¨v‡bRvi mv‡ne kªwgK‡ì w`‡q ¸`v‡gi gvjvgvj miv‡”Qb| G‡Z †m cÖwZev` Kivq Zv‡K PvKwiPz¨wZi ûgwK †`q| G Ab¨vq KvR‡K mg_©b Ki‡Z bv cvivq †m PvKwi †Q‡o w`‡q MÖv‡g P‡j hvq| †mLv‡b nuvm-gyiwM, grm¨ I ke&wRi Pvl ïi“ K‡i| Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨B Zvi eëmv‡qi †ek cÖmvi N‡U| A‡bK †eKvi hyeK‡K wb‡qvM †`q Zvi Lvgv‡ii Kv‡R|

K. Kv‡K BD‡iv‡ci Ávb¸i“ ejv nq ? L. RyZv †c‡q Rbkb AcgvwbZ †eva Ki‡jb †Kb ? M. DÏxc‡Ki kvgx‡gi gv‡S ÔD`¨g I cwikªgÕ cÖe‡Üi dz‡U IVv w`KwU e¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxc‡Ki kvgxg †gvnv¤§` jyrdi ingv‡bi ÔD`¨g I cwikªgÕ cÖe‡Ü ewY©Z †PZbvi mgMÖ

Ask‡K aviY K‡i wK ? hyw³mn cÖgvY Ki|


Rxe‡b wk‡íi ’vb

Gm. Iqv‡R` Avwj

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : Gm Iqv‡R` Avwj 1896 wLªóv‡ã (28‡k fv ª 1303 mb) mvZ¶xiv †Rjvi euvk`n MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| KjKvZv e½evmx K‡j‡R we.Gm. K¬v‡mi QvÎ _vKvKvjxb wZwb Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM`vb K‡ib Ges GLv‡bB †jLvcovi mgvwß NUvb| Gici wZwb mvsevw`KZv‡K †ckv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb ÔgvwmK †gvnv¤§`xÕ, Ôˆ`wbK †gvnv¤§`xÕ, Ôˆ`wbK †meKÕ, ÔmvßvwnK mIMvZÕ, ÔmvßvwnK Lv‡`gÕ, Bs‡iwR Ôw` gymjgvbÕ BZ¨vw` cwÎKvq Kg©iZ wQ‡jb| Zuvi D‡j −L‡hvM¨ MÖš’ : gnvgvbyl gynmxb, giyfv¯‹i, ˆmq` Avng`, ¯^Y©vbw›`bx, †QvU‡ì nhiZ gyn¤§` BZ¨vw`| wZwb Lye cwi”Qbœ wPš—v I hyw³ev`x gb wb‡q mewKQzi wePvi Ki‡Zb| mnR mij cÖKvkfw½ Zuvi iPbvi Ab¨Zg êwkó¨| Zuvi M`¨‰kjx FRy, iPbv mvejxj| ^v ’ MZ Kvi‡Y wZwb 1935 mv‡j KjKvZv †Q‡o euvk`‡n wd‡i Av‡mb Ges †mLv‡bB 1954 mv‡ji 8B b‡f¤î g„Zz eiY K‡ib|]

Rxeb‡K my›ì Ki‡Z n‡j †mŠ›`‡h©i wb`k©b wkí‡K mvaviY Rxe‡b wewkó GKUz ¯’vb †Ìqv ìKvi| Avgv‡ì evwo my›ì nIqv PvB, evwoi cÖv½Y my›ì nIqv PvB, evwoi AvmevecÎ my›ì nIqv PvB, evwoi mvR-miÄvg my›ì nIqv PvB, evwoi †eówbI my›ì nIqv PvB| Zvici Avgiv hv cwi, Avgiv hv eënvi Kwi, meB my›ì nIqv PvB| †Kej ZvB bqÑAvgv‡ì emevi fw½ my›ì nIqv PvB, Avgv‡ì DVevi fw½ my›ì nIqv PvB, Avgv‡ì K_v ejevi fw½ my›ì nIqv PvB, Avgv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨KwU A½fw½, Avgv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨KwU AvPvi, cÖ‡Z¨KwU eënvi my›ì nIqv PvB| hv Amy›ì, hv K`h©, hv Kzrwmr, hv K`vKvi †m me‡K †Kvb-bv-†Kvb Dcv‡q Rxeb †_‡K Avgv‡ì Zvov‡Z n‡e| mZ¨ †hgb evÃbxq Rxe‡bi Acwinvh© GKwU A½, †kÖq †hgb evÃbxq Rxe‡bi Acwinvh© GKwU A½, my›ìI †Zgwb †mB evÃbxq Rxe‡biB Acwinvh© GKwU A½| cÖvPxb MÖx‡Kiv †h GKvš—fv‡e †mŠ›`h©wcÖq wQ‡jb cvVK †m K_v Rv‡bb| Zuviv hy×-Kzkj Ges hy×wcÖqI wQ‡jb| Zv‡ì welq Avwg c‡owQ, hy‡×i, hy‡×i mgq me©v½ jvj Kvc‡o Ave„Z K‡i Zuviv hy‡× †h‡Zb, i‡³i `vM †`n‡K Zv‡ì hv‡Z Kzrwmr, K`vKvi K‡i bv †Zv‡j †mB D‡Ï‡k¨| Avgv‡ìI Zuv‡ìB gZ Rxeb‡K me© cÖKvi K`h©Zv †_‡K `~‡i ivLevi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e|

evsjv‡`‡ki MÖv‡g Ges kn‡i wK „k¨ Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB ? Avgvi wb‡Ri Ges Av‡kcv‡ki MÖvg¸wji K_vB GLb ewj| †gvUi‡hv‡M wKsev cèª‡R District Board-Gi iv¯—v †e‡q MÖv‡gi w`‡K AMÖmi nB, ZLb ¯úóB g‡b nq, District Board-Gi KZ©viv Rxe‡b †mŠ›`‡h©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †gv‡U Dcjwä K‡ib bv ! mi“, Amgvb c_, `yav‡i Zvi AvMvQvi ivk| c‡_i cvk w`‡q P‡j †M‡Q b`©gv, Zv‡Z KZiKg AveR©bv †h c‡o Av‡Q Zv eY©bv Kiv hvq bv| A ~‡i euv‡ki eb, Zv‡Z gvbylI cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Av‡jvKI cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †Wvev, cy®‹wiYx, gRvb`x meB jZv¸‡j¥ fivÑ †Kvb †mŠ›`h© m„wói cÖqv‡mi wPý ch©š— cvIqv hvq bv| Avgiv †`k wb‡q Me© Ki‡Z fv‡jvevwm| e¶ ùxZ K‡i mg‡q Avgiv e‡j _vwK evsjv‡`‡ki gZ my›ì †`k †Kv_vI bvB| wKš‘ mZ¨B wK ZvB !

GB †mw`b Avwg wkgyjZjvq wM‡qwQjvg| †mLvbKvi cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© Avgvq gy» K‡iwQj| Avgvi m‡½ GK ZiyY eÜz wQ‡jb| evsjv‡`k‡K wZwb eoB fv‡jvev‡mb| wkgyjZjvq hvevi c~‡e© Zuvi Kv‡Q evsjv †`‡ki †mŠ›`‡h©i cÖksmv Anin ïb‡Z †cZzg| †dievi mgq hLb Avgv‡ì †Uªb evsjvi gvwU‡Z cÖ‡ek


Ki‡j ZLb †`Ljyg Avgvi Zi“Y eÜz gvZ…f~wgi †mŠ›`‡h©i welq Zuvi gZ m¤ú~Y©i~‡c e`‡j †d‡j‡Qb| mZ¨B, ea©gvb †_‡K KjKvZvq Avm‡Z †h K`h©Zv Avgv‡ì `„wó‡K e¨_vq RR©wiZ K‡i, Zv †`‡L g‡b nq bv †h Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †jv‡Kiv Rxe‡bi †mŠ›`‡h©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wKQzgvÎ Dcjwä Ki‡Qb|

Avgvi MÖv‡gi K_vq †div hvK&&| District Board-Gi iv —v †_‡K †h c_ MÖv‡g wM‡q‡Q †m c_ GZ miy †h Zvi Dci w`‡q †Kvb iKg hvbevnb Pvjvb GKvš— KwVb e¨vcvi| †mB miy iv¯—v‡K MÖvgevmx‡ì †mŠ›`h© Abyf~wZnxb ¯^v_©ciZv wbZ¨B AviI miy K‡i Zzj‡Q| mK‡jB mvavi‡Yi iv¯—vi GK BwÂ, `yB BwÂ wKsev Z‡ZvwaK cwigvY Rwg wb‡Ri GjvKvfz³ Kievi Rb¨ e¨MÖ| iv¯—vi †mŠ›`‡h©i w`‡K KviI `„wó bvB, †mŠ›`h© bvgK wRwbmUvi w`‡KB KviI `„wó bvB| MÖv‡g A‡bK¸wj †KvVvevwo Av‡Q| †m me cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z h‡_ó A_© e¨q n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †mŠ›`h©vbyf~wZi †Kvb wb`k©b evwo¸wji wfZ‡iI cvIqv hvq bv Avi evB‡iI cvIqv hvq bv| GK KvVv RwgI †KD my›ìfv‡e mvRv‡Z †Póv K‡iwb| †KD nq‡Zv wKQz dvwb©Pvi, `yÕGKLvbv Qwe GKUv N‡i †i‡L‡Q| wKš‘ †m N‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡jB †evSv hvq, †h M„n¯^vgx Taste ev iywP wRwbmUvi m‡½ `~i m¤úK©I iv‡L bv| gvwUi evwoi Ae¯’v †KvVvevwoi †P‡qI †kvPbxq, Avi evMvb, cy®‹wiYx cÖf…wZi welq wKQz bv ejvB fv‡jv|

cwj−MÖv‡gi welq hv ejv n‡jv, kn‡ii †ejv‡ZI ZvB ejv P‡j| kn‡ii Nievwo, AvmevecÎ, evwoi †eówb cªf…wZ †`L‡j ¯úóB †evSv hvq †h, Avgv‡ì †`kevmxiv Rxe‡b †mŠ›`‡h©i cÖ‡qvRb †gv‡UB Abyfe K‡ib bv, my›ì wK Avi Amy›ì wK †m wel‡q Zuv‡ì aviYv GKvš—B Kz‡nwjKve„Z|

Avwg GK¯’v‡b e‡jwQ, cybivq ewj, me‡P‡q eo wkí n‡”Q Rxeb-wkí| Ab¨ me iK‡gi wkí n‡”Q †mB weivU Rxeb wk‡íiB GK GKwU wefvMgvÎ| cÖ‡Z¨KwU wefv‡Mi w`‡K Avgv‡ì `„wó ivLv ìKvi Rxeb-wkí‡K mv_©K Kivi R‡b¨| Avi hw` mZ¨B Ki‡Z n‡e, Avgv‡ì KvRKg©‡K wbqwš¿Z Ki‡Z n‡e, Avgv‡ì bvMwiK Rxeb‡K wbqwš¿Z Ki‡Z n‡e, Avgv‡ì ivóªxq Rxeb‡K wbqwš¿Z Ki‡Z n‡e, GK K_vq Avgv‡ì Rxe‡bi cÖ‡Z¨KwU wefvM‡K wbqwš¿Z Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi Zvi R‡b¨ ìKvi e¨vcK Ges HKvwš—K mgevwqK cÖ‡Póvi|

cvVK ej‡eb, GZ eo cÖ‡Póvi K_v ejv mnR, Kiv mnR bq| ¶z ª Avwg G‡Z wK Ki‡Z cvwi ? Z‡e ewj ïbyb| Avcwb G‡Z A‡bK wKQz Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Avcbvi evwo‡K my›ì K‡i mvRvb| Avcbvi evwoi DVvb‡K, Avk-cv‡ki Rwg‡K c‡Î-cy‡®ú †kvwfZ K‡i Zzjyb| Avcbvi †cvlvK-cwi”Q` Av‡U©i GK GKwU wb`k©b †nvK| my›ì GK †eóbx Avcbvi Rxe‡b wN‡i _vKzK| my›`‡ii cÖksmvq Avcbvi KÉ gyLwiZ †nvK| †`L‡eb wb‡R‡K hZUv ¶z ª g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb ZZUv ¶z ª Avcwb bb| Avi †`L‡eb, Avcbvi ¯—e-¯‘wZ‡Z, Avcbvi mvabvq Zzó n‡q †mŠ›`h©‡èx Avcbvi MÖv‡g, Avcbvi cvovq mkix‡i Avwef©~Z n‡q‡Qb|

kãv_© I UxKv : cèªR Ñ cv‡q †nu‡U; b ©gv Ñ cqtcÖYvwj, †Wªb; gRvb`x Ñ Rjnxb b`x, ïwK‡q hvIqv b`x; ùxZ Ñ dz‡j ev †du‡c D‡V‡Q Ggb, Mwe©Z; †KvVvevwo Ñ cvKvevwo, AÆvwjKv, `vjvb; dvwb©Pvi Ñ AvmevecÎ; Ky‡nwjKve„Z Ñ Kzqvkv Ave„Z, cÖ”Qbœ; mgevwqK Ñ mw¤§wjZ D‡`¨v‡M †Kv‡bv wKQz M‡o †Zvjvi cÖqvm, `je× cÖ‡Póv|


cvV cwiwPwZ : evsjv GKv‡Wgx †_‡K cÖKvwkZ Gm. Iqv‡R` Avwj iPbvewj †_‡K Rxe‡b wk‡íi ’vb kxl©K cÖeÜwU msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| m„wói †miv Rxe gvbyl| Z‡e gb bv _vK‡j gvbyl nq bv| Avi G gb‡K me©`v gvbm †mŠ›`‡h©i PP©vq wb‡ew`Z n‡Z nq| K_vevZ©v, AvPiY, Lv`¨ MÖnY, †cvlvK wbe©vPb, M„nm¾v, M„‡ni Pvicv‡ki cwi”QbœZv cÖf…wZ gvby‡li Rxeb‡K my›ì I Avb›`gq K‡i †Zv‡j| Gi d‡j cwievi, mgvR, RvwZ, †`k wbwe©‡k‡l GKwU my`„p eë¯’vcbvi wb`k©biƒ‡c M‡o I‡V|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb

†Zvgvi evwoi †mŠ›`h© evov‡Z Zzwg Kx Kx c`‡¶c wb‡qQ Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| me‡P‡q eo wkí †Kvb&&wU ?

K. Pvi“wkí L. Rxebwkí M. Kvi“wkí N. ¯’vcZ¨wkí

2| Rxeb wkí ej‡Z Kx †evSvq ?

K. M„‡ni Pvicvk my›ì ivLv L. gvbm †mŠ›`‡h©i PP©v Kiv M. my›ì‡K AviI Mfxifv‡e Rvbv N. Pvicv‡k wkíKjvi cÖ‡qvM NUv‡bv


c„w_exi me dzj GKB wbqg †g‡b dzj bvg †c‡q‡Q| Avgiv †`‡L ewj my›ì| G wbqgwU n‡jv GKB we›`y †_‡K mKj cvcwo we› yi Pviw`‡K Qwo‡q _vK‡e| GB GK wbqg †g‡bB KZ iKg dzj ¯^vaxbfv‡e dz‡U I‡V|

3| DÏxc‡K ÔRxe‡b wk‡íi ¯’vbÕ cÖe‡Üi cÖwZdwjZ w`KwU n‡jv Ñ

i. Rxeb †mŠ›`h© ii. wbqwš¿Z Rxeb iii. m„wói cÖqvm


K. ii L. iiiM. i I ii N. i, ii I iii


4| cÖwZdwjZ w`KwU wb‡Pi †Kvb ev‡K¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q ?

K. mie, Amgvb c_, `yÕav‡i Zvi AvMvQvi ivk L. M„n¯^vgx i“wP wRwbmUvi m‡½ `~i m¤úK©I iv‡L bv M. wkgyjZjvi cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© Avgv‡K gy» K‡iwQj N. miy iv¯—v‡K MÖvgevmxi ¯^v_©ciZv AviI mi“ K‡i Zzj‡Q|

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

gvby‡li gb e‡j, cÖ‡qvRb wgU‡jB n‡e bv, Zv‡K my›ì n‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ bKwkKuv_v, iv‡Î weQvbvq Mv‡q w`‡q †kvIqvi Rb¨ GKwU mvgMÖxÑ †mUv †Zv my›ì-Amy›ì nIqvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| wKš‘ GB cÖ‡qvR‡bi wRwbm‡K muyB Avi iwOb myZv w`‡q Ac~e© bKkv K‡i mvwR‡q‡Q Muv‡qi ea~iv| bKwkKuv_v †`L‡jB my›ì jv‡M, wRwbmwUi cÖ‡qvR‡bi K_v g‡bB c‡o bv| G Kvi‡YB mKj Ávbx gvbyl e‡jb, Ôme my›ìB mivmwi cÖ‡qvR‡bi evB‡i| cÖ‡qvR‡bi KvR wgUj †Zv kixi‡K Z…ß Kij Avi Ñ cÖ‡qvR‡bi evB‡i †h my›ì Zv gb‡K Z…ß Kij|Õ

K. Rxeb‡K Kx †_‡K `~‡i ivLvi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e ? L. Avgv‡ì KvRKg©‡K wbqwš¿Z Ki‡Z n‡e †Kb ? M. DÏxc‡K ÔRxe‡b wk‡íi ¯’vbÕ cÖe‡Ü dz‡U IVv w`KwU e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Dwj −wLZ dz‡U IVv w`KwU ÔRxeb wk‡íi ¯’vbÕ cÖe‡Üi AvswkK cÖwZdjb gvÎ Ñ gš—e¨wUi

h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY Ki|


Avg AuvwUi †fucy

wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq 1894 mv‡j 24 ciMbvi gyivwicyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg gnvb›`v e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Ges gvZv g„Yvwjbx †èx| ¯’vbxq ebMÖvg ¯‹zj †_‡K 1914 mv‡j wZwb g¨vwUªvK cvk K‡ib Ges KjKvZv wicb K‡jR †_‡K Av.G. Ges we.G. wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb ûMjx, KjKvZv I e¨vivKcy‡ii wewfbœ ¯‹z‡j wk¶KZv K‡ib| kirP‡›`ªi c‡i wZwb evsjv K_vmvwn‡Zï me‡P‡q RbwcÖq wkíx| cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© I MÖvg evsjvi mvaviY gvby‡li mnR-mij Rxeb-hvc‡bi AmvaviY GK Av‡jL¨ wbg©vY K‡i wZwb evsjv K_vmvwn‡Z¨ Agi n‡q Av‡Qb| cÖK…wZ Ges gvby‡li Rxe‡bi Awfbœ m¤ú‡K©i wPivqZ Zvrc‡h© Zuvi K_vmvwnZ¨ gwngvgwÊZ| wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Dcb¨vm n‡jv : c‡_i cuvPvjx, AcivwRZ, AviY¨K, BQvgwZ, „wócÖ xc| MíMš’ : †gNgj−vi, †gŠixdzj, hvÎve`j| BQvgwZ Dcb¨v‡mi Rb¨ wZwb iex› ª-cyi¯‹v‡i f~wlZ nb| 1950 mv‡ji 1jv †m‡Þ¤î wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|]

mKvj †ejv| AvUUv wK bqUv| nwin‡ii cyÎ Avcb g‡b †ivqv‡K ewmqv †Ljv Kwi‡Z‡Q, Zvnvi GKUv †QvU wU‡bi ev· Av‡Q, †mUvi Wvjv fvOv| ev‡·i mgy`q m¤úwË †m Dcyo Kwiqv †g‡S‡Z Xvwjqv‡Q| GKUv is-IVv Kv‡Vi †Nvov, Pvi cqmv `v‡gi GKUv †Uvj&-LvIqv wU‡bi †fucy-evuwk, †MvUvKZK Kwo| G¸wj †m gv‡qi AÁvZmv‡i j²xc~Rvi Kwoi Pzcwo nB‡Z Lywjqv jBqvwQj I cv‡Q †Kn †Ui cvq GB f‡q me©`v jyKvBqv iv‡L- GKUv `yÕcqmv `v‡gi wc¯—j, KZK¸‡jv ïK‡bv bvUv dj| †`wL‡Z fv‡jv ewjqv Zvnvi w`w` †Kv_v nB‡Z A‡bK¸wj KzovBqv AvwbqvwQj, wKQz Zvnv‡K w`qv‡Q, wKQz wb‡Ri cyZz‡ji ev‡· ivwLqv w`qv‡Q| LvbKZK Lvcivi KzwP| M½v-hgybv †Lwj‡Z GB Lvciv¸wji j¶¨ Ae¨_© ewjqv wek¦vm nIqvq †m G¸wj mh‡Zœ ev‡· ivwLqv w`qv‡Q, G¸wj Zvnvi gnvg~jëvb m¤úwË GZ¸wj wRwb‡mi g‡a¨ m‡e †m wU‡bi euvwkUv K‡qKevi evRvBqv †mwUi m¤^‡Ü weMZ †KŠZ~nj nBqv Zvnv‡K GKcv‡k ivwLqv w`qv‡Q| Kv‡Vi †Nvov bvovPvov Kiv nBqv wMqv‡Q| †mwUI GKcv‡k wcRiv‡cv‡ji Avmvwgi b¨vq cwoqv Av‡Q| eZ©gv‡b †m M½v-hgybv †Lwjevi Lvciv¸wj‡K nv‡Z jBqv g‡b g‡b `vIqvi Dci M½v-hgybvi Ni AuvKv Kíbv Kwiqv †PvL eywRqv Lvciv QzuBqv †`wL‡Z‡Q ZvK wVK nB‡Z‡Q wK bv!

Ggb mg‡q Zvnvi w`w` `yM©v DVv‡bi KuvVvjZjv nB‡Z WvwKjÑAcyÑ I AcyÑ| †m GZ¶Y evwo wQj bv, †Kv_v nB‡Z GBgvÎ Avwmj| Zvnvi î GKUz mZ©ZvwgwkÖZ| gvby‡li Mjvi AvIqvR cvBqv Acy K‡ji cyZz‡ji g‡Zv j¶¥xi Pzcwoi Kwo¸wj ZvovZvwo jyKvBqv †dwjj| c‡i ewjj- wK, †i w`w`?

`yM©v nvZ bvwoqv WvwKjÑ Avq Gw`‡KÑ †kvb&Ñ

`yM©vi eqm `k-GMv‡iv ermi nBj| Mob cvZjv cvZjv, is Acyi g‡Zv AZUv dm©v bq, GKUz Pvcv| nv‡Z Kv‡Pi Pzwo, ci‡b gqjv Kvco, gv_vi Pzj i“¶Ñ evZv‡m Dwo‡Z‡Q, gy‡Li Mob g›` bq, Acyi g‡Zv †PvL¸wj †ek WvMi WvMi| Acy †ivqvK nB‡Z bvwgqv Kv‡Q †Mj, ewjj,Ñ †K †i?

`yM©vi nv‡Z GKUv bvwi‡K‡ji gvjv! †mUv †m wbPz Kwiqv †`LvBj, KZK¸wj KwP Avg KvUv| myi wbPz Kwiqv ewjjÑ gv NvU †_‡K Av‡m wb †Zv?


Acy Nvo bvwoqv ewjjÑ DuûÑ

yM©v PzwcPzwc ewjj Ñ GKUz †Zj Avi GKUz byb wb‡q Avm‡Z cvwim? Av‡gi Kzwm Rviv‡ev Ñ

Acy Avn¬v‡ì mwnZ ewjqv DwVj Ñ †Kv_vq †cwj †i w`w`?

`yM©v ewjj-cUwj‡ì evMv‡b wmu`yi‡KŠ‡Uvi Zjvq c‡o wQj Ñ Avb& w`wK GKUz byb Avi †Zj!

Acy w`wì w`‡K Pvwnqv ewjj Ñ †Z‡ji fuvo Qzu‡j gv gvi‡e †h? Avgvi Kvco †h evwm?

Ñ ZzB hv bv wkMwMwi K‡i, gvÕi Avm‡Z GLb †Xi †`wi-¶vi KvP‡Z wM‡q‡P wkMwMi hvÑ

Acy ewjjÑ bvi‡Kv‡ji gvjvUv Avgvq †`| I‡Z †X‡j wb‡q Avm‡evÑ ZzB wLowK †`v‡i wM‡q `¨vL gv Avm‡P wK bv|

yM©v wbgœ ^‡i ewjjÑ †Zj‡Uj †hb †g‡S‡Z Xvwjm‡b, mveav‡b wbwe, bB‡j gv †Ui cv‡eÑ ZzB †Zv GKUv nvev †Q‡jÑ

Acy evwo ga¨ nB‡Z evwni nBqv Avwm‡j `yM©v Zvnvi nvZ nB‡Z gvjv jBqv Avg¸wj †ek Kwiqv gvwLj,Ñ ewjj, †b nvZ cvZ|

Ñ ZzB AZ¸‡jv Lvwe w`w`?

Ñ AZ¸wj eywS n‡jv? GB †ZvÑ fvwi †ewkÑ hv, Av”Qv †b Avi yÕLvbvÑ evt, †`L‡Z †ek n‡q‡P †i, GKUv j¼v Avb‡Z cvwim? Avi GKLvbv †`‡ev Zv n‡jÑ

Ñ j¼v Kx K‡i cvo‡ev w`w`? gv †h Z³vi Ici †i‡L `¨vq, Avwg †h bvMvj cvB †b?

Ñ Z‡e _vK‡M hvK& Ñ Avevi I‡ejv Avb‡ev GLb-cUwj‡ì †Wvevi av‡ii AvgMvQUvq ¸wU hv a‡i‡P Ñ `ycy‡ii †iv‡` Zjvq S‡i c‡oÑ

yM©v‡ì evwoi Pvwiw`‡KB R½j| nwini iv‡qi ÁvwZ-åvZv bxjgwY ivq m¤úªwZ MZ ermi gviv wMqv‡Qb, Zuvnvi ¿x cyÎKb¨v jBqv wbR wcÎvj‡q evm Kwi‡Z‡Qb| Kv‡RB cv‡ki G wfUvI R½jve„Z nBqv cwoqv Av‡Q| wbK‡U Avi †Kv‡bv †jv‡Ki evwo bvB| cuvP wgwb‡Ui c_ †M‡j Z‡e fzeb gyLy‡hï evwo|

nwin‡ii evwoUvI A‡bKw`b nBqv †Mj †givgZ nq bvB, mvg‡bi w`‡Ki †ivqvK fvOv, dvU‡j ebÑ weQzwUi I Kvj‡gN Mv‡Qi eb MRvBqv‡QÑ N‡ii †`viÑ Rvbvjvi KcvU me fvOv, bvwi‡K‡ji `wo w`qv Miv‡ì m‡½ euvav Av‡Q|

wLuowK †`vi Sbvr Kwiqv Lywjevi kã nBj Ges GKUz c‡iB me©Rqvi Mjv ïbv †Mj- `yM&Mv, I `yM&MvÑ

`yM©v ewjjÑ gv WvK‡Q, hv †`‡L AvqÑ ILvbv †L‡q hvÑ gy‡L †h by‡bi ¸u‡ov †j‡M Av‡Q, gy‡Q d¨vj&Ñ

gv‡qi WvK Avi GKevi Kv‡b †M‡jI `yM©vi GLb DËi wèvi my‡hvM bvB, gyL fwZ©| †m ZvovZvwo Rviv‡bv Av‡gi PvKjv¸wj LvB‡Z jvwMj| c‡i GL‡bv A‡bK Aewkó Av‡Q †`wLqv KuvVvjMvQUvi Kv‡Q mwiqv wMqv ¸uwoi Avov‡j ùvovBqv †m¸wj †MvMÖv‡m wMwj‡Z jvwMj| Acy Zvnvi cv‡k ùvovBqv wb‡Ri Ask cÖvYc‡Y wMwj‡ZwQj, KviY wPevBqv LvIqvi Avi mgq bvB| LvB‡Z LvB‡Z w`wì w`‡K Pvwnqv †m †`vl m¤^‡Ü m‡PZbZvm~PK nvwm nvwmj| yM©v Lvwj gvjvUv GK Uvb& gvwiqv †f‡iÊvKPvi †eov cvi Kwiqv bxjgwY iv‡qi wfUvi w`‡K R½‡ji g‡a¨ Qzuwoqv w`j| fvB‡qi w`‡K Pvwnqv ewjjÑ gyLUv gy‡Q d¨vj& bv euvì, byb †j‡M i‡q‡Q †h ...


c‡i `yM©v wbixngy‡L evwoi g‡a¨ XzwKqv ewjjÑ Kx gv?

Ñ†Kv_vq †ei“‡bv n‡qwQj ïwb? GKjv wb‡R KZw`‡K hv‡ev? mKvj †_‡K ¶vi †K‡P MvÑ MZi e¨_v n‡q †Mj, GKUzLvwb Kz‡UvMvQUv †f‡O `y Lvbv Kiv †bB, †Kej cvovq cvovq †Uv‡Uv †UvK¬v †m‡a †eov‡”QbÑ †m evu i †Kv_vq?

Acy Avwmqv ewjj, gv, wL‡` †c‡q‡Q!

Ñ†iv‡mv †iv‡mv, GKUzLvwb ùvovI evcy ... GKUzLvwb nuvc wR‡iv‡Z `¨vI! †Zvgv‡ì ivZw`b wL‡` Avi ivZw`b dvBÑ digvR! I `yM&Mv, `¨vL †Zv evQziUv nuvK cvo‡Q †Kb?

LvwbKUv c‡i me©Rqv ivbœvN‡ii `vIqvq euwU cvwZqv kmv KvwU‡Z ewmj| Acy Kv‡Q ewmqv cwoqv ewjj ÑAvi GÆz AvUv †ei K‡iv bv gv, gy‡K eÇ jv‡M!

`yM©v wb‡Ri fvM nvZ cvwZqv jBqv m¼zwPZ my‡i ewjjÑ PvjfvRv Avi †bB gv?

Acy LvB‡Z LvB‡Z ewjjÑ Dt, wPe‡bv hvq bv| Avg †L‡q ùvZ U‡KÑ

yM©vi åyKzwUwgwkÖZ †PvLÑ †Ucvq evav cvBqv Zvnvi K_v Aa©c‡_B eÜ nBqv †Mj| Zvnvi gv wRÁvmv Kwij,Ñ Avg †Kv_vq †cwj?

mZ¨ K_v cÖKvk Kwi‡Z mvnmx bv nBqv Acy w`wì w`‡K wRÁvmvm~PK `„wó‡Z Pvwnj| me©Rqv †g‡qi w`‡K Pvwnqv ewjjÑ ZzB †di GLb †ewi‡qwQwj eywS?

`yM©v wecbœgy‡L ewjjÑ I‡K wR‡Ám K‡iv bv? AvwgÑ GB †Zv GLb KuvVvjZjvq ùvwo‡qÑ Zzwg hLb WvK&‡j ZLb †ZvÑ

¯^Y© †Mvqvwjbx MvB `ywn‡Z Avmvq K_vUv Pvcv cwoqv †Mj| Zvnvi gv ewjjÑ hv, evQziUv ai‡M hvÑ †W‡K mviv †nv‡jvÑ Kg‡j evQzi, I mbœ, GZ †ejv K‡i G‡j wK euv‡PU? GKUz mKvj K‡i bv G‡j GB †fZbœi c¾š— evQzi euvavÑ

w`wì wcQ‡b wcQ‡b AcyI ya †`vqv †`wL‡Z †Mj| †m evwni DVv‡b cv w`‡ZB yM©v nvZvi wc‡V yg& Kwiqv wbN©vZ GK wKj emvBqv w`qv KwnjÑ j²xQvov euvì! c‡i gyL f¨vOvBqv KwnjÑ Avg †L‡q ùvZ U‡K wM‡q‡QÑ Avevi †Kv‡bvw`b Avg †`‡ev †LI-QvB †`‡evÑ GB I‡ejvB cUwj‡ì KuvKzoZwji Avg Kzwo‡q G‡b Rviv‡ev, GZ eo eo ¸wU n‡q‡P, wgwó †hb ¸oÑ †`‡ev †Zvgvq? †LI GLb? nvev GKUv †Kv_vKviÑ hw` GZUzKz eyw× _v‡K!

`ycy‡ii wKQz c‡i nwini KvR mvwiqv evwo wdwij| †m AvRKvj MÖv‡gi Abœ`v iv‡qi evUx‡Z †Mvg¯—vi KvR K‡i| wRÁvmv KwijÑ Acy‡K †`LwP †b?

me©Rqv ewjjÑ Acy †Zv N‡i Nygy‡”Q|

Ñ`yM&Mv eywSÑ

Ñ†m †mB †L‡q †ewi‡qwQÑ †m evwo _v‡K KLb? `y‡Uv LvIqvi m‡½ hv m¤úK©! Avevi †mB wL‡` †c‡j Z‡e Avm‡eÑ †Kv_vq Kvi evMv‡b Kvi AvgZjvq RvgZjvq Nyi‡QÑ GB PwËi gv‡mi †ivÏy‡i, †ci `¨v‡Lv bv GB R¡‡i co‡jv e‡jÑ AZ eo †g‡q, e‡j †evSv‡ev KZ? K_v †kv‡b, bv Kv‡b †bq?

GKUz c‡i nwini LvB‡Z ewmqv ewjjÑ AvR `kNivq ZvMv`vi R‡b¨ †MQjvg, eyS‡j? GKRb †jvK, Lye gvZei, cuvPUvÑ QqUv †Mvjv evwo‡Z, †ek cqmvIqvjv †jvKÑ Avgvq †`‡L `Êer K‡i e‡j −Ñ


`v`vVvKzi, Avgvq wPb‡Z cv‡”Qb? Avwg ej −vgÑ bv evcy, Avwg †Zv ˆK?Ñ e‡j −- Avcbvi KZ©v _vK‡Z ZLb ZLb c~Rv-Av”Pvq memgqB wZwb Avm‡Zb, cv‡qi ay‡jv w`‡Zb| Avcbviv Avgv‡ì ¸i“Zzj¨ †jvK, Gevi Avgiv evwomy× gš—i †b‡ev fvewPÑ Zv Avcwb hw` Av‡Á K‡ib, Z‡e fimv K‡i ewjÑ AvcwbB †Kb gš—iUv †`b bv? Zv Avwg Zv‡ì e‡jwP AvR Avi †Kv‡bv K_v ej‡ev bv, Ny‡i G‡m `y-GK-w`‡bÑ eyS‡j?

me©Rqv Wv‡ji evwU nv‡Z ùvovBqv wQj, evwU †g‡R‡Z bvgvBqv mvg‡b ewmqv cwoj| ewjjÑ nu¨v‡Mv, Zv g›` Kx? `vI bv I‡ì gš—i? Kx RvZ? nwini myi bvgvBqv ewjjÑ e‡jv bv KvD‡K!Ñ m`&‡Mvc| †Zvgvi †Zv Avevi Mí K‡i †eov‡bv ^fveÑ

ÑAvwg Avevi Kv‡K ej‡Z hv‡ev, Zv †nvK †M m &Mvc, `vI wM‡q w`‡q, GB Kó hv”QÑ H ivqevwoi AvUUv UvKv fimv, ZvI `yÕwZb gvm Aš—i Z‡e `¨vqÑ Avi Gw`‡K iv‡Rï †`bv| Kvj Nv‡Ui c‡_ †mR VvK&i“b e‡j−Ñ †eŠgv, Avwg e›`K Qvov UvKv avi w`B †bÑ Z‡e Zzwg A‡bK K‡i e‡j − e‡j w`jvgÑ AvR cuvP cuvP gvm n‡q †Mj, UvKv Avi ivL‡Z cvi‡ev bv| Gw`‡K ivav †evó‡gi †eŠ †Zv wQu‡o Lv‡”Q, `yÕ‡ejv ZvMv`v Avi¤¢ K‡i‡P| †Q‡jUvi Kvco †bBÑ yÕwZb RvqMvq †mjvB, evQv Avgvi ZvB c‡i nvwmgy‡L †b‡P †b‡P †eovqÑ Avgvi Ggb n‡q‡P †h B‡”Q K‡i GKw`‡K †ewi‡q hvBÑ

ÑAvi GKUv K_v Iiv ejwQj, eyS‡j? ejwQj Muv‡q †Zv evgyb †bB, Avcwb hw` GB Muv‡q D‡V Av‡mb, Z‡e RvqMvÑ Rwg w`‡q evm KivBÑ Muv‡q GKNi evgyb evm Kiv‡bv Avgv‡ì eÇ B‡”Q| Zv wKQz av‡bi RwgUwg w`‡ZI ivwRÑ cqmvi †Zv Afve †bB! AvRKvj Pvlv‡ì N‡i j²x euvavÑ fÏi †jv‡KiB n‡q c‡o‡P nv fvZ †hv fvZÑ

AvMÖ‡n me©Rqvi K_v eÜ nBevi Dcµg nBjÑ GL&Lywb| Zv Zzwg ivwR n‡j bv †Kb? e‡j−B n‡Zv †h Av”Qv Avgiv Avm‡ev! I iKg GKUv eo gvby‡li AvkÖq- G Muv‡q †Zvgvi Av‡Q Kx ? ïay wf‡U Kvg‡o c‡o _vKvÑ

nwini nvwmqv ewjjÑ cvMj! ZLywb Kx ivwR n‡Z Av‡Q? †QvU‡jvK, fve‡e VvKz‡ii nuvwo †`LwP wk‡Kq D‡V‡PÑ Duû, I‡Z †L‡jv n‡q †h‡Z nqÑ Zv bq, †`wL GKevi Pzwc Pzwc gRyg`vi gnvk‡qi m‡½ civgk© K‡iÑ Avi GLb IV e‡j −B Kx IVv P‡j? me e¨vUv G‡m ej‡e UvKv `vI, ˆb‡j †h‡Z †`‡ev bvÑ †`wL civgk© K‡i wK iKg uvovqÑ

GB mg‡q †g‡q `yM©v †Kv_v nB‡Z cv wUwcqv wUwcqv Avwmqv evwn‡ii `yqv‡ii Avovj nB‡Z mZK©Zvi mwnZ GKevi DuwK gvwij Ges Aci c¶ m¤ú~Y© mRvM †`wLqv Iav‡i cuvwP‡ji cvk evwnqv evwni evUxi †ivqv‡K DwVj| `vjv‡bi yqvi Av‡ — Av‡¯— †Vwjqv †`wLj Dnv eÜ Av‡Q| Gw`‡K †ivqv‡K uvov‡bv Am¤¢e, †iŠ‡ ªi Zv‡c cv cywoqv hvq, Kv‡RB †m ¯’vb nB‡Z bvwgqv wMqv DVv‡bi KuvVvjZjvq uvovBj| †iŠ‡ ª †eovBqv Zvnvi gyL ivOv nBqv DwVqv‡Q, AuvP‡ji Lyu‡U Kx KZK¸‡jv hZœ Kwiqv euvav|

†m AvwmqvwQj GBRb¨ †h, hw` evwn‡ii yqvi †Lvjv cvq Ges gv NygvBqv _v‡K, Z‡e N‡ii g‡a¨ Pzwc Pzwc XzwKqv GKUz ïBqv jB‡e| wKš‘ evevi, we‡klZ gvi mvg‡b m¤§yL yqvi w`qv evwo XzwK‡Z Zvnvi mvnm nBj bv|

DVv‡b bvwgqv †m KuvVvjZjvq ùvovBqv Kx Kwi‡e wVK Kwi‡Z bv cvwiqv wbi“rmvnfv‡e Gw`K Iw`K Pvwn‡Z jvwMj| c‡i †mLv‡bB ewmqv cwoqv AuvP‡ji LyuU Lywjqv KZK¸wj ïK‡bv iov d‡ji wewP


evwni Kwij| LvwbK¶Y Pvwnqv _vwKqv †m Avcb g‡b †m¸wj ¸wb‡Z Avi¤¢ Kwij, GK-`yB-wZb-Pvi .... QvweŸkUv nBj| c‡i †m `yB wZbUv Kwiqv wewP nv‡Zi Dëv wc‡V emvBqv DuPz Kwiqv Qzuwoqv w`qv c‡i nv‡Zi †mvRv wcU cvwZqv awi‡Z jvwMj| g‡b g‡b ewj‡Z jvwMj Ñ Acy‡K GB¸‡jv †`‡ev Ñ Avi GB¸‡jv cyZz‡ji ev‡· †i‡L †`‡evÑ

†Kgb wewP¸wj †Zj PzKPzK K‡”QÑ AvRB MvQ †_‡K c‡o‡P, fvwM¨m Av‡M †Mjvg, ˆb‡j me †Mvi“‡Z †L‡q †d‡j w`‡Zv, I‡ì ivwO MvBUv G‡Kev‡i iv°m, me RvqMvq hv‡e, †mevi KZK¸‡jv G‡bwQjvg Avi GB¸‡jv wb‡q A‡bK¸‡jv n‡jv|

†m †Ljv eÜ Kwiqv mg¯— wewP Avevi mh‡Zœ AuvP‡ji Luy‡U euvwaj| c‡i nVvr Kx fvweqv i“¶ Pzj¸wj evZv‡m DovB‡Z DovB‡Z gnv Lywki mwnZ cybivq †mvRv evUxi evwni nBqv †Mj|

kãv_© I UxKv : †ivqvK Ñ N‡ii mvg‡bi †Lvjv RvqMv ev eviv›`v; Pzcwo Ñ †QvU Szwo, ¶z ª avgv; bvUvdj Ñ KiÄv dj; Lvcivi KzwP Ñ Kjwm-nuvwo cÖf…wZi fvOv Ask ev UzKiv; wcRiv‡cv‡ji Avmvwg Ñ LuvPvq c‡o _vKv Ae‡nwjZ Avmvwgi g‡Zv A‡_©; `vIqv Ñ eviv›`v; Av‡gi Kzwm Ñ KwP Avg; Rviv Ñ RxY© Kiv, KzwP KzwP Kiv A‡_©; eb-weQzwU Ñ ey‡bv MvQ; Kvj‡gN Ñ hK…‡Zi †iv‡M DcKvix GK cÖKvi wZ³ MvQ; Miv‡` Ñ Rvbvjvi wmK; †f‡iÊvKPvi †eov Ñ GiÛ ev †iwo Mv‡Qi †eov; Kz‡UvMvQ Ñ Z…Y; †iv‡mv †iv‡mv Ñ _vg _vg|

cvV cwiwPwZ : ÔAvg AuvwUi †fucyÕ kxl©K MíwU wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi c‡_i cuvPvjx Dcb¨vm †_‡K msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| MªvgxY Rxe‡b cÖK…wZNwbô `yB fvB-†ev‡bv Avbw›`Z Rxe‡bi AvL¨vb wb‡q MíwU iwPZ n‡q‡Q| Acy I `yM©v nZ`wi`ª cwiev‡ii wkï| wKš‘ Zv‡ì ˆkk‡e `vwi‡ ª i †mB Kó cÖavb n‡q I‡Vwb| AwaKš‘ MÖvgxY djdjvw` Avnv‡ii Avb›` Ges wewPÎ welq wb‡q Zv‡ì we¯§q I †KŠZ~nj MíwU‡K wPiKv‡ji gvby‡li wPivqZ ˆkke‡KB †hb ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q| GB M‡íi me©Rqv cwj −-gv‡qi kvk¦Z Pwi‡Î n‡q D‡V‡Q|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1. Avg-AuvwUi †fcy M‡í †h mKj MÖvgxY Dcv`vb I kã eëüZ n‡q‡Q Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki| 2. †Zvgvi cwVZ Avg-AvuwUi †fcy M‡íi Abyi~c MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi eY©bv m¤^wjZ Ab¨ GKwU M‡íi

Av‡jvPbv wj‡L †kªwY wk¶‡Ki wbKU Rgv `vI|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| DVv‡bi †Kvb RvqMv †_‡K `yM©v Acy‡K WvKwQj?

K. AvgZjv L. eUZjv M. KuvVvjZjv N. RvgZjv


2| †Z‡ji fuvo Qzu‡j yM©v‡K gvi‡e †Kb? i Kzms¯‹v‡ii Kvi‡Y ii AcP‡qi Kvi‡Y iii bv Rvbv‡bvi Kvi‡Y

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i L. iiM. iii N. ii I iii

DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

wicb I i“gv `yB fvB-†evb| Zv‡ì eq‡mi cv_©K¨ Pvi eQi| G‡K A‡bï Dci wbf©ikxj n‡jI wewfbœ wRwbm G‡K Ab¨‡K Zviv †`Lv‡Z Pvq bv| i“gvi †Ljvi mvgMÖx wicb jywK‡q iv‡L| i“gvi wewfbœ Av‡`k, Ave`vi wicb Rvb‡Z Pvq bv| GB wb‡q I‡ì gv‡K bvbv weo¤^bvi g‡a¨ co‡Z nq|

3| DÏxc‡K ÔAvg AuvwUi †fucyÕ M‡íi †Kvb w`K‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i‡Q?

K. fvB-†ev‡bi m¤úK© L. fvB-†ev‡bi we‡iva M. fvB-†ev‡bi Ave`vi N. gv‡qi-wPš—v

4| DÏxc‡Ki fvebv ÔAvg AuvwUi †fucyÕ M‡íi †Kvb D×…wZi m‡½ mv`„k¨c~Y?

K. Zvnvi ¯î GKUz mZK©Zv wgwkÖZ L. GKUz †Zj Avi GKUz byb wb‡q Avm‡Z cvwim? Av‡gi Kzwg© Rviv‡ev M. `yM©vi nv‡Z GKwU bvwi‡K‡ji gvjv N. bvi‡K‡ji gvjvUv Avgvq †`

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

eªvþY‡ì me mgq fv‡jv hvq bv hw` Av‡kcv‡k abvX¨ e¨w³ bv _v‡K Zviv †Kv‡bv agx©q Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb bv Ki‡j gš¿ cv‡Vi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| eªvþYiv Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv‡ì g~j Avevm cwieZ©b Ki‡Z wØav K‡i bv| Zv bv Ki‡j bvbv Pv‡ci g‡a¨ KvUv‡Z nq|

K. `yM©vi eqm KZ wQj? L. `yM©vi eq‡mvwPZ PÂjZvi KviY Kx? eywS‡q †jL| M. DÏxcKwU ÔAvg AuvwUi †fucyÕ M‡íi GKwU w`K‡K D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i‡Q| e¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxcKwU ÔAvg AuvwUi †fucyÕ M‡íi mgMÖ w`K‡K cÖKvk K‡iwb Ñ g~j¨vqb Ki|


gvbyl gyn¤§` (m.) †gvnv¤§` Iqv‡R` Avjx

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : †gvnv¤§` Iqv‡R` Avjx 1896 wLªóv‡ã (28‡k fv ª 1303 mvj) mvZ¶xiv †Rjvi euvk`n MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| KjKvZv e½evmx K‡j‡R we.Gm. K¬v‡mi QvÎ _vKvKvjxb wZwb Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM`vb K‡ib Ges GLv‡bB †jLvcovi mgvwß NUvb| Gici wZwb mvsevw`KZv‡K †ckv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb ÔgvwmK †gvnv¤§`xÕ, Ôˆ`wbK †gvnv¤§`xÕ, Ôˆ`wbK †meKÕ, ÔmvßvwnK mIMvZÕ, ÔmvßvwnK Lv‡`gÕ, Bs‡iwR Ôw` gymjgvbÕ BZ¨vw` cwÎKvq Kg©iZ wQ‡jb| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’ : gnvgvbyl gynmxb, giyfv¯‹i, ˆmq` Avng`, ¯§vY©vbw›`bx, †QvU‡ì nhiZ gyn¤§` BZ¨vw`| wZwb Lye cwi”Qbœ wPš—v I hyw³ev`x gb wb‡q mewKQzi wePvi Ki‡Zb| mnR mij cÖKvkfw½ Zuvi iPbvi Ab¨Zg êwkó¨| Zuvi M`¨‰kjx FRy, iPbv mvejxj| ^v ’ MZ Kvi‡Y wZwb 1935 mv‡j KjKvZv †Q‡o euvk`‡n wd‡i Av‡mb Ges †mLv‡bB 1954 mv‡ji 8B b‡f¤î g„Zz eiY K‡ib| ]

nhi‡Zi g„Zzï K_v cÖPvwiZ nB‡j gw`bvq †hb Auvavi NbvBqv Avwmj| KvnviI gy‡L Avi K_v m‡i bv; †Knev cvM‡ji g‡Zv KvÊ ïiy K‡i| ivmyjyj −vni cxovi Lei ïwbevi Rb¨ eû‡jvK Rgv‡qZ nBqv‡Q| †K GKRb ewj‡jb, Zuvnvi g„Zz¨ nBqv‡Q| exievû Igi Dj½ Zievwi nv‡Z jBqv jvdvBqv DwV‡jb, †h ewj‡e nhiZ gwiqv‡Qb, Zvnvi gv_v hvB‡e|

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cvV cwiwPwZ : Ôgvbyl gyn¤§` (m.) cÖeÜwU †gvnv¤§` Iqv‡R` Avjx iwPZ Ôgi“ fv¯‹iÕ MÖš’ †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q| nhiZ gyn¤§` (m.)-Gi gvbexq ¸Yvewj G cÖe‡Ü we‡k −lY Kiv n‡q‡Q| nhiZ wQ‡jb gvby‡li bex| ZvB gvby‡li c‡¶ hv AvPiYxq wZwb ZviB Av`k© cÖwZôv K‡i †M‡Qb| wZwb wecyj Hk¦h©, ¶gZv I gvby‡li AMva fv‡jvevmv I kª×vi g‡a¨ †_‡KB GKRb mvaviY gvby‡li g‡Zv Rxebhvcb K‡i †M‡Qb| ¶gZv I gnË¡, †cÖg I `qv Zuvi ARmª PvwiwÎK ¸‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖavb| Zuvi mvivRxeb gvbe RvwZi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡qvwRZ wQj| gvby‡li †kªô Av`k© wn‡m‡e wZwb Zuvi Rxeb i~cvwqZ K‡i Zz‡jwQ‡jb| Zuvi mvabv, Z¨vM, Kj¨vYwPš—v wQj we‡k¦i mgMÖ gvby‡li Rb¨ AbyKiYxq| nhi‡Zi g„Zzï ci Zuvi AbymvixM‡Yi g‡a¨ †h †e`bv I nZvkv †`Lv w`‡qwQj Zv mseiY Kivi Rb¨ nhiZ AveyeKi (iv) gnvbex (m.)-Gi Rxe‡bi êwkó¨ Zz‡j a‡i cÖPÊ †kvK‡K kvš— K‡ib| gvbyl wn‡m‡e nhi‡Zi êwk‡óï Av‡jvPbvB G cÖe‡Üi cÖwZcv`¨|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb nhiZ gynv¤§` (m.) Gi êwk‡óï GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| mZ¨ cÖwZôvi †¶‡Î nhiZ gyn¤§` (m.) Kv‡ì Kv‡Q DcnvwmZ n‡qwQ‡jb?

K. Bûw`‡ì L. Lqeievmx‡ì M. †cŠËwjK‡ì N. û`vqweqvevmx‡ì


2| ÔG‡ì Ávb `vI cÖfy, G‡ì ¶gv KiÕ G Dw³‡Z nhiZ gyn¤§` (m)-Gi †Kvb ¸YwU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q?

K. mnbkxjZv L. D`viZv M. gnvbyfeZv N. weP¶YZv

3| ÔAvwg ivRv bB, mgªvU bB, gvby‡li cÖfy bB| Avwg GgbB GK bvixi mš—vb, mvaviY ï®‹ gvsmB wQj hvnvi wbZ¨Kvi Avnvh©| G e³‡e¨ nhiZ gyn¤§` (m.) Gi Pwi‡Îi dz‡U IVv w`KwU n‡jvÑ

i. wbinsKvi ii. weP¶YZv iii. mZ¨wbôv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. ii I iii

4| DÏxc‡K cÖwZdwjZ welqwUi m‡½ mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q †KvbwUi?

K. GKwUgvÎ wcivb KvwPqv ïKvq wb Zvnv e‡j †iŠ‡`ª awiqv ewmqv Av‡Q †Mv Lwjdv AvwObv Z‡j|

L. Zzwg wbfx©K GK †Lv`v Qvov KiwbK Kv‡i fq mZëªZ †Zvgvq fvB‡Z m‡e D×Z Kq|

M. D‡óªi iwk awiqv A‡MÖ, gywZ D‡V em D‡U Zß evjy‡Z Pwj †h Pi‡Y i³ D‡V‡Q dz‡U|

N. evqZzj gvj nB‡Z jBqv N„Z-AvUv wbR nv‡Z ewj‡j, Gme PvcvBqv `vI Avgvi wc‡Vi Õc‡i|

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

nhiZ b~û (Av) ag© I b¨v‡qi c‡_ Pjvi Rb¨ mK‡ji cÖwZ AvnŸvb Rvbvb| G‡Z gvÎ Pwj −k Rb gvbyl mvov †`b| evwKiv mevB Zuvi we‡ivwaZv ïi“ K‡i bvbv AZ¨vPv‡i AwZô K‡i †Zv‡j| G AZ¨vPv‡ii gvÎv mnbvZxZ n‡j wZwb GK ch©v‡q AZ¨vPvixi wei“‡× Avj −vni Kv‡Q dwiqv` Rvbvb| Avj−vni ûKz‡g ZLb Ggb eb¨v nq †h, H Pwj−k Rb ev‡` mKj AZ¨vPvix aŸsm n‡q hvq|

K. nhiZ gyn¤§` (m.) †Kvb es‡k Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?

L. mygnvb cÖwZ‡kva ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

M. nhiZ b~û (Av) †h w`K w`‡q nhiZ gyn¤§` (m.) †_‡K wfbœ Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. nhiZ b~û (Av)-Gi Pwi‡Î Kx ai‡bi cwieZ©b Avb‡j wZwbI nhiZ gyn¤§` (m.)-Gi GKwU

we‡kl ¸Y dz‡U DVZ? †Zvgvi DË‡ii mc‡¶ hyw³ `vI|


wbgMvQ

ebdzj

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : cÖK…Z bvg ejvBPuv` gy‡Lvcva¨vq| wenv‡ii c~wY©qvi Aš—M©Z gwYnvi MÖv‡g 1899 mv‡ji 19‡k RyjvB wZwb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv Wv. mZ¨bvivqY gy‡Lvcva¨vq| ebdzj c~wY©qvi mv‡neMÄ Bs‡iwR D”P we`¨vjq †_‡K 1918 mv‡j g¨vwUªK, nvRixev‡Mi †m›U Kj¤vm K‡jR †_‡K 1920 mv‡j AvB.Gmwm Ges 1927 mv‡j cvUbv †gwWK¨vj K‡jR †_‡K Gg.we cvk K‡ib| †gwWK¨vj Awdmvi c‡` PvKwii gva¨‡g ebdz‡ji Kg©Rxeb ïi“| 1918 mv‡j Ôkwbev‡ii wPwVÕ‡Z e¨½-KweZv I c¨viwW wj‡L Zuvi mvwnZ¨ A½‡b cÖ‡ek| ÔcÖevmxÕ cwÎKvq wZwb GKcvZv-AvacvZvi Mí wj‡L M‡íi Avw½‡K ¶ ª, A_P e³‡e¨ Zvrch©c~Y©| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MíMÖš’ : ebdz‡ji Mí, ebdz‡ji Av‡iv Mí, evûj¨, we› ywemM©, AbyMvwgbx, Zšx, Ewg©gvjv, ~iexb BZ¨vw`| ev —eRxe‡b I Ávb-weÁv‡bi wewPÎ Dcv`vb Zuvi Mí I Dcb¨v‡m wbcyYfv‡e cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| ebdz‡ji D‡j −L‡hvM¨ Dcb¨vm n‡jv : Z…YLÊ, wKQz¶Y, ˆØi_, wb‡g©vK, †m I Avwg, R½g, AwMœ BZ¨vw`| GQvovI ebdz‡ji KweZv, e¨½ KweZv, PZz ©kc`x, Rxebx bvUK : kÖxgaym~ b, we`¨vmvMi cÖf…wZ Zuvi Abb¨ mvaviY m„wó| wewfbœ cyi¯‹vimn wZwb cÙf~lY Dcvwa jvf K‡ib| 1979 mv‡ji 9 †deª“qvwi ebdzj KjKvZvq g„Zz eiY K‡ib|]

†KD QvjUv Qvwo‡q wb‡q wm× Ki‡Q| cvZv¸‡jv wQu‡o wk‡j wcl‡Q †KD! †KDev fvR‡Q Mig †Z‡j| †Lvm `v` nvRv PzjKvwb‡Z jvMv‡e| Pg©‡iv‡Mi Ae¨_© g‡nŠla| KwP cvZv¸‡jv LvqI A‡b‡K| Ggwb KuvPvB ... wK¤^v †f‡O †e¸b-mn‡hv‡M| hK…‡Zi c‡¶ fvwi DcKvi| KwP Wvj¸‡jv †f‡O wP‡evq KZ †jvK ... ùvZ fv‡jv _v‡K| KweivRiv cÖksmvq cÂgyL| evwoi cv‡k MRv‡j weÁiv Lywk nb| e‡jÑ Ôwb‡gi nvIqv fv‡jv, _vK&&, †K‡Uv bv|Õ Kv‡U bv, wKš‘ hZœI K‡i bv| AveR©bv R‡g G‡m Pvwiw`‡K| kvb w`‡q euvwa‡qI †`q †KDÑ †m Avi-GK AveR©bv| nVvr GKw`b GKUv bZzb ai‡bi †jvK G‡jv| gy»`„wó‡Z †P‡q iBj wbgMv‡Qi w`‡K| Qvj Zzj‡j bv, cvZv wQuo‡j bv, Wvj fvO‡j bv, gy»`„wó‡Z †P‡q iBj ïay| e‡j DVj,Ñ Ôevn&&, Kx my›ì cvZv¸wj ... Kx i~c ! †_vKvÑ†_vKv dz‡jiB ev Kx evnvi... GKSuvK b¶Î †b‡g G‡m‡Q †hb bxj AvKvk †_‡K meyR mvq‡i| evn&&ÑÕ LvwbK¶Y †P‡q †_‡K P‡j †Mj|


KweivR bq, Kwe| wbgMvQUvi B‡”Q Ki‡Z jvMj †jvKUvi m‡½ P‡j hvq| wKš‘ cvi‡j bv| gvwUi wfZ‡i wkKo A‡bK ~‡i P‡j †M‡Q| evwoi wcQ‡b AveR©bvi ¯—~‡ci g‡a¨B ùvwo‡q iBj †m|

I‡ì evwoi M„nKg©-wbcyYv j²xeDUvi wVK GK `kv|

kãv_© I UxKv : Qvj Ñ evKj, GLv‡b wbgMv‡Qi evKj; wk‡j †clv Ñ wbgMv‡Qi cvZv wkjcvUvq †e‡U

Zv †_‡K im †ei Kiv nq; Mig †Z‡j fvRv Ñ wbgcvZv Mig †Z‡j fvR‡j gPg‡P Ges Zv †L‡Z

LvwbKUv Dcv‡`q nq; †Lvm `v` .... jvMv‡e Ñ PzjKvwbi ’v‡b †jcb Ki‡e; Ae¨_© Ñ hv wedj n‡e bv;

cvZv¸‡jv LvqI Ñ wb‡gi KwPcvZv †L‡j gvby‡li kix‡i †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv ev‡o; kvb w`‡q euvav‡bv Ñ GLv‡b BU I wm‡g›U w`‡q euvav‡bv †evSv‡”Q; KweivR Ñ whwb MvQMvQvwj cwi‡kvab K‡i

gbyl¨‡iv‡Mi wPwKrmv K‡ib; Kwe Ñ whwb KweZv †j‡Lb, †mŠ›`‡h©i c~Rvwi; wkKo A‡bK ~i P‡j †M‡Q

Ñ cÖZxKvkÖ‡q ewY©Z| wbgMv‡Qi wkKo gvwUi Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges Pvwiw`‡K we¯—…ZI nq| j²x

eDUvi cÖZxK †h‡nZz wbgMvQ †m‡nZz wbgMv‡Qi wkK‡oi m‡½ eD‡qi msmv‡ii Rv‡j Pvwiw`‡K Ave×

nIqv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

cvV cwiwPwZ : ejvBPuv` gy‡Lvcva¨v‡qi (ebdzj) A`„k¨‡jvK (1947) MÖ‡š’i Aš—f©y³ ÔwbgMvQÕ Mí|

GB M‡íi msw¶ß Aeq‡ei g‡`¨ †jLK wecyj e³e¨ Dc ’vc‡bi †h `¶Zvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb Zv evsjv

mvwn‡Z¨ weij| wbgMv‡Qi eY©bv, Gi cvZv, evKj, Qvqvi BZ¨vwì evwn¨K DcKvwiZv KweZvi g‡Zv

eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q GB M‡í| KweivR Zvi wPwKrmvi Kv‡R, mvaviY gvbyl cÖvZ¨wnK cÖ‡qvR‡b

wbgMvQ‡K AbeiZ eënvi K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ †KD GB Mv‡Qi mvgvbÏ hZœ †bq bv| GKRb Kwe

GKw`b wbgMv‡Qi ¸Y I i~‡ci cÖksmv K‡i| wbgMv‡Qi fv‡jv jv‡M H †jvK‡K Ges †m Zvi m‡½ P‡j

†h‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ gvwUi Mfx‡i Zvi wkKo| MvQwU †h‡Z cv‡i bv| Avm‡j MvQ †Zv †h‡Z cv‡i bv| GwU

GKwU cÖZxKxMí| GB M‡íi g¨vwRK-evK¨ n‡jv †klwU, †hLv‡b †jLK cy‡i w`‡q‡Qb mxgvnxb K_vi

AvL¨vb|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| wbgMv‡Qi ¸Yv¸‡Yi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki| 2. †Zvgvi GjvKvq wbgMvQ †ivc‡Yi Kg©m~wP †bIqv ìKvi| G KvR Kivi Rb¨ †Zvgiv Kx Kx Ki‡e?

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| wbgMv‡Qi Qvj wb‡q †jvKRb Kx Kv‡R jvMvq?

K. wm× K‡i Lvq L. wfwR‡q Lvq M. ïwK‡q Lvq N. ivbœv K‡i Lvq


2| evwoi cv‡k MRv‡j weÁiv Lywk nq †Kb?

K. GUv †`L‡Z my›ì L. GUv DcKvix M. GUv cwi‡ek evÜe N. GUv AvKv‡i †QvU


Mdz‡ii wcÖq luvo g‡nk| cÖvq AvU eQi cÖwZcvjb K‡i †m GLb ey‡ov n‡q‡Q| Mdzi mva¨gZ Zvi hZœ †bq| mgv‡Ri †KD Zv‡K Pvq bv| wKš‘ Mdzi mš—vb‡mœ‡n Zv‡K jvjb K‡i| wb‡Ri Lvevi bv †L‡q N‡ii Pvj †d‡o g‡nk‡K †L‡Z †`q|

3| DÏxc‡Ki g‡nk -Gi mv‡_ †h w`K w`‡q ÔwbgMvQÕ MíwU mv`„k¨c~Y© Zv n‡jvÑ

i. Ae`vb ii. cÖ‡qvRbxqZv iii. c‡ivcKvi



4| mv`„k¨ _vK‡jI wbgMvQUv †Kvb wePv‡i e¨wZµg?

K. D‡cw¶Z L. DcKvix M. AvZ¥Z¨vMx N. wbinsKvix

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

iwng‡ì evwo‡Z `xN© Pwj−k eQi hver KvR Ki‡Qb AvKwjgv LvZzb| GK K_vq Zv‡ì msmviUv ïay euvwP‡q †i‡L‡Qb Zv bq eis Zv‡ì mg„w×i g~‡j Zvi Ae`vb mxgvnxb| eq‡mi fv‡i AvR †m A¶g n‡q we`vq wb‡Z Pvq| †Kbbv Zvi c‡¶ GLb Avi MZi LvUv Am¤¢e| Zvi G cÖ —v‡e iwng e‡j, ÔAvcbv‡K †Kv_vI †h‡Z n‡e bv| Rxe‡bi evwK mgqUzKz Avgv‡ì cwiev‡ii m`m¨ n‡q KvUv‡eb|Õ

K. Pg©‡iv‡Mi Ae¨_© g‡nŠla †KvbwU? L. wbgMvQwU bv KvU‡jI †KD Zvi hZœ K‡i bv †Kb? M. DÏxc‡Ki AvKwjgvi mv‡_ ÔwbgMvQÕ M‡íi mv`„k¨c~Y© w`KwU Zz‡j ai| N. DÏxcKwU ÔwbgMvQÕ M‡íi mgMÖfve‡K bq eis we‡kl GKUv w`K‡K Zz‡j a‡iÑ hyw³mn

cÖgvY Ki|


D‡cw¶Z kw³i D‡Øvab KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg 11B ˆR¨ô 1306 mv‡j (25†k †g 1899) fvi‡Zi cwðge‡½i ea©gvb †Rjvi Avmvb‡mvj gnKzgvi Pziywjqv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| †Q‡j‡ejvq wZwb †j‡Uv Mv‡bi `‡j †hvM †`b| c‡i ea©gv‡b I gqgbwms‡ni wÎkvj _vbvi `wiivgcyi nvB ¯‹z‡j †jLvcov K‡ib| 1914 mv‡j wZwb †mbvevwnbxi evOvwj cë‡b †hvM w`‡q KivwP hvb| †mLv‡bB Zuvi mvwnZ¨ Rxe‡bi m~Pbv N‡U| Zuvi †jLvq wZwb mvgvwRK AwePvi I civaxbZvi weiy‡× †mv”Pvi n‡q‡Qb| GRb¨ Zuv‡K Ôwe‡`ªvnx KweÕ ejv nq| evsjv mvwnZ¨ RM‡Z Zuvi Avwef©ve GK bZzb w`M‡š—i D‡b¥vPb K‡i| KweZv, Dcb¨vm, bvUK, †QvUMí, cÖeÜ BZ¨vw` mvwn‡Zï mKj kvLvq wZwb cÖwZfvi ^v¶i †i‡L‡Qb| wZwb MRj, †Lqvj I ivMcÖavb Mvb iPbv K‡i L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| Aviwe-dviwm k‡ãi mv_©K eënvi Zuvi KweZv‡K wewkóZv `vb K‡i‡Q| gvÎ Pwj−k eQi eq‡m Kwe yiv‡ivM¨ †iv‡M Avµvš— n‡q evKkw³ nvwi‡q †d‡jb| evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi ci Amy ’ Kwe‡K XvKvq Avbv nq Ges c‡i Zuv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ cÖ vb Kiv nq| Zuv‡K ^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Kwei gh©v`vq f~wlZ Kiv nq| Zuvi iwPZ Kve¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AwMœexYv, we‡li euvwk, QvqvbU, cÖjqwkLv, PµevK, wmÜzwn‡›`vj we‡klfv‡e D‡j −L‡hvM¨| e¨_vi `vb, wi‡³i †e`b, wkDwjgvjv, g„Zz¶zav, Kz‡nwjKv BZ¨vw` Zuvi iwPZ Mí I Dcb¨vm| hyMevYx, yw ©‡bi hvÎx I ivRe›`xi Revbe›`x Zuvi D‡j −L‡hvM¨ cÖeÜ MÖš’| 29†k AvM÷ 1976 mv‡j Kwe XvKv wc.wR. nvmcvZv‡j †kl wbtk¦vm Z¨vM K‡ib| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq gmwR`msjMœ cÖv½‡Y Zuv‡K cwic~Y© mvgwiK gh©v`vq mgvwnZ Kiv nq|]

Ô†n †gvi `yf©vMv †`k! hv‡ì K‡iQ Acgvb

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Ñ iex› ªbv_

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gvbemËv-gvby‡li Aw¯—Z¡| gvbemËv ej‡Z †jLK gbyl¨Z¡‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| wk¶vi gva¨‡g GB gbyl¨Z¡ AR©b Kiv hvq| A_©wPš—vi wbM‡o mK‡j ew›`Ñ †jL‡Ki g‡Z Avgiv RxemËv‡K wUwK‡q ivL‡Z AwaK g‡bv‡hvMx| d‡j A_©wPš—v Avgv‡ì mviv¶Y e¨¯— iv‡L| A_©wPš—vq e¨¯— gvbyl cÖK…Z gbyl¨Z¡ AR©‡b m¶g bq|


Kviviz× AvnviZ…ß gvby‡li g~j¨ KZUzKz?Ñ LvIqv-civi mgm¨v wg‡U †M‡jB Rxe‡bi Dbœqb m¤¢e nq bv| G Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wPš—vi ¯^vaxbZv, eyw×i ¯^vaxbZv I AvZ¥cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv| wk¶vi gva¨‡gB G ¯^vaxbZv AwR©Z nq|

cvV cwiwPwZ : Ôwk¶v I gbyl¨Z¡Õ cÖeÜwU †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayixi Ôms¯‹…wZ K_vÕ MÖ‡š’i Ôgbyl¨Z¡Õ kxl©K cÖe‡Üi Askwe‡kl| gvby‡li ywU mËvÑ GKwU Zvi RxemËv, AciwU gvbemËv ev gbyl¨Z¡| RxemËvi cÖ‡qvR‡b Abœe‡¯¿i wPš—v †_‡K gyw³ Ges wk¶vi gva¨‡g gbyl¨‡Z¡i weKvk N‡U| wk¶vi d‡j gbyl¨‡Z¡i ¯^v` †c‡j Abœe‡¯¿i mgvm¨vi mgvavb mnR n‡q I‡V| wk¶vi Avmj KvR g~j¨‡eva m„wó, Ávb `vb bq; Ávb g~j¨‡eva m„wói DcvqgvÎ|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb

gvbe gyw³i Rb¨ mgv‡Ri Dc‡ii Ask I wb‡Pi As‡ki KZ©e¨¸‡jv wb‡`©k Ki|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| gvby‡li Abœ-e‡¯¿i mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e †Kvb w`‡K j¶ †i‡L?

K. A_©‰bwZK gyw³i L. AvwZ¥K gyw³i M. wPš—vi ¯^vaxbZv N. eyw×i ¯^vaxbZv

2| AvwZ¥K g„Zz ej‡Z †jLK Kx eywS‡q‡Qb ?

i. ¯^vfvweK g„Zz¨ ii. ˆbwZK AatcZb iii. g~j¨‡ev‡ai Ae¶q




wewkó eëmvqx ïKzi wgqv Zvi ¯‹zj co–qv †Q‡j‡K eëmv‡qi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ K‡ib| wZwb g‡b K‡ib UvKvB Rxe‡bi g~j| `ywbqv‡Z hvi hZ UvKv †m ZZ †ewk myLx|

3| †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayixi `„wó‡Z DÏxc‡Ki ïKzi wgqvi gv‡S cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡QÑ

i. ¶zrwccvmv ii. AvZ¥vi Ag„Z iii. A_©wjáv




4| ïKzi wgqvi gvbwmKZv cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i hw` wZwbÑ

K. A_©wjáv‡K Rxeb mvabv g‡b bv K‡ib L. wk¶vi cÖ‡qvRbxq w`K‡K ¸i“Z¡ †`b M. A_©wPš—vi wbM‡o me©`v ew›` _v‡Kb N. Abœe‡¯¿i cÖvPz‡h©i †P‡q gyw³‡K eo K‡i bv †`‡Lb|

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

mygb I k¨vgj evjëÜz| `yRbB D”P wk¶vq wkw¶Z| †ckvMZ Rxe‡b mygb eo eëmvqx| Mvwo, evwo, UvKv-Kwo †Kv‡bv wKQziB Afve †bB Zvi| mevB Zv‡K GK bv‡g †P‡b| Avi k¨vgj wk¶KZv‡K †ckv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q †bq| MZ wmW‡i Zv‡ì MÖvg jÊfÊ n‡q hvq| G mgq k¨vgj Zvi QvÎ‡ì wb‡q ÎvY mvgMÖx msMÖn K‡i Amnvq gvbyl‡ì Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q †`q| Zv‡ì AvkÖ‡qi eë ’v K‡i| A_P mygb Qz‡U G‡m mvnv‡hï e`‡j Amnvq gvbyl‡ì KvQ †_‡K bvggvÎ g~‡j¨ weNvi ci weNv Rwg wK‡b †bq|

K. gvbe Rxe‡b gyw³i Rb¨ †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayix KqwU Dcv‡qi K_v e‡j‡Qb? L. AvZ¥vi Ag„Z Dcjwä Kiv hvq bv †Kb? M. DÏxc‡Ki myg‡bi gv‡S Ôwk¶v I gbyl¨Z¡Õ cÖe‡Üi †h w`KwU cÖKvwkZ Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Ôk¨vg‡ji Kv‡R wk¶vi AcÖ‡qvRbxq w`KwU Dcw¯’ZÕ Ôwk¶v I gbyl¨Z¡Õ cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K

gš—e¨wU we‡k−lY Ki|


cÖevm eÜz ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx 13B †m‡Þ¤i 1904 wLªóv‡ã Avmv‡gi KwigM‡Ä Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv wmKv›ì Avjx| ˆmq` gyRZev Avjxi ˆcwÎK wbevm †gŠjfxevRv‡i| wZwb wm‡jU Mf‡g©›U nvB¯‹zj I kvwš— wb‡KZ‡b cov‡kvbv K‡ib| c‡i 1926 mv‡j wek¦fviZx †_‡K mœvZK wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib| AvdMvwb —v‡b Kvey‡ji K…wl weÁvb K‡j‡R Aa¨vcbv w`‡q Kg©Rxeb ïi“ nq| Gici evwj©b I eb wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨qb K‡ib| 1932 wLªóv‡ã wZwb eb wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K W±‡iU wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b KLbI wZwb wgk‡ii Avj Avhvnv wek¦we`¨vj‡q, gnxk~‡ii e‡iv`v K‡j‡R Aa¨vcbv K‡ib| wZwb 1949 wLªóv‡ã e¸ovi AvwRRyj nK K‡j‡R Aa¨¶ wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb K‡ib| wKš‘ cvwK —vb miKv‡ii wei“‡× cÖeÜ †jLvi Awf‡hv‡M Zuv‡K PvKzwi Qvo‡Z nq| 1961 mv‡j wZwb wek¦fviZxi wiWve wbhy³ nb| ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx wbR ^ GK M`¨‰kjxi wbg©vZv| cÖPzi fvlvq ey rcwË I AmvaviY cvwÊ‡Zï mswgkÖ‡Y wZwb †h M`¨ iPbv K‡i‡Qb Zv LyeB imMÖvnx n‡q D‡V‡Q| Zuvi D‡j −L‡hvM¨ iPbv¸‡jv n‡jv : †`‡k-we‡`‡k, cÂZš¿, PvPv Kvwnbx, gq~iKÉx, kebg BZ¨vw`| wZwb 11B †deª“qvwi, 1974 mv‡j XvKvq g„Zz eiY K‡ib|]

evmv †cjyg Kveyj †_‡K AvovB gvBj `~‡i LvRv‡gvj−v MÖv‡g| evmvi m‡½ m‡½ PvKiI †cjyg|

Aa¨¶ wRivi Rv‡Z divwm| Kv‡RB Kvq`vgvwdK Avjvc Kwi‡q w`‡q ej‡jb, ÔGi bvg Ave`yi ingvb| Avcbvi me KvR K‡i †`‡eÑ Ry‡Zv eyi“k †_‡K LybLvivwe|Õ A_©vr Bwb Ônidb-†gŠjvÕ ev ÔmKj Kv‡Ri KvwRÕ|

wRivi mv‡qe Kv‡Ri †jvK, A_©vr mg¯— w`b †Kv‡bv-bv-†Kv‡bv gš¿xi `ß‡i SMov-ePmv K‡i KvUvb| Kvey‡j GiB bvg KvR| ÔI i‡fvqv, we‡K‡j †`Lv n‡eÕ e‡j P‡j †M‡jb|

Kveyj kn‡i Avwg `ywU bi`vbe †`‡LwQ| Zvi GKwU Ave`yi ingvb|

c‡i wd‡Z w`‡q †g‡c †`‡LwQjyg Q dzU Pvi BwÂ| Dcw ’Z j¶¨ Kijyg j¤^vB wgwj‡q PIovB| zLvbv nvZ nuvUz ch©š— †b‡g G‡m AvOzj¸‡jv y Kuvw` gZ©gvb Kjv n‡q Szj‡Q| cv yLvbv wWwO †bŠKvi mvBR| Kuva †`‡L g‡b nj, Avgvi eveywP© Ave yi ingvb bv n‡q †m hw` Avgxi Ave yi ingvb nZ Z‡e Abvqv‡m †MvUv AvdMvwb¯’v‡bi fvi eB‡Z cviZ| G Kvb I Kvb †Rvov gyLÑ nu¨v Ki‡j PIovPIwo Kjv wMj‡Z cv‡i| Ge‡ov-†_e‡ov bvK-Kcvj †bB| cvMwo _vKvq gv_vi AvKvi-cÖKvi Vvni nj bv, Z‡e Av›`vR Kijyg †ewe mvB‡Ri n¨vUI Kvb Aewa †cuŠQ‡e|

iO dm©v, Z‡e kx‡Z MÖx‡®§ Pvgov wP‡i †du‡o wM‡q AvdMvwb¯’v‡bi wiwjd g¨v‡ci †Pnviv a‡i‡Q| `yB Mvj †K †hb _veov †g‡i jvj K‡i w`‡q‡QÑ wKš‘ Kvi Ggb ey‡KU cvUv? i“RI †Zv gvLevi K_v bq|

ci‡b wkjIqvi, KzZ©v Avi IqvmwKU|

†QvU `ywU †`L‡Z †cjyg bv| †mB †h cÖ_g w`b N‡i Xz‡K Kv‡c©‡Ui w`‡K bRi †i‡L uvwo‡qwQj, †kl w`b c©š— H Kv‡c©‡Ui Aci~c i~c †_‡K Zv‡K eo GKUv †PvL †div‡Z †`wLwb| ¸i“Rb‡ì w`‡K ZvKv‡Z †bB, AvdMvwb¯’v‡bI bvwK GB ai‡bi GKUv ms¯‹vi Av‡Q|

Z‡e Zvi bq‡bi fv‡ei †Ljv †Mvc‡b †`‡LwQ| y‡Uv wP‡bgvwUi Wve‡i †hb `y‡Uv cvš—yqv †f‡m D‡V‡Q|


Rwic K‡i fimv †cjyg, fqI nj| G †jvKUv fxg‡m‡bi gZ ivbœv †Zv Ki‡eB, wec‡`-Avc‡` fxg‡m‡biB gZ Avgvi gykwKj-Avmvb n‡q _vK‡e| wKš‘ cÖkœ, G hw` †Kv‡bvw`b weM‡o hvq? Z‡e? †Kv‡bv GKUv nw`‡mi mÜv‡b gMR AvwZcvwZ K‡i LuyR‡Z Avi¤¢ Kijyg|

ingvb‡K wR‡Ám Kijyg, Ôc~‡e© †Kv_vq KvR K‡iQ?Õ

DËi w`j, Ô†Kv_vI bv, cë‡b wQjyg, †g‡mi Pv‡R©| GK gvm nj Lvjvm †c‡qwQ|Õ

ÔivB‡dj Pvjv‡Z cvi?Õ

GKMvj nvmj|

ÔwK wK ivua‡Z Rv‡bv?Õ

Ô†cvjvI, Kzg©v, Kveve, dvjy`vÑ|Õ

Avwg wR‡Ám Kijyg, Ôdvjy`v evbv‡Z eid jv‡M| GLv‡b eid ˆZwi Kivi Kj Av‡Q?Õ

ÔwK‡mi Kj?Õ

Avwg ejjyg, ÔZvn‡j eid Av‡m †Kv‡Ì‡K?Õ

ejj, Ô†Kb, H cvMgv‡bi cvnvo †_‡K|Õ e‡j Rvbjv w`‡q cvnv‡oi eid †`wL‡q w`j| ZvwK‡q †`Ljyg, hwÌ MÖx®§Kvj, Zey me‡P‡q DuPz bxj cvnv‡oi Mv‡q mv`v mv`v eid †`Lv hv‡”Q| AvÊh© n‡q ejjyg, Ôeid Avb‡Z H DuPz‡Z Po‡Z nq?Õ

ejj, Ôbv mv‡qe, Gi A‡bK wb‡P eo eo M‡Z© kxZKv‡j eid fwZ© K‡i ivLv nq| GLb ZvB Lyu‡o Zz‡j Mvav †evSvB K‡i wb‡q Avmv nq|Õ

eySjyg, Lei-UeiI iv‡L| ejjyg, ÔZv Avgvi nuvwoKzwo, evmb‡Kvmb †Zv wKQz †bB| evRvi †_‡K me wKQz wK‡b wb‡q G‡mv| ivwË‡ii ivbœv AvR Avi †eva nq n‡q DV‡e bv| Kvj ycy‡i ivbœv †Kv‡iv| mKvj‡ejv Pv w`‡qv|Õ

UvKv wb‡q P‡j †Mj|

†ejv _vK‡ZB Kveyj iIbv w`jyg| AvovB gvBj iv¯—vÑ g„`ygayi VvÊvq Mwo‡q Mwo‡q †cuŠQe| c‡_ †`wL GK ceZ©cÖgvY †evSv wb‡q Ave`yi ingvb wd‡i Avm‡Q| wR‡Ám Kijyg, ÔGZ †evSv eBevi wK ìKvi wQjÑ GKUv gy‡U fvov Ki‡jB †Zv nZ|Õ

hv ejj, Zvi A_© GB, †m †h-†gvU eB‡Z cv‡i bv, †m-†gvU Kvey‡j eB‡Z hv‡e †K?

Avwg ejjyg, Ô`yR‡b fvMvfvwM K‡i wb‡q Avm‡Z|Õ

fve †`‡L eySjyg, AZUv Zvi gv_vq †L‡jwb, A_ev fveevi cÖ‡qvRb‡eva K‡iwb|

†evSvUv wb‡q AvmwQj Rv‡ji cÖKvÊ _‡j‡Z K‡i| Zvi wfZi †Zj-byb-jKwo meB †`L‡Z †cjyg| Avwg †di Pj‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡j ejj, Ômv‡qe iv‡Î evwo‡ZB Lv‡eb|Õ

Lye †ekx `~i †h‡Z nj bv| je-B-`wiqv A_©vr Kveyj b`xi cv‡i †cuŠQ‡Z bv †cuŠQ‡ZB †`wL gwm‡q wRivi UvOv nuvwK‡q UMeMveM K‡i evwo wdi‡Qb|


K‡j‡Ri eoKZ©v ev em&& wnmv‡e Avgv‡K wZwb †ek `y-GK cÖ¯’ agK w`‡q ej‡jb, ÔKveyj kn‡i wbkvPi n‡Z n‡j †h ZvM` I nvwZqv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb, †m `y‡Uvi GKUvI †Zvgvi †bB|Õ

em‡K Lykx Kievi Rb¨ hvi N‡U dw›`-wdwK‡ii Afve, Zvi c‡¶ †Kv¤úvwbi KvR n‡”Q ZK© bv Kiv| we‡kl K‡i hLb e‡mi DËgva© ZuviB cv‡k e‡m ÔDB, mv‡Z©bguv, Gwf`vguv, A_©vr AwZ Aek¨, mv‡U©bwj, Gwf‡W›UwjÕ, e‡j Zuvi K_vq mvq †`b| Bsj‡Û gvÎ GKevi wf‡±vwiqv AvjevU© AuvZuvr n‡qwQj; ïb‡Z cvB d«v‡Ý bvwK wbwZ¨-wbwZ¨, N‡i N‡i|

evwo wd‡i G‡m emevi N‡i XzK‡ZB Ave yi ingvb GKUv `k©b w`‡q †Mj Ges Avwg †h Zvi Z¤^x‡ZB wd‡i G‡mwQ, †m m¤^‡Ü Avk¦¯— n‡q ûU K‡i †ewi‡q †Mj|

ZLb †ivRvi gvm bq, Zey Av›`vR Kijyg †mnwii mgq A_©vr ivZ `y‡Uvq Lvevi RyU‡j RyU‡ZI cv‡i|

Z›`ªv †j‡M wM‡qwQj| kã ï‡b Nyg fvOj| †`wL Ave yi ingvb †gvMj Zmwe‡ii MvWz-e`bvi mgš^q AvdZv‡e ev avivhš¿ wb‡q mvg‡b ùvwo‡q| gyL ay‡Z wM‡q eySjyg, hwÌ MÖx®§Kvj, Zey Kveyj b`xi eid-Mjv R‡j gyL wKQzw`b a‡i Avgvi gyLI AvdMvwb¯’v‡bi wiwjd g¨v‡ci DuPzwbPzi U°‡ii m‡½ mvgÄm¨ ivL‡Z cvi‡e|

Lvbv †Uwe‡ji mvg‡b wM‡q hv †`Ljyg, Zv‡Z Avgvi g‡b Avi †Kv‡bv m‡›`n iBj bv †h, Avgvi f…Z¨ AvMv Ave yi ingvb GKKv‡j †g‡mi Pv‡R© wQ‡jb|

Wvei bq, †QvULv‡Uv GKUv Mvgjv fwZ© gvs‡mi †Kvigv ev †cuqvR-wN‡qi Nb K¡v‡_ †miLv‡bK y¤^vi gvsmÑ Zvi gv‡S gv‡S wKQz ev`vg wKmwgm jy‡KvPzwi †Lj‡Q, GK †Kv‡Y GKwU Avjy Acvs‡³q nIqvi yt‡L Wz‡e givi †Póv Ki‡Q| Av‡iK †c −‡U †MvUv Av‡óK dzj †ev¤^vB mvB‡Ri kvgx-Kveve| evi‡Kvk

_vjvq GK Szwo †KvdZv-†cvjvI Avi Zvi Ic‡i e‡m Av‡Q GKwU Av¯— gywM©-†iv÷|

Avgv‡K _ n‡q ùvwo‡q _vK‡Z †`‡L Ave`yi ingvb ZvovZvwo GwM‡q AfqevYx w`jÑ ivbœvN‡i Av‡iv Av‡Q|

GKR‡bi ivbœv bv K‡i †KD hw` wZbR‡bi ivbœv K‡i, Z‡e Zv‡K agK †Ìqv hvq, wKš‘ †m hw` QÕR‡bi ivbœv cwi‡ekb K‡i e‡j ivbœvN‡i Av‡iv Av‡Q ZLb Avi wK Kivi _v‡K? Aí †kv‡K KvZi, AwaK †kv‡K cv_i|

ivbœv fv‡jv, Avgvi ¶zavI wQj, Kv‡RB MocoZv evOvwji †P‡q wKQz Kg LvBwb| Zvi Ici A`¨ iRbx cÖ_g iRbx Ges Ave yi ingvbI Wv³vwi K‡j‡Ri QvÎ †h iKg Zb¥q n‡q gov KvUv †`‡L, †mB iKg Avgvi LvIqvi iKg-eni `yB-B-Zvi Wvei-†PvL f‡i †`‡L wbw”Qj|

Avwg ejjyg, Ôe¨m! DrK…ó †iu‡aQ Ave`yi ingvbÑ|Õ

Ave`yi ingvb Aš—a©vb| wd‡i Gj nv‡Z GK _vjv dvjy`v wb‡q| Avwg mwebq Rvbvjyg †h, Avwg wgwó cQ›` Kwi bv|

Ave`yi ingvb cyibwc Aš—a©vb| Avevi wd‡i Gj GK Wvei wb‡qÑ †cuRv ei‡di ¸u‡ovq fwZ©| Avwg †evKv e‡b wRÁvmv Kijyg, ÔG Avevi wK?Õ

Ave yi ingvb Dc‡ii eid mwi‡q †`Lvj wb‡P AvOzi| gy‡L ejj, Ôev‡Mevjvi eiwd AvOziÑ Zvgvg AvdMvwb¯’v‡b gknyi|Õ e‡jB GKLvbv mmv‡i wKQz eid Avi †MvUv K‡qK AvOzi wb‡q emj| Avwg


AvOzi Lvw”Q, I ZZ¶Y GK-GKUv K‡i nv‡Z wb‡q †mB ei‡di UzK‡ivq Nywi‡q wdwi‡q AwZ mš—c©‡Y N‡l-†g‡qiv †h iKg AvPv‡ii Rb¨ KvMwR †bey cv_‡ii wk‡j N‡lb| eySjyg, eid-XvKv _vKv m‡Ë¡I AvOzi h‡_ó wng nqwb e‡j GB †gvj‡qg Kvq`v| Iw`‡K Zvjy Avi wR‡ei gvSLv‡b GKUv AvOz‡i Pvc w`‡ZB Avgvi eªþi›aª ch©š— wSbwSb K‡i DV‡Q| wKš‘ cv‡Q Ave yi ingvb fv‡e Zvi gwbe wbZvš— Rswj ZvB LvBevicv‡mi wn¤§r ey‡K mÂq K‡i †MvUv Av‡óK wMjjyg| wKš‘ †ewk¶Y Pvjv‡Z cvijyg bv; ¶vš— w`‡q ejjyg, Ôh‡_ó n‡q‡Q Ave`yi ingvb, Gev‡i Zzwg wM‡q fv‡jv K‡i LvI|Õ

Kvi †Mvqvj, †K †`q ayu‡qv| Gev‡i Ave yi ingvb G‡jb Pv‡qi mvR-miÄvg wb‡q| Kveywj meyR Pv| †cqvjvq Xvj‡j AwZ wd‡K nj‡` iO †`Lv hvq| †m Pv‡q `ya †Ìqv nq bv| cÖ_g †cqvjvq wPwb †Ìqv nq, wØZxq †cqvjvq ZvI bv| Zvici H iKg, Z…Zxq, PZz_©Ñ Kveywjiv †cqvjv Q‡qK Lvq, Aewk¨ †cqvjv mvB‡R Lye †QvU, Kwdi cv‡Îi gZ|

Pv LvIqv †kl n‡j Ave`yi ingvb `k wgwb‡Ui Rb¨ †ewi‡q †Mj| fvejyg GB †ejv ìRv eÜ K‡i w`, bv n‡j Avevi nqZ wKQz GKUv wb‡q Avm‡e| Av¯— D‡Ui †iv÷Uv nqZ w`‡Z fz‡j wM‡q‡Q|

ZZ¶‡Y Ave yi ingvb cybivq nvwRi| Gevi GK nv‡Z _‡j-fwZ© ev`vg Avi AvL‡ivU, Ab¨ nv‡Z nvZzwo| ax‡i my‡¯’ N‡ii GK‡Kv‡Y cv gy‡o e‡m ev`vg AvL‡iv‡Ui †Lvmv Qvov‡Z jvMj|

GK gy‡Vv Avgvi Kv‡Q wb‡q G‡m ùvovj| gv_v wbPz K‡i ejj, ÔAvgvi ivbœv ûRy‡ii cQ›` nqwb|Õ

Ô†K ejj, cQ›` nqwb?Õ

ÔZ‡e fv‡jv K‡i †L‡jb bv †Kb?Õ

Avwg wei³ n‡q ejjyg, ÔKx Avðh©, †Zvgvi ecyUvi m‡½ Avgvi ZbyUv wgwj‡q †`‡Lv w`wKwbÑ Zvi †_‡K Av›`vR Ki‡Z cv‡iv bv, Avgvi c‡¶ wK cwigvY LvIqv m¤¢eci?Õ

Ave`yi ingvb ZK©vZwK© bv K‡i †di †mB †Kv‡Y wM‡q AvL‡ivU ev`v‡gi †Lvmv Qvov‡Z jvMj|

Zvici Avcb g‡b ejj, ÔKvey‡ji AvenvIqv eoB Lvivc| cvwb †Zv cvwb bq|, †m †hb Mvjv‡bv cv_i| †c‡U wM‡q GK †Kv‡Y hw` emj Z‡e fimv nq bv Avi †Kv‡bv w`b †ei“‡e| Kvey‡ji nvIqv †Zv nvIqv bqÑ AvZmevwRi ûév| gvby‡li w¶‡` n‡eB ev wK K‡i|Õ

Avgvi w`‡K bv ZvwK‡qB Zvici wR‡Ám Kij, ÔûRyi KL‡bv cvbwki wM‡q‡Qb?Õ

Ô†m Avevi †Kv_vq ?Õ

ÔDËi-AvdMvwb¯’vb| Avgvi †`kÑ †m Kx RvqMv! GKUv Av¯— y¤v †L‡q GK †XvK cvwb Lvb, Avevi w¶‡` cv‡e| AvKv‡ki w`‡K gyL K‡i GKUv j¤^v `g wbb, g‡b n‡e ZvwR †Nvovi m‡½ evwR †i‡L QzU‡Z cvwi| cvbwk‡ii gvbyl †Zv cv‡q †nu‡U P‡j bv, evZv‡mi Dci fi K‡i †hb D‡o P‡j hvq|

ÔkxZKv‡j †m Kx eid c‡o! gvV c_ cvnvo b`x MvQcvjv me XvKv c‡o hvq, †¶Z Lvgv‡ii KvR eÜ, ei‡di Zjvq iv¯—v Pvcv c‡o †M‡Q| †Kv‡bv KvR †bB, Kg© †bB, evwo †_‡K †ei‡bvi K_vB I‡V bv| Avnv †m wK Avivg! †jvnvi evi‡Kv‡k AvOvi R¡vwj‡q Zvi Dci QvB XvKv w`‡q K¤^‡ji Zjvq Pvcv w`‡q em‡eb wM‡q Rvbvjvi av‡i| evB‡i †`L‡eb eid co‡Q, eid co‡Q co‡Q, co‡QÑ `y w`b, wZb w`b, cuvP w`b, mvZ w`b a‡i| Avcwb e‡mB Av‡Qb, Avi †`L‡Qb †P †ZŠi ed© eevi`Ñ wK iKg eid c‡o|Õ


Avwg ejjyg, ÔmvZ w`b a‡i Rvbvjvi Kv‡Q e‡m _vKe ?Õ

Ave yi ingvb Avgvi w`‡K Ggb Ki“Yfv‡e ZvKv‡jv †h, g‡b nj G iKg †eiwm‡Ki cvj−vq †m Rxe‡b Avi KL‡bv GZUv Ac`¯’ nqwb| ¤−vb †n‡m ejj, ÔGKevi Avmyb, Rvbvjvi cv‡k emyb, †`Lyb| cQ›` bv nq, Ave`yi ingv‡bi M ©vb †Zv i‡q‡Q|Õ

†LB Zz‡j wb‡q ejj, Ô†m KZ iK‡gi eid c‡o| KL‡bv †mvRv, †Quov †Quov †cuRv Zz‡jvi gZ, Zvwi duv‡K duv‡K Avmgvb Rwgb wKQz wKQz †`Lv hvq| KL‡bv NyiNwÆ Nb,Ñ Pv`‡ii gZ †b‡e G‡m †Pv‡Li mvg‡b c`©v †U‡b †`q| KL‡bv eq †Rvi evZvm,Ñ cÖPÊ So| ei‡di cuv‡R †hb †m-evZvm Wvj Mjvevi PwK© Pvwj‡q w`‡q‡Q| ei‡di ¸u‡ov WvB‡b euv‡q Dci wb‡P G‡jvcv_vwo Qz‡UvQzwU jvMvqÑ û û K‡i KL‡bv GKgy‡L n‡q ZvwR †Nvov‡K nvi gvwb‡q Qz‡U P‡j| KL‡bv me NyUNy‡U AÜKvi, ïay ïb‡Z cv‡eb †muv-Iu-IuÑ Zvi m‡½ Avevi gv‡S gv‡S †hb `vi“j Avgv‡bi BwÄ‡bi wkwUi kã| †mB S‡o aiv co‡j i‡¶ †bB, †Kv_v †_‡K †Kv_vq Dwo‡q wb‡q P‡j hv‡e, bv nq †eûuk n‡q c‡o hv‡eb ei‡di weQvbvq, ZviB Dci R‡g DV‡e Q nvZ DuPz ei‡di K¤^jÑ Mv`v Mv`v, cuvRv cuvRv| wKš‘ ZLb †m ei‡di cuvRv mwZ¨Kvi K¤^‡ji gZ Ig †`q| Zvi Zjvq gvbyl‡K `y w`b c‡iI R¨vš— cvIqv wM‡q‡Q|

GKw`b mKv‡j Nyg fvO‡j †`L‡eb eid cov eÜ n‡q wM‡q‡Q| m~h© D‡V‡QÑ mv`v ei‡di Dci †m †ivkwbi w`‡K †PvL †g‡j ZvKv‡bv hvq bv| Kvey‡ji evRv‡i Kv‡jv Pkgv cvIqv hvq, ZvB c‡i ZLb †eov‡Z †e‡iv‡eb| †h nvIqv `g wb‡q ey‡K fi‡eb Zv‡Z GKiwË ay‡jv †bB, evjy †bB, gqjv †bB Qzwii gZ aviv‡jv VvÊv nvIqv bvK gMR Mjv eyK wP‡i XzK‡e, Avevi †ewi‡q Avm‡e wfZiKvi me gqjv †SuwU‡q wb‡q| `g †b‡eb, QvwZ GK weNr dz‡j DV‡eÑ `g †dj‡eb GK weNr †b‡g hv‡e| GK GK `g †bIqv‡Z GK GK eQi Avqy evo‡eÑ GK GKevi `g †djv‡Z GKkUv †egvwi †ewi‡q hv‡e|

ÔZLb wd‡i G‡m, ûRyi GKUv Av¯— `y¤^v hw` bv †L‡Z cv‡ib, Z‡e Avwg Avgvi †Muvd Kvwg‡q †dje| AvR hv ivbœv K‡iwQjyg Zvi Wej w`‡jI Avcwb w¶‡ì †Pv‡U Avgvq KZj Ki‡eb|Õ

Avwg ejjyg, Ônu v Ave yi ingvb †Zvgvi K_vB mB| kxZKvjUv Avwg cvbwk‡iB KvUve|Õ

Ave`yi ingvb M`M` n‡q ejj, Ô†m eo Lywk evr n‡e ûRyi|Õ

Avwg ejjyg, Ô†Zvgvi Lywki Rb¨ bq, Avgvi cÖvY euvPvevi Rb¨|Õ

Ave`yi ingvb d¨vjd¨vj K‡i Avgvi w`‡K ZvKv‡jv|

Avwg eywS‡q ejjyg, ÔZzwg hw` mg¯— kxZKvjUv Rvbvjvi cv‡k e‡m KvUvI Z‡e Avgvi ivbœv Ki‡e †K?Õ

kãv_© I UxKv : I i‡fvqv Ñ divwm fvlvi evKëÜ| A_© : we‡K‡j †`Lv n‡e| bi`vbe Ñ gvby‡li g‡Zv †`L‡Z fq¼i Rš‘| GLv‡b wekvj‡`nxgvbyl †evSvb n‡q‡Q| Avìv‡_©| gZ©gvb Kjv Ñ gvqvbgv‡ii gvZ©vevb Øx‡c Drcbœ Kjvi RvZ; iyR Ñ Mvj ivOvevi cÖmvabx; cvš‘qv Ñ wPwbi i‡m wfRv‡bv wN‡Z Kov fvRv im‡Mvj−v RvZxq wgwó; ZvM` Ñ kw³; DËgva© Ñ whwb FY †`b; Z¤^x Ñ wZi¯‹vi; evi‡Kvk Ñ Kv‡Vi ˆZwi Kvbv DuPz eo _vjv; cybiwc Ñ cybivq; eªþiÜ« Ñ Zvjyi †K› ªeZx© wQ`ª; ecy Ñ eo †`n; Zby Ñ ¶xY †`n|


cvV cwiwPwZ : ÔcÖevm eÜzÕ ˆmq` gyRZev Avjxi Ô†`‡k we‡`‡kÕ MÖ‡š’i cÂ`k Ask| cÖwZ‡ekx †`k AvdMvwb¯’v‡bi f~wg, cwi‡ek; †mLv‡bi gvbyl I Zv‡ì mnR-mij RxebvPiY, wewPÎ Lv`¨ BZ¨vw` nvmïmvZ¥Kfv‡e GB iPbvq dzwU‡q †Zvjv n‡q‡Q| †jL‡Ki evsjv‡`‡ki wbKU cÖwZ‡ekx †`k AvdMvwb¯’vb åg‡Yi AvswkK AwfÁZvi cwiPq Av‡Q GLv‡b| AvdMvwb¯’v‡bi ivRavbx Kvey‡ji mwbœK‡U LvRv‡gvj−v bvgK MÖv‡g ev‡mi mgq Ave`yi ingvb bv‡gi GKRb Zuvi †`Lfv‡ji `vwq‡Z¡ wQ‡jb| AvdMvb Ave`yi ingvb Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ mijZv, ¯^‡`k‡cÖg, AwZw_civqYZv dz‡U D‡V‡Q| ingv‡bi ivbœv I cwi‡ekb Kiv Lvev‡ii g‡a¨ AvdMvwb¯’v‡bi wewPÎ I my¯^v`y Lv`ë¯‘i cwiPq cvIqv hvq| AvdMvwb¯’v‡bi cÖ¯—if~wg Ges GKB m‡½ wbKU-cÖwZ‡ekx GB Rbc‡ì eid-kxZj Rjevqy AvKl©Yxq| Ave`yi ingv‡bi mij AvwZ‡_qZvq KL‡bv †jL‡Ki âh©Py¨wZ NU‡jI †kl Aewa ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx G‡K MÖnY K‡i‡Qb kÖ×vi m‡½|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb

1| †Zvgvi GjvKvi kxZKv‡ji †h cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’v m„wó nq Zvi cwiPq `vI|

2| MÖx®§Kvj I kxZKv‡ji åg‡Yi myweav Amyweav¸‡jv wjL|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| LvRv‡gvj−v MÖvg †_‡K Kvey‡ji `~iZ¡ KZ?

K. Avav gvBj L. †ò gvBj M. AvovB gvBj N. mv‡o wZb gvBj

2| AvMv Ave`yi ingvb‡K †jLK bi`vbe e‡j‡Qb †Kb?

K. AvPi‡Yi Rb¨ L. kvixwiK MV‡bi Rb¨ M. †ewk ivbœvi Rb¨ N. †ewk LvIqvi Rb¨


kx‡Zi QzwU‡Z †Rwib wm‡j‡Ui Rvdjs †eov‡Z hvq| †mLv‡bi cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h©, cvnvwo Sb©v, b`x mewKQz Zv‡K Mfxifv‡e AvKl©Y K‡i| mvwe©K †mŠ›`‡h© gy» n‡q evev‡K e‡jb, ÔGLv‡b Avgv‡ì GKUv evwo evwb‡q †`‡e ?Õ

3| DÏxc‡Ki Rvdjs -Gi mv‡_ ÔcÖevm eÜzÕ M‡íi cvbwk‡ii wecixZ wPÎ Lyu‡R cvIqv hvqÑ

i. cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h© ii. FZz êwP‡Î¨ iii. Rxeb hvÎvq

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?



4| DÏxc‡Ki †Rwi‡bi mv‡_ M‡íi †jL‡Ki PvIqv GKm~‡Î euvav bq, KviY †jLK cvbwki †h‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jbÑ

K. AeKvk hvc‡bi Rb¨ L. we‡bv`‡bi Rb¨ M. Rxeb euvPv‡Z N. †mŠ›`h© Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

Ggb wmœ» b`x Kvnvi, †Kv_vq Ggb a~gª-cvnvo

†Kv_vq Ggb nwir‡¶Î AvKvkZ‡j †g‡k|

Ggb av‡bi Ici †XD †L‡j hvq evZvm Kvnvi †`‡k|

Ggb †`kwU †Kv_vI Lyu‡R cv‡e bv‡Kv Zzwg

mKj †`‡ki ivbx †m-†h Avgvi Rb¥f~wg|

K. Aa¨¶ wRivi †Kvb †`‡ki Awaevmx wQ‡jb? L. ÔKzBbvBb mviv‡e e‡U wKš‘ KzBwbb mviv‡e †K?Õ `vk©wbK wØ‡R› ªbv_ GK_v e‡jwQ‡jb

†Kb? M. DÏxc‡K ÔcÖevm eÜzÕ M‡íi Ave`yi ingv‡bi †PZbvi †h w`KwU‡K aviY K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v

Ki| N. welq eY©bvq mv`„k¨ _vK‡jI DÏxcK I ÔcÖevm eÜzÕ M‡íi/ågY Kvwnbxi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q

we —i êcixZ¨ÕÑ †Zvgvi DË‡ii mc‡¶ hyw³ `vI|


ggZvw` gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq 1908 mv‡j wenv‡ii muvIZvj ciMbvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi Avmj bvg cÖ‡eva Kzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq| Zuvi wcZvi bvg nwini e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Ges gvZv bxi`vmy›ìx †èx| Zuvi ˆcwÎK evwo gyÝxM‡Äi weµgcyi AÂ‡ji gvjew`qv MÖvg Ges gv‡qi evwo GKB AÂ‡ji MuvIw`qv MÖvg| 1926 mv‡j wZwb †gw`bxcyi †Rjv¯‹zj †_‡K g¨vwUªK I 1928 mv‡j euvKzov I‡qmwjq wgkb K‡jR †_‡K AvBGmwm cvk K‡ib| Zvici MwY‡Z Abvm© wb‡q KjKvZv †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡j‡R weGmwm K¬v‡m fwZ© nb| wKš‘ eÜz‡ì m‡½ evwR a‡i ÕAZmxgvgxÕ bvgK Mí wewPÎv cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ n‡j †jLK wn‡m‡e Zuvi wbqwZ wba©vwiZ n‡q hvq| G mgq wZwb †jLv wb‡q GZB gMœ _v‡Kb †h AmvaviY GB K…Zx Qv‡Îi Avi Abvm© cvk Kiv nqwb| gvÎ GKzk eQi eq‡m wZwb Zuvi weL¨vZ ÕwèvivwÎi Kve¨Õ iPbv K‡ib| Gici wZwb †jLv‡jwL‡KB RxweKvi GKgvÎ Aej¤^b wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| cÙv b`xi gvwS I cyZzj bv‡Pi BwZK_v wj‡L wZwb evsjv K_vmvwn‡Zï wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| cÂvkwUiI AwaK Dcb¨vm wZwb iPbv K‡ib| Gi g‡a¨ Rbbx, wPý, mniZjx, Awnsm, PZz‡®‹vY Zuvi D‡j −L‡hvM¨ Dcb¨vm| 1956 wLªóv‡ãi 3iv wW‡m¤î GB gnvb †jLK g„Zz eiY K‡ib|]

kx‡Zi mKvj| †iv‡` e‡m Avwg ¯‹z‡ji cov KiwQ, gv Kv‡Q e‡m dzjKwc KzU‡Qb| †m G‡mB ejj, Avcbvi ivbœvi Rb¨ †jvK ivL‡eb? Avwg †QvU †Q‡j-†g‡qI ivLe|

wbtm‡¼vP Av‡e`b| †evSv †Mj m‡¼vP A‡bK wQj, cÖvYcY †Póvq AwZwi³ Rq K‡i †d‡j‡Q| ZvB †hUzKz m‡¼vP wbZvš—B _vKv DwPZ ZvI Gi †bB|

eqm Avi KZ n‡e, eQi †ZBk| ci‡b †mjvB Kiv gqjv kvwo, cvoUv weeY© jvj| mxgvš— ch©š— †NvgUv, Clr wekxY© gy‡L Mvp kÖvwš—i Qvqv, w ’i APÂj `ywU †PvL| Kcv‡j GKwU ¶Z-wPý-Av›`v‡R civ wU‡ci g‡Zv|

gv ej‡jb, Zzwg iuvaybx?

Pg‡K Zvi gyL jvj n‡jv| †m PgK I jvwjgvi evZ©v †evanq gvi ü`‡q †cuŠQj, †Kvgj ^‡i ej‡jb, †ev‡mv evQv|

†m emj bv| Abvek¨K †Rvi w`‡q ejj, nu v Avwg iuvaybx| Avgvq ivL‡eb? Avwg ivbœv Qvov †QvU †QvU KvRI Kie|

gv Zv‡K †Riv Ki‡jb| †`Ljvg †m fvwi Pvcv| gvi cÖ‡kœi QuvKv Reve w`j, wb‡R †_‡K GKwU K_v †ewk KBj bv| †m ejj, Zvi bvg ggZv| Avgv‡ì evwo †_‡K LvwbK `~‡i Rxebg‡qi Mwj, Mwji †fZ‡i mvZvk b¤î evwoi GKZjvq †m _v‡K| Zvi ¯^vgx Av‡Q Avi GKwU †Q‡j| ¯^vgxi PvKwi †bB Pvigvm, msmvi Avi P‡j bv, †m ZvB c`©v †V‡j DcvR©‡bi Rb¨ evB‡i G‡m‡Q| GB Zvi cÖ_g PvKwi| gvB‡b? †m Zv Rv‡b bv| `y‡ejv †iu‡a w`‡q hv‡e, wKš‘ Lv‡e bv|


c‡bi UvKv gvB‡b wVK n‡jv| †m †evanq UvKv ev‡iv Avkv K‡iwQj, K…ZÁZvq `y‡PvL mRj n‡q DVj| wKš‘ mg¯—UzKz K…ZÁZv †m bxi‡eB cÖKvk Kij, K_v KBj bv|

gv ej‡jb, Av”Qv, Zzwg Kvj mKvj †_‡K G‡mv|

†m gv_v †nwj‡q m¤§wZ Rvwb‡q Zr¶Yvr P‡j †Mj| Avwg †M‡Ui Kv‡Q Zv‡K cvKovI Kijvg|

†kvb| GLywb hv”Q †Kb? ivbœvNi †`L‡e bv? Avwg †`wL‡q w`w”Q G‡mv|

Kvj †`L‡ev, e‡j †m GK †m‡KÛ uvovj bv, Avgvq Zz”Q K‡i w`‡q P‡j †Mj| I‡K Avgvi fv‡jv †j‡MwQj, Ii m‡½ fve Ki‡Z e¨¯— n‡q D‡VwQjvg, Zey, Avwg ¶zYœ n‡q gvi Kv‡Q †Mjvg| GKUv wew¯§Z n‡qI| hvi Agb wgwó Mjv, †Pv‡L gy‡L hvi Dc‡P cov †mœn, Zvi eënvi Ggb iƒp!

gv ej‡jb, wcQ‡b Qz‡UwQwj eywS fve Ki‡Z? fvwem bv, †Zv‡K Lye fv‡jvevm‡e| evi evi †Zvi w`‡K Ggb K‡i ZvKvw”Q‡jv!

ï‡b Lywk njvg| iuvaybx c`cÖvw_©bxi †mœn †mw`b Agb Kvg¨ g‡b n‡qwQj †Kb ej‡Z cvwi bv|

ciw`b †m Kv‡R Gj| bxi‡e bZgy‡L KvR K‡i †Mj| †h wel‡q Dc‡`k †cj cvjb Kij, †h wel‡q Dc‡`k †cj bv wb‡Ri eyw× LvwU‡q my›ìfv‡e m¤úbœ KijÑ Ab_©K cÖkœ Kij bv, wb‡`©‡ki Afv‡e †Kv‡bv KvR †d‡j ivLj bv| †m †hb eûw`b Gevwo‡Z KvR Ki‡Q webv Avo¤^‡i Ggb wbLyuZ n‡jv Zvi KvR|

Kv‡Ri k„•Ljv I w¶cÖZv †`‡L mK‡j †Zv Lywk n‡jb, gvi fwel¨r evYx mdj K‡i †m †h Avgvi Lye fv‡jvevm‡e Zvi †Kv‡bv j¶Y bv †`‡L Avwg njvg ¶zYœ| `yevi Lvevi Rj PvBjvg, Pvi cuvP evi ivbœv N‡i w`‡q uvovjvg, wKš‘ wKQz‡ZB †m Avgvq fv‡jvevmj bv| eis ixwZg‡Zv D‡c¶v Kij| ïay Avgv‡K bq mKj‡K| KvR¸wj‡K †m Avcbvi K‡i wbj, gvbyl¸wji w`‡K wd‡iI ZvKvj bv| gvi m‡½ g„ y ^‡i yGKwU ìKvix K_v ejv Qvov QUv †_‡K †ejv mv‡o `kUv Aewa GKevi Kvwki kã ch©š— Kij bv| †m †hb Qvqvgqx gvbex, Qvqvi g‡ZvB ¤ −vwbgvi Hk¦‡h© gnxqmx wKš‘ aiv †Quvqvi AZxZ kãnxb Abyf~wZnxb wbwe©Kvi|

ivM K‡i Avwg ¯‹z‡j P‡j †Mjvg| †m wK K‡i Rvb‡e gvB‡b Kiv iuvaybxi `~‡i _vKvUvB mK‡j Zvi Kv‡Q Avkv Ki‡Q bv, Zvi m‡½ K_v KBevi Rb¨ evwoi †QvUKZ©v QUdU K‡i‡Q!

mßvnLv‡bK wb‡Ri bZzb Ae¯’vq Af¨¯— n‡q hvIqvi ci †m Avgvi m‡½ fve Kij|

evwo‡Z †mw`b KzUzg G‡mwQj, m‡½ G‡mwQj GK Mv`v im‡Mvj−v Avi m‡›`k| cÖKvk¨ fvMUv cÖKv‡k¨ †L‡q fuvovi N‡i †Mvcb fvMUv gy‡L cy‡i P‡jwQ, †Kv_v †_‡K †m G‡m Lc K‡i nvZ a‡i †djj| ivM K‡i gy‡Li w`‡K ZvKv‡Z †m Ggb fv‡e nvmj †h j¾v †cjvg|

ejj, ìRvi cvk †_‡K †`LwQjvg, Avi KUv Lv”Q ¸bwQjvg| hv †L‡qQ Zv‡ZB †evanq AmyL n‡e, Avi †L‡qv bv| †Kgb?

fr©mbv bq, Av‡e`b| gvi Kv‡Q aiv co‡j eKzwb †LZvg Ges GK Lvejv Lvevi Zz‡j wb‡q Qz‡U cvjvZvg| Gi Av‡e`‡b nv‡Zi Lvevi †d‡j w`jvg| †m ejj, j²x †Q‡j| G‡m Rj Lv‡e|


evwoi mK‡j KzUzg wb‡q Ab¨Î e¨¯— wQj, Rj †L‡q Avwg ivbœv N‡i Avmb †c‡Z Zvi Kv‡Q emjvg| GZw`b Zvi M¤¢xi gyLB ïay †`‡LwQjvg, AvR cÖ_g †`Ljvg, †m wb‡Ri g‡b nvm‡Q|

Avwg ejjvg, evgybw`Ñ

†m Pg‡K nvwm eÜ Kij| Ggb fv‡e Avgvi w`‡K ZvKvj †hb Avwg Zv‡K Mvj w`‡qwQ| eyS‡Z bv †c‡iI AcÖwZf njvg|

wK n‡jv evgybw`?

†m Gw`K Iw`K ZvKvj| Wv‡j LvwbKUv byb †d‡j w`‡q G‡m nVvr Avgvi Mv †Nu‡l e‡m coj| M¤¢xi gy‡L ejj, Avgvq evgybw` †ev‡jv bv †LvKv| ïay w`w` †ev‡jv| †Zvgvi gv ivM Ki‡eb w`w` ej‡j?

Avwg gv_v bvojvg| †m †QvU GK wbtk¦vm †d‡j Avgv‡K GZ Kv‡Q †U‡b wbj †h Avgvi cÖ_g fvwi j¾v Ki‡Z jvMj|

Zvici wKQz¶Y Avgv‡ì †h Mí Pjj †m Ac~e© K‡_vcK_b g‡b K‡i wjL‡Z cvi‡j mvwn‡Z¨ bv †nvK Avgvi Kv‡Q me‡P‡q g~jëvb †jLv n‡q DVZ|

nVvr gv G‡jb| †m `ynv‡Z Avgv‡K GKiKg Rwo‡qB a‡i wQj, nvZ mwi‡q aiv cov †Pv‡ii g‡Zv nVvr weeªZ n‡q DVj, `y‡Pv‡L fq †`Lv w`j| wKš‘ †m gyn~‡Z©i Rb¨| ci¶‡Y Avgvi Kcv‡j Py¤^b K‡i gv‡K ejj, GZ K_v KB‡Z cv‡i Avcbvi †Q‡j|

ZLb eywSwb, AvR eywS †mœ‡n †m Avgvq Avì K‡iwb, wb‡Ri Me© cÖwZôvi †jv‡f| gv hw` ej‡Zb, †LvKv D‡V Avq,Ñ hw` †Kej gyL Kv‡jv K‡i m‡i †h‡Zb, ciw`b †_‡K †m Avi AvmZ bv| c‡bi UvKvi LvwZ‡iI bv, ¯^vgxcy‡Îi Abvnv‡ii Zvobv‡ZI bv|

gv nvm‡jb| ej‡j, I IBiKg| mvivw`b eKeK K‡i| †ewk Av¯‹viv wÌ bv, R¡vwj‡q gvi‡e|

e‡j gv P‡j †M‡jb| Zvi y‡PvL w`‡q y‡duvUv `y‡e©va¨ inm¨ Uc Uc K‡i S‡i coj| gv Acgvb Ki‡j Zvi †PvL nq‡Zv ïK‡bvB _vKZ, m¤§v‡b, †Pv‡Li Rj †djj! †m m¤§v‡bi AvMv‡Mvov Ki“Yv I `qv gvLv wQj, †mUv †evanq Zvi mBj bv|

wZb Pvi w`b c‡i Zvi Mv‡j wZb‡U `vM †`L‡Z †cjvg| g‡b nq, Av½y‡ji `vM| gv÷v‡ii Po †L‡q GKw`b Aebxi Mv‡j †h iKg `vM n‡qwQj †Zgwb| Avwg e¨¯— n‡q cÖkœ Kijvg, †Zvgvi Mv‡j Av½y‡ji `vM †Kb? †K Po †g‡i‡Q?

†m Pg‡K Mv‡j nvZ Pvcv w`qv ejj, `~i! Zvici †n‡m ejj, Avwg wb‡R †g‡iwQ! Kvj iv‡Î Mv‡j GKUv gkv e‡mwQj, Lye †i‡MÑ

gkv gvi‡Z Mv‡j Po! e‡j Avwg Lye nvmjvg| †mI cÖ_gUv Avgvi m‡½ nvm‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i Mv‡j nvZ Nl‡Z Nl‡Z Avbgbv I M¤¢xi n‡q †Mj| Zvi gyL †`‡L AvgviI nvwm eÜ n‡q †Mj| †P‡q †`Ljvg, fv‡Zi nuvwoi eyèy`dvUv ev‡®ú wK †`‡L †hb Zvi †PvL cjK nvwi‡q‡Q, wb‡Pi †VuvU ùv‡Z ùv‡Z Kvg‡o a‡i‡Q, †e`bvq gyL n‡q‡Q Kv‡jv|

mw›`» n‡q ejjvg, Zzwg wg‡_¨ ejQ w`w`| †Zvgvq †KD †g‡i‡Q|


†m nVvr Kuv` Kuv` n‡q ejj, bv fvB, bv| mwZ¨ ejwQ bv| †K gvi‡e?

G cÖ‡kœi Reve Lyu‡R bv †c‡q Avgv‡K Pzc K‡i _vK‡Z n‡jv| ZLb wK Rvwb Zvi Mv‡j Po gvivi AwaKvi GKRb gvby‡li AvVvi Avbv Av‡Q! wKš‘ Po †h †KD GKRb †g‡i‡Q †m wel‡q Avgvi m‡›`n NyPj bv| ïay `vM bq, Zvi gyL †Pv‡Li fve, Zvi K_vi myi mg¯— Avgvi Kv‡Q IK_v †NvlYv K‡i w`j| weeY© Mv‡j wZbwU i³eY© `vM †`L‡Z †`L‡Z Avgvi gb Lvivc n‡q †Mj| Avwg Mv‡j nvZ eywj‡q w`‡Z †Mjvg, wKš‘ †m Avgvi nvZUv †U‡b wb‡q ey‡K †P‡c aij|

Pzwc Pzwc ejj, Kv‡iv Kv‡Q hv cvB bv, Zzwg Zv †`‡e †Kb?

Avwg AevK n‡q ejjvg, wK w`jvg Avwg?

G cÖ‡kœi Reve †cjvg bv| nVvr †m ZiKvix bvgv‡Z fvwi e¨¯— n‡q coj| wcuwo‡Z emvgvÎ †Luvcv Ly‡j wcV fvwmqv GKivwk Pzj †g‡S ch©š— Qwo‡q coj wK GKUv AÜKvi in‡mï Avov‡j †m †hb wb‡R‡K jywK‡q †djj|

inm¨ êwK| Mv‡j P‡oi `vM, wPiw`b †h âh©gqx I kvš— Zvi e¨vKzj KvZiZv, wdmwdm K‡i †QvU †Q‡j‡K †kvbv‡bv; KviI Kv‡Q hv cvB bv Zzwg Zv †`‡e †Kb? eyw×i cwigv‡Yi Zzjbvq Gi †P‡q eo inm¨ Avgvi Rxe‡b KL‡bv †`Lv †`qwb! †f‡ewP‡š— Avwg Zvi Pzj¸wj wb‡q †eYx cvKvevi †Póv Avi¤¢ K‡i w`jvg| Avgvi Avkv c~Y© n‡jv †m gyL wdwi‡q †n‡m in‡mï †NvgUv Ly‡j mnR gvbyl n‡q †Mj|

weKv‡j Avwg wRÁvmv Kijvg, Av”Qv, †Zvgvi e‡ii PvKwi n‡j Zzwg wK Ki‡e?

Zzwg wK Ki‡Z ej? nwii jyU †è? bv †Zvgvq m‡›`k LvIqve|

†ar Zv ejwQ bv| †Zvgvi e‡ii PvKwi †bB e‡j Avgv‡ì evwo KvR KiQ †Zv PvKwi n‡j Ki‡e bv?

†m nvmj, Kie| GLb KiwQ †h!

†Zvgvi e‡ii PvKwi n‡q‡Q|

n‡q‡Q e‡j †m M¤¢xi n‡q †Mj|

Avnv ¯^vgxi PvKwi †bB e‡j f`ª‡jv‡Ki †g‡q K‡ó c‡o‡Q, cvovi gwnjv‡ì Kv‡Q gvi GB gš—e¨ ï‡b ggZvwì e‡ii PvKwii Rb¨ Avwg `ywðš—vMÖ¯— n‡q D‡VwQjvg| Zvi PvKwi n‡q‡Q ï‡b cyjwKZ n‡q gv‡K msevÙv ïwb‡q w`jvg|

gv Zv‡K †W‡K cvVv‡jb, †Zvgvi ¯^vgxi PvKwi n‡q‡Q?

†m ¯^xKvi K‡i ejj, n‡q‡Q| †ewk w`b bq, BsivwR gv‡mi cqjv †_‡K|

gv ej‡jb, Ab¨ †jvK wVK K‡i w`‡Z cviQ bv e‡j wK Zzwg KvR †Q‡o w`‡Z BZ —Z KiQ? Zvi †Kv‡bv ìKvi †bB| Avgiv †Zvgvq AvU‡K ivLe bv| †Zvgvi Kó `~i n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z AvgivI Lye myLx| Zzwg B‡”Q Ki‡j G‡ejvB KvR †Q‡o w`‡Z cvi, Avgv‡ì Amyweav n‡e bv|

Zvi †Pv‡L Rj Gj, †m ïay ejj, Avwg KvR Kie|

gv ej‡jb, ¯^vgxi PvKwi n‡q‡Q Zey?


†m ejj, Zuvi mvgvb¨ PvKwi, Zv‡Z Kzj‡e bv gv| Avgvq Qvo‡eb bv| Avgvi KvR wK fv‡jv n‡”Q bv?

gv e¨ — n‡q ej‡jb, Agb K_v †Zvgvi kÎ“I ej‡Z cvi‡e bv gv| †mRb¨ bq| †Zvgvi K_v †f‡eB Avwg ejwQjvg| †Zvgvi Ici gvqv e‡m‡Q, Zzwg P‡j †M‡j Avgv‡ìI wK fv‡jv jvM‡e?

†m GKiKg cvwj‡q †Mj| Avwg Zvi wcQz wbjvg| ivbœvN‡i Xz‡K †`Ljvg †m Kuv`‡Q| Avgvq †`‡L †PvL gyQj|

AvPgKv eji, wg‡_¨ ej‡j wK nq †LvKv?

wg‡_¨ ej‡j wK nq RvbZvg| ejjvg, cvc nq|

¸i“wb›`v euvPv‡Z wg‡_¨ ej‡j?

GUv RvbZvg bv| ¸i“wb›`v cvc, wg_¨v ejv cvc| †KvbUv †ewk cvc †m Ávb Avgvi Rb¥vqwb| wKš‘ bv Rvbv K_v e‡jI mvš—¡bv †Ìqv P‡j †`‡L ejjvg, Zv‡Z GKUzI cvc nq bv| mwZ¨! Kvu`Q †Kb?

ZLb Zvi PvKwii GKgvm †evanq c~Y© nqwb| GKw`b ¯‹zj †_‡K evwo †dievi mgq †`Ljvg Rxebg‡qi Mwji †gv‡o †dwiIqvjvi Kv‡Q Kgjv †jey wKb‡Q|

m‡½ †bevi B”Q †bB †Ui †c‡qI GK iKg †Rvi K‡iB evwo †`L‡Z †Mjvg| ywU †jey wK‡b Avgv‡K m‡½ wb‡q †m Mwj‡Z XzKj| wekÖx †bvsiv Mwj| †K †h VvÆv K‡i GB hgvj‡qi c_Uvi bvg Rxebgq †jb †i‡LwQj! MwjUv Av¯— BU w`‡q euvav‡bv, cv‡q cv‡q ¶q n‡q †M‡Q| `yw`‡Ki evwoi Pv‡c AÜKvi, GLv‡b ILv‡b AveR©bv Rgv Kiv Avi GKUv `~wlZ Pvcv MÜ| Avwg m¼zwPZ n‡q Zvi m‡½ Pj‡Z jvMjvg| †m ejj, g‡b n‡”Q cvZv‡j P‡jQ, bv?

mvZvk b¤‡ii evwoUv †`vZjv wbðq, wKš‘ hZ ¶y ª †`vZjv nIqv m¤¢e| mì ìRvi c‡iB †QvU GKwU DVvb, gvSvgvwS Kv‡Vi cÖvPxi w`‡q yfvM Kiv| wb‡P N‡ii msL¨v †evanq Pvi, KviY ggZvw` Avgvq †hfv‡M wb‡q †Mj †mLv‡b yLvbv †QvU †QvU KzVwii †ewk wKQz Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z cvijvg bv| N‡ii mvg‡b `ynvZ PIov GKUz †ivqvK, GKcv‡k GKwkU K‡iv‡MU Avqi‡bi Qv` I P‡Ui †eovi A¯’vqx ivbœvNi| PU¸wj Kqjvi †auvqvq Kqjvi eY© †c‡q‡Q|

†m Avgv‡K †kvevi N‡i wb‡q wM‡q Uz‡j emvj| N‡i `ywU Rvbvjv Av‡Q Ges m¤¢eZ †mB Kvi‡YB †kvevi Ni K‡i Ab¨ NiLvbvi †P‡q †ewk gvb †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Rvbvjv `ywUi Ggwb Ae¯’vb †h Av‡jv hwÌ wKQz wKQz Av‡m, evZv‡mi Avmv hvIqv G‡Kev‡i Am¤¢e| myZivs c¶cvwZ‡Z¡i †h Lye †Rviv‡jv KviY wQj Zv ejv hvq bv| msmv‡ii mg¯— wRwbmB cÖvq GN‡i VuvB †c‡q‡Q| me Kg `vgx kÖxnxb wRwbm| GB kÖxnxbZvi Rb¨ mh‡Zœ ¸wQ‡q ivLv m‡Ë¡I g‡b n‡”Q wek„•LjZvi Aš— †bB| GKcv‡k eo †PŠwK, Zv‡Z ¸Uv‡bv gwjb weQvbv| †PŠwKi Z‡j GKwU PiKv Avi fv½v †e‡Zi ev‡¯‹U †Pv‡L c‡o, Aš—iv‡j nq‡Zv AviI wRwbm Av‡Q| N‡ii GK †Kv‡Y cvkvcvwk iw¶Z `ywU UªvsKÑ `ywUiB iO P‡U †M‡Q, GKwUi Zvjv fv½v| Ab¨ †Kv‡Y K‡qKUv gvRv evmb, evm‡bi wVK E‡aŸ© †KvbvKzwb Uv½v‡bv `wo‡Z LvbK‡qK Kvco| GB yB †Kv‡Yi gvSvgvwS †Ìqvj †Nu‡l cvZv GKwU fv½v †Uwej, AvMv‡Mvov `woi e¨v‡Û‡Ri †Rv‡i †Kvbg‡Z ùvwo‡q Av‡Q| †Uwe‡j K‡qKUv eB LvZv, GKwU Aí `vgx UvBgwcm, K‡qKUv Ily‡ai wkwk, GKUv †givgZ Kiv Avwm©, K‡qKUv fuvR Kiv msev`cÎ, GB me UzwKUvwK wRwbm| †Uwe‡ji E‡aŸ© †Ìqv‡ji M‡Z©i Zv‡K KZK¸wj eB|


N‡i Avi GKwU wRwbm wQjÑ GKwU eQi cuv‡P‡Ki †Q‡j| †PŠwK‡Z ïay gv y‡ii Ic‡i Dcyo n‡q ï‡q †m Nywg‡q wQj| ggZvw` N‡i Xz‡KB e¨ — n‡q †Q‡jwUi Mv‡q nvZ w`j, Zvici ¸Uv‡bv weQvbvi †fZi †_‡K †jc Avi evwjk †U‡b evi Kij| mš—c©‡Y †Q‡jwUi gv_vi Z‡j evwjk w`‡q †jc w`‡q Mv †X‡K w`j|

ejj, Kvj mvivivZ †c‡Ui e¨_vq wb‡RI Ny‡gvqwb, Avgv‡KI Ny‡gv‡Z †`qwb| Dwb †Zv ivM K‡iÑ KB, Zzwg †jey †L‡j bv|?

Avwg GKUv †jey †Ljvg| †m Pzc K‡i LvIqv †`‡L ejj, gywo Qvov N‡i wKQz †bB, †`vKv‡bi welI †è bv, GKUv †jey LvIqv‡Z †Zvgv‡K †W‡K Avbjvg!

Avwg ejjvg, Avi GKUv †jey Lve w`w`|

†m †n‡m †jey w`j, ejj, K…Zv_© njvg| mevB hw` †Zvgvi g‡Zv fv‡jvevmZ!

N‡i Av‡jv I evZv‡mi `xbZv wQj| LvwbK c‡i †m Avgvq evB‡i †ivqv‡K gv yi †c‡Z emvj| K_v ejvi m‡½ msmv‡ii K‡qKUv KvRI K‡i wbj| Ni SuvU w`j, KovB gvRj, cvwb Zzjj, Zvici gkjv evU‡Z emj| nVvr ejj, Zzwg Gevi evwo hvI fvB| †Zvgvi wL‡` †c‡q‡Q|

kãv_© I UxKv : evQvÑ erm ev Aíeqmx mš—vb; c`©v †V‡j DcvR©bÑ GLv‡b bvix‡ì Aš—tcy‡i _vKvi cÖ_vf½ K‡i evB‡i G‡m Avq-†ivRMvi Kiv †evSv‡”Q; Abvo¤îÑ RuvKKgKnxb; evgybw`Ñ eªvþYw`wì msw¶ß i~c| Av‡M ivbœv ev M„nK‡g© †h eªvþYKb¨vMY wb‡qvwRZ n‡Zb Zv‡ì K_ïxwZ‡Z evgybw` WvKv n‡Zv; AcÖwZfÑ AcÖ ‘Z; ciw`b †_‡K †m Avi AvmZ bvÑ bv Avmvi KviY AvZ¥m¤§vb| ggZvw` UvKvi Rb¨ A‡bï evwo‡Z KvR wb‡q‡Q mZ¨| wKš‘ Zv‡K Am¤§vb Ki‡j ev m‡›`‡ni †Pv‡L †`L‡j wb‡R AcgvwbZ‡eva K‡i PvKwiZ¨v‡Mi mvnm Zvi wQj; nwii jyUÑ †èZv nwi‡K jywU‡q `vb Kiv Ges †mLvb †_‡K cÖPzi cÖmv` MÖnY Kiv|

cvV cwiwPwZ : gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi mixm„c (1939) MÖ‡š’i Aš—f©y³ ÔggZvw`Õ Mí| GB M‡í M„nK‡g© wb‡qvwRZ gvby‡li cÖwZ gvbweK AvPiY Kivi w`KwU cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q| ‹zj co–qv GKwU †Q‡j hLb †`‡L Zv‡ì evwo‡Z ggZvw` bv‡g GK M„nKgx© Av‡m, ZLb †m Avbw›`Z nq| Zv‡K wb‡Ri evwoi GKRb e‡j g‡b K‡i †Q‡jwU| ggZvwì msmv‡i Afve e‡jB gh©v`vm¤úbœ N‡ii bvix n‡qI Zv‡K Ac‡ii evwo‡Z KvR wb‡Z nq| GB AvZ¥gh©v`v‡eva Zvi memgqB mgybœZ wQj| †m wb‡R †hgb Avì I m¤§vb cÖZ¨vkx, †Zgwb Ab¨‡KI †mœn I fv‡jvevmv †èvi †¶‡Î Zvi g‡a¨ wØav wQj bv| ‹zj co–qv †Q‡jwU ZvB ggZvwì Kv‡Q †QvU fvB‡qi gh©v`v jvf K‡i| Zv‡K wbR evmvq wb‡q wM‡q h_vmvg_© Avc¨vqb K‡i ggZvw`| m¤§vb I mngwg©Zv wb‡q ggZvwì cv‡kI uvovq ‹zj co–qv H †Q‡j I Zvi cwievi| cÖK…Zc‡¶, Avgv‡ì M„nK‡g© hviv mnvqZv K‡i _v‡Kb Zv‡ì m‡½ †mŠnv © c~Y© m¤úK© ’vcb Kiv Ri“wi| AvZ¥m¤§vb‡eva Zv‡ìI Av‡Q| GB †eva‡K gvb¨ Ki‡j ZvivI M„n‡ ’i cwievi‡K wbR cwievi wn‡m‡e MY¨ Ki‡eb|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb †mœn-fv‡jvevmv Ôabx Mi‡ei mgvbÕÑG wel‡q GKwU Aby‡”Q` †jL|


eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| ggZvwì †eZb KZ UvKv wba©viY Kiv n‡qwQj?

K. 10 UvKv L. 12 UvKv M. 15 UvKv N. 18 UvKv

2| Po LvIqvi welqwU w`w` †Kb †Mvcb †i‡LwQ‡jb?

K. j¾v †c‡q L. AvZ¥ m¤§v‡bi Rb¨ M. wec‡ì AvksKvq N. PvKwi hvIqvi f‡q

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

gv gviv †M‡j wbivkªq †Kóv êgv‡Îq †evb Kv`w¤^wbi evwo‡Z Avkªq †bq| Zvi GB AbvKvw•¶Z AvMgb Kv`w¤^wb fv‡jvfv‡e †bqwb eis g‡b g‡b †m fxlY ALywk| Zv‡K w`‡q cÖwZwbqZ msmv‡ii bvbv KvR Kwi‡q wb‡”Q| Kvi‡Y AKvi‡Y Zz”Q welq wb‡q cÖvqB `ye©ënvi K‡i| wbi“cvq †Kóv mewKQy bxi‡e mn¨ K‡i|

3| †h wePv‡i †Kóv I ggZvw` GKm~‡Î Mvu_v Zv n‡jvÑ

i. `vwi ª ii. AmnvqZ¡ iii. wbivkªq


K. i. I ii L. ii I iii M. i. I iii N. i, ii I iii

4| GKm~‡Î Mvu_v m‡Ë¡I ggZvw` e¨wZµg nIqvi KviY| wZwbÑ

K. cwikªgx L. ¯^ífvlx M. mgqwbô N. mv`‡i M„nxZ

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ iv‡mj WªvBfvi wn‡m‡e †hgb `¶ †Zgwb mr| cÖ‡KŠkjx GgviZ mv‡ne Zv‡K e¨w³MZ WªvBfvi wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM †`b| BdwZ, mbvg I wkjv‡K ¯‹z‡j wb‡q hvIqv-AvmvB Zvi cÖavb KvR| N‡ii mevB I‡K fxlY fv‡jvev‡m| BdwZiv I‡K fvBqv e‡j Wv‡K, GKmv‡_ Lvq, Mí K‡i, †eov‡Z hvq| iv‡m‡ji cÖwZ mš—vb‡ì GB AvPi‡Y GgviZ mv‡ne fxlY Lywk|

K. ggZvwì eqm KZ wQj? L. ggZvwì †PvL mRj n‡q D‡VwQj †Kb? M. DÏxc‡K iv‡m‡ji gv‡S we`¨gvb ggZvwì we‡kl ¸YwU e¨vL¨v Ki| N. iv‡mj I ggZvwì cÖwZ `yB cwiev‡ii AvPi‡Yi dz‡U IVv w`KwU mvgvwRK msnwZ m„wó‡Z

KZUzKz cÖfvweZ K‡i? hyw³mn we‡k−lY Ki|


ingv‡bi gv i‡Yk `vk¸ß

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : i‡Yk `vk¸ß 1912 mv‡ji 12B Rvbyqvwi XvKvi †jŠnRs-Gi MvDcvov MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb Kwe Rxebvb›` `v‡ki wbKU AvZ¥xq wQ‡jb| i‡Yk `vk¸ß ZiyY eqm †_‡KB gvK©mev`x `k©‡b wek¦vmx ivR‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©x wQ‡jb| G wek¦v‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i MwVZ ÔXvKvÕ cÖMwZ †jLK I wkíx msNÕ-Gi cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb wZwb| 1947 mv‡j XvKvi Õc~e© cvwK¯—vb KwgDwb÷ cvwU©Õi wZwb wQ‡jb Ab¨Zg msMVK| 1948 mv‡ji evsjvfvlv Av‡›`vj‡b wZwb mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡ib Ges 13B gvP© †MÖdZvi nb| cvwK¯—vbwe‡ivax ivR‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©Kv‡Êi Rb¨ wZwb A‡bKevi KviveiY K‡ib| mvwnZ¨ PP©vqI wZwb D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Ae`vb iv‡Lb| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’¸‡jv n‡jv : wkíxi ¯^vaxbZvi cÖ‡kœ, Av‡jv w`‡q Av‡jv R¡vjv, Dcb¨v‡mi wkíi~c BZ¨vw`| 1997 mv‡ji 4Vv b‡f¤î wZwb g„Zz eiY K‡ib|]

GKvË‡ii gyw³hy‡× evsjv‡`k m‡egvÎ ¯^vaxb n‡q‡Q| hviv gyw³hy‡× cÖvY w`‡q‡Qb Zv‡ì ¯§„wZ ZLb Do‡Z †kLv cvwLi ev”Pvi g‡Zv, eywS Zv Abš— fwel¨‡Zi Awfmvix| `Lj`vi cvwK¯—vbx †mbvevwnbxi evQvBKiv Ly‡biv †h nvRvi nvRvi †g‡qi m¤£g bó K‡iwQj Zv‡ì exiv½bv ejv n‡”Q Ges Zviv mvgvwRKfv‡e mgvì cv‡”Qb| c‡_ cÖvš—‡i Qwo‡q _vKv K¼vj Avi K‡ivwU mwi‡q †djv n‡jI †m¸‡jv KviI gb †_‡K m‡i hvqwb| XvKvq knx` wgbv‡ii PZ¡i †_‡K ïi“ K‡i eywoM½vi euva ch©š— iv —vi Av‡kcv‡k `Lj`vi evwnbx Av¸b jvwM‡q †hme GjvKv cywo‡q w`‡qwQj †m¸‡jvi A½vi ZL‡bv †hb Kv‡jv Kv‡jv AvOy‡j kn‡ii AvKvk‡K weua‡Q| GB Ae ’vq 1971-Gi 26‡k gv‡P©i ^vaxbZv wè‡mi mg¯— Abyôv‡b HKvwš—KZvi m‡½ gyw³‡hv×v Avi exiv½bv‡ì m¤§vwbZ Kiv n‡”Q| knx`‡ì bv‡g GjvKvq GjvKvq Rq-RqKvi Kiv n‡”Q| GKB m‡½B we‡klfv‡e m¤§vb Rvbv‡bv n‡”Q knx`‡ì AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb‡KI|

gnvbMix‡Z mfv-mwgwZi GKUv eo AvKl©Y knx‡ì †Kv‡bv wcÖqRb‡K Dcw¯’Z Kiv| GB †iIqvR mvg‡b †i‡L XvKvi kniZwj‡Z GKUv gnj −vi Abyôv‡bi Avgš¿Ywjwc‡Z Rvbv‡bv n‡qwQj mfvq ingv‡bi gv Dcw ’Z _vK‡eb| 71-Gi 26‡k gv‡P©i iv‡Z gnj −vi PweŸk cuwPk eQ‡ii †Rvqvb †Q‡j Ave`yi ingvb Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi muv‡Rvqv evwnbxi wekvj X‡ji mvg‡b ivB‡dj wb‡q uvwo‡qwQj eo iv —vi fvOv‡Pviv bvbviKg wRwbmcÎ w`‡q ˆZwi GKUv e¨vwi‡K‡Wi †cQ‡b| ejv evûj¨, cÖvY w`‡qwQj| Zvi †cªŠp gv‡K GZw`b gnj−vi mevB Pzwc Pzwc mvš—¡bv Rvwb‡q AvmwQj| ¯^vaxbZvi c‡i Avi mvš—¡bv bq| Gevi m¤§vb ex‡ii gv wn‡m‡e cvIbv|

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ÔDn&& gv‡MvÕ e‡j jvd w`‡q m‡i hvB K‡qK nvZ| wd‡i †`wL GKRb RUvavix dwKi nvm‡Q Avgvi Ae¯’v †`‡L| GwM‡q G‡m †m e‡j, Ôfq †cwj bvwK ? `yw`b †L‡Z cvBwb| `y‡Uv cqmv †`|Õ ixwZg‡Zv Nvg w`‡q‡Q Avgv‡K| gyL w`‡q K_v †e‡ivq bv| Zey nv‡Z PvKz bv-_vKvi R‡b¨ dwKiUv‡K abëv` w`B g‡b-g‡b Avi c‡KU †_‡K `y‡Uv cqmv †ei K‡i Zvi w`‡K Qz‡o gvwi| †PŠi½x G‡m c‡owQ| GKUv †jvK nVvr Avgvi c_ AvM‡j ùvovq| e‡j, Ôd‡Uv Zzj‡eb ? Avmyb| GK UvKvq wZb Kwc|Õ †jvKUvi K_vi Reve bv w`‡q cvk KvwU‡q P‡j hvB| wKš‘ fzj n‡q †Mj| gvby‡li f‡q fxZ gvby‡li d‡UvUv Zz‡j ivLv DwPZ wQj Avgvi| GK cqmvi GKUv Ôcvwms †kvÕ wmMv‡iU wK‡b iwki Av¸‡b aiv‡Z hve, nVvr Kvi ¯ú‡k© wkD‡i DwV| †P‡q †`wL, Avgv‡ì myfvl gyPwK nvm‡Q| mncvVx eÜzi Avwj½‡b ey‡Ki †fZiUv †hb wf‡R I‡V| wKš‘ Ii eyKUv k³ jvMj bv ! Rvgvi Ici nvZ ivwL| ZvB †Zv ! myfvl †n‡m e‡j, ÔnvZ w`‡q †`LwQb Kx ?Õ Ô†`LwQ, gv‡bÑ‡Zvi eyKUv k³ jvM‡Q †Kb †i ?Õ Ôk³ jvM‡Q ûun&& ûu ! G wRwbK †`wLmwb KL‡bv| †jvnvi Zv‡ii †MwÄ| G‡Kev‡i bqv Avwe®‹vi| Ôbqv Avwe®‹vi|Õ Ônu v G eg© †f` Ki‡e PvKz ? DuûÑ! myfv‡li Rvgvi Ici nvZ w`‡q w`‡q AvuP Ki‡Z cvwi, †jvnvi Zvi w`‡q ˆZwi nvZvKvUv †MwÄ| g›` wRwbm bq| mnmv ANvZ K‡i wKQz Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| Avwg †n‡m ewj, ÔwK‡i PvKz-UvKz jyKv‡bv †bB †Zv ?Õ Ô†bB †Zv Kx ! wbÊqB Av‡Q| G¶zwb †Zvi ey‡K ewm‡q †è| ‡Zvi i³ w`‡q †duvUv-wZjK †K‡U Kvjxc~‡Rv Kie|Õ ÔGLv‡b Kx Kwim ?Õ Ôcwo AvU© ¯‹z‡j|Õ ÔAvU© ¯‹z‡j ! wVK Av‡Q| †kvb&&, †Zv‡K †Zv‡K GKUv Qwe AvuK‡Z n‡e| gvby‡li f‡q gvby‡li ‡Pnviv †Kgb nq, dzwU‡q Zzj‡Z n‡e †m Qwe‡Z| cviwe †Zv ?Õ ÔZv †`Le †Póv K‡i|Õ Av‡iv `y-GK K_v e‡j we‡`q nB ZvovZvwo| †nu‡U †nu‡U †PŠi½x ch©š— Avwm| wKš‘ cv Avi P‡j bv| Pjevi †Kv‡bv †nZz †bB †h ! †fv‡i hv †L‡qwQ, Avi G-ch©š— GK †cqvjv Pv-I bv| KvR©b cv‡K© e‡m cwo| †nu‡U hvIqv Am¤¢e| wfo Kg‡j ev‡mB hve| mv‡o QÕUvi mgq ev‡m GKUz RvqMv cvIqv hvq| cu-cu Ki‡Z Ki‡Z evm QzU‡Q| GZ wfo, evB‡ii wKQzB †`Lv hvq bv| eyS‡Z cviwQ bv, †Kvb&& iv¯— a‡i Pj‡Q Mvwo| eyg&&-g&&Ñ Avevi eyg&&Ñg&&Ñ fxlY kã| Kv‡b Zvjv †j‡M †M‡Q| ïb‡Z cvB bv wKQz| †kqv‡ji f‡h LuvPvi †gvi‡Mi g‡Zv KiwQ Avgiv| Zvici †Kvb&& w`K w`‡q †Kgb K‡i evmLvbv P‡j Gj, AZ †Lqvj †bB| K‡qKR‡bi gy‡L ïbjvg, ev‡micv`vwbi Ici †_‡K `yRb‡K `y‡c‡q †kqv‡j †U‡b wb‡q †M‡Q| Avi A‡b‡Ki nvZ-gyL bvKKvb wQu‡o †M‡Q †evgvi AvNv‡Z|


N‡ii Kv‡Q G‡mI Avi-GKevi wkD‡i DwV| A¶Z †`‡n ˆcZ…K cÖvYUv wb‡q wd‡i G‡mwQ Avwg| mÜ¨v n‡q †M‡Q| wkw_j kixiUv‡K †U‡b G‡b weQvbvq †X‡j w`B| gvby‡li gv‡S GKw`b P‡jB gyl‡o c‡owQ Avwg| Avgvi mg — ivM N„Yv AvR gvby‡li Ici| †PvL ey‡R fvewQ Ñ c`Z¨vMcÎUv cÖZ¨vnvi Kivi GL‡bv nq‡Zv mgq Av‡Q| Avgvi R‡b¨ eb-wefv‡Mi PvKwiUv fv‡jv| gvbyl Zvi gbyl¨Z¡ wb‡q kn‡i _vK| Avwg e‡b wM‡q Avevi ebgvbyl ne|

kãv_© I UxKv : wns¯ªvjq- wns¯ª cÖvwYi evm¯’vb; MjMÖwš’- Mjvi eÜwb| UvB (Tie); QvZjv- k¨vIjv, †`qv‡j Rgv cyiv‡bv gqjv; A¨vwÏb- G‡Zvw`b k‡ãi K_ïƒc; V¨vq‡iv- ùvovI; VvIiv‡jv- g‡b Kij; †PŠi½x- Pvi iv¯—vi wgjb¯’j| KwjKvZvi GKwU ¯’v‡bi bvg|

cvV cwiwPwZ : fviZ wefv‡Mi Av‡M 1946 mv‡j G AÂ‡j fqven wn›`y gymjgvb `v½v n‡qwQj| G mv¤úª`vwqK `v½vi cUf~wg‡Z ebgvbyl MíwU wjwLZ| G M‡íi †jLK ebwefv‡M mvgvb¨ †eZ‡b PvKwi Ki‡Zb| wZwb wØ¸Y †eZ‡b KwjKvZvq PvKzwi Ki‡Z Av‡mb| KwjKvZvq G‡m cÖ_‡g Zuvi wb‡R‡K mf¨ gvbyl g‡b n‡Z _v‡K| wKš‘ wZwb ZLb mv¤úª`vwqK nvbvnvwbi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z _v‡Kb| wZwb †`‡Lb G kn‡ii gvby‡liv a‡g©i bv‡g ci¯úi‡K wbg©gfv‡e nZ¨v Ki‡Q| e‡bi cï-cvwLivI G iKg ci¯úi‡K nZ¨v K‡i bv| ZLb †jLK Avevi eb wefv‡Mi PvKwi‡Z wd‡i hvIqvi wm×vš— †bb| †jL‡Ki Kv‡Q G Z_vKw_Z kn‡ii mf¨ gvbyl‡ì PvB‡Z e‡b emevmKvix‡ì AwaK MÖnY‡hvM¨ g‡b nq| G M‡íi †fZi w`‡q mv¤úª`vwqK ‡fèyw×i wei“‡× †jL‡Ki Zxeª N„Yv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|

Abykxjbx

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| †jLK †KvbwU‡K †MŠbKg© g‡b K‡ib ?

K. †KvU civ L. LvIqv M. ‡eZb N. Awd‡m hvIqv

2| ÔAuvavi †Q‡o Av‡jv‡KÕ GLv‡b †KvbwU‡K Auvavi ejv n‡q‡Q ?

K. kn‡i Rxeb L. AÜKvi Ae¯’v M. e‡bi Rxeb N. Av‡jvwKZ Ae¯’v


eb¨ †k‡l Zxeª Lv`¨msKU †`Lv †`q| G mgq wegvb G‡m iv¯—vfwZ© Lvevi †d‡j w`‡j gvbyl, cï, cvwL mevB ¶zav c~iY K‡ib| wKQzw`b ci AveviI wegvb Av‡m| Po~B `¤úwZ Zv †`‡L fxlY Lywk| GK mgq wegvb †_‡K †djv †evgvi AvNv‡Z gviv hvq gvbyl, cï, cvwL| aŸsm nq MvQcvjv| GLb H Po~B‡qi K‡É †kvbv hvq wQ ! wQ !! wQ !!!

3| DÏxc‡K dz‡U IVv †h w`KwU ÔebgvbylÕ M‡íi we‡kl w`K‡K Bw½Z K‡i, Zv n‡jv Ñ

i. AvaywbKZv ii. †bwZevPK g‡bvfve iii. mf¨Zvi gy‡Lvk


wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK ?


4| Po~B‡qi Abyf~wZi mv‡_ †jL‡Ki GKvZ¥Zv cÖKv‡k †Kvb e³e¨wU h_v_© ?

K. AbyKiY I Abymi‡Yi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †ek Dc‡fv‡Mi| L. mvR-†cvkvKB Avgv‡ì mf¨Zvi gvcKvwV| M. ARvbv-A‡Pbvq G iKg †KvjvKzwj eo `yj©f| N. Avwg e‡b wM‡q Avevi ebgvbyl ne|

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :

MÖx‡®§i QzwU‡Z gwbi Zvi gvgvi evwo KjKvZvq †eov‡Z †Mj| wKš‘ K‡qKw`b †h‡Z bv †h‡ZB gvgvevwo Zvi Kv‡Q Amn¨ n‡q DVj| gvgv, gvgx, gvgv‡Zv fvB-‡evbiv Zvi mv‡_ fvjfv‡e K_v ejZ bv| gvgx Zvi Øviv A‡bK KvR Kwi‡q †bqv ïi“ Kij| gvgvevwoi e× †`qvj Zvi Kv‡Q †RjLvbv g‡b nj| Zvi evievi g‡b co‡Z jvMj †d‡j Avmv MÖv‡gi weivU meyR gvV, b`x, eÜz-evÜe, AvcbR‡bi †Pnviv|

K. ag©N‡Ui Rb¨ Kx eÜ n‡qwQj ?

L. K_K e‡b wM‡q Avevi ebgvbyl n‡Z Pvq †Kb ?

M. DÏxc‡Ki †h fvewU ÔebgvbylÕ M‡í cvIqv hvq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. DÏxc‡Ki gwb †hb ÔebgvbylÕ M‡íi K_‡KiB cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Q Ñ Dw³wU hyw³mn eywS‡q †jL|


GKvË‡ii w`b¸wj Rvnvbviv Bgvg [†jLK cwiwPwZ : Rvnvbviv Bgvg 1923 mv‡ji 3iv †g gywk© vev‡ì my›ìcyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg ˆmq`v Avãyj Avjx| wZwb wWcywU g¨vwR‡÷ªU wQ‡jb| Rvnvbviv Bgvg 1947 mv‡j KjKvZvi †jwW †eª‡evY© K‡jR †_‡K we.G. cvk K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z wZwb XvKvi wm‡×k¦ix Mvjm© ¯‹z‡j cÖavb wk¶‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| G mgq wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K we.GW I evsjvq Gg.G wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib Ges XvKv wUPvm© †Uªwbs K‡j‡R Aa¨vcbv Ki‡b| 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy‡× Zuvi cÖ_g mš—vb iygx †hvM`vb K‡ib| iygx I Zuvi mn‡hv×v‡ì wewfbœ Acv‡ik‡b Rvnvbviv Bgvg mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib| GQvov gyw³‡hv×v‡ì AvkÖq, Lv‡`ï †hvMvb, Mvwo‡Z A ¿ Avbv-‡bIqv Ges Zv hy×‡¶‡Î †cuŠ‡Q †Ìqv, Lei Av`vb-cÖ vb- BZ¨Kvi Kg©Kv‡Ê wZwb me©vš—Ki‡Y AskMÖnY K‡ib| hy‡×i †klw`‡K i~gx kwn` nb| Rvnvbviv Bgvg nb Avgv‡ì kwn` Rbbx| gyw³hy‡×i Dci ¯§„wZPviYg~jK Zuvi AmvaviY GB ÔGKvË‡ii w`b¸wjÕ me©Î mgv „Z| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ MÖš’ ‡jv n‡jv : MRK”Qc, mvZwU Zvivi wSwKwgwK, K¨vÝv‡ii m‡½ emevm, cÖev‡mi w`b¸wj BZ¨vw`| mvwnZ¨K‡g© Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| GKvË‡ii NvZK, `vjvj, ivRvKvi, Avjeì, Avjmg&&k‡ì kvw —i `vwe‡Z wZwb Avg„Zz msMÖvg K‡i‡Qb| 1994 mv‡ji 26 †k Ryb GB gnxqmx bvix ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib|] 13B GwcÖj : g½jevi 1971 Pviw`b a‡i e„wó| kwbevi iv‡Z wK gyljav‡iB †h n‡jv, †iveevi †Zv mviv w`bfi GKUvbv| MZKvj mKv‡ji ci e„wó _vg‡jI mviv w`b AvKvk †gNjv wQj| gv‡S gv‡S †iv` †`Lv †M‡Q| gv‡S gv‡S GK ckjv e„wó| Rvgx Qov KvUwQj, Ô†iv` nq e„wó nq, Lu¨vK-wkqvwji we‡q nq|Õ wKš‘ Avgvi g‡b cvlvYfvi| GLb mÜ¨vi ci e„wó †bB, NbNb †gN WvK‡Q Avi we`y¨r PgKv‡”Q| emvi N‡i e‡m Rvbvjv w`‡q ZvwK‡q fvewQjvg, Avgvi Rxe‡bI GZw`‡b mwZ¨ mwZ¨ `y‡h©v‡Mi †gN Nb n‡q Avm‡Q| GB iKg mg‡q Kwig G‡m XyKj N‡i, mvg‡b †mvdvq e‡m ejj, dzdyRvb G cvovi A‡b‡KB P‡j hv‡”Q evwo †Q‡o| Avcbviv †Kv_vI hv‡eb bv ?Õ

Ô†Kv_vq hve ? AÜ, ey‡ov k¦ïi‡K wb‡q †Kgb K‡i hve ? wKš‘ G cvov †Q‡o †jv‡K hv‡”Q †Kb ? GLv‡b †Zv †Kv‡bv fq †bB !Õ

Ô†bB, gv‡b ? †cQ‡b GZ Kv‡Q wek¦we`¨vj‡qi nj¸‡jvÑÕ

Ônj †Zv me Lvwj, weivb, hv nevi Zv‡Zv cÖ_g `yw`‡bB n‡q †M‡Q| Rv‡bv evey‡ì evwo‡Z Zvi gvgvi evwoi mevB G‡m D‡V‡Q kvwš—bMi †_‡K ?Õ

ÔZvB bvwK ? Avgiv †Zv fvewQjvg kvwš—bM‡i Avgvi `yjvfvB‡qi evmvq hve|Õ

ÔZvn‡jB †`LÑfqUv Avm‡j g‡b| kvwš—bM‡ii gvbyl Gwjd¨v›U †iv‡W Avm‡Q wgwjUvwii nvZ †_‡K cvjv‡Z, Avevi Zzwg Gwjd¨v›U †ivW †_‡K kvwš—bM‡iB †h‡Z Pv”Q wbivcËvi Kvi‡Y|Õ

hyw³Uv ey‡S Kwig gv_v bvoj, ÔLye `vwg K_v e‡j‡Qb dzdzRvb| Avm‡j hv Kcv‡j Av‡Q Zv n‡eB| bB‡j `¨v‡Lb bv, XvKvi gvbyl Lv‡gvKv wRwÄivq †Mj ¸wj †L‡q gi‡Z| Av‡iv GKUv K_v ï‡b‡Qb dzdzRvb ? b`x‡Z bvwK cÖPzi jvk †f‡m hv‡”Q| †cQ‡b nvZ euvav, ¸wj‡Z giv jvk|Õ


wkD‡i D‡V ejjvg, Ô†ivRB ïbwQ Kwig| †hLv‡bB hvB GQvov Avi K_v †bB| K‡qKw`b Av‡M ïbjvg UªvKfwZ© K‡i Zz‡j wb‡q hv‡”Q nvZ Avi †PvL †eu‡a, K‡Zv †jv‡K †`‡L‡Q| GLb ïbwQ mìNvU, †mvqvixNv‡U bvwK ùvov‡bv hvq bv cPv jv‡ki `yM©‡Ü| gvQ LvIqvB ev` w`‡qwQ GR‡b¨|Õ

10†k †g : †mvgevi 1971 †ek wKQzw`b evMv‡bi w`‡K bRi †Ìqv nq wb| AvR mKv‡j bvkZv Lvevi ci ZvB evMv‡b †Mjvg| evMv‡b †ek KUv nvB-weªW wU-†iv‡Ri MvQ Av‡Q| GB ai‡bi †Mvjvc Mv‡Qi Lye †ewk hZœ Ki‡Z nqÑhv MZ `ygv‡m nqwb| Lyiwc nv‡Z Kv‡R jvMvi Av‡M MvQ¸‡jvi w`‡K ZvwK‡q †`Ljvg| gvL‡bi g‡Zv i‡Oi ÔwcmÕ A_©vr Ôkvwš—Õ| Kvj‡P-†gi“i Ôewb wcÖÝÕ Avi ÔGbv nvK©‡bm| wd‡K I Mvp †e¸wb i‡Oi Ôwm‡gvbÕ Avi Ôj¨v‡fÛvi|Õ njy` ÔeyKvwbqviÕ, mv`v Ôcvm&KvwjÕ|

ewb wcÖÝ-Gi Ava‡dvUv KwjwU GL‡bv Avgvi †eW-mvBW †Uwe‡j Kvwj`vwb‡Z i‡q‡Q| Kwj Aek¨ Avi †bB, dz‡U †M‡Q Ges cÖvq S‡i covi Ae¯’v| ÔwcmÕ-Gi MvQUvq GKUv Kwj †Kej G‡m‡QÑhwÌ mviv‡`k †_‡K ÔwcmÕ DavI|

evMvb Kiv GKUv †bkv| G †bkvq `ytL-Kó LvwbK¶Y fy‡j _vKv hvq| MZ K‡qK gvm a‡i †bkvUvi K_v fveeviB AeKvk cvB wb| GLb fqvbK wew¶ß gb‡K e¨ — ivLvi Mi‡RB †eva Kwi †bkvUvi K_v Avgvi g‡b c‡o‡Q|

12B †g : eyaevi 1971 Rvgxi ¯‹zj Ly‡j‡Q w`b `yB n‡jv| miKvi GLb ¯‹zj-K‡jR †Rvi K‡i †Lvjvi eë ’v Ki‡Q| GK Zvwi‡L cÖvBgvwi ¯‹zj †Lvjvi ûKzg n‡q‡Q, bq Zvwi‡L gva¨wgK ¯‹zj|

Rvgx ¯‹z‡j hv‡”Q bv| hv‡e bv| kixd, Avwg, i“gx, Rvgx-PviR‡b e‡m Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv K‡i Av‡MB wVK K‡i †i‡LwQjvg ¯‹zj Lyj‡jI ¯‹z‡j hvIqv n‡e bv| †`k wKQzB ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Pj‡Q bv, †`‡k GLb hy×ve¯’v| †`kevmxi Ici nvbv`vi cvwK¯—vwb Rv‡bvqvi‡ì Pj‡Q wbg©g wb‡®úl‡Yi w÷g‡ivjvi| GB Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv Qv‡Îi DwPZ bq eB-LvZv eM‡j ¯‹z‡j hvIqv|

Rvgx Aek¨ evwo‡Z cov‡kvbv Ki‡Q| Gevi I `kg †kªwYi QvÎ| i“gx hZw`b Av‡Q, I‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| Zvici kixd Avi Avwg-†h hZUv cvwi|

Rvgx Zvi ywZbRb eÜzi mv‡_ wVK K‡i‡Q Ñ Iiv GKm‡½ e‡m Av‡jvPbv K‡i cov‡kvbv Ki‡e| GUv †ek fv‡jv eë¯’v, covI n‡e, mgqUvI fv‡jv KvU‡e| Aei“× wbw®ŒqZvq Iiv nuvwc‡q DV‡e bv|

17B †g : †mvgevi 1971 †iwWI-wUwf‡Z weL¨vZ I c`¯’ e¨w³‡ì a‡i wb‡q †cÖvMÖvg Kwi‡qI ÔKZ©v‡ìÕ †Zgb myweav n‡”Q bv †eva nq ! ZvB GLb eyw×Rxex I wkíx‡ì a‡i a‡i Zv‡ì w`‡q Le‡ii KvM‡R wee„wZ †Ìqv‡bvi K~U‡KŠkj ïi“ n‡q‡Q| AvR‡Ki KvM‡R 55 Rb eyw×Rxex I wkíxi bvg w`‡q GK wee„wZ †ewi‡q‡Q| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †Kv‡bv wUPvi, †iwWI-wUwfi †Kv‡bv Kg©KZ©v I wkíxi bvg ev` †M‡Q e‡j g‡b n‡”Q bv| Gu‡ì g‡a¨ †KD †KD mvb‡›` Ges mvMÖ‡n mB w`‡jI †ewkifvM eyw×Rxex I wkíx †h †eq‡b‡Ui gy‡L mB w`‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Qb, Zv‡Z Avgvi †Kvb m‡›`n †bB| Avi †h wee„wZ Zv‡ì bv‡g †ewi‡q‡Q, †mUv †h Zuviv A‡b‡K bv †`‡LB mB Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q, Zv‡ZI Avgvi m‡›`n †bB| AvR mKv‡ji KvM‡R wee„wZwU cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv c‡o Zuviv wbÊq ¯—w¤¢Z n‡q e‡m iB‡eb LvwbK¶Y ! Ges


ej‡eb, aiYx wØav nI ! GiKg wbj©¾ wg_¨vfvl‡Y fiv wee„wZ ¯^qs †Mv‡qejmI wjL‡Z cvi‡Zb wKbv m‡›`n| GB c~e© evsjvi †Kvb cÖwZfvai wee„wZwU ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb, Rvb‡Z eo B‡”Q n‡”Q|

25B †g : g½jevi 1971 AvR we‡ ªvnx Kwe KvRx bRi“j Bmjv‡gi Rb¥Rqš—x| †ek kvb-kIK‡Zi m‡½ cvwjZ n‡”Q XvKvq| GgbwK BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb ch©š— GKUv Abyôvb Ki‡Q|

mÜ¨vi ci wUwfi mvg‡b e‡mwQjvg, Rvgx wmuwoi gv_v †_‡K gyL evwo‡q WvKj, Ôgv wkMwMi Gm| bZzb †cÖvMÖvg|Õ

†`Š‡o Ic‡i †Mjvg, ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZv‡i evsjv msev` cvV Ki‡Q bZzb GK KÉ¯î| LvwbK †kvbvi ci †Pbv †Pbv †VKj wKš‘ wVK wP‡b DV‡Z cvijvg bv| mv‡jn Avng` bvgUv Av‡M KL‡bv ïwb wb| i“gx ejj, ÔwbÊq QÙbvg|Õ

ejjvg, Ôn‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e XvKviB †jvK G| GB XvKv‡ZB GB Mjv ï‡bwQ| nq bvUK, bq Ave„wË|Õ GBme M‡elYv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z evsjv msev` cvV †kl| AvR‡Ki †cÖvMÖv‡gI †ek bZzbZ¡| KÉ îI meB bZzb ïbwQ| GKRb GKUv Kw_Kv co‡jbÑPigcÎ| †ek gRv jvMj ïb‡Z, ï× fvlvq ej‡Z ej‡Z nVvr †k‡li w`‡K G‡°ev‡i LuvwU XvKvBqv fvlv‡Z y‡Uv jvBb e‡j †kl Ki‡jb|

A™¢yZ †Zv| wKš‘ GLv‡b AvjwU‡gUv‡gi g‡Zv wKQz †Zv †evSv †Mj bv| kixd ejj, ÔH †h ejj bv GKevi hLb G †`‡ki Kv`vq cv Wywe‡qQ, Avi i‡¶ †bB| MvRywiqv gvB‡ii †Pv‡U g‡i Kv`vi g‡a¨ ï‡q _vK‡Z n‡e, GUv AvjwU‡gUvg|Õ ÔwK Rvwb|Õ Rvgx Rvb‡Z PvBj, ÔMvRywiqv gvBi wK wRwbm ?Õ i“gx ejj, ÔRvwb bv| Avgvi XvKvBqv eÜz KvD‡K wR‡M¨m K‡i †be|Õ H †h gyw³‡dŠ‡Ri †Mwijv ZrciZvi K_v ejj Ñ XvKvi QÕRvqMvq †MÖ‡bW †d‡U‡Q, Avgiv †Zv mvZ AvUw`b Av‡M G iKg †evgv dvUvi K_v ï‡bwQjvg, wKš‘ wVK wek¦vm Kwi wb| e¨vcviUv Zvn‡j mwZ¨ ? Avgvi mviv kix‡i KuvUv w`‡q DVj| e¨vcviUv Zvn‡j mwZ¨ ! mwZ¨ mwZ¨ Zvn‡j XvKvi Avbv‡P-Kvbv‡P gyw³‡dŠ‡Ri †Mwijviv cÖwZNv‡Zi †QvU †QvU ùzwj½ R¡vjv‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Q ? GZw`b RvbwQjvg eW©vi‡Nulv AÂj¸‡jv‡ZB †Mwijv ZrciZv| GLb Zvn‡j †Lv` XvKv‡ZI ?

gyw³‡dŠR ! K_vUv GZ fvwi †h GB iKg AZ¨vPvix ˆmb¨ w`‡q †Niv Aei“× XvKv kn‡i e‡m gyw³‡dŠR kãUv ïb‡jI †Kgb †hb Awek¦vm¨ g‡b nq| Avevi H Awek¦v‡mi †fZi †_‡K GKUv Avkv, GKUv fimvi fve ax‡i ax‡i g‡bi †Kv‡Y †R‡M DV‡Z _v‡K|

5B †m‡Þ¤î : iweevi 1971 GKUv KwVb wel‡q wm×vš— †bevi e¨vcv‡i MZ `yw`b †_‡K kixd Avi Avwg Lye wØavØ‡›Ø fyMwQ| i“gx‡K wK K‡i †ei K‡i Avbv hvq, Zv wb‡q kix‡di eÜzevÜe bvbviKg wPš—vfvebv Ki‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ euvKv Avi dwK‡ii gZ n‡jv : †h †Kvb cÖKv‡i i“gx‡K D×v‡ii †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e| euvKv Avi dwKi g‡b Ki‡Q Ñ kixd‡K w`‡q i“gxi cÖvYwf¶v †P‡q GKUv gvwm© wcwUkb Kwi‡q Z`wei Ki‡j i“gx nq‡Zv Qvov †c‡q †h‡ZI cv‡i|


i“gxi †kv‡K Avwg cÖ_g †Pv‡U ÔZvB Kiv †nvKÕ e‡jwQjvg| wKš‘ kixd ivwR n‡Z cvi‡Q bv| †h mvgwiK Rvš—vi wei“‡× i“gx gyw³hy‡× †hvM w`‡q‡Q, †mB miKv‡ii Kv‡Q gvwm© wcwUkb Ki‡j i“gx †mUv †gv‡UI cQ›` Ki‡e bv Ges i“gx Zvn‡j Avgv‡ì †Kv‡bvw`bI ¶gv Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| euvKv I dwKi A‡bKfv‡e kixd‡K eywS‡q‡Q Ñ †Q‡ji cÖvYUv Av‡M| i“gxi g‡Zv Ggb AmvaviY †gavex †Q‡ji cÖvY euvP‡j †`‡kiI g½j| wKš‘ kixd Zey gZ w`‡Z cvi‡Q bv| Lybx miKv‡ii Kv‡Q i“gxi cÖvYwf¶v †P‡q `qvwf¶v Kiv gv‡bB i“gxi Av`k©‡K Acgvb Kiv, i“gxi DuPz gv_v †nuU Kiv| MZ `yivZ kixd Ny‡gvq wb, Avwg GKevi e‡jwQ, Ô†Zvgvi K_vB wVK| H Lybx miKv‡ii Kv‡Q gvwm© wcwUkb Kiv hvq bv|Õ Avevi LvwbK c‡i †Ku‡` AvKzj n‡q e‡jwQ, Ôbv, gvwm© wcwUkb Ki|Õ

GBfv‡e wØavØ‡›Ø †K‡U‡Q yw`b yivZ| †kl ch©š— kixd wm×vš— wb‡q‡Q Ñ bv, gvwm© wcwUkb †m Ki‡e bv| †Pv‡Li R‡j fvm‡Z fvm‡Z AvwgI kix‡di gZ‡K mg_©b K‡iwQ| i“gx‡K Ab¨fv‡e †ei K‡i Avbvi hZiKg †Póv Av‡Q, me Kiv n‡e; wKš‘ gvwm© wcwUkb K‡i bq|

11B A‡±vei : †mvgevi 1971 kixd ejj, Ô†mB †h gvm Lv‡bK Av‡M KvM‡R c‡owQjvg d¬vBU †jd‡Ub¨v›U gwZqyi ingv‡bi K_v, Zvi m¤^‡Ü AvR ï‡b Gjvg|Õ ÔKx ï‡b G‡j ? †Kv_vq ïb‡j ?Õ ÔWvt ivweŸi Kv‡Q| ivweŸ Ñ Rv‡bv‡Zv, Avgv‡ì myRvi fv‡¯—|Õ kix‡di GK BwÄwbqvi eÜz myRv mv‡ne, Zuvi fv‡¯— Wvt dR‡j ivweŸ| kixd ejj, ÔAvR dwK‡ii Awd‡m †MwQjvg, ILv‡b ivweŸi m‡½ †`Lv| Ii gy‡LB ïbjvg gwZqyi ingv‡bi d¨vwgwj 29 †m‡Þ¤î KivwP †_‡K XvKv G‡m‡Q| gwZqyi ingv‡bi k¦ïi ¸jkv‡bi GK evwo‡Z _v‡Kb| †mBLv‡b 30 Zvwi‡L gwZqy‡ii Pwj−kv n‡q‡Q| ivweŸ wM‡qwQj Pwj −kvq| wg‡mm gwZqyi bvwK evsjv wefv‡Mi gwbi“¾vgv‡bi kvjx|Õ

ÔAvgv‡ì m¨vi gwbi“¾vgv‡bi ? Zvi gv‡b Wwji †evb ? ùvovI, ùvovI Ñ GB †evb‡K †Zv †`‡LwQ Wwj‡ì evmvq Ñ wgwj Gi bvg|Õ

Wwji K_v g‡b c‡o gbUv Lvic n‡q †Mj| Wwj, gwbi“¾vgvb m¨vi, I‡ì †Kv‡bv †LuvRB Rvwb bv| y‡Uv ev”Pv wb‡q †Kv_vq †h †f‡m †f‡m †eov‡”Q Ñ †K Rv‡b| Icv‡iI hvq wb, †M‡j †eZv‡i wbÊq

Mjv ïb‡Z †cZvg| ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZv‡i eû cwiwPZR‡bi Mjv ïwb, Zviv QÙbvg eënvi K‡i, wKš‘ Mjv ï‡b wPb‡Z cvwi| cÖ_g †hw`b ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZv‡i mv‡jn Avng‡ì K‡É Lei ïwb, Lye †Pbv-†Pbv †j‡MwQj, y GKw`b c‡iB wP‡bwQjvg Ñ †m KÉ nvmvb Bgv‡gi| Bs‡iwR Lei I fvl¨ cÖPvi K‡i hviv, †mB Avey †gvnv¤§` Avjx I Avn‡g` †PŠayix n‡jv Avjx hv‡Ki Avi AvjgMxi Kwei| MvqK‡ì Mjv †Zv mn‡RB †Pbv hvq-i_x›`ªbv_ ivq, Ave`yj ReŸvi, AwRZ ivq, B›`ª‡gvnb ivReskx, nijvj ivq| Kw_Kvq ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb, Kvgi“j nvmvb, d‡qR Avng` cÖvq mK‡jiB Mjv ï‡b eyS‡Z cvwi| bvU‡K ivRy Avn‡g`, gvayix P‡Ævcva¨vq Ñ G‡ì mevi MjvB GK jngvq ey‡S hvB|

16 wW‡m¤î : e„n¯úwZevi 1971 AvR mKvj bUv ch©š— †h AvKvkhy× weiwZi K_v wQj, †mUv we‡K‡j wZb‡U ch©š— evov‡bv n‡q‡Q| `ycyi †_‡K mviv kn‡i fxlY PvÂj¨ I D‡ËRbv| cvwK —vwb Avwg© bvwK mv‡iÛvi Ki‡e we‡K‡j| mKvj †_‡K Kwjg, û`v, jyjy hvivB G‡jv mevi gy‡LB GK K_v| `‡j `‡j †jvK Rq evsjv aŸwb Zz‡j iv¯—vq †ewi‡q c‡o‡Q KviwdD D‡c¶v K‡i| cvwK —vwb †mbviv, wenvwiiv mevB bvwK cvjv‡”Q| cvjv‡Z


cvjv‡Z c‡_Nv‡U G‡jvcv_vwo ¸wj K‡i eû evOvwj‡K Lyb-RLg K‡i hv‡”Q| gÄyi G‡jb Zuvi `yB †g‡q‡K wb‡q, Mvwoi †fZ‡i evsjv‡`‡ki cZvKv wewQ‡q| wZwbI H GK K_vB ej‡jb| ev`kv G‡m ejj, Gwjd¨v›U †iv‡Wi AvwRR †gvUi‡mi gwjK Lvb Rx‡c K‡i cvjvevi mgq †ec‡ivqv ¸wj Pvwj‡q iv —vi eû †jvK RLg K‡i‡Q|

gÄyi hvevi mgq cvZvKvUv Avgv‡K w`‡q †M‡jb| ej‡jb, ÔAvR hw` mv‡iÛvi nq, Kvj mKv‡j G‡m cvZvKvUv Zzje|Õ

AvR kix‡di KzjLvwb| Avgvi evmvq huviv Av‡Qb, ZuvivB mKvj †_‡K †`vqv ì“` Kzj co‡Qb| cvovi mevB‡K ejv n‡q‡Q ev` gvM‡ie wgjv‡` Avm‡Z| G.†K.Lvb, mvby, gÄy, LyKz mevB we‡Kj †_‡KB G‡m Kzj co‡Q|

†Rbv‡ij wbqvRx beŸB nvRvi cvwK¯—vwb ˆmb¨ wb‡q AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡i‡Q AvR we‡Kj wZb‡Ui mgq|

hy× Zvn‡j †kl ? Zvn‡j Avi Kv‡ì Rb¨ me im` Rwg‡q ivLe ?

Avwg †M÷i“‡gi Zvjv Ly‡j Pvj, wPwb, wN, Mig gmjv †ei Kijvg KzjLvwbi R ©v euvaevi Rb¨| gv, jvjy, Ab¨vb¨ evwoi M„wnYxiv mevB wg‡j R`©v iuva‡Z em‡jb|

iv‡Zi ivbœvi RbÏ Pvj, Wvj, Avjy, †cuqvR BZ¨vw` GLvb †_‡KB w`jvg| AvMvgxKvj mKv‡ji bvkZvi RbÏ gq`v, wN, mywR, wPwb, Mig gmjv GLvb †_‡KB †ei K‡i ivLjvg|

kãv_© I UxKv : Rvgx Ñ †jwLKvi †QvU †Q‡j; weivb Ñ Rbgvbenxb, cwiZ¨³, duvKv; Lyiwc Ñ gvwU †Luvovi Rb¨ eën„Z GKcÖKvi †QvU Lš—; kixd Ñ †jwLKvi ^vgx, iygx Ñ Rvgxi evev; Aeiy× wbw®ŒqZv Ñ iy× ev AvUK Ae ’vq Kg©nxb; K~U‡KŠkj Ñ PZziZv, `ye©yw×; †eq‡bU Ñ e› y‡Ki mw½b, GLv‡b e›`y‡Ki AMÖfv‡M jvMv‡bv GKcÖKvi welv³ I avivj †Qviv †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q; ¯—w¤¢Z Ñ nZevK, wew¯§Z; †Mv‡qejm (1897-1945) Ñ Rvg©vwb esk™¢~Z wnUjv‡ii mn‡hvMx, ivRbxwZ‡Z cÖwZwnsmv I wg_¨v iUbvi cÖeZ©b; Kw_Kv Ñ wbw`©ó I ¶z`ª cwim‡i eY©bvZ¥K iPbv; PigcÎ Ñ g„Zz i c~e©mg‡q wjwLZ Dc‡`k, †klev‡ii g‡Zv mZK© K‡i †Ìqvi Rb¨ †cÖwiZ cÎ, 1971 mv‡ji gyw&KZhy‡× gyw³‡hv×v I †`kevmx‡K Aby‡cÖiYv †Ìqvi Rb¨ ¯^vaxbevsjv †eZvi‡K›`ª †_‡K nvbv`vi evwnbxi AcK…wZ I gyw³‡hv×v‡ì mvdj¨ wb‡q nvmïmvZ¥K Kw_Kv cÖPvwiZ n‡Zv| GB Kw_Kv¸‡jv PigcÎ bv‡g L¨vZ; AvjwU‡gUvg Ñ mgq wba©viY; MvRywiqv gvBi Ñ MRvwi Kv‡Vi g‡Zv k³ I fvix Kv‡Vi jvwV w`‡q gvi †Ìqv; gvwm© wcwUkb Ñ kvw¯— †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ †P‡q Av‡e`b; jngvq Ñ gyn~‡Z©|

cvV cwiwPwZ : Rvnvbviv Bgvg iwPZ GKvË‡ii w`b¸wj kxl©K w`bcwÄi AvvK‡i iwPZ gyw³hy× wb‡q ¯§„wZPviYg~jK iPbv †_‡K cvV¨fz³ AskUzKz M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| kwn` Rbbx Rvnvbviv Bgvg gyw³hy‡× Zuvi mš—vb i“gx‡K nvwi‡q‡Qb| GB iPbvq Mfxi †e`bvi m‡½ Avfv‡m-Bw½‡Z wZwb Zuvi ü`‡qi i³¶i‡Yi hš¿Yv e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| cwÊg cvwK¯—vwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi AZwK©Z nvgjvq cÖ_‡gB XvKvi bMi-Rxeb wek„•Ljv n‡q c‡owQj| wkï-wK‡kviiv ¯‹z‡j hv‡e bv| wKš‘ nvbv`vi evwnbx †Rvi K‡i ¯‹zj-K‡jR †Lvjv ivL‡e; weL¨vZ e¨w³‡ì wb‡q †Rvi K‡i †iwWI-wUwf‡Z wee„wZ cÖ vb Kiv‡e; Avi nZ¨v-jyÉb-AwMœ ms‡hvM †Zv Av‡QbÑGB wQj †mB `ytmg‡q XvKvi Ae¯’v| †mB `ywe©mn Ae¯’vi gg© š— weeiY cvIqvi GB ¯§„wZPvi‡Y| we‡kl K‡i Mf©RvZ mš—vb i“gx‡K euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ nvbv`vi evwnbxi Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv ¶gv cÖv_©bv bv K‡i †h AvZ¥gh©v`v I ¯^vaxKvi †PZbvi cwiPq †Ìqv n‡q‡Q Zv ZzjbviwnZ|


Abykxjbx

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| gyw³hy‡×i mgq †g gv‡mi †Kvb Zvwi‡L gva¨wgK ¯‹zj †Lvjvi K_v ejv n‡qwQj ?

K. AvU ZvwiL L. bq ZvwiL M. `k ZvwiL N. GMv‡iv ZvwiL

2| Ôwbj©¾ wg_¨vfvl‡Y fiv wee„wZÕ ej‡Z Kx eyS ? K. wee„wZ †Ìqv‡bvi KzU‡KŠkj L. †eqb‡Ui gy‡L †Ìqv wee„wZ M. †Mv‡qejm Gi gZ wee„wZ N. eyw×Rxex I wkíxi †Ìqv wee„wZ

DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jv DËi `vI : ûgvqyb Avn‡g‡ì ÔAv¸‡bi cikgwbÕ Dcb¨v‡m ew` gyw³‡hv×v KgvÛvi| ew` XvKv‡K gy³ Kivi

Rb¨ †Mwijv evwnbx‡K msMwVZ K‡i| †`k wech©¯— e‡j mvaviY cwiev‡ii m`mïv cwievi‡K Rvwb‡q wKsev bv Rvwb‡q gyw³hy‡× hvq| gyw³‡hv×v‡ì cÖZ¨vkv Ges Zv‡ì cwiev‡ii cÖZ¨vkv wQj †`k †hb ZvovZvwo kÎ“gy³ nq|

3| DÏxc‡Ki Abyfe ÔGKvË‡ii w`b¸wjÕi †Kvb w`KwU‡K D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i‡Q ? i i“wgi hy‡× hvIqv ii i“wgi evevi DrKÉv iii i“wgi gv‡qi DrKÉv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. iii

4| DÏxc‡Ki AbyfewU ÔGKvË‡ii w`b¸wjÕi †Kvb D×…wZi m‡½ mv`„k¨c~Y©| K. i“wg‡K Ab¨fv‡e †ei K‡i Avbvi †Póv Kiv n‡e; wKš‘ gvwm© wcwUkb K‡i bq| L. †h †Kv‡bv cÖKv‡i i“wg‡K D×v‡ii †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e| M. Lybx miKv‡ii Kv‡Q i“wgi cÖvY wf¶v †P‡q `qv wf¶v Kiv gv‡bB i“wgi Av`k©‡K Acgvb

Kiv| N. i“wgi g‡Zv Ggb AmvaviY †gavex †Q‡ji cÖvY euvP‡j †`‡kiI g½j|

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K›`ª gyw³‡hv×v‡ì D¾xweZ Ki‡Z †bc_¨ f~wgKv †i‡LwQj| Zv‡iK gvmy Ôgyw³i MvbÕ cÖgvY¨wP‡Î †`wL‡q‡Qb wkíxiv wewfbœ gyw³hy‡×i K¨v‡¤ú wM‡q gyw³‡hv×v‡ì D¾xweZ Ki‡Qb| hy× †Kej gyw³‡hv×viv K‡iwb| G hy‡× wkíx, KjvKzkjx I kã ˆmwb‡Ki f~wgKvI wQj|

K. hy‡×i mgq Rvgx †Kvb †kÖwYi QvÎ wQj ? L. ÔwbqvRxi AvZ¥mgc©Y Avb‡›ì wKš‘ kix‡di KzjLvwb †e`bviÕ †Kb ? eywS‡q †jL| M. DÏxc‡Ki fvebv ÔGKvË‡ii w`b¸wjÕi †Kvb w`K‡K D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i‡Q ? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxc‡Ki Abyfe ÔGKvË‡ii w`b¸wjÕi mgMÖ Abyfe‡K aviY K‡i wK ? g~j¨vqb Ki|


¯^vaxbZv Avgvi ¯^vaxbZv ggZvRD`&& xb Avng`

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : ggZvR D``xb Avng` 18B Rvbyqvwi 1935 mv‡j cwÊge‡½i gvj`‡n Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv Kwjg D``xb Avng` Ges gvZv mwLbv LvZzb| wZwb 1951 mv‡j †fvjvnvU iv‡gk¦ix Bb&B÷wUDkb †_‡K cÖ‡ewkKv cix¶vq DËxY© nb| c‡i ivRkvnx K‡jR †_‡K D”P gva¨wgK Ges ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K evsjvq we.G (Abvm©) I Gg.G wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb wewfbœ miKvwi K‡j‡R Aa¨vcbvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| wKQz mgq wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi bvU¨Kjv I m½xZ wefv‡M LÊKvjxb Aa¨vcK wQ‡jb| wZwb g~jZ bvU¨Kvi I Awf‡bZv wn‡m‡e L¨vwZgvb| evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨wkí Av‡›`vj‡bi wZwb cy‡ivav cyiyl| Zuvi iwPZ D‡j −L‡hvM¨ bvUK : ¯^vaxbZv Avgvi ¯^vaxbZv, ivRv Aby¤^v‡ii cvjv, eKzjcy‡ii ¯^vaxbZv, Zvm Nv‡Ui KvbvKwo; M‡elYv I cÖeÜ : evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡Ki BwZe„Ë, evsjv‡`‡ki w_‡qUv‡ii BwZe„Ë, cÖm½ evsjv‡`k, cÖm½ e½eÜz BZ¨vw`| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyiy¯‹vi, wkï GKv‡Wgx mvwnZ¨ cyiy¯‹vi, GKz‡k c`Kmn AmsL¨ cyiy¯‹vi I m¤§vbbvq f~wlZ nb|]

PwiÎ cwiwPwZ

b~i †gvnv¤§` Ñ `v‡ivMv (eqm 45) `wjjyi ingvb Ñ cywj‡ki wmcvnx (eqm 25) Avãyj ev‡iK gÊj Ñ -H- †jvK Ñ (eqm 35) [`„k¨ cwiKíbv : evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU †QvU M‡Äi b`xi †dwiNvU| ivZ bqUv| K…òc‡¶i AÜKvi| wUc wUc e„wó n‡”Q] `wjj : GKUv †cv÷v‡ii KvMR GBUvi ey‡K muvUe ? ev‡iK : †QvUevey‡K ewj| m¨vi GKUv †cv÷vi GB wcu‡cUv‡Z jvwM‡q w`B| `wjj : gvwSgvj−v Avi Nv‡Ui ivnx‡ì bR‡i co‡e| b~i : wKQz †`LQ, fv‡jv K‡i `¨vL| e`gv‡qkUvi cv‡qi `vM| KuvPv gvwU‡Z `M`M Ki‡Q| `wjj : †dwiNvU †Zv m¨vi| w`‡biv‡Z k‡q k‡q ivnx cvivcvi Ki‡Q| Avmvwgi cv‡qi Qvc bvI

n‡Z cv‡i| b~i : Zzwg GKUv †eKze| Av‡iv `kiKg cv‡qi `vM _vK‡Z Avwg GB GKUv‡KB c‡q›U Kijvg

†Kb ? GUv mvaviYfv‡e cv †d‡j nuvUv bq, mveav‡bi m‡½ nuvUv| `¨v‡Lv, GB jvBb a‡i bRi `vI| wK †`LQ ? †KvbUv‡Z mvg‡bi Av½yj †W‡e Av‡Q, Avi †KvbUv‡Z †Mvovwj| Avmvwg †mvRv c‡_ NvU w`‡q bv‡gwb| nvivwgUv Avevi GB c_ w`‡qB Nv‡U Avm‡e|

ev‡iK : bvI †Zv wdi‡Z cv‡i m¨vi ! b~i : nu v, bvI †Zv wdi‡Z cv‡i, Avevi wdi‡ZI cv‡i| Avgv‡ì KvR n‡jv m‡›`n n‡jB _g‡K

uvovI, KzKz‡ii bvK w`‡q ïu‡K `¨vL hw` †Kvb m~Î cvI| Avgvi m‡›`n nq, KzËvi ev”Pv GBLvb w`‡qB b`xi Icv‡i hv‡e| †h‡Z n‡e| Nv‡U bvgvi gZ Avi wKbvi bvB| Avmvwgi


w`‡ji †`v —iv mgq gZ GB wKbvi a‡i wWwO ej Avi †bŠKvB ej wb‡q Nyi Nyi Ki‡e Avi Bkviv †c‡jB Nv‡U wWwO jvMv‡e Avi dzm K‡i cvi n‡q hv‡e| G †Zvgvi gZ Avn¤§K †jvK bq| wfb wKwm‡gi gvj| gM‡Ri †cv‡o †cv‡o eyw×| G RvqMvUv Qvov hv‡e bv †n|

`wjj : Avgv‡ì GKUv †cv÷vi GB †Kivwmb †Z‡ji wcu‡cUvi ey‡K jvwM‡q †è m¨vi| b~i : †Kv_vq ? nu¨v jvMvI| Av”Qv‡m †jB w`‡q KuvPv i‡³i gZ †mu‡U `vI| †`‡ki gvbyl

†`LyK| `wjj : `yÕnvRvi UvKv cyi¯‹vi, Kg n‡q‡Q m¨vi| b~i : †Kb ? wjj : `k wek nvRvi UvKvi †jv‡fI H †jvKUv‡K †KD awi‡q w ‡e bv| †`‡ki GZ eo GKUv wec−ex|

b~i : Ime fvebv GLb evwZj K‡i Kv‡R †gRvR `vI| GBLv‡b Avwg _vKjvg wWDwU‡Z| †`wL †Zvgv‡ì bq‡bi Puv` wec−exi ev”Pv wK K‡i AvR iv‡Z wWwO‡Z I‡V|

ev‡iK : Avcwb GKjvB _vK‡eb ? b~i : Avjer| GKvB _vKe| PweŸk eQi cywj‡ki PvKzix KiwQ, Avgv‡K duvwK †Ìqv mnR bq|

†Zvgvi H wec −ex `yjvfvB GKUv gvQ-gviv Rvjyqvi QÙ‡ek a‡i Avm‡e| Nv‡o Rvj, nv‡Z ûK&Kv| kvjv, Avq, ZzB _vwKm Mv‡Qi Wv‡j Avi Avwg _vwK †Zvi gMWv‡j|

`wjj : †jvKUv Lye awoevR| AvgivI Avcbvi m‡½ _vwK| b~i : bv| ev‡iK : Avgv‡ì wKš‘ mew`‡KB wec`| b~i : gÊj, †Zvgvi K_v‡Z e` MÜ Xy‡K‡Q| ey‡K mvnm †i‡L Cgv‡bi m‡½ KvR Ki| Avgiv

njvg ûKz‡gi Unj`vi| AvBb-Av`vj‡Zi †ndvRwZ cywj‡ki Cgv‡bi Kv‡Q| [ev‡iK Ges `wjj †cv÷vi I AvVv wb‡q P‡j †Mj]

†K ? †K hvq ? GB kvjv| [GKRb †jvK j¤^v Pzj| gy‡L `vwo| MÖv‡g M‡Ä G Rv‡Zi †jvK cyuw_ wKm&mvi Mvb Mvq,

†KZve wewµ K‡i] †jvK : gvwjK, Nv‡U hve, bÏxi Icv‡i nvgvi evwo| b~i : Avi GK cv †djwe bv| ¸wj w`‡q V¨vO byjv K‡i wè| †jvK : Bqv Avj −v ! nvwg g‡i hve †h ! nvgvi Rb¨ Kuv`‡bi †KD bvB msmv‡i| b~i : GB Kuvw`m bv| †K ZzB ? †jvK : dwKi Mixeyj−vn nvgvi bvg| b~i : GB dwK‡ii ev”Pv, Nv‡U bvwgm bv| M‡Äi w`‡K wd‡i hv| †jvK : Nv‡U bvwgwb gvwjK| GB cv‡o e‡m GKUv Mvb aie, i‡mi Mvb| i‡mi Mvb ï‡b gvwSiv

hw` `yUv GKUv †KZve wK‡b †jq, fvZ LvIqvi cqmv n‡q †Mj| ZLb a‡ib †h GK †kvqv‡Z ivZ †fvi K‡i w`by|

b~i : Avwg MvbUvb fv‡jvevwm bv| †jvK : bv ïb‡j fv‡jvevm‡eb †Kgb K‡i ûRyi| eMvewMi Mvb gv‡b †h Kj‡R cvwb Kiv Mvb;

[MvBb MvB‡Q : eMv dv‡›` cBov ewM Kuv‡›`‡i] b~i : GB kvjv eMvi fvwZRv| GB †Zvi Mvb ? MvbUvi Rvb KeR K‡i w`wj| hv fvM, wd‡i

hv| GLv‡b Avgvi Ri“wi KvR Av‡Q| †Zvi m‡½ †eû`v K_v ejevi mgq bvB| Av”Qv †jvKUv †`L‡Z †Kgb ?


†jvK : †`wLwb ûRyi| b~i : ejwe bv ? †jvK : Bqv Avj −v, g‡i hve †h gvwjK| ejwQ, nvgv‡ì Muv‡q †`LwQ| b~i : †`L‡Z †Rvqvb ? †jvK : nu¨v, ZvMov †Rvqvb, nvwbdv cv‡jvqv‡bi g‡Zvb wmbv| ev‡Ni g‡Zvb jvj †Nvj −v †Pv‡Li

gwY| jvwV, †Qviv, e›`yK me Pvjv‡Z Rv‡b| Avi nv‡Zi Kwâ (wcu‡c‡Z Nywl †g‡i) GB iKg †jvnvi gZb k³| GKevi hw` nvZ Zz‡j

b~i : nvivwgi nvZ Avwg ¸wj †g‡i †f‡O wè| †jvK : Lei`vi gvwjK, Lei`vi| I KvR fyj K‡iI Ki‡Z hv‡eb bv ûRyi| GKevi GKUv wRwÏ

cywjk WvKvZUv‡K ai‡Z wM‡qwQj, ivB‡dj Zz‡j gvi‡Z hv‡e, e¨vm bvB| GK _và‡o cywj‡ki GB Mv‡ji nvW&wW Szi Szi Szi Szi K‡i c‡o †Mj|

b~i : Zvici ? †jvK : Zvici Avi wK nq| cywj‡ki ivB‡dj nv‡ZB _vKj, G‡š—Kvj G‡m †Mj| b~i : `v‡ivMv mv‡neI G‡š—Kvj ! †jvK : bv bv gvwjK| KZ¶Y †Kvievwbi KvUv Miyi g‡Zvb QUdU QUdU Kij, cv yUv Uvb Kij

Zvici gv‡b †h hš¿cvwZ eÜ| GLb gv‡b †h G‡K Avcwb wK ej‡eb gvwjK LZg, †ivRwKqvgZ ?

b~i : Pzc Ki| GB kvjv nvivwgUv †eu‡P _vK‡j †`‡ki Avgjv cywj‡ki Rvb euvP‡e wK K‡i ? †jvK : euvP‡e bv gvwjK| GB †jvK _vK‡j †RvÏvi wK gvj`v‡ii es‡ki Avi †Mv‡i †gvgevwË

R¡j‡e bv| ûRyi, Avcwb †Zv Nv‡Ui GB Wvwnb w`‡K bRi †i‡L‡Qb †jvKUv Gc‡_ Avm‡e e‡jB

b~i : †Kb ? †jvK : bv gv‡b †h, Wvwnb w`‡K ZvKv‡j hw` euvw`K w`‡q Av‡m| b~i : ZLb euvw`‡K Ny‡i ZvKve ! †jvK : ZZ¶Y wK mgq cv‡eb gvwjK| †Lv`v bv Lv¯—v, hw` Av‡mB, ev‡Ni g‡Zvb jvwd‡q Avgvi

gvwj‡Ki Nv‡o b~i : ZLb Kx n‡e Mixeyj−vn ? †jvK : Kx Avi n‡e gvwjK| Avcwb gv‡b †h ï‡q co‡jb KZ¶Y †ew`kv n‡q c‡o _vK‡jb,

evc`v`vi bvg g‡b Ki‡jb, †`L‡jb †h Avmgvb Rwgb| b~i : fv‡jv e‡jQ Mixeyj−vn| †jvK : gvwjK b~i : Avj−vi ing‡Z hw` ai‡Z cvwi, miKvwi eLwk‡ki fvM `vwe Ki‡e ? †jvK : bv gvwjK| nvwg GKUv mvgvb¨ Rxe| †`‡ki nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl nvgvi Mvb ï‡b Lywk g‡b

`yÕPvi Avbv cqmv †`q, I‡ZB nvgvi w`b P‡j hvq| nvwg miKv‡ii cyi¯‹vi wj‡q wK Kie|

b~i : Zzwg GKUv fv‡jv gvby‡li cq`v †n Mixeyj −vn| Cgvb wVK †i‡L †eu‡P _vK| †Zvgv‡ì gZ †jvK †`L‡Z cvB bv| †Pvi-WvKvZ †`‡L †`‡L cywj‡ki iyû c‡P †M‡Q|

†jvK : gvwjK, nvwg GKUv wewo LvB| Lye †bkv a‡i‡Q, Avcwb Lv‡eb GKUv ? b~i : bv †i fvB| Af¨vm bvB| ev‡R Li‡Pi g‡a¨ †h‡Z cvwi bv|


†jvK : gvwj‡Ki Dcwi Avq Uvq nq bv wKQz ? b~i : nq, wKš‘ wbB bv| Avgvi ev‡ci Kmg Av‡Q| gv‡S g‡a¨ gbUv wLuP‡o I‡V, Kx n‡e giv

ev‡ci K_vi g~j¨ w`‡q| wKš‘ eyKUv aK&& aK&& K‡i| Gme Kwi bv e‡jB †Zv PweŸk eQ‡i PvKwi‡Z cÖ‡gvkb n‡jv bv|

†jvK : †jvKUv‡K ai‡Z cvi‡j `yÕnvRvi UvKv cyi¯‹vi cv‡eb| eo †g‡qi weqv w`‡Z cvi‡eb| b~i : ai‡Z cvi‡j †Zv| Zzwg †hmme K_v ejQ| †jvKUv eyKfiv GZ mvnm Avi kw³ †Kv_vq

cvq| Zzwg kvjv evwb‡q evwb‡q Avgv‡K †auvKv w`”Q bv †Zv ? †jvK : gvwjK nvwg Mvb evbvB wVKB, wKš‘ gvbyl evbve †Kvb mvn‡m| gvbyl †Zv evbvq ywbqvi

myiZ [Mvb : GKzj fv‡O IKzj M‡o

GB †Zv b`xi †Ljv] b~i : Mixeyj−vn, G Zzwg †Kvb Mvb ai‡j| eyKUv û û K‡i D‡V| evsjvi ev`kv cvwj‡q hv‡”Q,

evsjv civaxb, MvI fvB MvI| [ Mvb Pj‡Q ]

evsjv fvM¨vKv‡k AvR `y‡h©v‡Mi NbNUv, †K Zv‡K Avkv w`‡e, †K Zv‡K fimv w`‡e, †Kgb my›ì K_v, hZevi ïwb g‡b nq ey‡Ki g‡a¨ a‡i ivwL|

†jvK : gvwjK, nvgv‡ì †`k †Zv b`xi †`k, meyR av‡bi †`k| ZeyI nvgiv GZ `ytLx †Kb gvwjK?

b~i : me ZKw`‡ii †Ljv †i fvB| Kcv‡j `ytL _vK‡j myL †Zv cv‡e bv| †jvK : nvwg Avi Kx eje| Avcbvi ytL †KD eySj bv, nvgvi R¡vjv †KD eyS‡Z Pvq bv| nvgv‡ì

gM‡Ri g‡a¨ w`bivZ wKme AvjZzdvjZz fq XzwK‡q w`‡q nvgv‡ì kw³ †K‡o wb‡”Q, nvgv‡ì mvnm‡K †Mvi w`‡”Q| Avi GB my‡hv‡M hZ me Rv‡jg Avj −vi bvg fvwO‡q nvgv‡ì kixj †_‡K †kuv †kuv K‡i i³ ï‡l wj‡q we‡`‡k cvPvi Ki‡Q gvwjK| Avcbviv Gme iyL‡Z cv‡ib bv †Kb ?

b~i : Zzwg kvjv GKUv DReyK| weovj n‡q ev‡Ni gy‡L _vc&&co w`‡Z PvI| †jvK : nvgvi evcRvb ejZ, Mixeyj−vn, †eUv AbvnK hviv Zvj Vz‡K, Zviv Lye eo wKwm‡gi Mv‡qb

bq| K_vUv wVK bv †ewVK GKevi ciL Ki‡eb gvwjK| nvgv‡ì GB fvOv dzUv kixj wb‡q Zvgvg gvbyl hw` GK RvqMv‡Z nvwRi n‡Z cviZvg, GKevi hw` Rv‡j‡gi †jv‡fi Kwâ‡Z ùvZ emv‡Z cviZvg, i‡³i †bkv‡Z MRiv‡Z cviZvg, ZLb eySv †hZ Kviv wejvB Avi Kviv evN| hy×B †Zv nq bv gvwjK, giY evuPvi jovB| nvgiv GB b`xi †`‡ki gvbyl GKUv hy× PvB gvwjK, ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ hy×|

b~i : Mixeyj−vn †Zvgvi Kcv‡j †Xi `ytL Av‡Q, Gme K_v e‡jv bv| †jvK : †mB ytLB †Zv nvwg Pvwn gvwjK| yt‡Li b`x‡Z Avi KZKvj Ggb K‡i fvme, Zvi †P‡q

DVzK bv †Kb Avmgvb Ry‡o Kv‡jv g¨vN, D_vj cv_vj †XD, Avi cÖjq evZvm [ Mvb : Lievqy eq †e‡M

Pvwiw`K Qvq †g‡N I‡Mv †b‡q bvILvwb evB‡qv]

b~i : GB Mixeyj−vn, Zzwg G Mvb †c‡j †Kv_vq ? G †Zv †Zvgvi ¯‹zj-K‡j‡Ri Mvb| wKQz cov‡jLv wk‡LQ bvwK ?


†jvK : nvgvi Muv‡qi GKUv QvÎ kn‡i c‡o, Zvi gy‡L ï‡bwQ gvwjK| †mB QvÎ GLb †RjLvbv‡Z e›`x|

b~i : wK‡mi Avmvwg †jvK : H Avcbvi jvUmv‡n‡ei wgwUs †h n‡jv, Zvi †h MÊ‡Mvj, ZviB g‡a¨ wQj| b~i : †eKz‡ei g‡Zvb Gme û¾‡Zi g‡a¨ hvq †Kb ? †jvK : I †Q‡j gv‡b †h Av¸b w`‡q ˆZwi, Ab¨vq K_v mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ej‡j e‡j, Mvi`

dvUK GKw`b me Lvb Lvb K‡i †f‡O †dje| gvwjK, Avcwb †Zv weªwUk Avg‡ji QvÎ| †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ Avcbvi gbUv‡Z nvnvKvi Ki‡Zv bv|

b~i : Ki‡Zv bv wK Mixeyj −vn, Bs‡iR‡K Zvovevi Rb¨ KZ Kx KiZvg| jvwV PvjvZvg, i‡³i g‡a¨ Av¸b a‡i hvq Ggb me Mvb wkLZvg| GKevi we`vq †` gv Ny‡i Avwm, Avwg nvwm nvwm cie duvwm †`L‡e RMZevmx, Zzwg Rvb bvwK MvbUv ?

†jvK : (Mvb) K‡ji †evgv ˆZix K‡i, uvwo‡q wQjvg jvB‡bi av‡i, jvU mv‡ne‡K gvie e‡j, gvijvg ¯^‡`kevmx|

b~i : mvevm Mixeyj−vn, Avevi MvI| †jvK : Avwg nvwm nvwm cie duvwm, †`L‡e RMZevmx| b~i : HLv‡b MvI, wPb‡Z hw` bv cvwim gv, †`Lwe Mjvq duvwm|

[ `yÕR‡b GK m‡½ Mvb MvBQ ] Gme eûZ cyivZb K_v Mixeyj−vn, GLb hyM Rvgvbvi wfbœ ¯v`| †`‡ki g‡a¨ bvbvb iKg

K_vevZ©v ïiy n‡q‡Q& KLb †h wK nq| GB PvKwi Ki‡j wK n‡e, eywS Mixeyj−vn, wKQz wKQz eywS| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì nvZ-cv †h e›`x †i fvB|

†jvK : gvwjK, GKUv K_v fvewQ Avi g‡b g‡b nvmwQ| †h †jvKUv‡K aievi Rb¨ Avcwb GB Av‡jv-Auvavwii iv‡Z NvU cvnviv w`‡”Qb, a‡ib †h †mB †jvKUv mwZ¨ mwZ¨ Avcbvi Kv‡Q nvwRi n‡jv| Avcwb Zv‡K †`L‡Qb, †mI Avcbv‡K †`L‡Q| †`L‡Z †`L‡Z Avcbvi g‡bi g‡a¨ cÖkœ n‡”QÑ†K GB †jvK ? G‡K †Zv Avwg wPwb, Avgvi m‡½ ¯‹z‡j coZ, Avgvi eÜz| †m †jvKUv Avcbv‡K ej‡QÑwK †i b~i †gvnv¤§`, †Kgb AvwQm ? Avwg †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb, Avgv‡K aievi Rb¨ Mv‡Q Mv‡Q weÁvcb Szwj‡qwQm| Avgv‡K ai‡jB wK Av¸b wb‡f hv‡e ? ¯^vaxbZvi Av¸b KL‡bv wb‡f bv|

gvwjK, Avcwb hLb QvÎ wQ‡jb ZLb †`‡ki Rb¨ Avcbv‡ì gb Kuv`Z| b~i : GL‡bv Kuv‡`| hwÏb euvPe †`‡ki Rb¨ Kuvè| †`k‡K fv‡jvevmv †Zv cvc bq| hviv

¯^vaxbZv, †Zvgvi Avgvi ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Q Zv‡ì‡K AvwgI fvjevwm Mixeyj−vn| †jvK : Zvn‡j Avcwb Avcbvi eÜz‡K †Q‡o w`‡eb bv †Kb gvwjK ? b~i : Zzwg Avevi H GKB K_v ej‡j †n| ejwQ †Zv Avgvi nvZ-cv me e›`x| Avwg cvnviv`vi,

Avwg GKUv eûZ w`‡bi cyivZb hš¿| †jvK : gvwjK, nvgiv hw` †mB hš¿Uv‡K fvO‡Z ewj| b~i : cvi‡e bv, Am¤¢e| †jvK : †Kb Am¤¢e ? b~i : Pzc Ki| GKUv wWwO Avm‡Q| Avwg RvbZvg Avm‡ZB n‡e| AvR Avgvi fvM¨ cix¶v|

Rxe‡bi m‡½ jovB| wec −ex‡K ai‡Z cvi‡j `yÕnvRvi UvKv cyi¯‹vi| Avgvi eo †g‡qi aygavg K‡i we‡q wè|


†jvK : (Mvb) Avgvi fvBGi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deªyqvwi ....... b~i : GB Mixeyj −vn, †Zvgvi Mvb eÜ Ki| †jvK : (Mvb) †Q‡j nviv kZ gv‡qi AkÖy ....... b~i : kvjv dwK‡ii ev”Pv, Mvb eÜ Ki| †Zvgvi Mjv wU‡c Mv‡bi †PŠÏ cyiyl‡K RevB Kie

Mixeyj−vn| [ b`xi eyK †_‡K GB Mv‡bi my‡i wkm Avm‡Q, b~i †gvnv¤§` Mixeyj −vni Mjv †Q‡o w`‡q‡Q ] b~i : †K wkm w`j ?

[ Mixeyj −vn b`xi Nv‡U bvg‡Q ] GB kvjv Nv‡U bvwgm bv| Ny‡i ùvov, ¸wj Kie|

[ Mixeyj −vn Ny‡i ùvovj ] †K Zzwg ? wVKgZ cwiPq `vI| †K Zzwg ? †jvK : dwKi Mixeyj−vn gvwjK| kv yj−v Mv‡q‡bi e¨vUv| b~i : SzU| wg_¨v K_v e‡jv bv| Zzwg Ab¨‡jvK| †jvK : Ab¨ †Kvb&& †jvK ? †K n‡Z cvwi ejyb †Zv| b~i : Zzwg ! Avcwb wK †mB †jvKUv, Avmvwg wec−ex|

[ †jvKwU ciPzjv, `vwo Avi Uzwc Lyjj ] †jvK : wgj‡Q| Pvcv gyL, Kv‡jv †PvL, gv_vi Pzj †QvU, j¤^v mv‡o cuvP dzU| `y nvRvi UvKvi

cyi¯‹vi| wWwO‡Z Avgvi eÜziv wkl w`‡q‡Q wVK mg‡q| H †h K…òc‡¶i Puv` DV‡Q| GLb Avwg hve `v‡ivMv mv‡ne, †h‡ZB n‡e, Avgv‡ì Riywi êVK Av‡Q|

b~i : Avcwb hv‡eb ? †jvK : nu v| b~i : Avgvi ZKwì| Avcbvi †Zv hvIqv n‡e bv| †jvK : Avcwb Avgvi eÜz| †h‡Z w`b| b~i : bv, b~i †gvnv¤§` `v‡ivMv †Zvgv‡K Qvo‡e bv|

[ †jvKwU wc¯—j †ei K‡i‡Q| b~i †gvnv¤§‡ì nv‡ZI wc¯—j| gy‡LvgywL ùvwo‡q‡Q ] †jvK : ¯^vaxbZvi Av¸b KL‡bv wb‡f bv| b~i : Kv‡Q G‡mv bv Mixeyj−vn| †jvK : hwÏb euvPe †`‡ki Rb¨ Kuvè| hviv ^vaxbZv Avgvi ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Q Zv‡ì‡K

AvwgI fv‡jvevwm| b~i : Mixeyj−vn, bv| Avi GwM‡q Gm bv| †jvK : [ GwM‡q Avm‡Q| b~i †gvnv¤§` wc‡Qv‡”Q : Mvb a‡i‡Q ] b`xi GKzj fv‡O IKzj M‡o GB †Zv b`xi †Ljv b~i : †Zvgv‡K Avwg Qvoe bv Mixeyj−vn, wWDwU BR wWDwU|

[ cywjk `yÕRb Avm‡Q, Zv‡ì K_v †kvbv hv‡”Q ] †jvK : Avwg HUvi wcQ‡b e‡m _vKe| b~i : †Kb ? †jvK : cvjve bv| b~i : Avn&& !

[ †jvKwU wcu‡cUvi wcQ‡b jyKvj| cywjk `yÕRb G‡m‡Q ]


`wjjyi ingvb, Avãyj ev‡iK gÊj| me KvR †kl K‡iQ ? ev‡iK : fv‡jv K‡i †mu‡U w`‡qwQ m¨vi| b~i : mvevm| wec−ex Avi cvjv‡Z cvi‡e bv| `wjj, n¨vwi‡KbUv wbwf‡q `vI| `wjj : R¡jyK m¨vi| H wcu‡c‡Z †i‡L w`B| b~i : Avn| ìKvi n‡e bv| AvKv‡k Puv` DV‡Q| `wjj : G Puv‡` Av‡jv bvB m¨vi| b~i : GLb bvB, gvSiv‡Z n‡e| _vbvq wd‡i hvI †Zvgiv| ev‡iK : wd‡i hve ? wKš‘ Avmvwg ? b~i : Avwg GKjvB †gvKvwejv Kie| ev‡iK : m¨vi, Avmvwg Lye RuvnvevR| b~i : †nvK| G¨v‡Ubkb, G¨vevDU Uvb©|

[ cywjk `yÕRb hvwš¿K wbq‡g P‡j †Mj, n¨vwi‡KbUv R¡j‡Q| †jvKwU D‡V Gj ]

†jvK : `v‡ivMv mv‡ne b~i : [n¨vwi‡KbUv Zz‡j wb‡q‡Q] Agb K‡i Kx †`L‡Qb ? †jvK : Avgvi ciPzjv Avi UzwcUv| A‡bK ~i †h‡Z n‡e| b~i : wVKgZ c‡i wbb|

[ †jvKwU ciPzjv Avi `vwo jvMv‡”Q ] Lye mveavb| Avcbvi Pviw`‡K `ykgb| c‡` c‡` wec`| †jvK : N‡i N‡i Avgv‡ì eÜz| b~i : Avevi KLb †`Lv n‡e| †jvK : GKw`b mKv‡j, hLb AvKvk Ry‡o cÖKvÊ jvj m~h© DV‡e, A_ev GK ivwÎ‡Z, hLb AvKvk

f‡i c~Y© Puv` nvm‡e| [ `yÕR‡b Avš—wiK DòZvq Kig`©b Kij ]

b~i : Avmyb| †jvK : nvgvi bvg dwKi Mixeyj−vn| b~i : Zzwg wec−ex †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb, ¯^vaxbZvi ˆmwbK| [†jvKwU b`xi Nv‡U bvg‡Q]

[ b`xi eyK †_‡K mw¤§wjZ K‡É Mvb D”PvwiZ n‡”Q Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv

Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm b~i †gvnv¤§`, Avãyj ev‡iK bxi‡e ùvwo‡q Av‡Q]

kãv_© I UxKv : MÄ Ñ eëmv evwY‡Rï ’vb, nvU; K…òc¶ Ñ Pv›`ªgv‡mi †h c‡¶ P‡›`ªi ¶q nq; ivnx Ñ c_vPvix, cw_K; bR‡i Ñ „wó‡Z; †Keye Ñ †eqvKze, †evKv; wfb wKwm‡gi gvj Ñ wfbœ ev Ab¨ iK‡gi gvbyl; †Z‡ji wcu‡c Ñ †Z‡ji Wªvg; Rvjyqv Ñ †R‡j, axei; û°v Ñ Kuvmv wcZj `¯—v ev gvwU A_ev bvi‡Kj †Lv‡j cÖ ‘Z bwjKvhy³ GK cÖKvi hš¿ hv ZvgvK †L‡Z ev a~gcvb Ki‡Z eën„Z nq; aywoevR Ñ dw›èvR, cÖZviK; Unj`vi Ñ †h Unj †`q, cÖnix; byjv Ñ week, weKj; †eû`v Ñ Ab_©K, ev‡R; †ivRwKqvgZ Ñ g„Zzï ci cybiyÌv‡bi w`b, †kl wePv‡ii w`b; Lv¯—v Ñ bó, cxwoZ, weK…Z; †ew`kv Ñ w`Kåóv, w`‡knviv; iyû Ñ AvZ¥v, Aš—i; ZKwì Ñ fvM¨, A „ó, Kcvj; bvnK Ñ Ah_v,


LvgLv, Ab_©K; Zvgvg Ñ mgMÖ, mg —, mgy q; Rv‡jg Ñ RyjygKvix, AZ¨vPvix; MRiv‡Z Ñ Av‡µv‡k ev f‡q Pvcv MR„b Kiv; û¾Z Ñ †Mvjgvj, nv½vgv; Rvgvbv Ñ mgq, Kvj, hyM; RuvnvevR Ñ `y`©vš—, `¾vj; G¨v‡Ubkb Ñ mveavb nI; G¨vevDU Uvb© Ñ Ny‡i `vuovI|

cvV cwiwPwZ : evsjv GKv‡Wgx †_‡K cÖKvwkZ ÔkZe‡l©i bvUKÕ bvgK MÖš’ †_‡K Ô¯^vaxbZv Avgvi ¯^vaxbZvÕ bvwUKvwU msKwjZ I m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q| bvU¨Kvi GLv‡b Avgv‡ì †`‡ki cywjk m`m¨‡ì gvbweKZv‡eva Ges †`kvZ¡‡eva AZ¨š— cÖvÄj fvlvq cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| `v‡ivMv b~i †gvnv¤§` cyi¯‹vi †NvwlZ ^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi Avmvwg‡K nv‡Zi bvMv‡ji g‡a¨ †c‡qI Zv‡K †Q‡o w`‡q‡Qb| A_©cyi¯‹v‡ii †gvn‡K AwZµg K‡i wZwb †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ KvR K‡i hvIqv wec −ex †PZbvi m‡½ GKvZ¥ n‡q †M‡Qb| GKRb `v‡ivMv, `yBRb cywjk m`m¨ Ges GKRb wec −ex‡K wb‡q iwPZ G bvU‡Ki cÖwZwU PwiÎB Avcb gwngvq D¾¡j n‡q D‡V‡Q|

Abykxjbx

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| b~i †gvnv¤§` Kv‡K †eKze e‡jwQ‡jb ?

K. ev‡iK‡K L. `wjj‡K M. Mixeyj−vn‡K N. †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb‡K

2| Ô¸wj Kivi ûKzg _vK‡j †`L‡Z KZ jvk evwb‡q w`ZvgÕ cywjk Awdmv‡ii G e³‡e¨ Kx cÖKvk cvq ?

K. miKv‡ii cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ L. Mfxi †`k‡cÖg M. K‡Vvi kvm‡Ki g‡bvfve N. `vwqZ¡kxj AvPiY


¯^vaxbZv hy× ïi“ n‡j ¯‹zj gv÷vi Mwb wgqv MÖv‡gi gvbyl‡ì DØy× K‡ib gyw³hy‡× hvIqvi Rb¨| evqv‡bœvi ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`‡q mvaviY RbZv‡K HKë× Kivi †Póv K‡ib| QÙ‡e‡k †_‡K wb‡R mgMÖ welq ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib|

3| DÏxc‡Ki Mwb wgqv Ô¯^vaxbZv, Avgvi ¯^vaxbZvÕ bvwUKvi †h Pwi‡Îi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Zv n‡jv Ñ

i b~i ii ev‡iK iii †jvKwUi


K. i L. ii M. iii N. i, ii I iii


4| Mwb wgqvi mv‡_ Zvi mv`„‡kï KviY Kx ?

K. mZZv L. †`k‡cÖg M. mvnm N. †bZ…Z¡

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

gv÷vi `v m~h©‡mb e„wUk kvm‡bi wei“‡× i“‡L uvovb| G †`‡ki MYgvbyl‡K RvwM‡q Zzj‡Z bvbvfv‡e †Póv K‡ib| ZuviB wb‡`©‡k PÆMÖv‡gi cvnvoZwji BD‡ivwcqvb K¬v‡e mdj nvgjvi ci e„wUk kvmK‡ì UbK b‡o| Zv‡K awi‡q †`qvi Rb¨ 10,000/- UvKv cyi¯‹vi †NvlYv K‡i| A‡_©i †jv‡f R‰bK e¨w³ Zvi Ae¯’Ab Rvwb‡q w`‡j wZwb aiv c‡ob| AZci Zuv‡K wbg©kfv‡e nZ¨v Kiv nq|

K. b~i †gvnv¤§` Kv‡K MvRvi“ e‡jwQ‡jb ? L. ÔAvgv‡ì mew`‡KB wec`Õ ev‡iK †Kb GK_v e‡jwQj ? M. DÏxc‡Ki m~h©‡m‡bi gv‡S Ô¯^vaxbZv Avgvi ¯^vaxbZvÕ bvwUKvi mv`„k¨c~Y© PwiÎwU e¨vL¨v Ki| N. ÔcwiYwZ GK bv n‡jI m~h©‡mb I Ô¯^vaxbZv Avgvi ¯^vaxbZvÕ bvwUKvi wec−ex e¨w³ †hb GKm~‡Î

Muv_vÕ Ñ hyw³mn cÖgvY Ki|


euva Rwni ivqnvb

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : Rwni ivqnvb 1935 mv‡ji 19†k AvM÷ †dbx †Rjvi gRycyi Mªv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi Avmj bvg †gvnv¤§` Rwniyj −vn| 1958 mv‡j wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K evsjvq œvZK (m¤§vb) wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| GKRb †QvUMíKvi I Jcb¨vwmK wn‡m‡e Rwni ivqnvb L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| wZwb g~jZ ga¨weË Rxe‡bi iycKvi| Pvicv‡ki gvby‡li myL- ytL I Avb›`-†e`bvi wPÎ Zuvi iPbv‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q| mgv‡Ri bvbv êlg¨ I Am½wZi weiy‡×I Zuvi KÉ wQj ewjô| nvRvi eQi a‡i, eid Mjv b`x, †kl we‡K‡ji †g‡q, Av‡iK dvêyb BZ¨vw` Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Dcb¨vm| evsjv‡`‡ki GKRb L¨vwZgvb Pjw”PÎKvi wn‡m‡eI Rwni ivqnv‡bi cwiwPwZ i‡q‡Q| ^vaxbZvhy‡× evsjv‡`‡ki weRq jv‡fi AíKvj c‡iB 1972 mv‡ji 30†k Rvbyqvwi wZwb wb‡LuvR I kwn` nb|]

Avi wKQz bq, MdiMuv _vBKv cxi mv‡n‡e‡i wbqv Avm †Zvgiv| A‡bK †f‡e wP‡š— ej‡jb iwng m`©vi| ZvB K‡ib ûRyi, ZvB K‡ib! GKev‡K¨ mvq w`j Pvlxiv| MdiMuv †_‡K Rei`¯— cxi g‡bvqvi nvRx‡KB wb‡q Avm‡e Iiv| †`k‡Rvov bvg g‡bvqvi nvRxi| A‡jŠwKK ¶gZv m¤úbœ e¨w³ wZwb| gyg~l© †ivMx‡KI GK duy‡q fv‡jv K‡i‡Qb Ggb `„óvš—I Av‡Q| ‡mevi KwigM‡Ä hLb Ijvwewe G‡m Ni‡K Ni DRvi K‡i w`w”Qj ZLb GB g‡bvqvi nvRxB i¶v K‡iwQ‡jb MuvUv‡K| mva¨ wK Ijvwewei g‡bvqvi nvRxi duy‡qi mvg‡b ùvovq| w`b `y‡q‡Ki g‡a¨ Zwj−Zj −v ¸wU‡q cvwj‡q †Mj Ijvwewe, yÕ`k Muv †Q‡o| Ggb ¶gZv iv‡Lb g‡bvqvi nvRx| Muv‡qi †jvK Lywk n‡q ARmª UvKv cqmv Avi ARmª wRwbmcÎ †fU w`‡qwQj Zuv‡K| ‡KD w`‡qwQj evMv‡bi kvK-mâx| †KD w`‡qwQj cyKz‡ii gvQ| †KD †gviM nuvm| Avevi †KD w`‡qwQj bM` UvKv| y‡ai Mi“I bvwK K‡qKUv †c‡qwQ‡jb wZwb| GZ †fU †c‡qwQ‡jb †h, †m¸‡jv evox wb‡Z bvwK wZb

wZbwU Mi“i Mvox †j‡MwQj Zuvi| ‡mB †mŠfvMëvb cxi g‡bvqvi nvRx! Zuv‡KB Avb‡e e‡j wVK Kij Muv‡qi gvZeŸ‡iiv, Pvlx Avi †¶Z gRyiiv| ej‡j, Puv`v w`gy? wK‡mi jvBMv w`gy? IB †jvKWvi wc‡Q e¨q Kievi jvBMv? gwZ gvóv‡ii K_v ùv‡Z wRf KvU‡jv Rwgi gywÝ| ZIev, ZIev, K‡nb wK gvóvi mve| †Lv`vf³ cxi, Avj −vi Ijx gvbyl| `k Muv‡q hv‡i gv‡b, Zvi bv‡g GZ eo Kzrmv! fvjv KvR Kijv bv gvóvi, fvjv KvR Kijv bv| Nb Nb gv_v bvo‡jb Rwgi e¨vcvix| cx‡ii e` †`vqvq QvB ABqv hvBev! K_v ï‡b mk‡ã †n‡m DVj gwZ gvóvi| wK †h KI PvPv, †Zvgv‡Mv K_v ïb‡j nvwm cvq| nvwm cvB‡ev bv, †jLvcov wkLv †Zv Gnb eo gvbyl ABqv †MQ| gyL †fswP‡q ej‡jb Rwgi e¨vcvix| Puv`v w`‡j wèv bv w`‡j bvB, GZ evnvËix K_v K¨vb? wKš‘, evnvËix K_v Av‡iv GKR‡bi KvQ †_‡K ïb‡Z nj Zv‡ì| †kvbv‡jv †`ŠjZ KvRxi †gR †Q‡j iwk`| kn‡i †_‡K K‡j‡R c‡o| QzwU‡Z evox‡Z G‡m‡Q †eov‡Z| Puv`v †Zvjvi BwZe„Ë ï‡b †m ejj, cvMj Avi wK, cxi AvBbv eb¨v i“L‡ev! G GKUv K_v AB‡jv?

K_v bq nvivgRv`v! Rwgi gywÝ †Kvb Reve †èvi Av‡MB MwR© DV‡jb †`ŠjZ KvRx wb‡R| Avj−vni Iwj, cxi ì‡ek; B”Qv Ki‡j me wKQz Ki‡Z cv‡i| me wKQz Ki‡Z cv‡i Zuviv| GB e‡j b~n bex Avi gnvc −ve‡bi BwZK_vUv †Q‡j‡K ïwb‡q w`‡jb wZwb|


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cxi mv‡n‡ei b~ivbx myiZ †`‡L Muv‡q †Q‡j ey‡oviv AevK nj| Avnv! Ggb hvi myiZ, ¸YZvi KZ eo, †K Rv‡b! fw³ mnKv‡i cxi mv‡n‡ei cv‡qi a~‡jv wbj mevB| Mixe gvbyl ûRyi! gBiv †Mjvg, euvPvb| ûRy‡ii cv Rwo‡q a‡i û û K‡i †Ku‡` DV‡jb Rwgi e¨vcv‡ix|

Rwgi e¨vcvix †evKv bb| †ev‡Sb me| †Lv`vi gb Ujv‡Z n‡j Av‡M c~i mv‡n‡ei gb Mjv‡Z n‡e| cxi mv‡n‡ei gb Mj‡j G nZfvMv‡ì R‡b¨ †Lv`vi Kv‡Q cÖv_©bv Ki‡eb wZwb| Zvic‡iB bv †Lv`v gyL Zz‡j ZvKv‡eb I‡ì w`‡K|

cxi mv‡ne G‡m †cuŠQ‡jb mKv‡j| Avi NUv K‡i e„wó bvgj we‡K‡j| e„wó, e„wó Avi e„wó| mvivUv we‡Kj e„wó nj| mviv ivZ Pj‡jv Zvi GKUvbv ScSc SbSb kã| mKv‡jI Zvi weivg †bB| cÖwZ eQi G mg‡q kÖveY gv‡mi ÔWvËiÕ| †KD †KD e‡j ey‡ov eywoi ÔWvËiÕ| GB WvË‡ii Avqy®‹vj c‡bi w`b| GB c‡bi w`b GKUvbv Si e„wó n‡e| †Rv‡i evZvm eB‡e| evZvm hw` †ewk _v‡K Avi Agvem¨v wK cywY©gvi †Rvqv‡ii hw` bvMvj cvq Zvn‡j me©bvk! wbN©vZ eb¨v! Ô†Lv`v, i¶v Ki! i¶v Ki †Lv`v! ing Ki GB Aag¸‡jvi Ici! Kvbœvq †f‡O co‡jb Rwgi e¨vcvix| g‡b g‡b gvbZ Ki‡jb| hw` dmj bó bv nq Zvn‡j nv‡ji Mi“ †Rviv cxi mv‡ne‡K †fU †`‡eb wZwb| M¤¢xi cxi mv‡ne Xz‡j Xz‡j ZQwe c‡ob Avi †Lv`vi gwngv eY©bv K‡ib mevi Kv‡Q| †Lv`vi gwngv eY©bv †kl n‡j cxi mv‡n‡ei gwngv eY©bv cÖm‡½ AmsL¨ AvR¸we NUbvi AeZviYv K‡ib Zuvi mvK‡iìv| g‡b Avkv Rv‡M Pvlx‡ì| Avb‡›` PK&PK& K‡i I‡V †KvU‡i †XvKv †PvL¸‡jv| fx‡oi gvS †_‡K Mwb †gvj−v wdmwdwm‡q ej‡jb, KB bvB gbvi †cv? GB cxi †hB †mB cxi bq †Lv`vi Lvm cxi! hviv ï‡b‡Q Zviv gv_v †b‡o mvq w`j, nu¨v, K_vUv mwZ¨| Avi hviv †kv‡bwb ZvivI †mB gyû‡Z© wek¦vm Ki‡jv K_vUv| cxi mv‡ne me cv‡ib wZwb| wKš‘, _vgv‡”Qb bv cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a _vgv‡eb ZvB| wKš‘, gwZ gvóvi wek¦vm Ki‡jv bv K_vUv| †n‡m Dwo‡q w`j| ej‡jv, So _vgv‡e IB ey‡ovwU? gš—i c‡o So _vgv‡e? nu v, _vgv‡e| AvjeZ _vgv‡e| AvKvk‡f`x ûsKvi Qvo‡jb Mwb †gvj −v| †PvL ivwO‡q d‡Zvqv w`‡jb| GB bvdigvb †e`xb¸‡jv Muv‡q Av‡Q †`BLvB †Zv Muv‡qi GB `yie¯’v| nu¨v, wVK KBQ †gvj−vi †cv| Zuv‡K mg_©b Ki‡jb ey‡ov wZbRx wgTv| GB Kv‡di¸‡jvi Muv _vBKv bv ZvovB‡j Muv‡qi kvwš— bvB| wKš‘ Muv‡qi kvwš— i¶vi PvB‡Z ÒXjÕ †ivLvUvB GLb eo cÖkœ| cÖK…wZ D¤§v` n‡q c‡o‡Q| ¶zä evZvm evievi mveavb Ki‡Q| Xj nB‡ev Xj| cvwb fiv †Pv‡L AvKv‡ki w`‡K ZvwK‡q _v‡Kb wZbRx wgTv| i³ w`‡q †evbv †mvbvi dmj|


nvq‡i dmj! nVvr cvM‡ji gZ wPrKvi K‡i I‡Vb wZwb, †Lv`v! gmwR‡` AvRvb co‡Q| cxi mv‡ne WvK‡Qb mevB‡K| Gm wgjv` co‡Z Gm| Gm g½‡ji Rb¨ Gm| UzwcUv‡K gv_vq Pwo‡q e„wói †fZi wf‡R wf‡RB gmwR‡ì w`‡K QzU w`‡jb Rwgi e¨vcvix| hvevi mgq N‡ii †eŠ-wS‡ì ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`‡q †M‡jb, G ivZ NygvBevi ivZ bq| eySj? ARy KBiv eBmv †Lv`v‡i WvK| ARyUv †m‡i D‡V ùvov‡ZB Kvi GKUv nvZ G‡m co‡jv QKz gywÝi Kuv‡ai Ici| Rwgi gywÝi †Q‡j QKz gywÝ| MuvÆv‡MvÆv †Rvqvb gvbyl| cÖ_gUvq f‡q AvuZ‡K D‡V wR‡Ám Ki‡jv, †K? fq bvB Avwg gwZ gvóvi| e¨vcvi wK? G ivwËi †ejv? AevK n‡q wR‡Ám Ki‡j QKz| gwZ gvóvi ej‡jv, hvI Kbnv‡b? hvB gmwR‡`| QKz Reve w`j| K¨vb †Zvgiv hvBev bv? bv| ¯^í †_‡g gwZ gvóvi ej‡jv| GK KvR Ki QKz| gmwR‡` hvIqv Gnb ivL| Ni _vBKv †Kv`vj wbqv evBi ABqv Avq| hv Rjw` Ki| †Kv`vj w`qv wK AB‡ev? ixwZgZ Nve‡o †Mj QKz gywÝ hv QKv| †Kv`vj Avb| †cQb †_‡K ej‡jv gš‘ †kL| GZ¶‡Y cy‡iv `jUvi w`‡K †PvL co‡jv QKz gywÝi| GKRb yRb bq, A‡bK| Aš—Z:Rb cÂv‡kK n‡e| mevi nv‡Z †Kv`vj Avi Szwo| gwZ gvóvi GZ †jvK †RvUvj †Kgb K‡i? Kvox evoxi co–qv †Q‡j iwk`‡K `‡ji g‡a¨ †`‡L Av‡iv GKUz AevK nj QKz| e¨vcviUv A‡bK `~i AuP Ki‡Z cvij †m| MZKvj G wb‡qB KvRx cvovq ey‡ov KvRxi m‡½ ZK© KiwQj gwZ gvóvi| MZ K‡qK eQi wK †Lv`v‡i Wv‡Kb bvB Avcbviv? nu v, WvKwQ‡jb| wKš‘ dj wK n‡q‡Q? d‡j wK euvP‡Q Avcbv‡Mv? euv‡P bvB| ZvB KB‡Z AvQjvg‡Kej eBmv eBmv †Lv`v‡i WvK‡j Pj‡ev bv| G KqUv Muv‡q gvbyl †Zv Avgiv Kg bB| mevB wg‡j euvaUv‡i hw` cvnviv w`B, mva¨ wK euva fv‡O? gwZ gvóv‡ii K_v ï‡b ùv` wLuwP‡q †Z‡o G‡mwQ‡jb ey‡ov KvRx| Ak¨ve¨ Mvwj-MvjvR K‡iwQ‡jb Zv‡K| †m Kvj we‡K‡ji K_v| gmwR‡` AvRvb n‡”Q| cxi mv‡ne WvK‡Qb mevB‡K, G‡m wgjv` co‡Z Gm| Gm g½‡ji Rb¨ Gm| mevi w`‡K GKevi †PvL eywj‡q wbj QKz| Zvici UzwcUv‡K gv_vq Pwo‡q gmwR‡ì w`‡K cv evov‡jv †m| Lc K‡i GKLvbv nvZ †P‡c ai‡j iwk, QKz| GB QKv| †¶‡c DV‡jv cwÊZ evoxi Puv y| AMZ¨v, †Kv`vj Avi Szwo wb‡q †ewi‡q Gj QKz gywÝ| gvBj LA‡bK nuvU‡Z n‡e I‡ì| Zvici euva| bexb Kweiv‡Ri cyKzi cv‡o G‡m †cuŠQ‡ZB †Rv‡i we`yªr Pg‡K D‡V cÖPÛ k‡ã evR coj GKUv| f‡i AvuZK D‡V _g‡K ùvovj QKz| †Lv`v mveavb Ki‡Q Zv‡ì| Lei`vi hvBI bv| hvBI bv gvóvi| _v‡gv, _v‡gv! nVvr PxrKvi K‡i DV‡jv QKz gywÝ| †Lv`v bvivR nB‡ev, gmwR‡` Pj mevB| Bm, Pzc Ki QKz| e„wó‡Z wf‡R Kuvc‡Q gwZ gvóvi| GLb K_v KBevi mgq bv| Rjw` Pj|


Avevi Pj‡Z ïi“ Kij Iiv| `~‡i gmwR` †_‡K ì“‡ì k‡ã †f‡m Avm‡Q| cxi mv‡n‡ei m‡½ Mjv wgwj‡q ì“` co‡Q wZbRx wgTv|, Rwgi e¨vcvix, iwng m`©vi I Av‡iv K‡qKk †Rvqvb †Rvqvb gvbyl| Amnv‡qi gZ E‡aŸ© nvZ Zz‡j wPrKvi Ki‡Q Zviv| †n Avmgvb Rwg‡bi gvwjK! †n ingv‡bi iwng! ZzwgB me! Zzwg i¶v Ki Avgv‡ì! Iw`K gwiqv n‡q †Kv`vj Pvjv‡”Q gwZ gvóv‡ii `j| G euva fvO‡Z †`‡e bv Zviv| wKQz‡ZB bv| Zv‡ì †mvbvi dmj Wze‡Z †`‡e bv Zviv wKQz‡ZB| KLbB bv| SÄv-we¶zä AvK‡k we y r PgwK‡q evR co‡Q| †muv †muv k‡ã evZvm eB‡Q| Li‡ ªvZv b`x dz‡j †du‡c fqsKi iƒc wb‡”Q| Agvem¨vi †Rvqvi| wbN©vZ euva †f‡O co‡e| nvq †Lv`v! N‡ii †eŠ-wS‡qiv Ki“Y AvZ©bv` K‡i dwiqv` Rvbvq AvKv‡ki w`‡K †P‡q| `ywbqv‡Z Bgvb e‡j wKQz †bB ZvB Zv †Lv`v ivM K‡i‡Qb| gvbyl Mi“ me fvwm‡q wb‡q hv‡eb wZwb| aŸsm K‡i †`‡eb GB c„w_exUv‡K, cv‡c fiv GB c„w_ex| `yi“ `yi“ eyK Kuvc‡Q wZbRx wgTvi| †Pv‡Li R‡j fvm‡Qb Rwgi e¨vcvix| Avi Xz‡j Xz‡j ZQwe co‡Qb| nvq‡i dmj! †mvbvi dmj! G dmj bó n‡Z cv‡i bv| UP© nv‡Z Qz‡UvQzwU Ki‡Q gwZ gvóvi| †Kv`vj PvjvI! Av‡iv †Rv‡i! euv‡a dvUj a‡i‡Q| G dvUj eÜ Ki‡ZB n‡e| A¯^vfvweK `ª“ZMwZ‡Z †Kv`vj Pvjv‡”Q Iiv| gš‘ †kL wPrKvi K‡i ej‡j, Avwji bvg bvI fvBqv, Avwji bvg bvI| Avwji bv‡g Kvg nB‡ev †k‡Li †cv? ej‡j ey‡ov †KivgZ| Zvi‡Q GKWv Mvb MvI| Mv‡q †Rvm AvB‡ev| gš‘ †kL Mvb ai‡jv| Mv‡bi kã Qvwc‡q nVvr evR co‡jv GKUv Kv‡Q †Kv_vq| †Kv`vj Pvjv‡Z Pvjv‡Z gwZ gvóvi‡K Avi Zvi †PŠÏ cyi“l‡K g‡b g‡b Mvj w`‡Z jvM‡jv QKz gywÝ, †Lv`vi m‡½ jvVvjvwV| nv-‡Lv`v, GB wK Rgvbv AvB‡Q| †Lv`v, GB Aa‡gi †Kvb †`vl bvB| GB Aa‡g‡i gvc KBiv wÌ| Szwo gv_vq weoweo K‡i DV‡jv cwÊZ evoxi Puv`y, nvZ-cv ¸UvBqv gmwR‡` eBmv eBmv Xj i“L‡ev bv Avgvi gv_v i“L‡ev| Zvici nVvr GK mg‡q gwZ gvóv‡ii Mjvi kã †kvbv †Mj, Avi fq bvB Puv`y| Avi fq bvB| Gevi †Zviv GKUz wRivBqv †b! GZ¶‡Y nvwm dzU‡jv mevi gy‡L| kÖvwš—i wb:k¦vm †Q‡o euv‡ai Ici Gwj‡q co‡jv Aek †`n¸‡jv| cÂvkwU K¬vš— gvbyl| m~h© ZLb cye AvKv‡k DuwK gvi‡Q| Ava Av‡jv AÜKvi AvKvk †e‡q ¸uwo ¸uwo e„wó co‡Q| g„`yg›` evZv‡mi Zv‡j Zv‡j bvP‡Q †mvbvjx dmj| gmwR` †_‡K †ewi‡q nVvr †mw`‡K †PvL co‡Z Avb‡›` Drdzj− n‡q DV‡jv Rwgi †ecvix| †Wv‡ewb| Wze‡Z †`bwb cxi mv‡ne| Lywk‡Z PK&PK& K‡i DV‡jv Rwgi gywÝi †PvL `y‡Uv| †`Š‡o G‡m cxi mv‡n‡ei cv‡q Pz‡gv †L‡jb Mwb †gvj−v| †Wv‡ewb †Wv‡ewb| dmj Zv‡ì †Wv‡ewb| Wze‡Z †`bwb cxi mv‡ne|


GK gyn~‡Z© †hb Pv½v n‡q D‡V‡Q mg¯— Muv-Uv| †Q‡j ey‡ov mevB ûgwo †L‡q †a‡q Avm‡Q cxi mv‡n‡ei cv‡q Pz‡gv Lvevi R‡b¨| Nyg †Pv‡L ZLbI Xzj‡Qb cxi mv‡ne| ¯^í †n‡m ej‡jb, †Lv`vi Kzì‡Zi kvb †K ej‡Z cv‡i| mvM‡iìv mg¯^‡i e‡j DV‡jv, mvivivZ bv NygvBqv †Lv`v‡i WvK‡Qb Avgv‡Mv cxi mve| euva fv‡½ mva¨ wK? cxi mv‡ne ZL‡bv nvm‡Qb| ¯í cwiwgZ nvwm Av‡c‡ji D: iw³gvfvi gZ †d‡U Qwo‡q co‡Q gy‡Li me©Î|

kãv_© I UxKv : Ijvwewe Ñ cÖvPxb mgv‡R c~R¨ K‡jiv †iv‡Mi †èx, ZwíZív Ñ weQvbvcÎ ev Ab¨vb¨ wRwbmc‡Îi †euvPKv, †fswP Ñ Dcnvbm~PK weK…Z gyLfw½, evnvËwi K_v Ñ evnvËi eQi eqm¯‹ kw³nxb A‡K‡Rv e„‡×i msjvc, ev‡R K_v ; mvK‡i` Ñ kvM‡i`, †Pjv, mnKvix, bvdigvb Ñ Aeva¨, Av‡`k Agvb¨Kvix, Kv‡di Ñ mZ¨ cÖZ¨vL¨vbKvix, Bmjvg-we‡ivax †jvK|

cvV cwiwPwZ : †bZ…Z¡, GKZv Ges Kg©¯ú„nv mKj cÖwZKzjZv‡K cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ñ Rwni ivqnv‡bi euva M‡í †m KvwnbxB wee„Z n‡q‡Q| MÖv‡gi GK †kÖwYi gvbyl cÖPÊ iK‡gi ag©wek¦v‡mi Ici wbf©i K‡i cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †gvZvwejv Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q| el©vi Xj‡_‡K MÖvg I dmji¶vKvix euva i¶vi Rb¨ Rwgi gywÝic †bZ…‡Z¡ Zviv cx‡ii kiYvcbœ n‡q‡Q| c¶vš—‡i gwZ gv÷v‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ MÖv‡gi Aci GKwU †kÖwY SoÑSÅv D‡c¶v K‡i gvwU †K‡U euva‡K msnZ I gReyZ K‡i‡Q| wech©‡qi nvZ †_‡K MÖv‡gi gvbyl Ges Zv‡ì K‡ó I ¯^‡cœi dmj i¶v K‡i‡Q| GLv‡b Kg©Rxe‡bi g~jgš¿|

Abykxjbx

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| ÔeuvaÕ M‡í Dwj−wLZ cxi mv‡n‡ei evwo †Kv_vq ?

K. Rvgvjcyi L. VvKziMuvI M. MdiMuvI N. †bvqvLvwj

2| cximv‡ne‡K Muv‡qi †jv‡Kiv UvKv-cqmv I AR¯ª wRwbmcÎ †fU w`‡qwQj| KviY Ñ

i cxi‡K fv‡jvevm‡Zv e‡j ii ag©fxi“ e‡j iii Kzms¯‹viv”Qbœ e‡j



†fvi‡ejv gby wgqv‡K GK iKg †Rvi K‡iB gvQ ai‡Z wb‡q hvq Aveyj Avi †Kvievb| †m e‡j bvgvR bv cBov †M‡j †Lv`v bvivR AB‡ev, Zr¶Yvr c‡_ we`y¨r PgKv‡j †K e‡jÑ†`vnvB Aveyj fvBÑAvgv‡i QvBov `vI, ¯qs †Lv`vB †Zv wb‡la KiZv‡Q|


3| DÏxc‡Ki gby wgqv Pwi‡Î ÔeuvaÕ M‡íi ‡Kvb w`KwU cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q|

K. ag© m‡PZbZv M. AjmZv L. ag©fxi“Zv N. Kg©wegyLZv

4| DÏxc‡Ki gby ÔeuvaÕ M‡íi †h PwiÎwUi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Zv n‡jv Ñ

K. gwZ L. QKz M. iwk` N. Puv`y

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :

cyKzi Nv‡U cvwb Avb‡Z wM‡q Pvb wgqvi †g‡q †mwjbv AÁvb n‡q c‡o| Ae¯’v †`‡L Zvi `v`x †Q‡j‡K e‡j ÔgvBqv‡i †Zvgvi f~‡Z cvB‡Q, wkM&&Mxi ûRyi‡K WvK| Pvb wgqv ZvovZvwo K‡i gmwR‡ì Bgvg mv‡ne‡K †W‡K Avb‡jb Ges bvbviKg SvodzK I ZvweR-Ke‡Ri eë¯’v Ki‡jb|

K. gwZ gv÷vi euv‡ai Kv‡R KZRb †jvK‡K wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj ? L. iwng m`©vi KvwRi †Q‡ji bvgwU Gwo‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb †Kb ? M. DÏxc‡Ki e³‡e¨ ÔeuvaÕ M‡íi †h we‡kl w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxc‡K dz‡U IVv w`KwU AvRI Avgv‡ì mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b cÖwZeÜKZvi m„wó K‡i ÔeuvaÕ

M‡íi Av‡jv‡K we‡k−lY Ki|


Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZ Avwbmy¾vgvb

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : Avwbmy¾vgvb 1937 mv‡ji 18Bs †deª“qvwi Zvwi‡L KjKvZvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv Wv. G.wU.G.Gg. †gvqv¾g, gvZv Ñ ˆmq`v LvZzb| 1951 mv‡j XvKvi wcÖqbvk nvB¯‹zj †_‡K wZwb cÖ‡ewkKv cix¶vq DËxY© nb| 1953 mv‡j RMbœv_ K‡jR †_‡K AvB.G. Ges 1956 I 1957 mv‡j XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K m¤§vbmn mœvZK I mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi G‡gwiUvm Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e Kg©iZ Av‡Qb| Aa¨vcK Avwbmy¾vgvb M‡elK I cÖvewÜK| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’ ‡jv n‡jv : gymwjg evsjvi mvgwqK cÎ, î~‡ci mÜv‡b, AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki evsjv wPwV, cy‡iv‡bv evsjv M`¨, evOvwj bvix : mvwn‡Z¨ I mgv‡R BZ¨vw`| mvwnZ¨ I M‡elYvq K…wZ‡Z¡i Rb¨ wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wgx mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vi, AvjvIj mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vi, GKz‡k c`Kmn cÖPzi m¤§vbbv I cyi¯‹v‡i f~wlZ n‡q‡Qb|]

ms¯‹…wZ ej‡Z Avgiv mvaviYZ mvwnZ¨ wkí b„Z¨MxZev`¨ ey‡S _vwK| G¸‡jv ms¯‹…wZi Acwinvh© A½, Z‡e G¸‡jvB ms¯‹…wZi meUv bq| ms¯‹…wZ ej‡Z gyL¨Z `yÕ‡Uv e¨vcv †evSvq : e¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ Avi gvbm-ms¯‹…wZ| Nievwo, hš¿cvwZ, Avnviwenvi, Rxebhvcb cÖYvjx-Gme e¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZi Aš—M©Z| Avi mvwnZ¨-`k©‡b wk‡í-m½x‡Z gvbwmK cÖe„wËi †h ewntcÖKvk N‡U, Zv‡K ejv hvq gvbm-ms¯‹…wZ| e¯‘MZ Avi gvbm-ms¯‹…wZ wgwj‡qB †Kv‡bv †`‡ki ev RvwZi mvs¯‹…wZK cwiPq dz‡U I‡V|

evsjv‡`‡k Avgiv †h ms¯‹…wZi DËivwaKvi enb KiwQ, Zv A‡bK cyi‡bv| GB ms¯‹…wZi wKQz êwkó¨ cÖwZ‡ekx †`k¸‡jvi m‡½ †g‡j, wKQz êwkó¨ Avjv`v K‡i mbv³ Kiv hvq| b„ZvwË¡K wePv‡i, K…wlwfwËK A_©bxwZi weKv‡k, ag©vby‡cÖiYvq, eY©cÖ_vq, Drcv`b-c×wZi A‡bKLvwb‡Z evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi wgj cvIqv hv‡e †MvUv Dcgnv‡`‡ki m‡½| evsjvfvlv B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq †Mvôxi fvlv-GB †Mvôxi Ab¨vb¨ fvlv Qvwo‡q Av‡Q Dcgnv‡`‡k DËivÂ‡j| evsjvi A‡bK ixwZbxwZiI wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq †mB GjvKvq| Avevi avb-†Zj-njw`-cvb-mycvwii eënv‡i wgj cvIqv hvq `w¶YvÂ‡ji m‡½| †mjvB QvovKvco civi wel‡qI †ewk wgj H GjvKvi m‡½| Gi KviY, evsjvi Avw` RbcÖevn wQj cÖvK-Avh© bi‡Mvôxm¤¢~Z| c‡i Gi Ic‡i Avh© Rb‡Mvôx I Zv‡ì cÖfve G‡m c‡o| †m cÖfve GZ Zxeª wQj †h, ZvB †`kR DcKi‡Y cwiYZ nq| c‡i gymjgvbiv hLb G‡`k Rq Ki‡jb, ZLb Zuviv †h ms¯‹…wZ wb‡q G‡jb, Zv‡Z ZzwK©-Avie-Bivb-ga¨ Gwkqvi mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`v‡bi wg‡kj wQj| †mLv‡b †_‡K A‡bK wKQz Gj evOvjx ms¯‹…wZ‡Z| Zvici G‡`‡k hLb BD‡ivcxqiv G‡jb, ZLb Zuviv G‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZi m‡½ †hvM NUv‡jb Av‡iv GKwU ms¯‹…wZi| Gfv‡e evsjvi ms¯‹…wZ‡Z A‡bK ms¯‹…wZ-cÖev‡ni `vb G‡m wg‡k‡Q| Avi bvbv Dr‡mi `v‡b Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZ n‡q‡Q cyó|

evsjvi cÖK…wZ I †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae ’vb Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZ‡Z `vb K‡i‡Q ¯^vZš¿¨| †fŠ‡MvwjK êwk‡óï ìyb evsjvq wewfbœ ivRZ¡ †hgb ¯’vwqZ¡ jvf Ki‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Q, †Zgwb evsjvi GB wew”QbœZvi d‡j ag©g‡Zi †¶‡Î we‡ ªvn I D™¢veb †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| evsjvi mvwnZ¨-m½x‡Zi †¶‡Î cÖvK…wZK êwP‡Îï cÖfve j¶ Kiv hvq| mc©‡èx gbmvi gvnvZ¥¨ Mvb K‡i †jLv Ôgbmvg½jÕ Kv‡eï D™¢e c~e© e‡½i Rjvf~wg‡Z, cwÊg e‡½i iy¶ gvwU‡Z weKvk êòe c`vejxi| b`xgvZ…K c~e© e‡½ fvwUqvwj Mv‡bi we¯—vi, ï®‹ DËi e‡½ fvIqvBqvi, Avi evsjv cwÊgvÂ‡j KxZ©b I evD‡ji| wkímvgMÖxi jf¨ZvI cÖK…wZi Ici wbf©ikxj| ZvB evsjvi ¯’vc‡Z¨ cv_‡ii †P‡q BU Avi gvwUi cÖvavb¨, g„rdjK GLvbKvi Abb¨


m„wó| evsjvi fv¯‹‡h©I gvwUi cÖvavb¨, Avi †mB m‡½ †`Lv hvq GK ai‡bi mvgMÖxi Ic‡i Ab¨ ai‡bi mvgMÖxi Dc‡hvMx wkí m„wói cÖqvm|

Ab¨ w`K w`‡q wePvi Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, evsjvi gvbm-ms¯‹…wZ cÖavbZ AvkÖq K‡i‡Q mvwnZ¨ I m½xZ, Aa¨vZ¥wPš—v I `k©b‡K| ¯^í n‡jI ¯’vcZ¨, fv¯‹h© I wPÎKjvi †¶‡Î evsjvi `vb Av‡Q| wKš‘ weÁvb I MwY‡Zi mvabvi †Zgb HwZn¨ evsjvq M‡o I‡V wb|

dwjZ weÁv‡bi GKwU †¶‡ÎÑAvqy‡e©`kv‡¯¿ evsjvi GKUv f~wgKv wQj, wKš‘ ZvI wQj mxgve×| cÖhyw³i †¶‡Î evsjvi AMÖMwZ †`Lv w`‡qwQj g~jZ Kviywk‡í| Z‡e kZvãxi ci kZvãx a‡i GB Kviywkí weKwkZ n‡jI Gi cÖhyw³‡Z êc −weK †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b N‡Uwb| cÖhyw³i †¶‡Î eo cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q Bs‡iR Avg‡j| Z‡e †m cÖhyw³ evsjvi wbR¯^ m„wó bq, Avš—R©vwZK †¶Î †_‡K avi Kiv|

evsjvi mvs¯‹…wZK ¯^vZš¿¨ cwiùzU n‡Z _v‡K L„÷xq mßg-Aóg kZvãx †_‡K| GB ¯^vZš¿¨ †`Lv †`q kvmb-eë¯’vq, mvgvwRK Rxe‡b I A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î| evsjv fvlv, mvwnZ¨ I wjwci weKvk †m ¯^vZš¿¨‡K A_©c~Y© K‡i †Zv‡j| ewnivMZ gymjgvbiv G‡`k Rq K‡ib Î‡qv`k kZvãxi ïiy‡Z| gymjgvb kvm‡Kiv evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡i Zvi weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡ib| †lvok kZvãxi †k‡l gyNjiv evsjv‡`k Rq K‡ib| gyNj Avg‡j evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ Av‡Mi gZ ivóªxq c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf K‡i wb, Z‡e GKUv e„nËi cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ ZLb evsjvi ms¯‹…wZi †hvM N‡U| Zvici AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki ga¨fv‡M Bs‡iR kvmb cÖewZ©Z n‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwiwa Av‡iv we¯—…Z nq; wek¦ms¯‹…wZi m‡½ evsjvi †hvM mvwaZ nq|

H mgq ch©š— evsjv‡`‡k D”P e‡M©i ms¯‹„wZi m‡½ wb¤œ e‡M©i ms¯‹…wZi wKQz wKQz †f` wQj| Kviywk‡íi †¶‡Î †fÙv Lye †Pv‡L c‡o| Gi GKUv aviv wQj D”P †kÖYxi †fvM¨Ñiy‡cvi KvR, nvwZi ùv‡Zi KvR, †ikgx I DuPz gv‡bi mywZ Kvc‡oi wkí; Ab¨ avivUv wQj mvavi‡Yi †fvM¨Ñkuv‡Li I wcZ‡ji KvR, bKkx Kuv_v, cvwU, Avjcbv| mgv‡R DuPz ch©v‡q ms¯‹…Z ev dviwmi †h-PP©v nZ Zv wbPz ¯—i‡K ¯úk© K‡i wb| aªyc`x m½xZ I †jvKm½xZ PP©vi g‡aÏ Ggwb cv_©K¨ wQj| †jvKmvwnZ¨ I wkó mvwn‡Zï †fÌ wQj| Z‡e evsjvi mvwnZ¨ I m½xZ mgv‡Ri cÖvq mKj ¯—i‡K ¯úk© Ki‡Z mg_© n‡qwQj| GBR‡b¨ evsjvi gvbm-ms¯‹…wZ‡Z me‡P‡q cÖvavb¨ mvwnZ¨ I m½x‡Zi|

Bs‡iR Avg‡j †h bZzb mvs¯‹…wZK weKvk N‡U, Zvi †cÖiYv G‡mwQj cÖavbZ cvÊvZ¨ wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZ †_‡K| cvÊvZ¨ wkí I ms¯‹…wZi m‡½ hv‡ì †hvM N‡U wb, Zviv Gi weKv‡k Ges Gi Dc‡fvM¨ZvqI Ask wb‡Z cv‡i wb| GKv‡ji mvwnZ¨-m½xZ-bvUK-wPÎKjv cÖavbZ bM‡ii m„wó| Gi A‡_© Avgv‡ì gvbK-ms¯‹…wZi †kÖô i~c wbwg©Z nq D”P I ga¨ †kÖYxi gywó‡gq Bs‡iwR wkw¶‡Zi nv‡Z| Jcwb‡ewkK bq, wKš‘ Av‡Mi gZB †kÖYxwef³| ZvB mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©Kv‡Û mK‡ji AwaKvi mgvb bq Ges GK †kÖYxi m„ó ms¯‹…wZ‡Z Ab¨ †kÖYxi cÖ‡ekvwaKvi †bB; Avevi GK †kÖYxi m„ó ms¯‹…wZ Ab¨ †kÖYxi c‡¶ iywPKi bq| mgv‡Ri êc−weK cwieZ©b bv n‡j GB Ae¯’vi †Kv‡bv e`j Avkv Kiv hvq bv|

AvVv‡iv kK ch©š— evsjvi mvs¯‹…wZ‡K GK A‡_© ag©gyLx ejv hvq| êòe mvwnZ¨ ev g½jKve¨, Bmjvg ag©welqK iPbv ev bexRxebx, KxZ©b ev k¨vgvm½xZ Zvi D`vniY| GgbwK Ava¨vZ¥-ZË¡vwkÖZ cÖY‡qvcvL¨vbI Gi g‡a¨ aiv hvq| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î K‡qKwU welq j¶Yxq| cÖ_gZ, evsjvi mvwnZ¨ I m½x‡Z bvbv ag©m¤úª v‡qi e³e¨ GKB m‡½ ’vb †c‡q‡Q| wØZxqZ, ag©Kj‡ni cvkvcvwk GK ai‡bi mgšq-†PZbv KvR K‡i‡QÑ †hvM I mydxev‡ì mgšq Avi evDj Mvb Zvi g‡a¨ we‡kl D‡j−L‡hvM¨| Z…ZxqZ, Gi me †¶‡ÎB †kl ch©š— agx©q e ‘i †P‡q eo n‡q D‡V‡Q gvbweKZv| êòe KweZv ev Ava¨vwZ¥K


cÖYqKvwnbx Z‡Ë¡i †P‡q †cÖ‡gi Kvwnbxi~‡cB Av „Z n‡q‡Q, g½jKv‡e¨ †èZvi †P‡q eo n‡q D‡V‡Q gvbyl| A‰eòe Kwe ivavK…ò welqK c` wj‡L‡Qb, Agymjgvb Kwe wj‡L‡Qb Kvievjv-Kvwnbx|

GB gvbweKZv‡K hw` evOvjx ms¯‹…wZi GKUv gyL¨ cÖKvk e‡j MY¨ Kwi, Zvn‡j Dwbk-wek kZ‡Ki evsjv ms¯‹…wZ‡Z †mB gvbeev‡ì wewPÎ i~c cÖZ¨¶ Kwi| cyi‡bv avivi ms¯‹…wZ‡Z mvgvwRK Ab¨v‡qi weiy‡× wKQz cÖwZev` Av‡Q| GKv‡ji ms¯‹…wZ‡Z Ab¨v‡qi weiy‡× we‡ ªv‡ni K_v mi‡e †kvbv hvq| GB w`K w`‡q †`L‡j Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZi cÖengvb avivq gvbeKj¨vY I mvgvwRK b¨v‡qi cÖwZ my¯úó c¶cvZ dz‡U D‡V‡Q| Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZi wewPÎ i~c wb‡q †hgb Avgiv Me© Ki‡Z cvwi, †Zgwb Zvi GB fvee¯‘I Avgv‡ì †MŠi‡ei welq|

kãv_© I UxKv : cÖe„wË- Af¨vm, Awfi“wP, B‡›`v BD‡ivcxq fvlv †Mvôx- c„w_exi fvlvmg~n‡Z Zv‡ì DrcwË Abymv‡i K‡qKwU cwiev‡i fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gig‡a¨ B‡›`v BD‡ivcxq fvlv †Mvôx Ab¨Zg| ms¯‹…Z, evsjv, Bs‡iwR BZ¨vw` cÖavb fvlv¸‡jv G †Mvôxi Aš—fz©³, b„-ZvwË¡K- RvwZ †Mvôx m¤úwK©Z, Avh© bi‡Mvôx- cÖvPxb BivK- Bivb AÂj †_‡K AvMZ Rb‡Mvôx, gbmvg½j- ga¨hy‡Mi Kwe PwÊ`vm iwPZ Kve¨MÖš’| G MÖ‡š’ mv‡ci †`we gbmvi e›`bv Kiv n‡q‡Q, êòec`vejx- ga¨hy‡M iwPZ fw³g~jK KweZv| Kwe Rq‡è GKRb weL¨vZ êòec`vejxi Kwe, Avqyi‡e©`kv¯¿- †`kR wPwKrmv weÁvb m¤úwK©Z MÖš’, Kvi“wkí- n¯—wbwg©Z wkí hv GKvav‡i my›ì I cÖvZ¨wnK Kv‡R jv‡M, mßg- Aóg kZvãx-600- 700 kZvãx, mywdev`- gymwjg agx©q gZev`|

cvV cwiwPwZ : evsjv GKv‡Wgx †_‡K cÖKvwkZ Ôevsjv‡`‡ki DrmeÕ (2008) MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ| evsjv‡`‡ki mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨ eû cÖvPxb| Avw`Kvj n‡Z eZ©gvb Kvj ch©š— evsjvi ms¯‹…wZ‡Z †hvM n‡q‡Q we‡k¦i bvbv RvwZi ms¯‹…wZ| G‡Z Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZ mg„× n‡q‡Q, eûgvwÎKZv jvf K‡i‡Q| Zv m‡Ë¡I evsjvi cÖK…wZ I †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZ‡Z `vb K‡i‡Q ¯^vZš¿| Avi Zv n‡jv Avgv‡ì †jvK ms¯‹…wZ| Avgv‡ì mvwnZ¨, m½xZ, wPÎKjv, gvwUi fv¯‹h©, Kvi“wkí, eqb wk‡íi i‡q‡Q mycÖvPxb HwZn¨| Gme wKQzB Avgv‡ì †`‡ki gvbyl‡K Amv¤úÖ`vwqK †PZbvq DØy× K‡i‡Q| RvMÖZ K‡i‡Q gvbweK `k©b|

Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| gvbm ms¯‹…wZi m‡½ †KvbwU m¤úK©hy³ bq ? K. mvwnZ¨ L. msMxZ M. wkí N. Avnviwenvi

2| ms¯‹…wZi †`kR DcKiY Avni‡Y †Kvb Rb‡Mvôxi cÖfve AwaKZi ? i cÖvK Avh© Rb‡Mvôx ii Avh© Rb‡Mvôx iii BD‡ivcxq Rb‡Mvôx

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i L. ii M. i N. i I ii



bxjMÄ ¯‹z‡ji wk¶v_x©e„›` wk¶v md‡i Kzwóqv †Mj| Kzwóqv kn‡ii Kv‡QB †QuDwoqvi jvj‡bi AvLovq wM‡q Zviv evDj wkíx‡ì Mvb ïb‡jv| †jvKvqZ evDj wkíxi gvbeZvev`x †PZbv Zv‡ì gy» Ki‡jv| †mLvb †_‡K Zviv wkjvB`n iex› ªKzwV evwo‡Z †Mj| KzwVevoxi B‡Ui Kvi“Kvh© Zv‡ì fvj jvM‡jv| KzwVevwoi Kv‡QB wkjvB`n NvU| Zviv wPš—v Ki‡jv iex›`ªbv_ eRiv K‡i GB NvU †_‡KB cÙvi ey‡K †f‡m †f‡m cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© †`L‡Z †`L‡Z m„wókxjZvq gMœ †_‡K wb‡R‡K mg„× K‡i‡Qb|

3| DÏxc‡K ÔAvgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZÕ cÖe‡Ü wea„Z w`KwU n‡jv Ñ

K. e¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ L. gvbm ms¯‹…wZ M. bMi ms¯‹…wZ N. evDj ms¯‹…wZ

4| DÏxc‡Ki Abyf~wZi mv‡_ ÔAvgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZÕ cÖe‡Üi †Kvb welqwU mvgÄm¨c~Y© ?

K. †jvKmvwnZÏ wkó mvwn‡Zï †f` Av‡Q| L. evsjvi ms¯‹…wZ‡Z A‡bK ms¯‹…wZ-cÖev‡ni `vb G‡m wg‡k‡Q M. evsjvi cÖK…wZ I †fŠMwjK Ae¯’vb Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZ‡K ¯^vZš¿¨ w`‡q‡Q| N. D”Pe‡M©i ms¯‹…wZi m‡½ wb¤œe‡M©i ms¯‹…wZi cÖ‡f` Av‡Q|

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :

evOvwj msKi RvwZ| ivR‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK I agx©q Kvi‡Y G‡`‡ki gvbyl GKw`‡K mnbkxj Ab¨w`‡K we‡ ªvnx| G †`‡ki gvbyl bvbv m¼U †gvKv‡ejv K‡i ag© I ms¯‹…wZ‡K Awf‡hvwRZ K‡i‡Q| GB Awf‡hvRb cÖwµqvq hy³ †_‡K‡Q bvbv Av‡qvRb| kvmbkw³i iƒcvš—i, ag©vš—i cÖwµqv GLb BnRvMwZK I Amv¤úª`vwqK †PZbv‡K wejxb K‡i wb|

K. gbmvg½j Kv‡eï D™¢e †Kv_vq ? L. D”Pe‡M©i ms¯‹…wZ ej‡Z Kx eyS ? M. DÏxc‡Ki fvewU ÔAvgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZÕ cÖe‡Üi †Kvb&& w`K‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i ? eY©bv Ki| N. ÔmvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZi me †¶‡ÎB †kl ch©š— agx©q e¯‘i †P‡q eo n‡q D‡V‡Q gvbweKZvÕ

†jL‡Ki GB AwfgZ DÏxc‡K KZUv cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Ñ g~j¨vqb Ki|


mvwn‡Zï iƒc I ixwZ nvqvr gvgy

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : nvqvr gvgy 2iv RyjvB 1939 wLªóv‡ã cwÊge‡½i ûMjx †Rjvi †gŠov bvgK MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b wZwb XvKv †MÛvwiqv AÂ‡ji ’vqx evwm›`v| Zuvi wcZv gyn¤§` kg‡mi Avjx Ges gvZv Avwgbv LvZzb| nvqvr gvgy XvKvi †m›U‡MÖMwiR nvB ‹zj †_‡K 1956 mv‡j cª‡ewkKv cix¶vq DËxY© nb| 1958 mv‡j ZrKvjxb Kv‡q‡`-AvRg K‡jR (eZ©gv‡b miKvwi †nv‡mb knx` †mvnIqv`x© K‡jR) †_‡K D”P gva¨wgK Ges XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K evsjv wel‡q m¤§vbmn œvZK I œvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| c‡i wZwb KjKvZvi hvècyi wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wcGBPwW wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq I Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨vcbv †k‡l Aemi Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Qb| KweZv I Mí †jLA w`‡q Zuvi mvwnZ¨ Rxeb ïi“ n‡jI cieZx©‡Z M‡elYv I cÖeÜ mvwn‡Z¨ L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib| wZwb cÖvq Aa©-kZvwaK MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’ ‡jv n‡jv : ¯MZ msjvc, †cÖg A‡cÖg wb‡q †eu‡P AvwQ (Kve¨MÖš’), iex› ªbv_ : wK‡kvi Rxebx, bRi“j Bmjvg : wK‡kvi Rxebx, cÖwZfvi †Ljv Ñ bRi“j, evOvwj ewjqv j¾v bvB, evsjv †jLvi wbqgKvbyb, wK‡kvi evsjv Awfavb BZ¨vw`| mvwnZ¨‡¶‡Î Zvrch©c~Y© Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi ‹v‡i f~wlZ nb|]

mvwnZ¨ wekvj cwiwai GKwU welq| Avgiv mvgwMÖKfv‡e ÔmvwnZ¨Õ ewj e‡U, wKš‘ wePv‡ii mg‡q M`¨, c`¨ wKsev Mí Dcb¨vm KweZv bvUK BZ¨vw` ¯Zš¿fv‡e e¨vL¨v-we‡k −lY K‡i ü`q½g Kwi| mvwe©Kfv‡e mvwn‡Zï iƒc ej‡Z Avgiv mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ kvLv ey‡S _vwK, †hgbÑKweZv, gnvKve¨, bvUK, Kve¨bvU¨, †QvUMí, Dcb¨vm, igïPbv BZ¨vw`| Avi ÔixwZÕ n‡jv H kvLv¸‡jv Kxfv‡e wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q †m wel‡q ch©‡e¶Y I Av‡jvPbv|

KweZv

Q‡›`ve× fvlvq, A_©vr c‡`¨, hv wjwLZ nq Zv‡KB Avgiv ÔKweZvÕ e‡j _vwK| KweZvi cÖavb `ywU iƒc‡f` n‡jvÑgnvKve¨ I MxwZKweZv| evsjv fvlvq gnvKv‡eï P~ovš— mdj iƒc cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë Zuvi Ô‡gNbv`-eaÕ Kv‡e¨| gnvKve¨ iwPZ nq hy×weMÖ‡ni †Kv‡bv Kvwnbx Aej¤^b K‡i| fviZel© Dcgnv‡`‡ki me©cÖvPxb `ywU Kvwnbxi GKwU n‡jv ÔivgvqYÕ Avi Ab¨wU ÔgnvfviZÕ| ÔgnvfviZÕ m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q _v‡K-Ôhv †bB fvi‡Z Zv †bB fvi‡ZÕ, Gi A_© : ÔgnvfviZÕ MÖ‡š’ hv †bB Zv fviZe‡l©I †bB A_©vr fviZe‡l© N‡U wb ev NU‡Z cv‡i bv| ÔgnvfviZÕ AvqZ‡b wekvj| ÔivgvqYÕ Zvi Zzjbvq ¶z`ª; Kvwnbx n‡jv : cZœx mxZv‡K wb‡q hyeivR ivgP‡›`ªi ebevm, Zuv‡ì AbyMvgx nq KwYô åvZv j²Y; ebev‡m _vKvi mg‡q j¼v Øx‡ci ivRv iveY Zvi †evb k~c©bLvi m¤§vb i¶vi Rb¨ mxZv‡K niY K‡i i‡_ Pwo‡q AvKvkc‡_ Dwo‡q wb‡q wM‡q j¼vq Zvi evMvb evwo‡Z e›`x K‡i iv‡L| mxZv‡K D×v‡ii Rb¨ ivg I ive‡Yi g‡a¨ †h hy× nq †mwUB ivgvqY-K_v| A_©vr GKK_v, gnvKve¨ n‡jv AwZkq `xN© Kvwnbx-KweZv| gnvKv‡eï g~j j¶¨ Mí ejv, Z‡e Zv‡K M‡`¨ bv wj‡L c‡`¨ wjL‡Z nq| Gi evB‡i Av‡Q msw¶ß AvKv‡ii KweZv, hv ÔMxwZKweZvÕ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| Jcb¨vwmK ew¼gP›`ª wKQz Mvb I KweZv iPbv Ki‡jI Zv Zuvi cÖavb m„wóKg© bq| wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb : Ôe³vi fv‡ev”Q¡v‡mi cwiù~Ub gvÎ hvnvi D‡Ïk¨, †mB Kve¨B MxwZKve¨|Õ GB gš—e¨ me©vs‡k mZ¨| MxwZKweZv Kwei Abyf~wZi cÖKvk nIqvq mvaviYZ `xN©Kvq nq bv| wKš‘ †¶Îwe‡k‡l hw` `xN©I nq Zv‡ZI Amywe‡a †bB, hw` Kwei g‡bi c~Y© Awfe¨w³ †mLv‡b cÖKvwkZ n‡q _v‡K| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ MxwZKweZvi Avw` wb`k©b êòe KweZvewj|


hw` MxwZKweZv‡K †kÖwYwefvR‡bi Aš—M©Z Ki‡ZB nq, Zvn‡j G iKg †kÖwYwefvM Kiv hyw³hy³ e‡j g‡b nq : fw³g~jK (†hgb- iex›`ªbv_, AZzjcÖmv`, ivgcÖmv`, iRbxKv‡š—i iPbv), ¯^‡`kcªxwZg~jK (†hgb- ew¼gP‡›`ªi Ôe‡›` gvZigÕ, iex›`ªbv‡_i AmsL¨ KweZv-Mvb), †cÖgg~jK, cÖK…wZwelqK wPš—vg~jK ev `k©bvkÖqx KweZv| †kvK-Mv_v ev †kvK AvkÖq K‡i wjwLZ KweZvI Gi mgch©vqfz³|

evsjv KweZvq we‡kl ywU avivi RbK KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg I Rmxg D &&`xb| cÖ_g Rb Avgv‡ì mvwn‡Z¨ Ôwe‡ ªvnx KweÕ I wØZxq Rb Ôcwj−KweÕ wn‡m‡e ’vqx Avmb jvf K‡i‡Qb| bRi“‡ji KweZvq †h DÏxß KÉ¯i I „ß fv‡ei †`Lv †g‡j Zv c~‡e© evsjv Kv‡e¨ wQj bv| Rmxg D &&`x‡bi ÔbKkxKuv_vi gvVÕ I Ô†mRbevw`qvi NvUÕ RvZxq †Kv‡bv Kve¨ c~‡e© †KD iPbv Kib wb Ges G‡¶‡Î Zuvi AbymvixI †KD †bB|

bvUK

wek¦mvwn‡Z¨ bvUK me©v‡c¶v cÖvPxb| Z‡e g‡b ivLv ìKvi, bvUK †mKv‡j cy¯—KvKv‡i gyw`ªZ n‡q (ZLb †Zv QvcvLvbv wQj bv) N‡i N‡i cwVZ nZ bv, bvUK AwfbxZ n‡Zv| bvU‡Ki j¶¨ cvVK bq, bvU‡Ki j¶¨ me©Kv‡jB `k©KmgvR| Zvi KviY mvwn‡Zï mKj kvLvi wfZ‡i bvUKB GKgvÎ hv mivmwi mgvR‡K I cvVK‡Mvôx‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z Pvq Ges m¶gI nq|

ms¯‹…Z Avj¼vwiKe„›` bvU¨mvwnZ¨‡K Kve¨mvwn‡Zï g‡a¨ MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| cÖvPxbKv‡j †m iKgB cÖ_v wQj| †hgb, †k·cxqiI Zuvi mKj bvUK KweZvq iPbv K‡i‡Qb| ms¯‹…Z Avj¼vwiK‡ì g‡Z Kve¨ `yB ai‡bi : `„k¨Kve¨ I kªve¨Kve¨| bvUK cÖavbZ `„k¨Kve¨, †m‡nZz bvU‡Ki Awfbq gvbylRb‡K `k©b Kiv‡bv m¤¢eci bv n‡j bvUïPbvi g~j D‡Ïk¨B e¨_© nq|

bvUK mPivPi cuvP A‡¼ wef³ _v‡K : 1. cÖvi¤¢, 2. cÖevn (A_©vr Kvwnbxi AMÖMwZ), 3. DrKl© ev Climax, 4. MÖwš’‡gvPb (A_©vr cwiYwZi w`‡K DËiY), 5. Dcmsnvi|

Kvwnbxi welqe¯‘ I cwiYwZi w`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j bvUK‡K cÖavbZ Uª¨v‡RwW (Tragedy ev we‡qvMvš— bvUK), K‡gwW (Comedy ev wgjbvš— bvUK) Ges cÖnmb (Force)- GB wZbwU wefv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| G‡ì g‡a¨ Uª¨v‡RwW‡KB me©‡kÖó MY¨ Kiv nq| Uª¨v‡RwWi wfZ‡i `yBwU Ask wµqvkxj _v‡K : c −U (Plot ev bvU‡Ki AvL¨vbfvM), PwiÎm„wó, msjvc, wPš—v ev Rxeb`k©‡bi cwiù~Ub, gÂvqb, mg¯— wKQzi mgš^‡q myim½wZ| wMÖK `vk©wbK I mvwnZ¨‡eËv Avwi‡óvUj ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, i½g‡Â bvqK ev bvwqKvi RxebKvwnbxi „k¨ci¤úiv Dc ’vc‡bi gva¨‡g †h bvUK `k©‡Ki ü`‡qi fq I Ki“Yv cÖkwgZ K‡i Zvi g‡b Ki“Y i‡mi Avb›` m„wó K‡i, ZvB n‡jv Uª¨v‡RwW|

K‡gwW wel‡q AvwióU‡ji e³e¨ G iKg : gvbePwi‡Îi †h †KŠZzKcÖ` wK KvD‡K cxob K‡i bv, e¨_v †`q bv, nvmïm m„wó K‡i, Zv-B K‡gwWi DcRxe¨| GB †KŠZz‡Ki Rb¥ B”Qvi m‡½ ev —e Ae ’vi, AvKv•¶vi m‡½ cÖvwß‡hv‡Mi, D‡Ï‡kï m‡½ Dcv‡qi ev K_vi m‡½ Kv‡Ri Am½wZi g‡a¨| K‡gwW Avgv‡ì gvbemyjf Î“wUwePz¨wZ I wbe©yw×Zvi cwiYvg cÖ`k©b K‡i A‡kvfb `ye©jZvi nvZ †_‡K gyw³ w`‡q Avgv‡ì‡K my¯’ I ¯^vfvweK K‡i †Zv‡j|

†kÖwYweb¨v‡mi we‡ePbvq bvUK‡K eû †kÖwY‡Z wef³ Kiv m¤¢e| †hgbÑaªæc`x (ev K¬¨vwmK¨vj) bvUK, †ivg¨vw›UK bvUK| A_ev aiv hvK- Kveägx© bvUK, mvgvwRK bvUK, Pµvš—g~jK bvUK, HwZnvwmK bvUK, †cŠivwYK bvUK, cÖnmb| Gme e¨wZ‡i‡KI n‡Z cv‡i MxwZbvU¨, b„Z¨bvU¨, PwiZbvUK, Dcb¨v‡mi bvUïƒc, mv‡¼wZK bvUK, mgm¨vcÖavb bvUK, GKvw¼Kv BZ¨vw`| Uª¨v‡RwW I K‡gwW-‡gvUv `v‡M GB `yBwU wefvRb †Zv i‡q‡QB|


evsjv bvU‡Ki †¶‡Î cÖ_g hyMvš—Kvix cÖwZfv gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë Ges `xbeÜz wgÎ| gvB‡K‡ji †jLbx‡ZB me©cÖ_g Uª¨v‡RwW, K‡gwW I cÖnmb evsjv fvlvq m„wó nq| Zvici `xbeÜz Avwef©~Z nb mvgvwRK bvUK wb‡q| Zuvi Ôbxj`c©YÕ bvUK Gi †kÖô D`vniY| cieZx© mg‡q wMwikP›`ª †Nvl (1843-1911) GKBm‡½ bvU¨Kvi I Awf‡bZv wQ‡jb| wZwb †cŠivwYK bvUK (ÔRbvÕ, Ôey×‡èÕ) HwZnvwmK bvUK (ÔKvjvcvnvoÕ), mvgvwRK bvUK (ÔcÖdzj−Õ) BZ¨vw` iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Gici wØ‡R› ªjvj iv‡qi (1863-1913) HwZnvwmK bvUK ÔP›`ª¸ßÕ I ÔkvRvnvbÕ evOvwj `k©K‡ì ü`q Rq K‡i †bq| Zuvi mgmvgwqKM‡Yi g‡a¨ Ag„Zjvj emy, ¶x‡iv`cÖmv` we`¨vwe‡bv` D‡j −L‡hvM¨| Avi Zvi c‡iB Avwef©ve Kwe iex›`ªbv‡_i, whwb evsjv bvU‡KiI †gvo Nywi‡q †`b bvbv w`‡K : i³Kiex, WvKNi, AiƒciZb cÖZxKagx© bvUK wn‡m‡e evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ KvjRqx n‡q i‡q‡Q| †QvUMí :

iex› ªbv_ Zuvi GKwU KweZvq hv e‡jwQ‡jb †m-K_vwU †QvUM‡íi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© GLbI cÖgvY¨ e¨vL¨v wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡q Avm‡Q| wZwb wj‡LwQ‡jb :

†QvU cÖvY, †QvU e¨_v †QvU †QvU ytL K_v wbZvš—B mnR mij mn¯ª we¯§„wZ ivwk cÖZ¨n †h‡Z‡Q fvwm Zvwi `yPvwiwU AkÖ“Rj| bvwn eY©bvi QUv NUbvi NbNUv bvwn ZË¡ bvwn Dc‡`k Aš—‡i AZ…wß i‡e mv½ Kwi g‡b n‡e †kl nÕ‡q nBj bv †kl| †kl n‡q nBj bv †klÕ-K_vwU LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| G-K_vi wfZ‡iB e‡j †Ìqv n‡jv †h, †QvUMí KL‡bvB Kvwnbxi wfZ‡i NUbvi ïi“ †_‡K †kl ch©š— e‡j †`q bv- †hgbUv N‡U Dcb¨v‡mi †¶‡Î| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Ô‡QvUMíÕ kãwU eëüZ n‡”Q Pwj−k-cÂvk erm‡ii †ewk bq| Zvi c~‡e© ïay ÔMíÕ ejv nZ| e‡ov AvKv‡ii Mí n‡j ÔDcb¨vwmKvÕ K_v Pj wQj, A_©vr †QvU Dcb¨vm| mvwn‡Zï hZ kvLv Av‡Q, †hgb Kve¨ gnvKve¨ bvUK Dcb¨vm BZ¨vw`, †m-m‡ei g‡a¨ †QvUMíB n‡”Q eq‡m me©KwYô| †QvUM‡íI _v‡K Dcb¨v‡mi g‡ZvB †Kv‡bv-bv-‡Kv‡bv Kvwnbxi eY©bv, Z‡e Zv ïi“ †_‡K †kl ch©š— bq, Kvwnbxi wfZ‡i †_‡KB †e‡Q †bIqv †Kv‡bv Ask _v‡K gvÎ|

Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï D`vniY AbymiY K‡i evsjvq †hgb Dcb¨vm wjwLZ n‡q‡Q, †QvUM‡íiI Aby‡cÖiYv G‡m‡Q cvÊvZ¨ mvwnZ¨ †_‡KB| Ô†QvUMíÕ ej‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi Kvwnbx †evSv‡e †m wel‡q wek¦weL¨vZ gvwK©b †QvUMíKvi GWMvi A¨vjvb †cv (1809-1849) g‡b Ki‡Zb Ava NÈv †_‡K `y-GK NÈvi g‡a¨ c‡o IVv hvq Ggb KvwnbxB Ô‡QvUMíÕ| Bs‡iR †jLK GBP.wR.I‡qj&&m&& ej‡Zb †h †QvUM‡íi AvqZb Ggb nIqv m½Z ‡hb 10 †_‡K 50 wgwb‡Ui wfZ‡i cov †kl nq| Bs‡iwR fvlvq †cv-‡K †QvUM‡íi RbK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb : In the whole composition there should be no word written of which the tendency, direct or indirect, is not to the one pre-established design. ..... undue brevity is just as exceptional here as in the poem, but undue length is yet more to be avoided.

ejvB evûj¨, Dcb¨v‡m †hgb we —vwiZfv‡e Kvwnbx eY©bv _v‡K, †QvUM‡íi cwiwa ¶z ª nIqvi Kvi‡Y NUbvi cy•Lvbycy•L Dc ’vcb †mLv‡b m¤¢e bq Ges Acª‡qvRbxqI e‡U| mvwnZ¨ M‡elK kÖxkP› ª `vk h_v_©B


e‡j‡Qb : ÔAvmj K_v GB †h, †QvUMí AvKv‡i †QvU nB‡e ewjqv Bnv‡Z Rxe‡bi c~Y©veqe Av‡jvPbv _vwK‡Z cv‡i bv, Rxe‡bi LÊvsk‡K †jLK hLb im-wbweo Kwiqv dzUvB‡Z cv‡ib, ZLbB Bnvi mv_©KZv| Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv GKwU we‡kl gyn~Z© †Kv‡bv we‡kl cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ †Kgb fv‡e †jL‡Ki Kv‡Q cÖZ¨¶ nBqv‡Q, Bnv ZvnviB iƒcvqY| AvKv‡i †QvU ewjqv GLv‡b eû NUbv-mgv‡ek ev eû cvÎcvÎxi wfo m¤¢eci b‡n| †QvUM‡íi Avi¤¢ I Dcmsnvi bvUKxq nIqv PvB| mZ¨ K_v ewj‡Z wK, †Kv_vq Avi¤¢ Kwi‡Z nB‡e Ges †Kv_vq mgvwßi †iLv Uvwb‡Z nB‡e, GB wkí „wó hvnvi bvB Zvnvi c‡¶ †QvUMí †jLv jvÃbv eB wKQzB b‡n|Õ evsjv fvlvq mv_©K †QvUMíKv‡ii Abb¨ „óvš— iex› ªbv_|

PvwiwÎK êwkó¨ Abymv‡i †QvUMí eûcÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ †kÖwYwefvM wn‡m‡e G¸‡jv‡K D‡j −L Kiv hvq : 1. †cÖgwelqK, 2. mvgvwRK, 3. cÖK…wZ I gvbyl m¤ú‡K©, 4. AwZcÖvK…Z Kvwnbx, 5. nvmïmvZ¥K, 6. D™¢U KíbvkÖqx, 7. mv‡¼wZK ev cÖZxKagx©, 8. HwZnvwmK, 9. weÁvbwfwËK, 10. Mvn©¯’¨ welqK, 11. gb¯—vwË¡K, 12. gby‡l¨Zi cÖvwYRMr, 13. ev¯—ewbô, 14. †Mv‡q›`vKvwnbx ev wW‡UKwUf Mí, 15. we‡`wk cUf~wgKvq iwPZ Mí|

Avgv‡ì Rb¨ M‡e©i welq GUvB †h, evsjv fvlvq Dc‡iv³ me KÕwU †kÖwYi MíB evOvwj Mí‡jLKe„›` wj‡L †M‡Qb I GL‡bv wjL‡Qb|

Dcb¨vm

mvwn‡Zï kvLv cÖkvLvi g‡a¨ Dcb¨vm Ab¨Zg| ïay ZvB bq, cvVK mgv‡R Dcb¨vmB me©vwaK eûj cwVZ I RbwcÖqZvi kx‡l©| Dcb¨v‡m †Kv‡bv GKwU Kvwnbx ewY©Z n‡q _v‡K Ges KvwnbxwU M‡`¨ wjwLZ nq| wKš‘ c~‡e© Ggb GK mgq wQj hLb Kvwnbx c‡`¨ †jLv nZ; ZLb Aek¨ Zv‡K Dcb¨vm ejv nZ bv| †hgb evsjv mvwn‡Zï ga¨hy‡M me ai‡bi g½jKve¨B Q‡›` iwPZ Ges Zv‡Z Mí ev KvwnbxB cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q, Zey Zv‡K Dcb¨vm bv e‡j Kve¨B ejv nZ Ñ †h‡nZz KweZvi b¨vq Zv Q‡›` iwPZ n‡q‡Q| Dcb¨vm iwPZ nq M`¨fvlvq, GB Z_¨ AZ¨š— cÖ‡qvRbxq| Q‡›`ve× iPbvi A‡bK c‡i †h‡nZz M‡`ï Avwef©ve ZvB A‡c¶vK…Z AvaywbK Kv‡jB M‡`¨ Kvwnbx †jLv n‡q‡Q, †hgb- Mí ev †QvUMí, Dcb¨vm, ig¨Kvwnbx BZ¨vw`| Dcb¨v‡mi cÖavb DcRxe¨ n‡jv c −U (Plot)| H c −U ev AvL¨vbfvM ˆZwi n‡q I‡V Mí I Zvi wfZ‡i Dcw¯’Z wewfbœ Pwi‡Îi mgš^‡q| evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g mv_©K I KvjRqx (Ges A‡b‡Ki g‡Z GLb ch©š— †kÖô) Jcb¨vwmK ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq| Dwbk kZ‡Ki c~‡e© evsjvq †Kv‡bv Dcb¨vm iwPZ nqwb| Bs‡iwR Dcb¨vm cvV K‡i AbycÖvwYZ n‡q ew¼g Dcb¨vm iPbvq nvZ †`b| Zuvi KcvjKzÊjv, wele„¶, P› ª‡kLi BZ¨vw` KvjRqx K_vmvwnZ¨| ew¼gP‡›`ªi c‡i gnr Jcb¨vwmK ej‡Z Avgiv cªavbZ iex› ªbv_ VvKzi I kirP› ª P‡Ævcva¨vq‡K eywS| GKwU cwimsL¨v‡b †`Lv †M‡Q, c„w_ex‡Z †hLv‡b hZ evOvwj i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì wfZ‡i kirP› ªB GLb ch©š— me‡P‡q †ewk cwVZ I Rbwcªq| evsjv mvwn‡Zï AvaywbK hy‡M Aek¨ Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ebdzj, mg‡ek emy, knx`yj−v Kvqmvi, Avey BmnvK, nvmvb AvwRRyj nK cÖgyL wewfbœ MívKvi I Jcb¨vwmK L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i‡Qb| Dcb¨vm eû iK‡gi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm, mvgvwRK Dcb¨vm, Kveägx© Dcb¨vm, wW‡UKwUf Dcb¨vm, g‡bvwe‡k−lYagx© Dcb¨vm BZ¨vw`|

ew¼gP‡› ªi mgKv‡j HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm Lye RbwcÖq wQj| Zuvi mgmvgwqK i‡gkP›`ª `Ë ZuviB g‡Zv eû BwZnvm-AvwkÖZ Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡iwQ‡jbÑ †hgb gvaex-K¼Y, ivRcyZ-RxebmÜ¨v, gnvivóª-RxebcÖfvZ BZ¨vw`|


Z‡e Zuvi mgmvgwqK kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq †hfv‡e evOvwj cvVKmgvR‡K gš¿gy» K‡i Rq K‡i †bb, Zvi mgK¶ Avi KvD‡K †`Lv hvq bv|

cÖeÜ

Avgiv mK‡jB A¯úófv‡e SzwK ÔcÖeÜÕ Kv‡K e‡j ev Kx iKg| M‡`¨ wjwLZ Ggb iPbv hvi D‡Ïk¨ cvV‡Ki ÁvbZ…òv‡K cwiZ…ß Kiv| †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB, G RvZxq †jLvq Z‡_ï cÖvavb¨ _vK‡e hvi d‡j AÁvZ Z_¨vw` cvVK Rvb‡Z cvi‡e| aiv hvK, msev`c‡Îi hveZxq LeivLei-‡`‡ki, we‡`‡ki, gnvKv‡ki BZ¨vw`| meB M`¨ fvlvq iwPZ Ges hvi j¶¨ cvV‡Ki ARvbv welq cvVK‡K Rvbv‡bv| M`¨mvwn‡Zï Aš—M©Z n‡jI Z_ëûj iPbv n‡jB Zv‡K cÖeÜmvwn‡Zï D`vniYiƒ‡c MY¨ Kiv Pj‡e bv, hw`-bv †jLvwU mvwnZ¨ cèvP¨ nq| mvwn‡Zï cÖavb j¶Y m„RbkxjZv| †jL‡Ki m„Rbxkw³i †Kv‡bv cwiPq hw` cwiù~wUZ bv nq, †Zv †Zgb †Kv‡bv †jLv‡K cÖeÜmvwn‡Zï j¶Yhy³ ejv hv‡e bv| G-Kvi‡Y Le‡ii KvM‡R cÖKvwkZ mg¯— †jLvB M‡`¨ iwPZ n‡jI Zv‡ì‡K cÖeÜmvwn‡Zï bgybv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv m½Z bq| Zvn‡j †Zv ÁvbweÁvb msµvš— mKj iPbvB cÖeÜmvwnZ¨ e‡j MY¨ n‡Z cviZ| Zv bv nIqvi KviY H m„RbkxjZvi Afve|

g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb : mvwn‡Zï hv wPiš—b D‡Ïk¨ Ñ †mŠ›`h©m„wó I Avb›``vb, cÖe‡Üi †mB GKB D‡Ïk¨| mvaviYZ Kíbvkw³ I eyw×e„wË‡K AvkÖq K‡i †jLK †Kv‡bv welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© †h AvZ¥m‡PZb bvwZ`xN© mvwnZ¨-iƒc m„wó K‡ib Zv‡KB ÔcÖeÜÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| cÖe‡Üi fvlv I ˆ`N©¨ bvbv iKg n‡Z cv‡i wVKB, Z‡e Zv M‡`¨ I bvwZ`xN© AvKv‡i wjwLZ nq|

cÖe‡Üi ywU gyL¨ †kÖwYwefvM Av‡Q : Zb¥q (objective) cÖeÜ I gb¥q (subjective) cÖeÜ| welqe¯‘i cÖvavb¨ ^xKvi K‡i †h-mKj e¯‘wbô cÖeÜ wjwLZ nq †m¸‡jv‡K Zb¥q ev e¯‘wbô cÖeÜ e‡j| G ai‡bi cÖeÜ †Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó mywPwš—Z †PŠnwÏ ev mxgv‡iLvi g‡a¨ Avw`, ga¨ I Aš—-mgwš^Z wPš—vcÖavb m„wó| G RvZxq iPbvq †jL‡Ki cvwÊZ¨, eyw× I Áv‡bi cwiPqB gyL¨ n‡q †`Lv †`q|

Av‡iK †kªwYi iPbvI m¤¢e †hLv‡b †jL‡Ki †gavkw³ A‡c¶v e¨w³ü`qB cÖavb n‡q I‡V| G‡ì‡K gb¥q cÖeÜ e‡j| iex› ªbv‡_i AwaKvsk cÖeÜ GB ch©v‡qi| divwk fvlvq †ej&& †jri&& (belle letre) e‡j GKwU kã Av‡Q, Bs‡iwR‡ZI †ej&& †jri&&B e‡j| Gi evsjv †bB| evsjvq ejv †h‡Z cv‡i Pvi“K_b| †ej&& k‡ãi A_©-my›ì, PgrKvi| Avi †jri&& A_©-letter, A¶i| †ej&& †jri&& gb¥q cÖe‡Üi DrK…ó D`vniY| iex›`ªbv‡_i ÔwewPÎ cÖeÜÕ eBwUi mKj iPbvB G RvZxq gb¥q cÖe‡Üi ch©vqfz³| A‡b‡K G ai‡bi †jLv‡K Ôe¨w³MZ cÖeÜÕ ejviI c¶cvZx| Ôig¨ iPbvÕ bv‡g GKUv K_v A‡bK w`b hveZ e¨w³MZ cÖeÜ †evSv‡Z Ôig¨ iPbvÕ eënvi Kiv wVK bq| KviY Ôig¨ iPbvÕ kãØ‡qi Ôig¨Õ k‡ãi wfZ‡i Ggb Bw½Z i‡q hvq †h, †jLvwU wmwiqvm ev ¸i“M¤¢xi welq wb‡q bq, A_P igïPbvi welq LyeB ¸i“M¤¢xi n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ cÖKvkfw½ I fvlv ¸i“M¤¢xi n‡j Pj‡e bv|

evsjv fvlvq iwPZ cÖeÜ mvwnZ¨ AvqZ‡b wekvj Ges ¸YMZ gv‡b AwZ DËg| ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq †_‡K ïi“ K‡i A`¨vewa Zvi cÖengvYZv KL‡bv e¨vnZ ev evavcÖvß nq wb|

kãv_© I UxKv : †gNbv_-ea Ñ Kwe I bvU¨Kvi gvB‡Kj gaym~ b `Ë iwPZ AvaywbK evsjv gnvKve¨; ivgvqb Ñ cÖvPxb fviZe‡l© iwPZ gnvKve¨; gnvfviZ Ñ cÖvPxb fviZe‡l© iwPZ gnvKve¨; j¼v Øxc Ñ wmsnj Øxc, eZ©gvb bvg kÖxj¼v; AZzjcÖmv` †mb (1871-1934) Ñ Rb¥ XvKvq 1871 Gi 2 †k A‡±vei Ges g„Zz¨ jL&‡bŠ kn‡i 1934 mv‡ji 26‡k AvM÷| eªvþb wQ‡jb| e¨vwi÷vwi cvm K‡i


¯^vaxbfv‡e IKvjwZ eëmv ïi“ K‡ib| msMxZ iPbvi Rb¨ evOvwji ms¯‹…wZRM‡Z wPi¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Qb| Zuvi fw³MxwZ I †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb A`¨vewa RbwcÖq; Ai~ciZb Ñ iex›`ªbv‡_i mvs‡KwZK bvUK; GBP.wR.I‡qj&&m&& (1866-1946) : Bs‡iwR Jcb¨vwmK, mvsevw`K I HwZnvwmK, êÁvwbK KíKvwnbxi ªóv Bs‡iwR fvlvq; GKvw¼Kv Ñ GK A‡¼i bvUK‡K ejv nq; GW&&Mvi&& A¨vjvb †cv (1809-49) : Av‡gwiKvi Kwe, MíKvi I mgv‡jvPK; Gwi‡÷vU&j&& (wLªóc~e© 384-322 Aã) : wMÖK `vk©wbK, weÁvbx I mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPK, `vk©wbK †c −‡Uvi wkl¨ wQ‡jb; KcvjKzÊjv Ñ Ebwesk kZvwãi Ab¨Zg †kÖô Jcb¨vwmK ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi GKwU Dcb¨vm, Dcb¨v‡mi bvgKiY n‡q‡Q bvwqKvi bv‡g; Kvjvcvnvo Ñ GKwU HwZnvwmK PwiÎ| wn›`yag©we‡Ølx GK †mbvcwZ, `ya©l© I wbôzi cÖK…wZi wQ‡jb; wMwikP›`ª †Nvl (1844-1912) : evsjv bvU‡Ki hyMÜi cyi“l| bvUïPbvi cvkvcvwk AwfbqI Ki‡Zb| Awf‡bZv wn‡m‡eI Af~Zc~e© mybvg AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb; P› ª ß Ñ cÖvPxb fviZe‡l©i GK weL¨vZ b„cwZ, ivRZ¡Kvj 320 †_‡K 330 wLªóvã, Kwe I bvU¨Kvi wØ‡R›`ªjvj iv‡qi (1863-1913) weL¨vZ bvUK ÔP›`ª¸ßÕ 1911 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq; P› ª‡kLi Ñ ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi GKwU bvUK; Rbv Ñ †cŠivwYK bvUK; WvKNi Ñ iex› ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ bvUK; Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1898-1971) : AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Zï weL¨vZ Jcb¨vwmK I MívKvi; wØ‡R›`ªjvj ivq (1863-1913) : Kwe, bvU¨Kvi I msMxZ iPwqZv, Zuvi ÔkvRvnvbÕ I ÔP›`ª¸ßÕ AZ¨š— RbwcÖq bvUK; `xbeÜz wgÎ (1830-73): evsjv bvU¨mvwn‡Zï hyM¯ªóv †jLK, Ôbxj`c©YÕ Zuvi me©vwaK L¨vZ bvUK, 1860 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq, Ômaevi GKv`kxÕ Zuvi weL¨vZ cÖnmb; iRbxKvš— †mb (1865-1910) Ñ wmivRM‡Äi fvOvevwo MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| ¯îwPZ Mv‡bi myKÉ MvqK wQ‡jb| Zuvi †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb wecyj RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i; i‡gkP›`ª `Ë (1848-1909) Ñ KjKvZvh Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| cÖ_g evOvwj Kwgkbv| L¨vZbvgv Jcb¨vwmK| e½we‡RZv, gvaexK¼b, Rxeb-cÖfvZ, Rxeb-mÜ¨v, msmvi, mgvR Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Dcb¨vm, ÔivRcyZ RxebmÜ¨vÕ i‡gkP›`ª `Ë iwPZ HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm; ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq (1772-18334) Ñ cwÊge‡½i ûMjx‡Z wZwb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| mgvR-ms¯‹v‡ii, ag©ms¯‹viK I eû fvlvwe` cwÊZ| evsjv M‡`ï cÖ¯‘wZc‡e©i wkíx| †e`bvMÖš’, †e`vš—mvi, †MŠoxq e¨vKiY Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’; mg‡ik emy (1924-1988) Ñ AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Zï ^bvgab¨ Jcb¨vwmK; `„k¨Kve¨ Ñ cÖvPxb AjsKvikv‡¯¿ bvU‡K `„k¨Kve¨ ejv n‡q _v‡K; bKkxKuv_vi gvV Ñ cwj−Kwe Rmxg D && xb iwPZ AvL¨vb Kve¨; bxj`c©Y Ñ `xbeÜz wg‡Îi bvUK, †`‡ki ZrKvjxb kvmbKZ©v weªwUk‡ì ûKz‡g eva¨Zvg~jK bxjPvl Kiv‡bvi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i GB bvUK iwPZ n‡qwQj; †cŠivwYK bvUK Ñ fvielx©q cyiv‡Yi †Kv‡bv Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ bvUK; cªdzj− Ñ bvU¨Kvi I Awf‡bZv wMwikP› ª †Nv‡li †jLv bvUK; cÖnmb Ñ Dcb¨vm bv bvU‡Ki iPbv‰kjx Aej¤^‡b nvmïmvZ¥K iPbv; c −U Ñ Mí &Dcb¨vm bvU‡Ki Kvwnbx Ask‡K c −U ejv nq; ebdzj Ñ MíKvi I Jcb¨vwmK ejvBPuv` gy‡Lvcva¨v‡qi QÙbvg ev †jLK bvg; e‡›` gvZig Ñ GB y k‡ãi A_© Rbbx‡K A_©vr gv‡K e›`bv Kwi, ew¼gP›`ª Zuvi ÔAvb›`gVÕ Dcb¨v‡m ¯îwPZ GB MvbwU hy³ K‡i‡Qb; wewPÎ cÖeÜ Ñ iex› ªbv_ iwPZ GKwU cÖeÜ msKjbMÖš’; wele„¶ Ñ ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq iwPZ Dcb¨vm; ey×‡è Ñ †cŠivwYK bvUK; êòe KweZv Ñ cÖvPxb evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ MxwZKweZv I Mvb; g½jKve¨ Ñ evsjv mvwn‡Zï ga¨hy‡M iwPZ GK ai‡bi Kvwnbx-Kve¨; gnvfviZ Ñ cÖvPxb fviZe‡l© `ywU gnvKv‡eï GKwU, Ab¨wU ivgvqY, g~j iPbv ms¯‹…Z fvlvq wjwLZ n‡qwQj, K‡qKkZ ermi c‡i evsjvq Ab~w`Z nq; gnvivóª RxebcÖf…wZ Ñ Dbk kZ‡Ki Jcb¨vwmK i‡gkP›`ª `Ë iwPZ HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm; gvaex K¼Y Ñ i‡gkP›`ª `Ë iwPZ Dcb¨vm; †gNbvèa Kve¨ Ñ Kwe I bvU¨Kvi gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë (1824-73) iwPZ AvaywbK evsjv gnvKve¨; i³Kiex Ñ iex› ªbv_ iwPZ mvs‡KwZK bvUK; ivRcyZ


RxebmÜ¨v Ñ i‡gkP›`ª `Ë iwPZ HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm; ivgcÖmv` †mb (Avby: 1723-81) Kwc I msMxZ iPwqZv, fw³MxwZ iPbvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ, Gui Mvb‡K ÔivgcÖmv`xÕ AvL¨v †Ìqv nq; knx`yj−v Kvqmvi (1927-71) Ñ 1971 mv‡j gyw³hy‡×i mg‡q kwn` nb; kvRvnvb Ñ bvU¨Kvi I Kwe wØ‡R›`ªjvj ivq iwPZ bvUK; k~c©bLv Ñ ivgvqY gnvKv‡eï Kvwnbx‡Z j¼vi ivRv ive‡bi †evb; †k·cxqi Ñ Bs‡iwR Kwe I bvU¨Kvi; kÖve¨Kve¨ Ñ †h Kve¨ cov I †kvbvi Rb¨ iwPZ, Gi wecix‡Z i‡q‡Q `„k¨Kve¨; kÖxkP›`ª `vm Ñ ÔmvwnZ¨ m›`k©bÕ MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv, eBwU mvwn‡Z¨ wewfbœ kvLv (‡hgb Mí KweZv Dcb¨vm BZ¨vw`) m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv MÖš’; ms¯‹…Z Aj¼vwiKe„›` Ñ cÖvPxb ms¯‹…Z mvwnZ¨ wel‡q cyi‡bv Avg‡j huviv Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb, eBcÎ wj‡L‡Qb; mxZv Ñ †cŠivwYK PwiÎ, ivgP‡›`ªi ¯¿x, j¼vi ivRv iveY AcniY K‡i wb‡q hvq| Zvi d‡j ive‡Yi wei“‡× ivg hy×hvÎv K‡iwQ‡jb| wØ‡R›`ªjvj iv‡qi bvUK ÔmxZvÕ 1908 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq; †mvRbevw`qv NvU Ñ cwj−Kwe Rmxg D && xb iwPZ KvwnbxKve¨; nvmvb AvwRRyj nK Ñ Rb¥ 1939 mv‡j, evsjv‡`‡ki weL¨vZ K_vwkíx|

cvV cwiwPwZ : mvwnZ¨ bvbv ai‡bi| A‡bK iKg Dw™¢` wb‡q †hgb evMvb †Zgwb wewfbœ iKg m„wóKg© wb‡q mvwnZ¨| Ômvwn‡Zï i~c I ixwZÕ cÖe‡Ü AwZ ms‡¶‡c wewPÎ mvwnZïxwZi cwiPq Av‡Q| KweZv, bvUK, Mí, Dcb¨vm, cÖeÜ BZ¨vw` wb‡q mvwn‡Zï RMr| Avevi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi wKQz kvLv-cÖkvLv Av‡Q| Ômvwn‡Zï i~c I ixwZÕ cÖe‡Ü mvwn‡Zï GB me ixwZi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| KweZv, bvUK, †QvUMí, Dcb¨vm, cÖeÜ BZ¨vw` Dc-wk‡ivbv‡g †jLK cÖ‡Z¨KwU ixwZi ¯îƒc PvwiÎ¨ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|

Abykxjbx

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| Ôhv †bB fvi‡Z Zv †bB fvi‡ZÕ Ñ gš—e¨wU †KvbwU m¤ú‡K© ?

K. MxwZKweZv L. †QvUMí M. gnvKve¨ N. KvwnbxKve¨

2| ÔcvVK mgv‡R Dcb¨vm mvwnZ¨ eûj cwVZ I RbwcÖq|Õ KviY Dcb¨vm Ñ

i mnR-mij-cÖvÄj ii cvVK wb‡R‡K Lyu‡R cvq iii GLv‡b mgvR-‡`k I RvwZi cÖwZdjb N‡U|



3| ÔMícvV †kl K‡iI cvVK Kvwnbxi mgvwß Lyu‡RÕ e³e¨wU aviY K‡i †h cOw³ Ñ

i NUbvi NbNUv ii †kl n‡q nBj bv †kl iii Aš—‡i AZ…wß i‡e




4| Rxe‡bi c~Y©veqe bq, LÊvsk‡K †jLK im-wbweo K‡i dzwU‡q †Zv‡jb| Rxe‡bi †Kvb GKwU we‡kl gyn~Z© †Kvb we‡kl cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨Ñ¯ímsL¨K Pwi‡Îi gva¨‡g Gi cwiYwZ N‡U|

DÏxc‡K mvwn‡Zï †Kvb kvLvi cwiPq dz‡U D‡V‡Q ?

K. KweZv L. †QvUMí M. Dcb¨vm N. bvUK

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :

Kvwnbxi Drm †cŠivwYK ev HwZnvwmK †Kvb NUbv, AvqZ‡b wekvj| Kvwnbx wewfbœ m‡M© ev c‡e© wef³ _v‡K, mvaviYZ c‡`¨ iwPZ nq Z‡e M‡`Ï n‡Z cv‡i| Gi bvqK n‡e exi, cÖfvekvjx, Av‡cvlnxb `„p‡PZv| Kvwnbxi DÌvb-cZb _vK‡e|

K. mvwn‡Zï cÖavb j¶Y †KvbwU ? L. bvUK‡K „k¨ Kve¨ I kÖe¨Kve¨ ejv nq †Kb ? M. DÏxc‡Ki e³‡e¨ Ômvwn‡Z¨ iƒc I ixwZÕ iPbvi mvwn‡Zï †Kvb kvLvi êwkó¨ we`¨gvb Ñ

e¨vL¨v Ki| N. ÔDÏxc‡K ewY©Z w`KwUB mvwn‡Zï GKgvÎ w`K bq eis Gi kvLv-cÖkvLv we¯—…Z|Õ gš—e¨wU

we‡k −lY Ki|


evOjv kã

ûgvqyb AvRv` [†jLK cwiwPwZ : evsjv‡`‡ki wewkó M`¨wkíx, fvlvweÁvbx, Jcb¨vwmK I Kwe ûgvqyb AvR` 1947 wLªóv‡ãi 28 †k GwcÖj gyÝxMÄ †Rjvi weµgcy‡ii Aš—M©Z ivwoLvj MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| AZ¨š— †gavex ûgvqyb AvRv` `xN©w`b XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡M Aa¨vcbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’ n‡jv : Kve¨ ÔA‡jŠwKK Bw÷gviÕ, ÔR¡‡jv wPZvevNÕ, Ôme wKQz bó‡ì AwaKv‡i hv‡eÕ, ÔKvd‡b †gvov AkÖ“we› y; Dcb¨vm Ñ ÔQvcvbœ nvRvi eM©gvBjÕ, Ôme wKQz †f‡O c‡oÕ, Mí Ñ Ôhv yK‡ii g„Zz Õ, cÖeÜ Ñ Ôwbweo bxwjgvÕ, ÔevOjv fvlvi kÎ“wgÎÕ, ÔevK¨ZË¡Õ, Ôjvj bxj `xcvewjÕ, ÔK‡Zv b`x m‡iveiÕ BZ¨vw`| wZwb evsjv GK‡Wgx cyi¯‹vimn Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡i‡Qb| ûgvqyb AvRv` 2004 wLªóv‡ãi 12B AvM÷ g„ZzëiY K‡ib|]

evOjv fvlvi GK iKg kã‡K ejv nq ÔZ™¢e kãÕ| Av‡iK iKg kã‡K ejv ÔZrmg kãÕ| Ges Av‡iK iKg kã‡K ejv nq ÔAa©Zrmg kãÕ| G-wZb iKg kã wg‡j MÕ‡o D‡V‡Q evOjv fvlvi kixi| ÔZrmgÕ, ÔZ™¢eÕ cvwifvwlK kã¸‡jv Pvjy K‡iwQ‡jb cÖvK…Z fvlvi e¨vKiY iPwqZviv| Zuviv ÔZrÕ A_©vr ÔZvÕ ej‡Z †evSv‡Zb Ôms¯‹…ZÕ (GLb ewj cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©) fvlv‡K| Avi ÔfeÕ k‡ãi A_© ÔRvZ, DrcbœÕ| ZvB ÔZ™¢eÕ k‡ãi A_© n‡jv Ôms¯‹…Z †_‡K Rb¥ †bqvÕ, Avi ÔZrmgÕ k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q Ôms¯‹…‡Zi mgvbÕ A_©vr ms¯‹…Z| evOjv fvlvi k‡ãi kZKiv evqvbœwU kã ÔZrfeÕ I Aa©ZrmgÕ| kZKiv Pzqvwj −kwU ÔZrmgÕ| ZvB evOjv fvlvi kZKiv wQqvbeŸBwUB †gŠwjK ev evOjv kã|

cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlvi wecyj cwigvY kã †ek wbqgKvbyb †g‡b i~c e`jvq ga¨fviZxq Avh©fvlvq A_©vr cÖvK…‡Z| cwiYZ nq cÖvK…Z k‡ã| kã¸‡jv Mv fvwm‡q w`‡qwQ‡jv cwieZ©‡bi †¯ªv‡Z| cÖvK…‡Z Avmvi ci Avevi †ek wbqgKvbyb †g‡b Zviv e`‡j hvq| cwiYZ nq evOjv k‡ã| G¸‡jvB Z™¢e kã| G-cwieZ©‡bi †mªv‡Z fvmv k‡ãB D¾¡j evOjv fvlv| Z‡e Z™¢e kã¸‡jv ms¯‹…Z ev cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlv †_‡KB ïay Av‡m wb| G‡m‡Q Av‡iv wKQz fvlv †_‡K| Z‡e cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlv †_‡KB G‡m‡Q †ewk msL¨K kã|

ÔPuv`Õ, ÔgvQÕ, ÔG‡qvÕ, Ô yaÕ ÔeuvwkÕ| G¸‡jv cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlv †_‡K wbqg †g‡b cÖvK…‡Zi †fZi w`‡q G‡m‡Q evOjvq| ÔPuv`Õ wQ‡jv ms¯‹…‡Z ÔP› ªÕ, cÖvK…‡Z wQ‡jv ÔP›`Õ| evOjvq ÔPuv`| ÔgvQÕ wQ‡jv ÔgrmÕ ms¯‹…‡Z, cÖvK…‡Z nq Ôg”QÕ| evOjvq ÔgvQÕ| ÔG‡qvÕ wQ‡jv ms¯‹…‡Z ÔAweaevÕ| cÖvK…‡Z nq ÔAwenevÕ| evOjvq ÔG‡qvÕ| Ô yaÕ wQ‡jv ms¯‹…‡Z Ô y»Ó; cÖvK…‡Z nq Ô`y×Õ| evOjvq nq Ô`yaÕ| Ôeuvwk wQ‡jv ÔeskxÕ ms¯‹…‡Z| cÖvK…‡Z nq ÔesmxÕ| evOjvq ÔeuvwkÕ| †ek wbqg †g‡b, A‡bK kZK c_ †nu‡U G‡m‡Q G-Zx_©hvÎxiv| Avgv‡ì me‡P‡q wcÖqiv|

Av‡iv Av‡Q wKQz Zx_©hvÎx, hviv c_ †nu‡U‡Q Av‡iv †ewk| Zviv Ab¨ fvlvi| Zviv cÖ_‡g Xz‡K‡Q ms¯‹…‡Z, Zvici cÖvK…‡Z| Zvici G‡m‡Q evOjvq| GivI Z™¢e kã| wg‡k Av‡Q evOjv fvlvq|

ÔLvjÕ Avi ÔNovÕ| Lye wbKU kã Avgv‡ì| ÔLvjÕ kãwU Zvwgj fvlvi ÔKvjÕ †_‡K G‡m‡Q| ÔKvjÕ ms¯‹…‡Z nq ÔLíÕ| cÖvK…‡Z nq ÔLj−Õ| evOjvq ÔLvjÕ| Zvwgj-gjqvwj fvlvq GKwU kã wQ‡jv ÔKzUgÕ| ms¯‹…‡Z †mwU nq NU| cÖvK…‡Z nq ÔNoÕ| evOjvq ÔNovÕ|


Ô`vgÕ Avi Ômyo½Õ| cÖwZw`‡bi kã Avgv‡ì| Ô`vgÕ kãwU G‡m‡Q wMÖK fvlvi Ô ªvL&‡gÕ (GKiKg gy ªv, UvKv) †_‡K| Ô ªvL&&‡gÕ ms ‹…‡Z nq Ô ªg¨Õ| cÖvK…‡Z Ô`¤§Õ| evOjvq Ô`vgÕ| wMÖK fvlvq GKwU kã wQ‡jv ÔmywisK&&m&&Õ| kãwU ms ‹…‡Z Xz‡K n‡q hvq Ômi½Õ/myiy½Õ| cÖvK…‡ZI Gfv‡eB _v‡K| evOjvq n‡q hvq Ômyo½Õ|

ÔVvKziÕ| evOjvq †kÖô Kwei bv‡gi Ask| kãwU wQ‡j ZzwK© fvlvq ÔwZwMiÕ| ms¯‹…Z I cÖvK…‡Z n‡q hvq ÔV°ziÕ| evOjvq ÔVvKziÕ|

cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh© ev ms¯‹…Z fvlvi †ek wKQz kã †ek AUj AwePj| Zviv e`jv‡Z Pvq bv| kZ‡Ki ci kZK Zviv A¶q n‡q _v‡K| Ggb eû kã, A¶q Awebk¦i kã, G‡m‡Q evOjvq| G¸‡jv‡K ejv nq Zrmg kã| evOjv fvlvq Ggb kã A‡bK| Z‡e G-kã¸‡jv †h G‡Kev‡i e`jvq wb, ZvI bq| G‡ì A‡b‡K cwiewZ©Z n‡qwQ‡jv, wKš‘ Avgiv †m-cwiewZ©Z i~ç‡jv‡K ev` w`‡q Avevi Lyu‡R G‡bwQ LuvwU ms¯‹…Z i~c|

Rj, evqy, AvKvk, gvbyl, M„n, K…ò, Abœ, `k©b, „wó, eskx, P› ª Ggb kã| G‡ì g‡a¨ ÔeskxÕ I ÔP› ªÕi Z™¢e i~cI Av‡Q evOjvq| ÔeuvwkÕ Avi ÔPuv`Õ| cy‡iv‡bv evOjvq ÔmmniÕ wQ‡jv, ÔiGwYÕ wQ‡jv| GLb †bB| GLb Av‡Q ms¯‹…Z kã ÔkkaiÕ Avi ÔiRbxÕ| evOjv fvlvi R‡b¥i Kv‡jB cÖejfv‡e evOjvq XzK‡Z _v‡K Zrmg kã| w`b w`b Zv Av‡iv cÖej n‡q I‡V| Dwbk kZ‡K Zrmg kã evOjv fvlv‡K cwiYZ K‡i Zvi iv‡R¨|

wKQz kã †ek iyMœfv‡e G‡m‡Q evOjvq| cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh© ev ms¯‹…‡Zi wKQz kã wKQzUv i~c e`‡j Xz‡KwQ‡jv cÖvK…‡Z| Zvici Avi Zv‡ì e`j N‡U wb| cÖvK…Z i~c wb‡qB AweKwkZfv‡e †m¸‡jv G‡m‡Q evOjvq| G¸‡jv‡KB ejv nq Aa©ZrmZ| ÔK…òÕ I ÔivwÎÕ weKj n‡q R‡b¥‡Q Ô†KóÕ I ÔivwËiÕ| kã¸‡jv weKjv½| gvwR©Z cwi‡e‡k mvaviYZ Aa©Zrmg kã eënvi Kiv nq bv|

Av‡iv wKQz kã Av‡Q, †h¸‡jvi g~j wbY©q Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb fvlvZvwË¡‡Kiv| Z‡e g‡b Kiv nq †h evOjv fvlvi D™¢‡ei Av‡M †h me fvlv wQ‡jv Avgv‡ì †`‡k, †m-me fvlv †_‡K G‡m‡Q IB kã¸‡jv| Ggb kã‡K ejv nq Ô†`wkÕ kã| G¸‡jv‡K †KD †KD we‡`wk ev wfbœ fvlvi k‡ãi g‡ZvB wePvi K‡ib| wKš‘ G¸‡jv‡KI MÖnY Kiv DwPZ evOjv fvlvi wbR ^ kã wn‡k‡eB| Wve, wWw½, †Xvj, Wv½v, †Svj, wS½v, †XD Ggb kã| G¸‡jv‡K Kx KÕ‡i we‡`wk ewj ?

kãv_© I UxKv : Z™¢e kã Ñ Zv †_‡K Drcbœ, cÖvK…Z evsjv kã, GB kã¸‡jv cÖvPxbfviZxq Avh©fvlv †_‡K wewfbœ ¯—‡ii gva¨‡g µg cwiewZ©Z n‡q i~cvš—i jvf K‡i‡Q; Zrmg kã Ñ Zrm`„k, Z`ª“c, ms¯‹…Z k‡ãi Abyi~c evsjv kã; Aa©Zrmg kã Ñ A‡a©K Zvi mgvb, Zrmg k‡ãi AvswkK cwiewZ©Z i~c; cÖvK…Z Ñ cÖK…wZRvZ, ¯^vfvweK, cÖvPxbfviZxq Avh©fvlvi i~cvš—i we‡kl; G-Zx_©hvÎxiv Ñ GLv‡b evsjv fvlvq AvMZ kãfvÊvi‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q; Avgv‡ì me‡P‡q wcÖqiv Ñ evsjvfvlvq AvMZ kãmg~n Avgv‡ì evsjvfvlv‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q| G Kvi‡Y AvMZ kãmg~n‡K †jLK me‡P‡q wcÖq e‡j we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Qb; AweKwkZfv‡e Ñ weKwkZ bq, Ggb; weKjv½ Ñ A½nxb, Î“Uxhy³|

cvV cwiwPwZ : ûgvqyb AvRv‡ì ÔK‡Zv b`x m‡ivei ev evOjv fvlvi RxebxÕ bvgK MÖš’ †_‡K evsjv kã cÖeÜwU msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| evsjv fvlvi kãm¤¢vi‡K †h cÖPwjZ cuvPwU fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi Zrmg, Aa©Zrmg, Z™¢e Ges †`wk kã wb‡qB cÖeÜwU‡Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ fvlv †_‡K kãmg~n evsjv fvlvq G‡m evsjvfvlvi kãfvÊvi‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q Ñ Zv AZ¨š— mvejxj fvlvq †jLK GLv‡b Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|


Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ :

1| evOjv fvlvi kZKiv KZwU kã †gŠwjK ev evOjv kã ?

K. 52wU L. 44wU M. 96wU N. 98wU

2| Ô†KóÕ I ÔiwObÕ G kã y‡Uv‡K weKjv½ ejv nq †Kb ?

K. G `yÕ‡Uv ms¯‹…Z kã L. G `yÕ‡Uv cÖvK…‡Zi AweKwkZ iƒc M. G `yÕ‡Uv Z™¢e kã e‡j N. G `yÕ‡Uvi Drm AÁvZ e‡j

3| ÔP›`Õ kãwUi mv‡_ wb‡Pi mv`„k¨c~Y© kã nj Ñ

K. Lí L. `y» M. `ªg¨ N. Nov


K. GwU evsjv kã L. GwU Zrmg kã M. GwU Z™¢e kã N. GwU Aa©Zrmg kã

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :

g‡bvwjmv `kg †kªwYi QvÎx| GKw`b evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi fvlvi wewfbœ êwkó¨ covi mgq GKwU êwk‡óï cÖwZ Zvi bRi Kv‡o| êwkó¨wU nj Ñ fvlv hZB KwVb kã w`‡q ïi“ †nvK bv †Kb µgvš^‡q eënv‡ii d‡j Zv mnR I mij n‡q I‡V| †hgb : f³ > fË > fvZ, KR© > K¾ > KvR BZ¨vw`|

K. evsjv fvlvi g~j KvVv‡gvq Kq ai‡bi kã i‡q‡Q ? L. ÔcwieZ©‡bi †mªv‡Z fvlv kãB D¾¡j evOjv fvlvÕ †jLK GK_v e‡j‡Qb †Kb ? M. DÏxc‡Ki g‡bvwjmvi fvebvq evOjv fvlvi k‡ãi weeZ©‡bi †h w`KwU cÖwZfvZ Zv ÔevOjv

kãÕ cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki| N. evsjv fvlvi kãfvÊvi‡K mg„× Kivi †¶‡Î DÏxc‡K Dwj−wLZ w`KwUB GKgvÎ w`K ?

ÔevOjv kãÕ cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K welqwUi mZ¨Zv hvPvB Ki|


i‡³ †fRv GKzk †mwjbv †nv‡mb

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : †mwjbv †nv‡mb 14B Ryb 1947 mv‡j ivRkvnx‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv G. †K. †gvkviid †nv‡mb, gvZv gwiq‡g‡bœmv eKzj| 1962 mv‡j wZwb ivRkvnxi wc.Gb. Mvj©m nvB¯‹zj †_‡K gva¨wgK Ges 1964 mv‡j ivRkvnx gwnjv K‡jR †_‡K D”P gva¨wgK cvm K‡ib| ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wZwb evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ wel‡q ¯œvZK m¤§vb I ¯œvZ‡KvËi jvf K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wgxi cwiPvj‡Ki c` †_‡K Aemi MÖnY K‡ib| †mwjbv †nv‡mb L¨vwZgvb K_v mvwnwZ¨K| Amv¤úª`vwqK Rxeb‡eva, gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv, bvixgyw³ Zuvi K_vmvwn‡Zï g~jMZ AvL¨vb| Zuvi iwPZ Dcb¨vmmg~‡ni g‡a¨ D‡j −L‡hvM¨ : nvOi b`x †MÖ‡bW, gMœ ˆPZ‡b¨ wkm, hvwcZ Rxeb, Puv`‡e‡b, †cvKvgvK‡oi NiemwZ, MvqwÎ mÜ¨v, `xcvwš^Zv BZ¨vw`; MíMÖš’ : Drm †_‡K wbiš—i, †LvjKiZvj, gyw³hy‡×i Mí BZ¨vw`; wkï-wK‡kvi Dc‡hvM¨ iPbv : mvMi, evsjv GKv‡Wgx M‡í eY©gvjv, eY©gvjvi Mí, †R¨vrmœvi i‡O AuvKv Qwe, Puv‡ì eywoi cvš—v Bwjk BZ¨vw`| mvwnZ¨‡¶‡Î AmvaviY Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi, AvjvIj mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vi I wdwjcm mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vimn A‡bK cyi¯‹vi I m¤§vbbvq f~wlZ n‡q‡Qb|]

me©`jxq ivóªfvlv Kg©cwil‡ì AvnŸv‡b ivóªfvlv evsjvi `vwe‡Z XvKv kn‡ii mKj wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi QvÎ-QvÎxiv wgwQj K‡i wek¦we`¨vjq cÖv½‡Y mg‡eZ nq| wekvj mfv n‡e| †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri K¨vw›Ub Rbk~b¨| gv‡j‡Ki Kv‡Q ewj Awn I g›UzI G‡m‡Q e³…Zv ïb‡Z|

¯‹z‡ji †Q‡j‡ì m‡½ wgwQj K‡i cÖ`xß G‡m‡Q| I `viyY D‡ËwRZ| kn‡ii GZme NUbv I‡K cÖwZw`b AbïKg Ki‡Q| evwo‡Z evev I‡K bvbv wKQz eywS‡q †`q| Avjx Avng` wb‡RI QvÎ‡ì wb‡q mfv K‡ib| I‡ì bvbv cÖ‡kœi Reve †`q| cÖ`xß †mme K_vI †kv‡b|

`~i †_‡K Awn‡K †`‡L I wPrKvi K‡i Wv‡K| Awn I‡K nvZ Bkvivq Kv‡Q Avm‡Z e‡j| Zvici wZb R‡b RvqMv wb‡q e‡m hvq| ¯‹z‡ji †Q‡j‡ì †P‡q Awni m½ †ewk wcÖq g‡b nq cÖ`xßi| gvN gv‡mi gvSvgvwS| kx‡Zi †iv` I‡ì †ek Avivg jv‡M| wcV †iv‡` w`‡q e‡m‡Q| K¨vw›U‡b e‡m hviv Pv Lvq Zv‡ì A‡b‡K e³…Zv Ki‡Q| Kx Av‡eM, Kx MgM‡g KÉ| Awni ü`q Qzu‡q hvq| A_P K‡qK w`b Av‡M cë‡b LvRv bvwRgyÏx‡bi †kvbv e³„ZvUv Ii kix‡i R¡vjv awi‡q w`w”Q‡jv| wei³ jvMwQ‡jv Ii| AvR Ii Avb›` n‡”Q|

ïb‡j †Kgb gb f‡i hvq, bv cÖ xß ?

nu¨v|

cÖ xß cÖejfv‡e gv_v bv‡o| gÈz Av‡ — K‡i e‡j, Avgiv †Zv iv¯—vi †Q‡j, Avgv‡ì‡K Kx Gme gvbvq?

GK‡kv evi gvbvq| cÖ`xß †Rv‡ii m‡½ e‡j|

mfv †k‡l GK wekvj wgwQj we‡¶vf cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z Ki‡Z kni cÖ`w¶Y K‡i| wgwQ‡j Iiv nvZ a‡i iv‡L, cv‡Q wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq| GK duv‡K Awn e‡j, Rvwbm hLb Ôivóªfvlv evsjv PvBÕ ewj ZLb `g GKUzI dzivq bv| g‡b nq GKbvMv‡o nvRvi evi ej‡Z cvwi|


cÖ`xß e‡j, wVK e‡j‡Qb Awn fvB|

nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z Avgvi cv e¨_v n‡q †M‡jv| Pj †K‡U cwo|

ayZ, Avq †Zv|

Awn g›Uzi nvZ a‡i Uvb †`q|

wZbR‡b Rb‡¯ªv‡Z wg‡k hvq| cÖ`xßi g‡b nq Iiv Avi evjK †bB| Ii evev †Zv Rv‡bb bv †h cÖ`xß ¯‹z‡ji †Q‡j‡ì m‡½ wgwQ‡j P‡j G‡m‡Q| AvR evev‡K wM‡q I ej‡e, wgwQ‡j G‡m I eo n‡q †M‡Q| Lye †ewk eo bv n‡jI Awni mvgvb †Zv n‡q‡QB, HUzKz n‡Z †c‡iB Ii Avb›` n‡”Q| Iiv eo‡ì m‡½ mgvb Zv‡j nuvU‡Z cvi‡Q| cÖ`xßi g‡b nq Ii Pviw`‡K †Lvjv| †hw`‡K Lywk †mw`‡KB G¸‡Z cv‡i| GLb Ii ïay wVK Kiv †h I †Kvbw`‡K hv‡e|

we‡K‡j Kg©cwil‡ì D‡`¨v‡M GK Rbmfv AbywôZ nq| mfvq e³viv gymwjg jxM miKv‡ii wek¦vmNvZKZvi Zxeª wb›`v K‡i Ges evsjv fvlvi `vwe cÖwZwôZ bv nIqv ch©š— msMÖvg Pvjvevi wm×vš— †NvlYv K‡i| GB mfv‡ZB 21 †deªyqvwi Zvwi‡L Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e evsjvi `vwe‡Z cÖ‡`ke¨vcx mvaviY ag©N‡Ui AvnŸvb †Ìqv nq|

Avi KZw`b c‡i Awn ?

AvR †Zv Pvi ZvwiL| Av‡iv †lvj w`b c‡i|

GL‡bv A‡bK †`wi|

†`L‡Z †`L‡Z w`b dzwi‡q hv‡e| †`LwQm kn‡ii gvbyl †Kgb †g‡Z D‡V‡Q| WvOywj †Ljvi w`b¸‡jv eywS A‡bK †ewk fv‡jv wQ‡jv| Ii Ab¨ eÜziv Ii †Luv‡R G‡mwQ‡jv, wKš‘ Awn I‡K †h‡Z †`qwb| Ii Ab¨ eÜziv Ii †Luv‡R G‡mwQ‡jv, wKš‘ Awn I‡K †h‡Z †`qwb| Awn GLb I‡K †ewk fv‡jvev‡m| mvivw`b Iiv †Zgb mgq cvq bv| Awni AvMÖn †ewk, ZvB g›Uz wb‡R †ewk KvR K‡i I‡K hvevi my‡hvM K‡i †`q| Awn †hb Ii gv‡qi †c‡Ui fvB| †Kgb cÖv‡Yi Uvb Abyfe K‡i|

GKzk Zvwi‡Li ag©NU mdj Kivi Rb¨ QvÎ‡ì †hgb, mvaviY gvby‡liI †Zgwb Drmv‡ni Aš— †bB| c~Y© D`¨‡g Pj‡Q cÖ¯‘wZ| GMvi I †Zi †deªyqvwi cZvKv wèm cvwjZ nq| Ôivóªfvlv evsjv PvBÕ `vwe m¤^wjZ e¨vR wewµ K‡i GKzk ZvwiL ivóªfvlv wèm cvj‡bi Rb¨ A_© msMÖn Kiv nq|

†`qv‡ji wjL‡b, †cv÷v‡i †Q‡q †M‡Q kni| gvby‡li Av‡jvPbvi welq GKz‡k| Ríbv-Kíbvi Aš— †bB| Gw`‡K H GKB Zvwi‡L MYcwil‡` em‡e c~e©e½ miKv‡ii ev‡RU Awa‡ekb| wek †deªyqvwi ivZ †_‡K miKvi µgvMZ GKgv‡mi Rb¨ XvKv †Rjvi me©Î ag©NU, mfv, †kvfvhvÎv wbwl× K‡i 144 aviv Rvwi Ki‡jv| Zxeª cÖwZwµqv| _g_‡g n‡q hvq cy‡iv kni| †¶v‡f, Av‡µv‡k cwic~Y© ey‡Ki K›ì wb‡q †R‡M iB‡jv gvbyl| Awn fve‡jv, Avgvi g‡Zv iv —vi †Q‡ji g„Zz i e`‡j wK evsjv fvlvi `vwe cÖwZwôZ n‡e ? Av‡av Nyg Av‡av RvMi‡Y †K‡U hvq mvivivZ|

Lye †fvi‡ejv Rbk~b¨ iv¯—vq GK uvwo‡q _v‡K Awn| g›Uz‡K †W‡KwQ‡jv| wKš‘ GZ †fv‡i I Nyg †_‡K DV‡Z ivwR n‡jv bv| †fv‡ii evZv‡m I eo K‡i nvB †Zv‡j| kxZ jvM‡Q bv| I duvKv iv¯—vq LvwbK¶Y †`Šov‡`Šwo K‡i| kixi Mig n‡q hvq| m‡½ m‡½ wVK K‡i †d‡j †h AvR Avi K¨vw›U‡b wdi‡e bv| I nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z BDwbfvwm©wUi PZ¡‡i Av‡m| †ejv †ek n‡q‡Q| †Q‡jiv BZ¯—Z RUjv


Ki‡Q| wewfbœ ¯‹zj-K‡jR †_‡K †Q‡j‡g‡qiv Avm‡Q| ¯‹z‡ji †Q‡j‡ì †`L‡jB Awn cÖ`xß‡K LyuR‡Z _v‡K| hZ †ejv evo‡Q, cÖwZev‡ì, we‡¶v‡fi †¯ −vMv‡b gyLwiZ n‡q DV‡Q wek¦we`¨vjq GjvKv| GKUz ci mfv ïiy n‡jv| 144 aviv fvOv n‡e wK bv GB wb‡q weZK© Pj‡Q| Awni Aw¯’i jvM‡Q| Ii eyjy `v‡mi K_v Lye g‡b nq| AvR †Zv eyjy `v‡mi KvR †bB| GL‡bv wK Nygy‡”Q ? †mvnvwMi m‡½ we‡qUv wK n‡qB †M‡jv ?

ci¶‡Y Zzgyj † −vMv‡b †f‡O c‡o GjvKv| `kRb `kRb K‡i wgwQj K‡i 144 aviv fvOv n‡e| ïiy nq †MÖdZvi ei‡Yi cvjv| `kRb K‡i †ei nq Avi iv¯—vq A‡c¶gvY cywjk mevB‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i Uªv‡K †Zv‡j| Awn GKcv‡k ùvwo‡q G `„k¨ †`‡L| ZLb cÖ`xß †`Š‡o G‡m Ii nvZ a‡i, Awn fvB ?

Avwg †Zv †Zv‡KB LyuRwQ cÖ`xß|

Avwg †Zv A‡bK¶Y Av‡M G‡mwQ| †Zvgv‡KB LyuRwQjvg|

Avgiv GLb Kx Kie Awn fvB|

G‡ì m‡½ _vK‡ev| Ab¨ †Kv_vI hv‡ev bv| †`LwQm bv †Kgb †MÖdZvi eiY Pj‡Q|

Awni eyK Kuv‡c _i_i K‡i| †`L‡Z †`L‡Z AmsL¨ QvÎ‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i UªvK P‡j hvq jvjevM _vbvq| GZ †MÖdZv‡ii ciI QvÎ‡ì `gb Ki‡Z bv †c‡i cywjk Kuv`v‡b M¨vm †Quv‡o| I‡ì †PvL R¡vjv K‡i| Iiv †`Š‡o cyKz‡ii cv‡k P‡j Av‡m| AuvRjv f‡i cvwb Zz‡j †Pv‡L Suvc †`q cyKz‡i| Awn Avi cÖ xß Kv‡iv Kv‡iv Rb¨ iygvj wfwR‡q wb‡q Av‡m| †PvL gywQ‡q †`q| wb‡R‡ì hš¿Yv †Zgb bq| fz‡j hvq †mUzKz| GB hš¿Yv Ges D‡ËRbvq QvÎiv Av‡iv w¶ß n‡q I‡V|

†ejv ev‡o| m~h© gv_vi Ici Lvov| kx‡Zi ycyi e‡j SuvSv‡jv †iv` bq| `y‡Uv ch©š— P‡j †MÖdZviei‡Yi cvjv| Gi gv‡S QvÎ Ges mvaviY gvbyl G‡m R‡ov n‡Z _v‡K †gwW‡Kj K‡jR †nv‡÷j, †gwW‡Kj K‡jR I BwÄwbqvwis K‡jR †M‡U| Iiv wb‡Riv eyS‡Z cv‡i bv wKfv‡e GLv‡b G‡jv| Iiv GLb †gwW‡K‡ji †nv‡÷‡ji mvg‡b ùvwo‡q| g›Uz I‡ì †`L‡Z †c‡q Qz‡U Av‡m|

Awn ? †Kv_vq wQwj GZ¶Y ? gv‡Mv †Zvi Kx †h mvnm| Avwg †Z f‡qB euvwP bv|

Awn Ii Kvu‡a nvZ iv‡L|

fq wK g›Uz ? Avq|

bv, Avwg hv‡e bv| Avwg Gw`‡KB _vwK|

g›Uz †fZ‡ii w`‡K P‡j hvq|

Awn †`L‡jv GLb Avi QvÎiv GK bq| † ªv‡Zi g‡Zv gvbyl G‡m wgwjZ n‡q‡Q| kZ kZ gvbyl| `je× n‡q † −vMvb w`‡q iv¯—vq †e‡iv‡jB Zvov K‡i cywjk| †ejv †mvqv wZbUvi w`‡K Gg.Gj.G I gš¿xiv †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri mvg‡b w`‡q cwil` fe‡b Avm‡Z _v‡K| cwil` fe‡bi †Kv‡Y †PŠiv¯—vq †gwkbMvb cvZv n‡q‡Q| ˆZix n‡q‡Q KuvUvZv‡ii e¨vwi‡KW|

DËvj n‡q I‡V RbZvi †¯ −vMvb| †KDB Avi †Kv‡bv evav gvb‡Z Pvq bv| wgwQj GwM‡q Avm‡Z PvB‡jB †ec‡ivqv n‡q I‡V cywjk| Kuv`v‡b M¨vm Qzu‡o Zvov Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Xz‡K c‡o †gwW‡Kj K‡jR †nv‡÷‡j| ïiy nq LÊ hy×| gvbyl BUcvU‡Kj Qzuo‡Z _v‡K| K¨v`v‡b M¨vm I jvwVPv‡R© `gv‡Z bv †c‡i cywjk ¸wj Pvjvq| c‡o hvq iwdKDÏxb| ey‡j‡U D‡o hvIqv Lywj †_‡K †auvqv †e‡ivq; MwjZ gMR


†ewi‡q c‡o| AvnZ nq eiKZ| I‡K aivawi K‡i nvmcvZv‡ji Bgv‡R©wÝ‡Z wb‡q hvq †Q‡jiv| mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i wPrKvi K‡i †Q‡jiv Kuv‡`| †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri †Q‡jiv G¨v¤^y‡j‡Ý K‡i AvnZ‡ì Zz‡j wb‡q hvq|

ZLb dzjvi †iv‡W wbnZ Awn‡K Rwo‡q a‡i wPrKvi K‡i Kuv‡` cÖ`xß Avi g›Uz| i³ †j‡M hvq g›Uzi kix‡iI| Awni eyK dzu‡o ¸wj †ewi‡q †M‡Q| GB cÖ_g g›Uz GKR‡bi Rb¨ eyK DRvo K‡i Kuv`‡Q| evev hLb gviv †M‡Qb I Zv †ev‡Swb| gv‡qi Ab¨ †jv‡Ki m‡½ we‡q n‡q‡Q †mRbÏ Kvu‡`wb| iv¯—vq hZw`b Ny‡i‡Q ZLb Kv‡iv Rb¨ Kuv`vi g‡Zv Ae¯’vB nqwb| AvR Awn Ii eyK DRvo K‡i w`‡q‡Q| cÖ`xß weg~p n‡q †M‡Q| I KLv‡bv g„Zz¨ †`‡Lwb| weùvwiZ †Pv‡L ïay Awn‡KB †`‡L| wb_i n‡q †M‡Q Awn| Ii kixiUv ZL‡bv Mig| I eyS‡Z cv‡i Kvbœv Kx ? †Qv‡Uv‡ejv †_‡K KL‡bv I‡K Ggb K‡i Kuv`‡Z nqwb| I‡ì Kuv`vi †ik K‡g Avmvi Av‡MB ey‡Ui jvw_‡Z wQU‡K c‡o Iiv| †`‡L `yRb cywjk Awni jvkUv Uªv‡K DwV‡q P‡j hv‡”Q| wKš‘ cÖ`xß †`L‡Z cvq bv gwdRyj‡K| ¸wj gwdRy‡ji †cU dzu‡o †ewi‡q †M‡Q| iv¯—vi Ici gyL _ye‡o c‡o Av‡Q I| ey‡Ui jvw_ †L‡q D‡ë c‡o hvIqv cÖ`xß‡K nvZ a‡i †U‡b IVvq g›Uz| cÖ`xßi gv_v Nyi‡Q| Av‡kcv‡k †Kv‡bvwKQz †`Lvi g‡Zv Ae¯’v Ii †bB| ZZ¶‡Y Avi GKwU cywjk f¨vb G‡m DwV‡q wb‡q hvq gwdRy‡ji jvk| I †i‡L hvq iv¯—vi Ici RgvU i³| cywj‡ki Mvwo †`‡L g›Uz fq †c‡q cÖ xß‡K †U‡b Mv‡Qi Avov‡j P‡j hvq| I ¶xY K‡É e‡j, g›Uz cvwb? g›Uz Pviw`‡K ZvKvq, †Kv_vq cvwb ? Aembœ K‡É e‡j, hy× _vgyK| Zvici cvwb †`‡ev|

ciw`b bq, †ZBk Zvwi‡Li ÔAvRv`Õ cwÎKvq †eiy‡jv GKwU msev`|

Ôe„n¯úwZev‡ii NUbv m¤ú‡K© kn‡i cÖej ¸Re †h Pvi R‡biI †ewk †jvK wbnZ nq| wKš‘ NUbvi m‡½ m‡½B Zvnv‡ì g„Z‡`n mivBqv †djv nq| GKwU wK‡kvi eq¯‹ evjK m¤^‡Ü Abyi~c ¸Re ïwbqv we‡kl AbymÜv‡bi c‡i Rvbvb hvq †h, evjKwU †gwW‡Kj K‡jR I cwil‡ì g‡a¨ dzjvi †iv‡W ¸wj‡Z wbnZ nq Ges Zvnvi jvk Zr¶Yvr AcmvwiZ nq|Õ

Le‡ii KvM‡R LeiUv c‡o ¸g n‡q _v‡K Avjx Avng`| Ggwb‡ZB `yw`b a‡i Zvi R¡i| GKzk Zvwi‡Li NUbvq wUqvi M¨vm Ges jvwVPv‡R© AvnZ n‡q‡Q| cv‡q Ges wc‡V AvNvZ †c‡q‡Q| nuvU‡Z Kó nq| gwdRyj Zvi KvQvKvwQ wQ‡jv, c‡i wf‡o †Kv_vq wQU‡K P‡j hvq †Ui Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| GLb ch©š— gwdRy‡ji †Kv‡bv Lei †bB| Avjx Avng` bZzb K‡i wKQz fve‡Z cv‡i bv| KvM‡R LeiUv c‡o †PuwP‡q I‡V cÖ`xß, evev G †h Avgv‡ì Awn, AwnDj−vn|

Pzc, Av‡¯—| ïb‡Z cv‡i|

ivbœvN‡i e‡m Awni gv ¸b¸wb‡q Kuv`‡Qb| evievi ej‡Q, Avgvi Awni GKUv Lei G‡b †`b fvBmve|

Avjx Avng` K_v e‡j bv|

I `xcy Zzwg bv ej‡j Awn †Zvgvi m‡½ wQ‡jv ?

cÖ`xß Pzc K‡i _v‡K|

I‡i Avgvi Awn‡i|

Kvbœvi myi I‡V Awni gv‡qi K‡É| evwo‡Z †kv‡Ki Qvqv| Awn †bB GB K_vUv GLb ch©š— Awni gv‡K ej‡Q bv †KD| e‡j Kx n‡e ? jvk †Kv_vq ? jv‡ki Lei †Zv Iiv Rv‡b bv| g‡M© Awni weK…Z


†PnvivUv cÖ_‡g wPb‡ZB cv‡iwb eyjy `vm| †Pbv jvM‡Q ? †K G ? eyjy `v‡mi kixi Kuv‡c _i_i K‡i| nu¨v Awn-B †Zv ? GK`g Awn| †Kv‡bv fzj †bB| eyjy WzK‡i †Ku‡` I‡V| Zvici Ii cv‡qi cvZvq nvZ iv‡L| †P‡c e‡m hvq ZvZ| MÜ Avm‡Q Zxeª| †Kv‡bvwKQzB †ev‡a †bB Ii| eyjy ’wei n‡q uvwo‡q _v‡K| evB‡i †_‡K †nW Rgv`vi wPrKvi K‡i Kx †hb ej‡Q, eyjyi Kv‡b Zv †Xv‡K bv| I Dey n‡q Awni gy‡Li Ici Szu‡K _v‡K| B‡”Q nq ey‡K Rwo‡q ai‡Z| cÖPÊ e¨vKzjZvq eyjy `v‡mi Kvbœv †_‡g hvq| nVvr Ii g‡b nq Awni wbtk¦vm eB‡Q, ey‡Ki cuvRi IVvbvgv Ki‡Q| eyjy`v nuvUz‡Z gyL †Mvu‡R| Ii mvg‡b g‡M©i †Qv‡Uv NiUv w`Mš—-mgvb n‡q hvq|

eyjy v, Avwg Awn ?

eyjyi †VvuU Kvu‡c| Awn‡K ey‡K Zz‡j †bq|

Zzwg Avgv‡K †Kv_vq wb‡q hv‡”Qv eyjy`v ?

gv‡qi Kv‡Q| N‡i| GKwU Ni bq| GKRb gv bq| A‡bK gv|

Avgvi gv †Kgb Av‡Q eyjy`v ?

†Zvi Avi GLb †Kv‡bv gv †bB| ZzB GLb me gv‡qi †Q‡j|

eyjy `v‡mi †Pv‡L Rj †bB| I eyK f‡i k¦vm Uvb‡ZB Abyfe K‡i Awni kixi †_‡K Zxeª RyuB dz‡ji MÜ Avm‡Q| †mB M‡Ü Qz‡U Avm‡Q nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl| gyn~‡Z© Awni kixi j¶ j¶ gvby‡li nv‡Z nv‡Z †Kv_vq P‡j hvq eyjy `vm nw`m Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| I weg~p n‡q _v‡K| GZ †jvK Awn‡K fv‡jvev‡m ? GZ fv‡jvevmv Awni Rb¨ ? M‡e©-AnsKv‡i eyjyi eyK f‡i hvq| Ii †KejB g‡b nq Awn gvby‡li ü`‡q †cuŠ‡Q †M‡Q| Awn g‡iwb|

kãv_© : Kg©cwil`-evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ Kivi Rb¨ MwVZ QvÎ‡RvU, e¨vR-wb‡ ©kK wPý, Ríbv-Kíbv-Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv, mgv‡jvPbv, Av‡µvk-‡µva, †ivl, nvmcvZv‡ji Bgv‡R©wÝ-nvmcvZv‡ji Ri“wi wPwKrmv‡K› ª, ¸Re-iUbv, Rbie Qov‡bv|

cvV cwiwPwZ : evsjv‡`‡ki wewkó K_vmvwnwZ¨K †mwjbv †nv‡m‡bi ÔMvqwÎ mÜ¨vÕ (1994)Dcb¨v‡mi Askwe‡kl Ôi‡³ †fRv GKzkÕ| Avgv‡ì gnvb fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi HwZnvwmK †cÖ¶vc‡U G Kvwnbx iwPZ| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi QvÎ-RbZvi wgwQ‡j cÖZ¨¶ AskMÖnYKvix QvÎ I c_wkïi Awfe¨w³ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q G M‡í| Av‡›`vj‡b mvwgj n‡q c_wkï Awn kwn` n‡q‡Q Ges mKj gv‡qi mš—vb wn‡m‡e bw›`Z I c~wRZ n‡q‡Q|

Abykxjbx

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| Kg© cwil‡ì D‡`¨v‡M †Kvb mgq Rbmfv AbywôZ nq ?

K. mKv‡j L. we‡K‡j M. mÜ¨vq N. iv‡Z


2| Awni eyK Kuv‡c _i_i K‡i Ñ †Kb ? K. wgwQj †`‡L L. ¸wjel©Y †`‡L M. Zzgyj †¯ −vMv‡b N. †MÖdZvi eiY Pjvi Rb¨

DÏxcK c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : †Zvgvi †Q‡j Avmj wd‡i nvRvi †Q‡q n‡q, Avi †Ku‡`v bv gv; †Kbbv g‡Zv Kuv‡` bv; gvi †Pv‡L †bB AkÖ“| 3| DÏxc‡Ki †Zvgvi †Q‡j Ôi‡³ †fRv GKz‡kÕ M‡íi †h PwiÎ‡K Bw½Z K‡i Ñ

K. Awn L. cÖ`xß M. g›Uz N. eiKZ

4| †h êwkó¨ Df‡qi PwiÎ‡K Bw½Zgq K‡i‡Q Ñ

i. AvZ¥Z¨v‡M gwnqvb ii. Amnvq‡Z¡i ewj iii. exiZ¡c~Y© AvZ¥cwiPq

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i L. iiM. i I ii N. i I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :

Avwg Nywg‡qwQjvg| nVvr ¸wji kã| weMZ Kqw`b gyw³hy‡×i cÖwk¶‡Yi Rb¨ Nyg nqwb| ZeyI D‡V emjvg| †ei n‡q cojvg hy‡×| cÖPÊ †Mvjv¸wj| wgwn‡ii ey‡K ¸wj †j‡M‡Q| Avwg Zvi w`‡K †`‡L A‡Sv‡i Kuvw`| gwZ AvnZ n‡q‡Q| Avgvi Kv‡Q †m cvwb †L‡Z Pvq| Zvi eë¯’v Kivi Rb¨ Avwg QzUwQ| K. DËvj n‡q I‡V Kx ? L. cÖ`xßi gv_v Nyi‡Q Ñ †Kb Zv eywS‡q ej| M. DÏxc‡Ki wgwni Pwi‡Îi mv‡_ Ôi‡³ †fRv GKz‡kÕ M‡íi †h Pwi‡Îi mv‡_ mv „k¨c~Y© Zv GKwU

êwkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxc‡K cÖKvwkZ Awfe¨w³ Ôi‡³ †fRv GKz‡kÕ M‡íi g~j Awfe¨w³i Abyiƒc Ñ gš—e¨wU

we‡k −lY Ki|


wbqwZ ûgvq~b Avn‡g`

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : ûgvqyb Avn‡g` 13B b‡f¤î 1948 mv‡j †bÎ‡KvYvi †gvnbM‡Ä Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi evev dqRvi ingvb Avn‡g` Ges gv‡qi bvg- Avqkv d‡qR| ûgvqyb Avn‡g` 1965 mv‡j e¸ov †Rjv ¯‹zj †_‡K gva¨wgK I 1967 mv‡j XvKv K‡jR †_‡K D”P gva¨wgK cvm K‡ib| 1970 I 1972 mv‡j wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K imvqb wel‡q mœvZK (m¤§vb) I mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶KZv w`‡q Zuvi Kg©Rxeb ïiy nq| wKš‘ mvwnZ¨ PP©vi Rb¨ Aa¨vcbv †_‡K †¯”Qvq Aemi MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb K_v mvwnwZ¨K, bvU¨Kvi, Pjw”PÎ wbg©vZv wn‡m‡e wecyj L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| wZwb cÖvq yB kZvwaK MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Zuvi iwPZ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Dcb¨vm : bxj AcivwRZv, wcÖqZ‡gly, RqRqš—x, k•Lbxj KvivMvi, A‡qvg‡qv, G‡j‡e‡j BZ¨vw`| Zuvi wbwg©Z D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Pjw”PÎ : k•Lbxj KvivMvi, Av¸‡bi cikgwY, k¨vgj Qvqv, kªveY †g‡Ni w`b, †NUzcyÎ Kgjv BZ¨vw`| wZwb GKz‡k cyi¯‹vimn AmsL¨ cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| †K¬vb K¨vÝv‡i Avµvš— n‡q 1912 mv‡ji ................. Zvwi‡L GB bw›`Z †jLK g„Zz eiY K‡ib|]

Avgvi ˆkk‡ei A™¢zZ ¯cœgq wKQzw`b †K‡U‡Q RM`‡j| RM`‡ji w`b Avb›`gq nevi A‡bK¸‡jv Kvi‡Yi cÖavb KviY ¯‹z‡ji hš¿Yv †_‡K gyw³| †mLv‡b †Kv‡bv ¯‹zj †bB| Kv‡RB cov‡kvbvi hš¿Yv †bB| gyw³ gnvb›`| Avgiv _vwK GK gnvivRvi emZevwo‡Z, †h-evwoi gvwjK Aí wKQzw`b Av‡MB †`k †Q‡o BwÛqv‡Z P‡j †M‡Qb| evwo P‡j G‡m‡Q cvwK¯—vb miKv‡ii nv‡Z| gnvivRvi wekvj Ges cÖvPxb evwoi GKZjvq Avgv‡ì _vKvi eë¯’v| yZjvUv Zvjve×| ïay yZjv bq, K‡qKUv Ni Qvov evwK meUv Zvjve× KviY gnvivRv wRwbmcÎ wKQzB wb‡q hvbwb| Hme N‡i Zuvi wRwbmcÎ ivLv|

H gnvivRvi bvg Avgvi Rvbv †bB| gv‡K wR‡Ám K‡iwQjvg, wZwbI ej‡Z cvi‡jb bv| Z‡e wZwb †h AZ¨š— ¶gZvkvjx wQ‡jb Zvi AmsL¨ cÖgvY GB evwo‡Z Qov‡bv| R½‡ji †fZi evwo| †mB evwo‡Z B‡jKwUªwmwUi eë¯’v Kivi Rb¨ Zuvi wQj wbR¯^ †Rbv‡iUi| `vIqv‡Zi wPwV †Q‡c cvVv‡bvi R‡b¨ wgwb mvB‡Ri GKUv QvcvLvbv|

evev‡K AmsLëvi ej‡Z ï‡bwQÑgnvivRvi i“wP †`‡L gy» n‡Z nq| Avnv, KZ eB ! KZ wewPÎ ai‡bi eB|

we‡Kj¸wjI Kg †ivgvÂKi wQj bv| cÖwZw`bB evev Kuv‡a ¸wjfiv e›`yK wb‡q ej‡ZbÑPj e‡b †eov‡Z hvB| Kuv‡a e›`yK †bqvi KviY n‡”Q cÖvqB evN †ei nq| we‡kl K‡i wPZvevN|

evevi m‡½ mÜ¨v ch©š— e‡b NyiZvg| K¬vš— n‡q wdiZvg iv‡Z| fvZ LvIqvi Av‡MB Ny‡g †PvL Rwo‡q AvmZ| KZ wewPÎ kã AvmZ eb †_‡K| Avb‡›` Ges AvZ‡¼ wkD‡i wkD‡i DVZvg|

GKw`b Kuvcywb w`‡q Avgvi G‡jv R¡i| evev-gv `yR‡biB gyL ïwK‡q †MjÑj¶Y fv‡jv bq| wbÊq g¨v‡jwiqv| †mB mg‡q GB AÂ‡j g¨v‡jwiqv KzL¨vZ wQj| GKevi KvD‡K ai‡j Zvi Rxebxkw³ cy‡ivcywi wbt‡kl K‡i w`Z| g¨v‡jwiqvq g„Zz¨ wQj ˆbwgwËK e¨vcvi| Avgiv cÖwZ‡laK wn‡m‡e ev‡qv‡KwgK Ilya QvovI cÖwZ iweev‡i cuvP †MÖb K‡i KzBbvBb Lvw”Q| Zvi ciI g¨v‡jwiqv ai‡e †Kb?


evev GB fqsKi RvqMv †_‡K e`wji Rb¨ †Póv-Z`wei Ki‡Z jvM‡jb| ï‡b Avgvi gb †f‡O †Mj| GZ my›ì RvqMv, Ggb PgrKvi RxebÑGme †Q‡o †Kv_vq hve ? g¨v‡jwiqvq gi‡Z n‡jI GLv‡bB gie| ZvQvov g¨v‡jwiqv AmyLUv Avgvi †ek cQ›` nj| hLb R¡i Av‡m ZLb Kx cÖPÊ kxZB-bv jv‡M! kx‡Zi R‡b¨B †evanq kix‡i GK ai‡bi Av‡ek m„wó nq| R¡i hLb evo‡Z _v‡K ZLb †Pv‡Li mvg‡bi cÖwZwU wRwbm AvK…wZ‡Z †QvU n‡Z _v‡K| †`L‡Z eo A™¢zZ jv‡M| GK mgq wb‡R‡K wekvj ˆ`‡Zï g‡Zv g‡b nq| Kx AvÊh© Abyf~wZ ! ïay Avwg GKv bB, cvjv K‡i Avgiv me fvB‡evb R¡‡i co‡Z jvMjvg| GKRb R¡i †_‡K DV‡ZB Ab¨Rb R¡‡i c‡o| R¡i Av‡mI Lye wbqwgZ| Avgiv mevB Rvwb KLb R¡i Avm‡e| †mB mg‡q †jc-Kuv_v Mv‡q Rwo‡q Av‡Mfv‡MB weQvbvq ï‡q cwo| cÖwZw`b †fv‡i wZb fvB‡evb ivRevwoi gw›`‡ii PvZv‡j e‡m †iv` Mv‡q gvwL| GB mgq Avgv‡ì m½ †`q †e½j UvBMvi| †e½j UvBMvi n‡”Q Avgv‡ì KzKz‡ii bvg| bv, Avgv‡ì KzKzi bq, gnvivRvi KzKzi| Zuvi bvwK A‡bK¸‡jv KzKzi wQj| wZwb meKUv‡K wb‡q hvb, wKš‘ GB KzKziwU‡K wb‡Z cv‡ibwb| †mB wKQz‡ZB ivRevwo †Q‡o †h‡Z ivwR nqwb| gv Zv‡K `y‡ejv Lvevi †`b| gvwU‡Z Lvevi †X‡j w`‡j †m Lvq bv| _vjvq K‡i w`‡Z nq| ïay Zv-B bv, Lvevi †èvi ci Zv‡K gy‡L ej‡Z nq Ñ LvI| Lvb`vwb KzKzi| Avè-Kvq`v Lye fv‡jv| Z‡e eq‡mi fv‡i †m Kvey| mvivw`b evwoi mvg‡b ï‡q _v‡K| nvB †Zv‡j, wSgy‡Z wSgy‡Z g„Zzï R‡b¨ A‡c¶v K‡i|

GK †fvi‡ejvi K_v| Avgvi Kuvcywb w`‡q R¡i Avm‡Q| Avwg K¤j Mv‡q w`‡q gw›`‡ii PvZv‡j e‡m AvwQ| Avgvi m‡½ †kdz Ges BKevj| gv G‡m Avgv‡ì gvSLv‡b kvnxb‡K (Avgvi †QvU fvB) ewm‡q w`‡q †M‡jb| Avgv‡ì `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q Zvi w`‡K bRi ivLv, †m †hb nvgv¸wo w`‡q PvZvj †_‡K c‡o bv hvq|

gv P‡j hvevi ciciB wnmwnm k‡ã †cQ‡b wd‡i ZvKvjvg| †h-`„k¨ †`Ljvg †m-`„k¨ †`Lvi Rb¨ gvbwmK cÖ¯‘wZ Avgvi wQj bv| gw›`‡ii eÜ ìRvi duvK w`‡q cÖKvÊ GKUv †KD‡U mvc †ei n‡q Avm‡Q| gvwU Qzu‡q Qzu‡q Av‡m| dYv Zz‡j Gw`K-Iw`K †`L‡Q, Avevi gvwU Qzu‡q Qzu‡q Avm‡Q, Avei dYv †Zv‡j| Avgiv wZb fvB‡evb wQU‡K m‡i †Mjvg| kvnxb GKv e‡m iBj, mvc †`‡L Zvi Avb‡›ì mxgv †bB| †m †Póv Ki‡Q mvcwUi w`‡K GwM‡q †h‡Z| Avi ZLbB †e½j UvBMvi Suvwc‡q coj mvcwUi Ici| NUbv GZ ª“Z NUj †h Avgiv K‡qK gyn~Z© eyS‡ZB cvijvg bv Kx n‡”Q| GKmgq ïay †`Ljvg KzKziUv mv‡ci dYv Kvg‡o wQu‡o †d‡j‡Q| †e½j UvBMvi wd‡i hv‡”Q wb‡Ri RvqMvq| †hb wKQzB nqwb| wb‡Ri ¯^vfvweK Kg©KvÊ †m †kl Kij|

mvc KzKziwU‡K Kvgovevi my‡hvM †c‡qwQj wK bv Rvwb bv| m¤¢eZ Kvgovqwb| KviY KzKziwU †eu‡P iBj, Z‡e bovPov cy‡ivcywi eÜ K‡i w`j|

wØZxq w`‡b Zvi Pvgov L‡m coj Ges `M`‡M Nv †`Lv w`j| GB †_‡K g‡b nq mvc m¤¢eZ Kvg‡o‡Q| mv‡ci wel KzKz‡ii †¶‡Î nq‡Zv †Zgb fqven bq|

AviI `yw`b KvUj| KzKziwU †Pv‡Li mvg‡b c‡PM‡j hv‡”Q| Zvi KvZiaŸwb mn¨ Kiv gykwKj| Mv †_‡K MwjZ gvs‡mi `yM©Ü Avm‡Q|

evev gv‡K †W‡K ej‡jb, Avwg Gi Kó mn¨ Ki‡Z cviwQ bv| Zzwg e›`yK †ei K‡i Avgv‡K `vI|


evev Avgv‡ì †P‡Li mvg‡b cici ywU ¸wj K‡i KzKziwU‡K gvi‡jb| Avwg ¯úó †`L‡Z †cjvg evev yt‡L †e`bvq KzuK‡o D‡V‡Qb| Zey kvš— Mjvq ej‡jb, †h Avgvi †Q‡ji Rxeb i¶v K‡i‡Q Zv‡K

Avwg ¸wj K‡i gvijvg| G‡K ewj wbqwZ|

wKš‘ Avgvi Kv‡Q evev‡K c„w_exi wbôziZg gvbyl‡ì GKRb e‡j g‡b nj| wb‡R‡K wKQz‡ZB †evSv‡Z cviwQjvg bv Ggb GKwU KvR wZwb Kx K‡i Ki‡Z cvi‡jb| iv‡M, yt‡L I Awfgv‡b iv‡Z fvZ bv †L‡q ï‡q c‡owQ| evev Avgv‡K †W‡K wb‡q eviv›`vq emv‡jb|

`yRb PzcPvc e‡m AvwQ| Pviw`‡K Nb AÜKvi| Z¶K WvK‡Q| evwoi Pvicv‡ki Av‡gi e‡b nvIqv †j‡M wewPÎ kã DV‡Q|

evev wKQzB ej‡jb bv| nq‡Zv A‡bK wKQzB Zuvi g‡b wQj| g‡bi fve cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡jb bv| GKmgq ej‡jb, hvI Nywg‡q c‡ov| Avwg †mw`b eyS‡Z cvwiwb eve †Kb KzKziwU‡K Gfv‡e †g‡i †d‡j‡Qb !

KzKziwU Avgvi g‡b Mfxi Qvc †d‡jwQj|

kãv_© I UxKv : A™¢zZ Ñ PgrKvi, AmvaviY; gnvb›` Ñ Mfxi Avb›`, A‡bK Avb›`; Av‡ek Ñ fvev‡eM, AbyivM, GLv‡b GK ai‡bi cÖwZwµqv †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q; PvZvj Ñ DVvb, kvb euvav‡bv emvi RvqMv; Z¶K Ñ GK ai‡bi AZ¨š— welai mvc|

cvV cwiwPwZ : evsjv‡`‡ki mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji bw›`Z K_v mvwnwZ¨K nygvq~b Avn‡g‡ì ¯§„wZPviYg~jK MÖš’ ÔAvgvi †Q‡j‡ejvÕ †_‡K ÔwbqwZÕ bvgK MíwU msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| †jL‡Ki †QvU‡ejvq evevi PvKwim~‡Î RM`‡ji GKwU cwiZ¨³ Rwg`vi evwo‡Z Ae¯’AbKvjxb ¯§„wZ Ges Zvi Abyf~wZ AZ¨›` n„`qMÖvnx K‡i GLv‡b eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Rwg`vievwoi KzKziwU †jL‡Ki †QvU fvB‡K †KD‡K mv‡ci †Qvej †_‡K i¶v K‡i| mvcwU‡K †g‡i †dj‡jI KzKziwUI mv‡ci Kvgo Lvq| mv‡ci Kvg‡oi welwµqvq Avµvš— KzKziwUi cieZx© hš¿Yv mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i Zvi evev KzKziwU‡Z ¸jx K‡i †g‡i †d‡jb| KzKz‡ii GB wbqwZ Zvi evjK wP‡Ë †e`bvi mÂvi K‡i|

Abykxjbx

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| wZb fvB-‡evb †Kv_vq e‡m Mv‡q †iv` gv‡L ?

K. D‡Vv‡bi Nv‡m L. N‡ii eviv›`vq M. gw›`‡ii PvZv‡j N. êVKLvbvq

2| †e½j UvBMvi‡K Lvb`vwb ejv n‡qwQj †Kb ?

K. Avè-Kvq`vi Rb¨ L. ¯^Zš¿ êwk‡óï Rb¨ M. my›ì †Pnvivi Rb¨ N. eqm nIqvi Rb¨


DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

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3| DÏxc‡Ki ivRv ÔwbqwZÕ M‡íi †h Pwi‡Îi cÖwZwbwa Zv n‡jv Ñ

i †KD‡U mvc ii †e½j UvBMvi iii Z¶K


K. i L. ii M. i I iii N. ii I iii

4| cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i KviY n‡jv Ñ

K. cÖvwYi cÖwZ ggZ¡‡eva L. gwb‡ei cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv M. Avcb cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZ ì` N. K…ZK‡g©i Rb¨ Aby‡kvPbv|

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

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K. †Kvb RvqMvq †jL‡Ki ˆkk‡ei A™¢zZ ¯^cœgq w`b¸wj †K‡U‡Q ? L. Ôevev GB fqsKi RvqMv †_‡K e`wji Rb¨ †Póv Ki‡Qb|Õ RvqMvwU‡K fqsKi ejvi KviY

Kx? M. DÏxc‡Ki `yjwK Ges ÔwbqwZÕ M‡íi †e½j UvBMvi Gi ga¨Kvi mv`„‡kï w`KwU Zz‡j ai| N. ÔcÖvwYi cÖwZ ggZ¡‡eva _vK‡jI DÏxc‡Ki Avjx AveŸvm I wbqwZ M‡íi †jL‡Ki evevi

`„wófw½ wfbœ|Õ Ñ gš—e¨wU we‡k−lY Ki|


Z_¨ cÖhyw³ gyn¤§` Rvdi BKevj

[†jLK cwiwPwZ : gyn¤§` Rvdi BKev‡ji Rb¥ 1952 mv‡j wm‡jU kn‡i| Zuvi MÖv‡gi evwo †bÎ‡Kvbv †Rjvq| wZwb XvKv wek¦w`¨vj‡q c`v_© weÁv‡b cov‡kvbv K‡i‡Qb| hy³iv‡óª `xN© AvVv‡iv eQi †_‡K wZwb †`‡k wd‡i kvnRvjvj weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vj‡q Kw¤úDUvi mv‡qÝ GÛ BwÄwbhvwis wefv‡M †hvM †`b| wZwb wkï wK‡kvi‡ì R‡b¨ †jLv‡jwL K‡ib| weÁvb welqK †jLvi R‡b¨ Zv‡K 2004 mv‡j evsjv GKv‡Wgx mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vi †Ìqv nq| Zuvi iwPZ MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ ÔAvwg ZcyÕ, e„wói wVKvbvÕ, Ô†cÖv‡R± †beyjvÕ, Ôwbtm½ MÖnPvixÕ ÔwbZz I Zvi eÜzivÕ, Ôµwgqvg AiY¨Õ I Ô`xcy b¤î UzÕ D‡j−L‡hvM¨|]

eZ©gvb c„w_exUv n‡”Q Z_¨ cÖhyw³i c„w_ex| K_vUv †h mwZ¨ †mUv Lye mn‡RB cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| AvR †_‡K GK hyM Av‡M Kv‡iv †Kv‡bv Z‡_ï cÖ‡qvRb n‡j gvby‡liv eB Ly‡j †`L‡Zv- GLb Avi †KD †mUv K‡i bv| hLb Kv‡iv Z‡_ï cÖ‡qvRb nq †m Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvg‡b e‡m, Kx-‡ev‡W© yB GKwU †UvKv †`q, gvD‡m K‡qKevi K¬xK K‡i| mv‡_ mv‡_ Z_¨ †Pv‡Li cj‡K Zvi Kv‡Q P‡j Av‡m-Z_¨wU cv‡ki iv¯—v †_‡K G‡m‡Q bvwK c„w_exi Ab¨ cvk _‡K G‡m‡Q †mUv AvRKvj †KD Rvb‡ZI Pvq bv| Rvbvi cÖ‡qvRbI †bB| KviY cy‡iv c„w_exUv GLb mevi nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq P‡j G‡m‡Q| GB AvmvaviY e¨vcviwU NUv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q Z_¨ cÖhyw³i GKUv wec −‡ei Kvi‡Y|

Z_¨ cÖhyw³ bv‡g mviv c„w_ex‡Z †h wec −ewU N‡U‡Q Zvi wcQ‡b †h hš¿wU KvR Ki‡Q Zvi bvg wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †fZiKvi B‡jKUªwbK cÖwµqv Kivi R‡b¨ m¤¢ve¨ me wmMbvj eëvni bv K‡i mywbw ©ó wKQz wmMbvj ev wWwRUvj wmMbvj eënvi Kiv nq e‡j Gi bvg wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi| Avgv‡ì eZ©gvb c„w_ex Ggb GKUv ch©v‡q †cŠu‡Q‡Q †h, GLb Lye Kg †jvKB Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡e hvi Rxeb‡K †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv fv‡e Kw¤úDUvi ¯úk© K‡iwb| wn‡me wb‡Kk Ki‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii ìKvi nq, eëmvcvwZ‡Z Kw¤úDUvi ìKvi nq, Ggb wK wkí mvwnZ¨ ev we‡bv`b Ki‡ZI AvRKvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii ìKvi nq| 1977 mv‡j f‡qRvi 1 Avi 2 bv‡g `y‡Uv gnvKvkhvb †mŠi RM‡Z Zv‡ì hvÎv ïi“ K‡iwQj| †mŠiRMr cvwo †èvi mgq gnvKvkhvb `y‡Uv MÖn¸‡jvi cv‡k w`‡q wM‡q‡Q Ges hvevi mgq †mB MÖn¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© bvbv Z_¨ c„w_ex‡Z cvwV‡q‡Q| †QvU GKwU hš¿ n‡qI c„w_exi M‡elK‡ì Kv‡Q me‡P‡q †ewk Z_¨ cvVv‡bvi K…wZZ¡UzKz f‡qRvi gnvKvkhvb¸‡jv‡K †Ìqv nq| GB PgKcÖ` K…wZZ¡UzKzi wcQ‡b wQj GKUv Kw¤úDUvi, †hwU f‡qRvi gnvKvkRvb‡K †mŠiRM‡Z †fZi w`‡q Dwo‡q wb‡q †M‡Q, Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i‡Q Ges wbLyuZfv‡e †mB Z_¨ c„w_ex‡Z cvwV‡q‡Q| †KD †hb g‡b bv K‡i †h, f‡qRvi gnvKvkhv‡bi Kw¤úDUvi eywS wQj AmvaviY †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi| e¯‘Z †m¸‡jv wQ‡jv LyeB mvaviY Kw¤úDUvi| mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z wK Avgiv GLb †h Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Kwi Zvi Zzjbvq 1977 mv‡ji †mB Kw¤úDUvi wQj cÖvq GKUv †Ljbvi g‡Zv| Zvic‡iI †mwU Amva¨ mvab K‡iwQj, KviY weÁvbxiv c„w_ex‡Z e‡m hLb †hfv‡e cÖ‡qvRb ZLb †mfv‡e †cÖvMÖvg K‡i Kw¤úDUviwU‡Z cvVv‡Zb| Kw¤úDUviwUI ZvB hLb †hiKg cÖ‡qvRb †mfv‡e Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb KiZ| Ab¨ †h-‡Kv‡bv hš¿ †_‡K †m Kvi‡Y Kw¤úDUvi Avjv`v Ges GUvB Kw¤úDUv‡ii me‡P‡q eo kw³| GKUv Kw¤úDUvi‡K †Kvb Kv‡R eënvi Kiv n‡e †mUv wbf©i K‡i gvby‡li Ic‡i| GKRb gvbyl hZ m„Rbkxj n‡e Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvRKg© n‡e ZZ PgKcÖ`|


Kw¤úDUvi eënvi K‡i †h AmsL¨ KvR Kiv hvq Zvi GKwU n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK©, †hLv‡b Kw¤úDUvi‡K GKmv‡_ Ry‡o †Ìqv nq| †KD †hb g‡b bv K‡i, G‡Z ïay GKUv N‡ii K‡qUv Kw¤úDUvi wKsev GKUv cÖwZôv‡bi K‡qKUv Kw¤úDUvi Ry‡o †`qv nq| Avm‡j mviv c„w_exi j¶ j¶ Kw¤úDUvi‡K GKmv‡_ Ry‡o w`‡q wekvj GKUv †bUIqvK© ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mUv wVKfv‡e Kivi R‡b¨ Z_¨ wewbgq ev Z_¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bZzb bZzb cÖhyw³ M‡o D‡V‡Q| Zvi GKwU n‡”Q dvBevi AcwU·, †hLv‡b Pz‡ji g‡Zv my² GKUv Kv‡Pi Zš‘i †fZi w`‡q Z_¨ cvVv‡bv hvq| me‡P‡q PgKcÖ` e¨vcvi n‡”Q Z_Üv ê`y¨wZK ms‡KZ wn‡m‡e hvq bv, †mUv hvq Av‡jv wn‡m‡e| †mB Av‡jv wKš‘ „k¨gvb Av‡jv bq, †mwU Aejvj Av‡jv, Avgiv ZvB †Pv‡L †mUv †`L‡ZI cvB bv| dvBevi AcwUK

cÖhyw³i mv‡_ eënvi Kivi R‡b¨ iKgvwi cÖhyw³ M‡o D‡V‡Q Ges me wKQz wgwj‡q GLb i‡q‡Q c„w_ex †Rvov wekvj Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK©|

mviv c„w_exi j¶ j¶ Kw¤úDUvi GKmv‡_ Ry‡o †Ìqvi ci †mUv w`‡q A‡bK wKQzB Kiv m¤¢e| wKQz Kiv n‡q‡Q, wKQz Kiv n‡”Q Ges fwel¨‡Z Kx Kiv hv‡e †mUv wb‡q c„w_exi m„Rbkxj gvby‡liv memgq wPš—v Ki‡Q| c„w_ex‡Rvov wekvj †bUIqv‡K©i GKUv eënv‡ii K_v Avgiv †gvUvgywU mevB ï‡bwQ- †mwU n‡”Q B›Uv‡bU| mvaviY Z‡_ï R‡b¨ GLb B›Uvi‡b‡Ui †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| gvbyl Zvi ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi me LeivLei B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K †bq| ïay †m evm †Uªb ev †c −‡bi mgqm~wP B›Uvi‡b‡U cvIqv hvq Zv bq, †m¸‡jvi wU‡KUI B›Uv‡b‡U †Kbv hvq| c„w_exi †ewki fvM gvbyl GLb mwZ¨Kv‡ii Le‡ii KvMR bv c‡o B›Uvi‡b‡U Lei c‡o| M‡elYvi Rvb©vj GLb B›Uv‡b‡U cÖKvk Kiv nq| †KbvKvUvi me‡P‡q eoc×wZ GLb B›Uvi‡bU| wRwblcÎ wbjv‡g wewµ Ki‡Z n‡j GLb B›Uvi‡b‡Ui PvB‡Z fv‡jv †Kv‡bv Dcvq †bB| †iwWI †Uwjwfkb B›Uvi‡b‡U P‡j G‡m‡Q, eÜzZ¡ ev bvbviKg mvgvwRK Kg©KvÊ GLb B›Uvi‡bU wN‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q| weÁvcb ev wbe©vPwb cÖPviYvi R‡b¨ GLb B›Uv‡b‡Ui PvB‡Z fv‡jv †Kv‡bv Dcvq †bB| A_©vr GK K_vq ejv hvq- mij wKsev RwUj, mnR wKsev KwVb, ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wKsev Zz”Q me KvRB GLb B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i Kiv n‡”Q| hZ w`b hv‡”Q Gi eënvi e„w× cv‡”Q Ges †gvUvgywU wbwÊZfv‡e ejv hvq, hviv B›Uv‡bU †_‡K wew”Qbœ, Zviv †Rvi K`‡g Qz‡U ejv c„w_exi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z cvi‡e bv, †`L‡Z †`L‡Z Zviv wcwQ‡q co‡e|

c„w_ex †Rvov j¶ j¶ Kw¤úDUvii †bUIqv‡K©i Ici wbf©i K‡i ïay †h B›Uvi‡b‡U Z_¨ wewbgq M‡o D‡V‡Q Zv bq, weÁvbxi Ges MwYZ weìv †mUv‡K M‡elYvi Kv‡RI eënvi K‡ib| GKUv †QvU Kw¤úDUvi †QvU GKUv KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ j¶ j¶ Kw¤úDUvi‡K hw` GKmv‡_ Kiv nh Zvn‡j Zviv wekvj KvR K‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i| c„w_exi me‡P‡q eo cÖvBg msL¨v Gfv‡e Lyu‡R †ei Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUvi hLb eënvi Kiv nq bv ZLb Ajm n‡q e‡m bv †_‡K weÁvbx wKsev MwYZwe`‡ì eo eo mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Kv‡R †j‡M †h‡Z cv‡i| GwU n‡”Q gvÎ GKwU D`vniY- Av‡iv A‡bK D`vniY Av‡Q Ges me‡P‡q eo K_v fwel¨‡Z Av‡iv my›ì Av‡iv PgKcÖ` D`vniY Avm‡e †m e¨vcv‡i we› ygvÎ m‡›`n †bB|

ÔKw¤úDUvi K_vwU ejv n‡jB Avgv‡ì †Pv‡Li mvg‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii †h QwewU †f‡m I‡V Zv n‡jv- †Uwjwfk‡bi g‡Zv gwbUi, Kx †evW©, gvDm Ges †PŠ‡Kv‡bv ev‡·i g‡Zv wm.wc.BD| wKš‘ †mUvB Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKgvÎ iƒc bq| AvR Kvj e¨vUvwi PvwjZ j¨vcUc P‡j G‡m‡Q, †mUv e¨v‡M wb‡q Pjv‡div Kiv hvq| Avevi wekvj AvKv‡ii mycvi Kw¤úDUvi i‡q‡Q †hUv‡K kxZj ivLvi R‡bB ixwZg‡Zv `¶h‡Ái Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z nq| †hiKg eo Kw¤úDUvi i‡q‡Q wVK †miKg †QvU


Kw¤úDUviI i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv †gvevBj †Uwj‡dvb, K¨v‡giv, d«xR, I‡fb wKsev wjd‡Ui g‡Zv ˆ`wbw›`b eënvwi wRwb‡li gv‡S emv‡bv Av‡Q| Avgiv Avjv`vfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi‡K †`wL bv, wKš‘ †mUv Avgv‡ì †Pv‡Li Avov‡j AmsL¨v hš¿cvwZ‡K mPj K‡i ivL‡Q| GKmgq †Uwj‡dvb wQj GKUv eyw×nxb K_v ejv Ges †kvbvi hš¿| GLb Avi Zv bq- †gvevBj †Uwj‡dvb ixwZg‡Zv eyw×gvb hš¿| Ggb A‡bK †gvevBj †Uwj‡dvb Av‡Q †mUv GKB mv‡_ †Uwj‡dvb, †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, K¨v‡giv, †Uc †iKW©vi, K¨vjKz‡jUi, wRwcGm Ges †QvULv‡Uv GKUv Kw¤úDUvi| Avgiv GUv nv‡Z wb‡q †hLv‡b Lywk †h‡Z cvwi, †h-‡Kv‡bv iKg Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cvwi, Z_¨ msi¶Y Ki‡Z cvwi Ges Z_¨ wewbgq Ki‡Z cvwi| wKQzw`b Av‡MI †mUv KíweÁv‡bi g‡Zv wQj, GLb cy‡ivcywi ev¯—e|

hviv BwZnvm c‡o‡Q Zviv Rv‡b, AvR †_‡K cÖvq yBk ermi Av‡M c„w_ex‡Z wkíwec −e n‡qwQj| hviv †mB wkíwec −‡e Ask wb‡qwQj Zviv c„w_exUv‡K kvmb K‡iQ- A‡bK mgq †kvlY K‡i‡Q| G gyn~‡Z© wkíwec −‡ei g‡Zv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© GKUv wec −e n‡”Q †hUv‡K Avgiv ejwQ Z_¨ cÖhyw³i wec −e| ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L bv, hviv GB Z_¨ cÖhyw³i wec −‡e Ask †b‡e Zviv cieZx© c„w_ex‡K kvmb Ki‡e|

Avgiv wkíwec−‡e Ask wb‡Z cvwiwb e‡j evB‡ii †`k Avgv‡ì kvmb-†kvlY Ki‡Q| Avgiv Avevi †mUv n‡Z w`‡Z cvwi bv| GB bZzb Z_¨ cÖhyw³i wec −‡e Avgv‡ì Ask wb‡ZB n‡e| †mB `vwqZ¡Uv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e bZzb cÖRb¥‡K, hviv bZzb evsjv‡`‡ki †bZ…Z¡ †`‡e Áv‡b-weÁv‡b Ges cÖhyw³‡Z| Zviv wVKfv‡e †jLvcov Ki‡e, Ab¨ me wel‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ MwYZ Ges Bs‡iwR‡ZI mgvb `¶ n‡q DV‡e, Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡e| hLb Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii my‡hvM cv‡e ZLb †mUv‡K we‡bv`‡bi GKUv gva¨g wn‡m‡e eënvi bv K‡i †kLvi GKUv gva¨‡g wn‡m‡e eënvi Ki‡e, wb‡R‡ì m„Rbkxj gvbyl wn‡m‡e M‡o Zzj‡e| Zviv evsjv‡`‡ki fwel¨Z weÁvbx Ges cÖhyw³we` wn‡m‡e M‡o D‡V Avgv‡ì wcÖq gvZ…f~wg‡K c„w_exi ey‡K gv_v DuPz K‡i Zzj‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|

kãv_© I UxKv wWwRUvj (Digital) t- Kw¤úDUv‡i BjKwUªwbK KvRKg© Kivi R‡b¨ †h ê y wZK ms‡KZ eënvi Kiv

nq Zvi wbw ©ó gvb i‡q‡Q| mywbw ©ó GB gv‡bi GKwU‡K O Ab¨w`‡K| Ab¨w`‡K I we‡ePbv K‡i evBbvwi msL¨v wn‡m‡e Kw¤úDUv‡ii †fZ‡i mKj wn‡me-wb‡Kk Kiv nq| m¤¢ve¨ me gvb eënvi bv K‡i mywbw ©ó ywU gvb ywU AsK (Digit) Gi R‡b¨ eënvi Kivi cÖwµqvwU‡K mvaviYfv‡e wWwRUvj ejv nq|

†cÖvMÖvg- : Kw¤úDUvi‡K GKwU wb‡`©k †Ìqv n‡j †mwU †mB wb‡ ©k Abyhvqx KvR K‡i| GiKg AmsL¨ wb‡`©k‡K cvkvcvwk mvwR‡q Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg †jLv nq Ges Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg wj‡L Kw¤úDUvi w`‡q A‡bK RwUj KvR Kiv‡bv m¤¢e nq|

Aejvj- : Av‡jv GKwU Zi½| GB Zi½‰`N¨© GKwU wbw`©ó gvb †_‡K Kg n‡j Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB bv| Avevi Zi½‰`N © hw` Av‡iKwU wbw ©ó gvb †_‡ eo nq Z‡e †mUvI Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB bv| `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi Zi½‰`N¨ †_‡K eo nIqvi Kvi‡Y †h Av‡jv‡K Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB bv †mUv‡K Aejvj e‡j|


wRwcGm- : (GPS) Global Positioning System w`‡q c„w_exi †h †Kv‡bv RvqMvi Ae¯’vb mywbw`©óev‡e †ei Kiv hvq| gnvKv‡k A‡bK¸‡jv K…wÎg DcMÖn i‡q‡Q| GB DcMÖn †_‡K cvVv‡bv ms‡KZ eënvi K‡i wRwcG‡mi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv wKQzi Ae¯’vb mywbw`©ófv‡e †ei Kiv nq|

cvV cwiwPwZ : eZ©gvb c„w_ex n‡”Q Z_¨ cÖhyw³i hyM- A_©vr Z_¨ msMÖn, Z_¨ msi¶Y Avi Z_¨ wewbg‡qi †¶‡Î mviv c„w_ex‡Z GKUv hyMvš—Kvix cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| Z_¨ cÖhyw³i GB wec −‡ei wcQ‡b me‡P‡q eo f~wgKv ivL‡Q ÔKw¤úDUviÕ bv‡gi hš¿wU| GwU gvby‡li wb‡ ©‡k KvR K‡i, ZvB GKRb gvbyl hZUzKz m„Rbkxj Zvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR Kivi ¶gZvI wVK ZZUzKz PgKcÖ`| `yB k eQi Av‡M c„w_ex‡Z GKUv wkíwec−e n‡qwQj, †mB wec −‡e hviv Ask wb‡qwQj cieZx© mg‡q ZvivB c„w_ex‡K kvmb K‡iwQj| wVK GB gyû‡Z© wkíwec −‡ei g‡ZvB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨ cÖhyw³i wec −e NU‡Q- hviv GB wec −‡e Ask †b‡e ZvivB bZzb c„w_exi †bZ…Z¡ †`‡e| evsjv‡`k‡K c„w_exi mvg‡b gv_v DuPz K‡i uvo Kiv‡bvi R‡b¨ bZzb cÖRb¥ Z_¨ cÖhyw³‡Z wb‡R‡ì `¶ K‡i Zzj‡e †mwU meviB cÖZ¨vkv|

Abykxjbx

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| dvBevi AcwU‡K Kx‡mi †fZi w`‡q Z_¨ cvVvb nq ?

K. Zvgvi Zv‡ii L. we`y¨r †PŠ¤^Kxq Zi‡½ M. Kuv‡Pi Zš‘i N. Kve©‡bi Zš‘i

2| Z_¨ cÖhyw³i wec −‡e †bZ…Z¡ wb‡Z n‡j Kx‡m `¶ I cwiwPZ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb ?

i. MwYZ ii. Bs‡iwR iii. Kw¤úDUvi

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i L. iiM. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

DÏxcK co Ges cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^cœ wb‡q GwM‡q Pj‡Q GKwU j¨vcUc, GKwU g‡Wg I GKwU cÖ‡R±i wb‡q cvIqvi c‡q›U †cÖvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g wWwRUvj K¬vm †bqvi Kvh©µg| wkï‡ì Bs‡iwR eY©gvjv †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ msµvš— kã¸‡jv ¯’vb cv‡”Q| wk¶v_x©iv B-‡gBj, B›Uvi‡bU m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡Q| gvby‡li m„Rbkxj KvR‡K mnvqZv cÖ`vb, msi¶Y Kiv, Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ v‡bi †¶‡Î cÖavbZg f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q Kw¤úDUvi| iv‡k` Abyfe Ki‡jv Z‡_ï gnvmo‡K †hvM¨Zg m½x nIqvB RvZxq KZ©e¨|


3| ÔZ_¨ cÖhyw³Õ cÖe‡Üi †h w`KwU DÏxc‡K D™¢vwmZ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv Ñ

K. Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb L. cÖhyw³i DrKl© mvab M. Z_¨cÖhyw³ wec −‡e †hvM`vb N. Kw¤úDUv‡i `¶ nIqv

4| DÏxc‡Ki Abyfe ÔZ_¨ cÖhyw³Õ cÖe‡Üi †Kvb D×…wZi m‡½ mv`„k¨c~Y© ?

K. eZ©gvb c„w_exUv n‡”Q Z_¨ cÖhyyw³i c„w_ex L. Av‡M Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR wQj KíweÁv‡bi g‡Zv M. Z_¨cÖhyw³i wec−‡ei wcQ‡b i‡q‡Q wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi N. B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Z_¨ wewbgq eë¯’v M‡o D‡V‡Q|

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :


†mvwbqv Av‡gwiKvi Gg. AvB. Gm. wU-‡Z fwZ© nevi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡”Q| wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nevi hveZxq Z_¨ †m B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g †hvMvo Ki‡jv| †mLv‡b Aa¨qbiZ wk¶v_x©‡i` B-‡gBj wVKvbv †R‡b †mvwbqv Zv‡ì mv‡_I †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vb Ki‡jv| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g fwZ© nevi me Z_¨ †R‡b †mvwbqvi g‡b n‡jv Z_¨ cÖhyw³‡Z mg„× n‡jB G‡`k mg„× n‡Z cvi‡e|

K. wR.wc.Gm. Kx ?

L. Ô†gvevBj †Uwj‡dvb eyw×gvb hš¿Õ †Kb ?

M. DÏxcKwU‡Z ÔZ_¨ cÖhyw³Õ cÖe‡Üi †Kvb w`KwU cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. DÏxc‡K ÔZ_¨ cÖhyw³Õ cÖe‡Üi g~j fvebv D‡b¥vwPZ nqwb Ñ g~j¨vqb Ki|


my‡Li jvwMqv Ávb`vm

Kwe cwiwPwZ : Ávb`vm 16k kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a©i Kwe| m½xZÁ I bZzb KxZ©b c×wZi D™¢veK wn‡m‡e wZwb mybv‡gi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| ea©gv‡bi Kuvòv MÖv‡g Zuvi Rb¥| m¤¢eZ †Mvwe›``vm KweivR, ejivg `vm cÖgy‡Li m‡½ wZwb †LZzivi Drm‡e Dcw ’Z wQ‡jb| evOjv I eªReywj wKsev G y‡qi wgkÖ fvlvq wZwb c`vejx iPbv K‡ib| PÊx`vm-Abymvix Ávb`vm fvlvq I fv‡e mnR I Avš—wiK| ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv MxwZ KweZvq Av‡¶cvbyivM I i~cvbyiv‡Mi c`¸‡jv‡Z Zuvi f³-ü`q h_v_© cÖvY †c‡q‡Q| GLv‡b m¼wjZ Av‡¶cvbyiv‡Mi c`wU‡Z Zvi cÖgvY wgj‡e| Ávb`vm iwPZ MÖš’ : gv_yi I gyijx wk¶v|]

my‡Li jvwMqv G Ni euvwaby Avb‡j cywoqv †Mj| Awgqv-mvM‡i wmbvb Kwi‡Z mKwj Mij †fj \ mwL Kx †gvi Ki‡g †jwL| kxZj ewjqv I Puv` †mweby fvbyi wKiY †`wL \ DPj ewjqv AP‡j Pwo‡Z cwoby AMva R‡j| jwQgx Pvwn‡Z `vwi ª †epj gvwYK nvivby †n‡j \ bMi emvjvg mvMi euvwajvg gvwYK cvevi Av‡k| mvMi ïKvj gvwYK jyKvj AfvMxi Kig-†`v‡l \ wcqvm jvwMqv Rj` †mweby eRi cwoqv †Mj| Ávb`vm K‡n Kvbyi wcixwZ giY AwaK †kj \ kãv_© : AwgqvÑ Ag„Z; wmbvbÑ mœvb; Ki‡g †jwLÑ K‡g©i †jLv, c~e©-R‡b¥i K‡g©i dj, A`„‡ói †jLv; DPjÑ D”P; APjÑ ce©Z; jwQgxÑ j²x, †epjÑ wN‡i aij; wcqvmÑ wccvmv, Z…òv|

cvV cwiwPwZ : Avng` kixd m¤úvw`Z Ôga¨hy‡Mi evsjv MxwZKweZvÕ MÖš’ †_‡K Ômy‡Li jvwMqvÕ kxl©K KweZvwU msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| gvbyl my‡Li Rb¨ eû Av‡qvRb K‡i wKš‘ †m Av‡qvRb A‡bK mgqB mv_©K nq bv| Kwe GB KweZvq A‡bK Zzjbv w`‡q‡Qb : †hgb, Ag„‡Zi mvM‡i mœvb Ki‡jI me Mi‡ji g‡Zv g‡b nq; wmœ» Puv‡ì Av‡jv‡Z cÖwZdwjZ nq Li‡iŠ‡`ªi ZxeªZv; gvwY‡Kï Avkvq mvM‡i bvg‡jI †m gvwbK n¯—MZ nq bv| Kwe e‡j‡Qb, G meB Kg©‡`vl| Kvby A_©vr K…‡ò fw³ `„pZi bv n‡j G ai‡bi Av‡qvRb wbõj nIqv ¯^vfvweK| cigvZ¥vi m‡½ wgwjZ nevi AvKv•¶v gvby‡li wPiš—b| Kwe Ávb`vm e‡j‡Qb, GB AvKv•¶v ev —evwqZ bv n‡j Zv gi‡Yi †P‡qI AwaK g‡b nq|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| Ômy‡Li jvwMqvÕ KweZvq eëüZ AcwiwPZ kã¸‡jvi A_©mn GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki Ges Zv w`‡q

evK¨ ˆZwi Ki|


eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| Kwe †Kv_vq wmbvb Kivi K_v e‡j‡Qb?

K. b`x‡Z L. mvM‡i M. we‡j N. cyKz‡i

2| ÔkxZj ewjqv/I Pvu` †mweby/fvbyi wKiY †`wL \Õ G e³‡e¨ Kwei †Kvb RvZxq g‡bvfve cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q ?

K. †¶vf L. nZvkv M. cÖxwZ N. g‡bvKó

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : GK`v kªxK…ò Ges M½v ci¯úi †cÖ‡g c‡o hvb G‡Z ivav ¶zä n‡q M½v‡K nv‡Zi †Kv‡l wb‡q cvb

Ki‡Z †M‡j †èZviv K…‡òi kiYvcbœ nb| ZLb K…ò M½v‡K Zvi PiY †_‡K mwi‡q †`b| 3| DÏxc‡Ki M½vi cwiYwZi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i †h cO&w³ Zv n‡jv Ñ

i. my‡Li jvwMqv G Ni evwaby Avb‡j cywoqv †Mj

ii. bMi emvjvg mvMi euvwajvg gvwYK cvevi Av‡k

iii. wcqvm jvwMqv Rj` †mweby eRi cwoqv †Mj

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i. I ii L. ii M. i. I iii N. iii

4| Giƒc cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i KviY Kx? K. e¨_©Zv L. cÖwZK~jZv M. `yf©vM¨ N. mijZv

m„Rbkxj 1g Ask :

bMi emvjvg mvMi evuwajvg gvwYK cvevi Av‡k

mvMi ïKvj gvwYK jyKvj AfvMxi Kig-†`v‡l \

2q Ask : `ywU nvZ w`‡q ¶zavZ© bq‡b

LyuwR‡ZwQ †Kv_v Zzwg †Kv_v Zzwg|

K. Kwe †Kv_vq mœvb Ki‡Z Pvb? L. ÔKvbyi wcixwZ giY AwaK †kjÕ- G K_v Øviv Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb? M. DÏxc‡K Ges Ômy‡Li jvwMqvÕ KweZvq Kwei PvIqvi mv`„k¨ wbY©q Ki| N. Ô†cÖ¶vcU wfbœ n‡jI DÏxcK I Ômy‡Li jvwMqvÕ KweZvi g~jfve †hb GKm~‡Î Muv_v|Õ-

hyw³mn cÖgvY Ki|


Avgvi mš—vb fviZP›`ª ivq¸YvKi

[Kwe cwiwPwZ : fviZP› ª ivq¸YvKi 1712 mv‡j ûMwj †Rjvi fziïU ciMbvi †cu‡ov MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv fziïU ciMbvi Rwg`vi wQ‡jb| gvÎ Kzwo eQi eq‡mi g‡a¨ wZwb ms¯‹…Z I dvwm© fvlvq ey rcwË jvf K‡ib| wZwb beØx‡ci ivRv K…òP› ª iv‡qi mfv-Kwe wQ‡jb| mZ¨cx‡ii cuvPvjx, imgÄix, Abœ vg½j, bvMvóK, M½vóK, PÊxbvUK cÖf…wZ Kve¨ I wewea KweZvewj wZwb iPbv K‡ib| fviZP› ª g½j Kveävivi Ab¨Zg †kÖô Kwe Ges Abœ vg½j Zuvi †kÖô Kve¨MÖš’| kã, Q›`, Aj¼vi eënvi I D”Pgv‡bi Kve¨ wbg©v‡Y Zuvi bvMwiK ê`‡»ï cwiPq cvIqv hvq| wZwb 1760 mv‡j g„Zz eiY K‡ib|]

Abœc~Y©v DËwijv Mvw½bxi Zx‡i| cvi Ki ewjqv WvwKjv cvUzbx‡i \ †mB Nv‡U †Lqv †`q Ck¦ix cvUzbx| Z¡ivq Avwbj †bŠKv evgv¯i ïwb \ Ck¦ix‡i wRÁvwmj Ck¦ix cvUybx| GKv †`wL Kzjea~ †K eU Avcwb \ cwiPq bv w`‡j Kwi‡Z bvwi cvi| fq Kwi wK Rvwb †K w`‡e †didvi \ Ck¦ix‡i cwiPq K‡nb Ck¦ix| eySn Ck¦ix Avwg cwiPq Kwi \ we‡kl‡Y mwe‡kl Kwnev‡i cvwi| Rvbn ¯^vgxi bvg bvwn a‡i bvix \ cvUzbx ewj‡Q gv‡Mv ïb wb‡e`b| †muDZx Dc‡i ivL I iv½v PiY \ cvUzbxi ev‡K¨ gvZv nvwmqv Aš—‡i| ivwLjv `yLvwb c` †muDZx Dc‡i \ †muDZx‡Z c` †èx ivwL‡Z ivwL‡Z| †muDZx nBj †mvbv †`wL‡Z †`wL‡Z \ †mvbvi †muDZx †`wL cvUzbxi fq| G Z †g‡q †g‡q bq †èZv wbðq \ Zx‡i DËwij Zwi Zviv DËwijv| c~e©gy‡L my‡L MRMg‡b Pwjjv \ †muDZx jBqv e‡¶ Pwjjv cvUzbx| wc‡Q †`wL Zv‡i †èx wdwiqv Avcwb \ mf‡q cvUzbx K‡n P‡¶ e‡n Rj| w`qvQ †h cwiPq †m eywSby Qj \ †ni †`L †muDZx‡Z _y‡qwQjv c`| Kv‡Vi †muDZx †gvi ˆnjv Aóvc` \


Bnv‡Z eywSby Zzwg †èZv wbðq| `qvq w`qvQ †`Lv †`n cwiPq \ Zc Rc Rvwb bvwn a¨vb Ávb Avi| Z‡e †h w`qvQ †`Lv `qv †m †Zvgvi \ †h `qv Kwij †gvi G fvM¨ D`q| †mB `qv ˆn‡Z †gv‡i †`n cwiPq \ QvovB‡Z bvwi †èx Kwnjv nvwmqv| KwnqvwQ mZ¨ K_v eySn fvweqv \ Avwg †èx Abœc~Y©v cÖKvk Kvkx‡Z| ˆPÎ gv‡m †gvi c~Rv ïK¬ Aógx‡Z \ KZ w`b wQby nwi‡nv‡oi wbev‡m| Qvwojvg Zvi evwo K›`‡ji Îv‡m \ fevb›` gRy›`vi wbev‡m iwne| ei gvM g‡bvbxZ hvnv Pvn wè \ cÖYwgqv cvUzbx Kwn‡Q †Rvo nv‡Z| Avgvi mš—vb †hb _v‡K `y‡a fv‡Z \ Z_v¯‘ ewjqv †èx w`jv ei`vb| `y‡a fv‡Z _vwK‡eK †Zvgvi mš—vb \

kãv_© : DËwijvÑ Dcw ’Z n‡jb; Mvw½bxiÑ b`xi; cvUzbxÑ †LqvNv‡Ui gvwS; Z¡ivqÑ ZvovZvwo, `ªyZ;

evgv îÑ ¯¿xKÉ, †g‡q‡ì KÉ¯î; eUÑ ej; †didviÑ QjvKjv, †Nvicu¨vP; †muDZxÑ †bŠKvi cvwb

†mPevi Rb¨ eëüZ cvÎ; MRMg‡bÑ n¯—xi b¨vq axi I MyiyM¤¢xi Pjb; †niÑ †`L, _y‡qwQjvÑ

†i‡LwQ‡j; Aóvc`Ñ †mvbv, ¯^Y©; ei`vbÑ Avkxe©v`|

cvV cwiwPwZ : Avãyj nvB I Av‡bvqvi cvkv m¤úvw`Z Ôgvbwmsn I fevb›`Õ DcvL¨v‡bi ÔAbœ`vi

fevb›` fe‡b hvÎvÕ KweZvi m¤úvw`Z Ask ÔAvgvi mš—vbÕ kxl©K KweZv| G KweZvqÑ Abœc~Y©v

M„nea~i QÙ‡ek aviY K‡i Ck¦ix cvUbxi †Lqvq b`x cvi n‡Z G‡j Ck¦ix cvUbx Zuvi cÖK…Z cwiPq

Rvb‡Z Pvq| mvgvwRK Kvi‡YB GKv Avmv †Kv‡bv Kzjea~‡K †m b`x cvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| QÙ‡ek

aviYKvix Abœc~Y©v e‡jb, mvgvwRK cÖ_v Abymv‡iB ¯^vgxi bvg †Kv‡bv bvix gy‡L †bq bv, ZvB †m ^vgxi

bvg gy‡L Avb‡Z cvi‡e bv| Ae‡k‡l Abœc~Y©vi c`¯ú‡k© hLb †bŠKvi we‡kl ¯’vb †mvbv n‡q hvq ZLb

Ck¦ix cvUbx wbwðZ nq †h GB ea~wU QÙ‡ekavix †èZv wbðq| Ck¦ix cvUbxi Kv‡Q cwiPq jyKv‡Z bv

†c‡i Abœc~Y©v wb‡RB wb‡Ri c~Y© cwiPq I K‡g©i weeiY cÖ vb K‡ib Ges Zvi Ici mš‘ó n‡q e‡jb :

ei cÖv_©bv Ki| Ck¦ix cvUbx wb‡Ri ¯^v_©wPš—v bv K‡i mš—v‡bi ¯^v_© I mg„w×i K_v fv‡e Ges e‡j :

Zvi mš—vb †hb `y‡afv‡Z _v‡K| GB cÖv_©bvi g‡a¨ evOvwji wbR¯^v_© D‡c¶v K‡i mš—v‡bi

Kj¨vYKvgbvi wPiš—b gvbwmKZvB gyL¨ n‡q I‡V|


Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb

1| KweZvi g‡a¨ †Kvb `y‡Uv jvBb †Zvgvi me‡P‡q †ewk fv‡jv jv‡M? GB fv‡jvjvMvi KviY Kx?

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| Kvi ev‡K¨ gvZv nvwmqv Aš—‡i| ivwLj `yLvwb c` †muDZx Dc‡i ?

K. cvUzbxi L. Abœc~Y©vi M. mnhvÎxi N. cÖwZ‡ekxi

2| Ôei`vbÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?

K. Afxó c~Y© K‡i Ggb L. cÖv_©bxq wRwbm jvf M. †èZvi AbyM„nxZ e¨w³ N. †èZvi Awfkß e¨w³

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : C‡ì QzwU‡Z iZb gv‡qi mv‡_ j‡Â P‡o ewikvj hvw”Q‡jb| nVvr j‡Â hvwš¿K ÎywU †`Lv w`j|

j‡Âi cvk w`‡q hvIqv †bŠKvq GKRb‡K †`qv m¤¢e †R‡b iZb‡K Zvi gv euvPv‡jb wKš‘ wb‡Ri Rxeb i¶v Ki‡Z cvi‡jb bv|

3| DÏxc‡Ki iZ‡bi gv‡qi mv‡_ ÔAvgvi mš—vbÕ KweZvq hvi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q Ñ K. Abœc~Y©v L. nwi‡nvo M. fevb›` N. cvUzbx

4| Giƒc mv`„‡kï KviY n‡jv Ñ i. mš—vb evrmj¨ ii. Ck¦iZzwó iii. AvZ¥Z¨vM


m„Rbkxj

†mKv‡j Bûw` es‡k GKRb aej †ivMx wQ‡jb| cix¶vi Rb¨ aej †ivMxi wbKU †d‡i¯—v Avm‡jb| wZwb †ivMx‡K ej‡jb, ÔZzwg Kx me‡P‡q fv‡jvevm ? wZwb ej‡jb, ÔAvgvi Mv‡qi is hw` fv‡jv nZ Zvn‡j mK‡j Avi Avgv‡K N„Yv KiZ bv|Õ †d‡i¯—v †ivMxi Mv‡q nvZ eywj‡q w`‡j wZwb my¯’ n‡q †M‡jb|

K. Ô†muDZxÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx ? L. ÔG Z †g‡q †g‡q bqÕ Ñ G K_vwU †Kb ejv n‡q‡Q ? M. mªóvi Kv‡Q PvIqvi †¶‡Î aej †ivMxi I ÔAvgvi mš—vbÕ KweZvi cvUbxi cv_©KÜzKz

wbY©q Ki| N. DÏxcKwU ÔAvgvi mš—vbÕ KweZvi g~jfve‡K cÖKvk K‡i bv Ñ gš—e¨wU wePvi Ki|


mgq †M‡j mvab n‡e bv jvjb kvn

[Kwe cwiwPwZ : jvjb kvn Kzwóqv †Rjvi KzgviLvwj _vbvi Aš—M©Z fuvoviv MÖv‡g gZvš—‡i wSbvB`vn †Rjvi nwikcyi MÖv‡g 1772 wLªóv‡ã Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb mvaK wmivR muvB ev wmivR kvni wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY Kivi ci jvjb muvB ev jvjb kvn bv‡g cwiwPwZ AR©b K‡ib| wZwb cÖvwZôvwbK we`¨vjvf bv Ki‡jI wn›`y-gymjgvb kv¯¿ m¤ú‡K© we‡kl Ávb I ey rcwË jvf K‡ib| evDj mvaK I m½xZ iPwqZv‡ì g‡a¨ jvjb kvn me‡P‡q †ewk DrK‡l©i cwiPq †`b| Zuvi m½xZ Aa¨vZ¥fve, gigx ime¨Äbv I wkí¸‡Y we‡kl mg„×| jvjb mnmªvwaK Mvb iPbv K‡ib| iex› ªbv_B wkw¶Z evOvwj weØr mgv‡Ri Kv‡Q jvjb‡K cwiwPZ K‡ib| iex› ªbv‡_i A‡bK Mv‡b jvj‡bi cÖfve j¶ Kiv hvq| jvj‡bi ÔLuvPvi wfZi AwPb cvwLÕ, Ôevwoi Kv‡Q Avikx bMiÕ, ÔAvgvi NiLvbvq †K weivR K‡iÕ BZ¨vw` Mvb evsjv ZË¡-mvwn‡Zï Ag~j¨ m¤ú`|]

mgq †M‡j mvab n‡e bv| w`b _vK‡Z w`‡bi mvab †Kb Ki‡j bv \

Rvb bv gb Lv‡j we‡j gxb _v‡K bv Rj ïKv‡j Kx nq Zvi euvab w`‡j ïKbv †gvnbv \

Amg‡q K…wl K‡i wgQvwgwQ †L‡U g‡i MvQ hw` nq ex‡Ri †Rv‡i dj †Zv a‡i bv \ kãv_© I UxKv : gxbÑgvQ; †gvnbvÑb`xi †h Ask mgy‡ ª c‡o‡Q|

cvV cwiwPwZ : Aa¨vcK Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix m¤úvw`Z ÔjvjbmgMÖÕ bvgK MÖš’ †_‡K Ômgq †M‡j mvab n‡e bvÕ KweZvwU m¤úv`bv K‡i msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| mg‡qi KvR mgqg‡Zv Ki‡Z nq| b`xi cvwb ïwK‡q †M‡j †hgb †mLv‡b gvQ _v‡K bv, wVK mg‡q gv‡V Pvl bv Ki‡jI †Zgwb dmj nq bv| jvjb e‡jb, h_vmg‡q h_v Kg©wU Ki‡j †h gnr kw³i m~Pbv nq Zv‡Z A‡bK Am¤¢eB m¤¢e n‡Z cv‡i|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb

1| †kªwY wk¶‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z jvjb kv‡ni Rxeb I K‡g©i Ici Av‡jvPbv Ki|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| gxb K_vi A_© Kx ?

K. dzj L. dj M. gvQ N. K…wl


2| ÔAmg‡q K…wl K‡i/wgQvwgwQ †L‡U g‡iÕ| GLv‡b ÔwgQvwgwQ LvUvÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?

K. dmj Kg nq L. kÖg Kv‡R jv‡M bv M. †evKvwgi `Ê N. nZvkvi myi


mg‡qi GK †duvo, Amg‡qi bq †duvo|

3| DÏxc‡Ki G e³‡eï mv‡_ fveMZ mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q wb‡Pi †h cO&w³‡Z Zv n‡jvÑ

i. mgq †M‡j mvab n‡e bv ii. Amg‡q K…wl K‡i, wgQvwgwQ †L‡U g‡i iii. gxb _v‡K bv Rj ïKv‡j



4| D³ Ae¯’v †_‡K gyw³ †c‡Z KiYxq Kx ?

K. AwaKvi m‡PZb nIqv L. mg‡qi g~j¨ †`qv M. `„wó cÖmvwiZ Kiv N. msKxY©Zv cwinvi Kiv

m„Rbkxj Ôˆkk‡e m`yc‡`k hvnvi bv †iv‡P Rxe‡b Zvnvi Kfz g~L©Zv bv †Nv‡P| ˆPÎ gv‡m Pvl w`qv bv †ev‡b êkv‡L K‡e †m ˆngwš—K avb¨ †c‡q _v‡K? dj Pv‡n, †mI AwZ wb‡e©va Aag| †LqvZix P‡j †M‡j, e‡m _vK Zx‡i- wK‡m cvi n‡e Zix bv Avwm‡j wd‡i|

K. ÔgxbÕ K_vi A_© Kx? L. Ômgq †M‡j mvab n‡e bvÕ Kwe GK_v †Kb e‡j‡Qb? M. DÏxc‡K Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ †h we‡kl w`‡Ki cÖwZ BswMZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv Ômgq †M‡j

mvab n‡e bvÕ KweZvq Kxfv‡e dz‡U D‡V‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Ô†LqvZix P‡j †M‡j, e‡m _vK Zx‡i

wK‡m cvi n‡e Zix bv Avwm‡j wd‡iÕÑ G ev‡K¨ Ômgq †M‡j mvab n‡e bvÕ KweZvi g~jfv‡ei KZUzKz aviY K‡i? hyw³mn †jL|


K‡cvZv¶ b`

gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë

[Kwe-cwiwPwZ : gaym~ b `Ë 1824 wLªóv‡ãi 2iv Rvbyqvwi h‡kvi †Rjvi mvMi uvwo MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| ¯‹zjRxe‡bi †k‡l wZwb KjKvZvi wn› y K‡j‡R fwZ© nb| GB K‡j‡R Aa¨qbKv‡j Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï cÖwZ Zuvi Zxeª AbyivM R‡b¥| 1842 wLªóv‡ã wZwb wLªóa‡g© `xw¶Z nb| ZLb Zuvi bv‡gi cÖ_‡g †hvM nq ÔgvB‡KjÕ| cvðvZ¨ Rxebhvc‡bi cÖwZ cÖej B”Qv Ges Bs‡iwR fvlvq mvwnZ¨mvabvq Zxeª Av‡eM Zuv‡K Bs‡iwR fvlvq mvwnZ¨ iPbvq DØy× K‡i| cieZx©Kv‡j Rxe‡bi wewPÎ KóKi AwfÁZvq Zuvi GB fzj †f‡OwQj| evsjv fvlvq Kve¨ iPbvi ga¨ w`‡q Zuvi KwecÖwZfvi h_v_© ù~wZ© N‡U| Zuvi Agi KxwZ© Ô†gNbvèa Kve¨Õ| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨MÖš’ : wZ‡jvËgvm¤¢e Kve¨, exiv½bv Kve¨, eªRv½bv Kve¨ I PZz`©kc`x KweZvewj| Zuvi bvUK : K…òKygvix, kwg©ôv, cÙveZx; Ges cÖnmb : G‡KB wK e‡j mf¨Zv I eyo mvwj‡Ki Nv‡o †iuv| evsjv Kv‡e¨ AwgÎv¶i Q›` Ges m‡bU cÖeZ©b K‡i wZwb †hvM K‡i‡Qb bZzb gvÎv| 1873 wLªóv‡ãi 29 †k Ryb Kwe ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib|] mZZ, †n b`, Zzwg co †gvi g‡b !

mZZ †Zvgvi K_v fvwe G wei‡j;

mZZ (†hgwZ †jvK wbkvi ¯^c‡b

†kv‡b gvqv-gš¿aŸwb) Ze KjK‡j

RyovB G Kvb Avwg åvwš—i Qj‡b !

eû †`‡k †`wLqvwQ eû b`-`‡j,

wKš‘ G †mœ‡ni Z…òv wg‡U Kvi R‡j?

`y»-†m&ªv‡Zvi~cx Zzwg Rb¥f~wg-¯—‡b|

Avi wK †n n‡e †`Lv? Ñ hZ w`b hv‡e,

cÖRvi~‡c ivRi~c mvM‡i‡i w`‡Z

evwi-i~c Ki Zzwg; G wgbwZ, Mv‡e

e½R R‡bi Kv‡b, m‡L, mLv-ix‡Z

bvg Zvi, G cÖev‡m gwR †cÖg-fv‡e

jB‡Q †h Ze bvg e‡½i msMx‡Z|


kãv_© I UxKv : mZZÑme©`v| wei‡j-GKvš— wbwiwewj‡Z| wbkv-ivwÎ| åvwš—-fzj| evwi-i~cKi-cÖRv †hgb ivRv‡K Ki ev ivR¯^ †`q, †Zgwb K‡cvZv¶ bÌ mvMi‡K Rji~c Ki ev ivR¯^ w`‡”Q| PZz`©kc`x KweZvÑ Bs‡iwR‡Z Sonnet, evsjvq PZz`©kc`x KweZv| †PŠÏ-PiY-mgwš^Z fvemsnZ mywbw`©ó| PZz`©kc`x KweZvi cÖ_g AvU Pi‡Yi ¯—eK‡K AóK (Octave) Ges cieZx© Qq Pi‡Yi ¯—eK‡K lóK (Sestet) e‡j| Aó‡K g~jZ fv‡ei cÖeZ©bv Ges ló‡K fv‡ei cwiYwZ _v‡K| PZz`©kc`x KweZvq K‡qK cÖKvi Aš—¨wgj cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| †hgb, cÖ_g AvU PiY : KLLK KLLK| †kl Qq PiY : NOP NOP| A_ev cÖ_g AvU PiY : KLLM KLLM, †kl Qq PiY : NONO PP| ÔK‡cvZv¶ b`Õ GKwU PZz`©kc`x KweZv| GLv‡b wgjweb¨vm : KLKLKLLK MNMNMN| cvV cwiwPwZ : ÔK‡cvZv¶ b`Õ KweZvwU Kwei PZz`©kc`x KweZvewj †_‡K M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| GB KweZvq Kwei ¯§„wZKvZiZvi Avei‡Y Zuvi AZz¨¾¡j †`k‡cÖg cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Kwe h‡kvi †Rjvi K‡cvZv¶ b‡ì Zx‡i mvMi uvwo MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| ˆkk‡e gaym~ b GB b‡ì Zx‡i cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k eo n‡q‡Qb| hLb wZwb d«v‡Ý emevm K‡ib, ZLb Rb¥f~wgi ˆkke, ˆK‡kv‡ii †e`bv-weayi ¯§„wZ Zuvi g‡b RvwM‡q‡Q KvZiZv| `~‡i e‡mI wZwb †hb K‡cvZv¶ b‡ì KjKj aŸwb ïb‡Z cvb| KZ †`‡k KZ b`-b`x wZwb †`‡L‡Qb, wKš‘ Rb¥f~wgi GB b` †hb gv‡qi †mœn‡Wv‡i Zuv‡K †eu‡a‡Q, wKQz‡ZB wZwb Zv‡K fzj‡Z cv‡ib bv| Kwei g‡b m‡›`n Rv‡M, Avi wK wZwb GB b‡ì †`Lv cv‡eb ! b‡ì Kv‡Q Zuvi mwebq wgbwZÑeÜzfv‡e Zv‡K wZwb †mœnv`‡i †hgb ¯§iY K‡ib, K‡cvZv¶I †hb GKB †cÖgfv‡e Zuv‡K m‡mœ‡n ¯§iY K‡i| K‡cvZv¶ b` †hb Zvi ¯^‡`‡ki Rb¨ n„`‡qi KvZiZv e½evmx‡ì wbKU e¨³ K‡ibÑwhwb cÖevmRxe‡bI Mv‡b, KweZvq ˆkk‡e-ˆK‡kv‡ii ¯§„wZweRwoZ b`xi K_v wj‡L‡Qb|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb

1| †Zvgvi wbKUeZ©x b`x ev Lvj m¤ú‡K© 200 k‡ãi g‡a¨ GKwU iPbv †jL|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| ÔK‡cvZv¶ b`Õ KweZvwU iPbvKv‡j Kwe †Kvb †`‡k wQ‡jb ?

K. d«v‡Ý L. Bsj¨v‡Û M. BZvwj‡Z N. Av‡gwiKv‡Z

2| wKš‘ G †mœ‡ni Z…òv wg‡U Kvi R‡j ? Ñ G Dw³‡Z Kwei †Kvb fve cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q ?

i. ggZv ii. AbyivM iii. åvwš—



Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

cÖevm Rxe‡b dv÷dz‡Wi †`vKv‡b KZ Lvevi †L‡qwQ Avwg Rxe‡b| gv‡qi nv‡Zi wcVvi K_v fzwj Avwg †Kg‡b ?

3| ÔK‡cvZv¶ b`Õ KweZvi †Kvb welqwU Aby‡”Q`wU‡Z cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q ?

K. myL ¯§„wZi Abycg wPÎvqb L. iwOb Kíbvi wb`k©b M. KóKi ¯§„wZi KvZiZv N. †mœnv`‡ii KvZiZv

4| Aby‡”Q`wUi g~j e³e¨ wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y dz‡U D‡V‡Q ?

K. mZZ †Zvgvi K_v fvwe G wei‡j| L. RyovB G Kvb Avwg åvwš—i Qj‡b| M. G †mœ‡ni Z…òv wg‡U Kvi R‡j ? N. Avi wK †n n‡e †`Lv|

m„Rbkxj †QvUKv‡j wQjvg evOvwj‡ì evjyP‡i, muvZiv‡q b`x cvwo w`Zvg evievi Gcvi n‡Z Icv‡i, wWwf jUvwi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡j Qz‡U P‡j hvq Av‡gwiKvq wKš‘ AvR gb ïay QUdUvq Avi kq‡b ¯^c‡b evwo w`‡q hvq, gaygq ¯§„wZ¸‡jv Avgv‡K Kuv`vq, Zey †`‡k Avi bvwn wdiv nq|

K. m‡b‡Ui ló‡K Kx _v‡K ? L. Ô†mœ‡ni Z…òvÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ? M. DÏxc‡K cÖwZdwjZ Abyf~wZ ÔK‡cvZv¶ b`Õ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K Zz‡j ai| N. ÔDÏxc‡K cÖwZdwjZ Abyf~wZi Aš—iv‡j †h fvewU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q ZvB ÔK‡cvZv¶ b`Õ

KweZvi g~jfveÕÑ K_vwUi mZ¨Zv wePvi Ki|


¯^vaxbZv i½jvj e‡›`¨vcva¨vq

[Kwe cwiwPwZ : 1827 mv‡j ea©gvb †Rjvi evKzwjqv MÖv‡g Kwe i½jvj e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| evKzwjqv

cvVkvjv I ’vbxq wgkbvwi ¯‹z‡ji cvV †k‡l ûMwji gnwmb K‡j‡R fwZ© nb wKš‘ kvixwiK Amy ’Zvi Rb¨ wZwb

K‡j‡Ri cov‡kvbv †kl Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| ms¯‹…Z I Bs‡iwR fvlvq Zuvi ey rcwË wQj| KjKvZvi †cÖwm‡WwÝ

K‡j‡R mvwn‡Zï Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e wbhy³ n‡jI c‡i wZwb †WcywU Kv‡j±i wn‡m‡e miKvwi PvKwi‡Z †hvM

†`b| Ck¦i ¸ß m¤úvw`Z Ômsev` cÖfvKiÕ cwÎKvi wZwb wbqwgZ †jLK wQ‡jb| msev` immvMi, GWz‡Kkb

†M‡RU, mvßvwnK evZ©ven cÖf…wZ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K ev mn-m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e wZwb `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| cwÙbx

DcvL¨vb, Kg©‡èx, k~imy›ìx, KvÂxKv‡eix cÖf…wZ Zuvi Kvwnbx Kve¨| ZvQvov K‡qKwU Abyev` MÖš’I wZwb

cÖYqb K‡ib| 1887 wLªóv‡ã wZwb g„Zz eiY K‡ib|]

¯^vaxbZv-nxbZvq †K euvwP‡Z Pvq †n, †K euvwP‡Z Pvq ? `vmZ¡k„•Lj ej †K cwi‡e cvq †n, †K cwi‡e cvq| †KvwUKí `vm _vKv bi‡Ki cÖvq †n, bi‡Ki cÖvq| w`‡b‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv, ¯^M©-myL Zvq †n, ¯^M©-myL Zvq \ mv_©K Rxeb Avi evû-ej Zvi †n, evû-ej Zvi| AvZ¥bv‡k †hB K‡i †`‡ki D×vi †n, †`‡ki D×vi \ AZGe iYf~‡g Pj Z¡iv hvB †n, Pj Z¡iv hvB| †`kwn‡Z g‡i †hB, Zzj¨ Zvi bvB †n, Zzj¨ Zvi bvB \ kãv_© I UxKv : ¯^vaxbZv nxbZvÑ ¯^vaxbZv e¨ZxZ; `vmZ¡ k„•LjÑ civaxbZvi k„•Lj; †KvwUKíÑ Abš—Kvj, wPiKvj; AvZ¥bvkÑ wb‡Ri me©bvk; iYf~‡gÑ hy×‡¶‡Î; Z¡ivÑ ª“Z, ZvovZvwo; †`knx‡ZÑ †`‡ki Kj¨v‡Y, †`‡ki fv‡jvi Rb¨| cvV cwiwPwZ : i½jvj e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ÔcwÙbx DcvL¨vbÕ †_‡K Ô¯vaxbZvÕ KweZvwU msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| civaxb n‡q †Kv‡bv gvbyl euvP‡Z cv‡i bv| GKRb gvbyl n‡Z cv‡ib weËkvjx, civµgkvjxÑ_vK‡Z cv‡i Zvi cÖPzi abm¤ú`, `vm`vmxÑwKš‘ wZwb hw` ¯vaxb bv nb Z‡e Zvi Rxeb g~j¨nxb| ZvB civaxb n‡q M„‡n e‡m bv †_‡K ¯vaxbZvi hy‡× AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Kwe AvnŸvb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, †`‡ki Kj¨v‡Y †h AvZ¥wb‡qvM Ges AvZ¥Z¨vM K‡ibÑc„w_ex‡Z Zuvi †P‡q e„nr I gnr †KD bq|


Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| ¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z Zzwg Kx †evS? ¯^vaxbZvi K‡qKwU êwkó¨ †jL| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| Ô`vmÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx ?

K. `vmx L. †meK M. †Mvjvg N. Aaxb¯’

2| ÔAvZ¥bv‡k †hB K‡i †`‡ki D×vi †n|Õ GLv‡b ÔAvZ¥bvkÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ? K. AvZ¥nZ¨v Kiv L. AvZ¥Z¨vM Kiv M. fv‡jvevmv N. wb‡Ri ¶wZ Kiv

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : Ae¯’v †eMwZK eyS‡Z †c‡i exi‡kÖô wmcvnx †gv¯—dv Kvgvj GKvB kÎ“‡ì AMÖhvÎv †VwK‡q

ivLvi †Póv K‡ib| GB my‡hv‡M `‡ji Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡K cvjv‡Z e‡jb| GK mgq GKSuvK ey‡jU G‡m †K‡o †bq Zuvi Rxeb|

3| exi‡kÖô †gv —dv Kvgv‡ji †¶‡Î wb‡Pi †Kvb e³e¨wU h_v_© ? i. w`‡b‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv, ¯^M© myL Zvq †n, ii. †`kwn‡Z g‡i †hB, Zzj¨ Zvi bvB †n, iii. AZGe iYf~‡g Pj Z¡iv hvB †n,


K. i L. iiM. iii N. i, ii I iii

4| Gi~c h_v_©Zvi KviY Kx ? K. Zvi“Y¨ L. ¯^vaxbZv jvf M. †`k‡cÖg N. mvnm

m„Rbkxj Bs‡iR kvmb Avg‡j wbcxob-wbh©vZ‡bi gvÎv mnbvZxZ n‡j GK mgq wZZzgxi Zv‡ì wei“‡× evsjvi mvaviY gvbyl‡K HKë× Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Zv‡ì gv‡S ¯^‡`k‡cÖg RvwM‡q †Zv‡jb| ZvB mvaviY gvbyl‡ì mv‡_ wb‡q evu‡ki †Kj−vq e‡m Bs‡iR kvmK‡ì wei“‡× we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡ib| D‡Ïk¨ `vmZ¡ †_‡K gyw³ jvf| ZvB Zviv AvgiY jovB Pvwj‡q hvb| K. Z¡iv K_vi A_© Kx? L. †KvwUKí `vm _vKv‡K Kwe bi‡Ki mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb †Kb? M. DÏxc‡Ki wZZzgx‡ii D‡`¨vM Ô¯^vaxbZvÕ KweZvq †h w`KwU Zz‡j a‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. ÔwZZzgx‡ii ¯^vaxbZvi fvebvB †hb i½jvj e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Ô¯^vaxbZvÕ KweZvi g~jK_v|Õ -

hyw³mn eywS‡q †jL|


Rxeb m½xZ †ngP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq

[Kwe cwiwPwZ : †ngP› ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq 1838 mv‡ji 17B GwcÖj ûMwj †Rjvi ¸wjUv ivRej−fnvU MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv ˆKjvkP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq| †ngP› ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq KjKvZvi wLwìcyi evsjv ¯‹z‡j cov‡kvbvKv‡j Avw_©K msK‡U c‡ob| d‡j Zuvi cov‡kvbv ZLb eÜ n‡q hvq| AZtci KjKvZv ms¯‹„Z K‡j‡Ri Aa¨¶ cÖmbœKzgvi me©vwaKvixi AvkÖ‡q wZwb Bs‡iwR †k‡Lb| cieZx©Kv‡j wn› y K‡j‡R wmwbqi ¯‹zj cix¶vq DËxY© nb| c‡i wZwb 1859 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K mœvZK wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡bi wZwb miKvwi PvKwi, ¯‹zj wk¶KZv Ges cwi‡k‡l AvBb eëmvq wb‡qvwRZ nb| gvB‡Kj gaym~ b `‡Ëi c‡i Kve¨ iPbvq wZwbB wQ‡jb me‡P‡q L¨vwZgvb| ^‡`k‡cÖ‡gi Aby‡cÖiYvq wZwb Ôe„ÎmsnviÕ bvgK gnvKve¨ iPbv K‡ib| GQvov Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ : wPš—vZiw½bx, exievû, AvkvKvbb, Qvqvgqx BZ¨vw`| 24‡k †g 1903 mv‡j †ngP› ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq g„Zz eiY K‡ib|] e‡jv bv KvZi ¯^‡i e„_v Rb¥ G msmv‡i G Rxeb wbkvi ¯^cb, `viv cyÎ cwievi, Zzwg Kvi †K †Zvgvi e‡j Rxe K‡iv bv µ›`b; gvbe-Rbg mvi, Ggb cv‡e bv Avi evn¨`„‡k¨ fz‡jv bv †i gb; Ki hZœ n‡e Rq, RxevZ¥v AwbZ¨ bq, I‡n Rxe Ki AvwKÂb| K‡iv bv my‡Li Avk, c‡iv bv `y‡Li duvm, Rxe‡bi D‡Ïk¨ Zv bq, msmv‡i msmvix mvR, K‡iv wbZ¨ wbR KvR, f‡ei DbœwZ hv‡Z nq| w`b hvq ¶Y hvq, mgq Kvnv‡iv bq, †e‡M avq bvwn i‡n w¯’i, mnvq m¤ú` ej, mKwj NyPvq Kvj, Avqy †hb ˆkev‡ji bxi| msmv‡i-mgiv½‡b hy× Ki `„pc‡Y, f‡q fxZ nBI bv gvbe; Ki hy× exh©evb, hvq hv‡e hvK cÖvY gwngvB RM‡Z `yj©f| g‡bvni g~wZ© †n‡i, I‡n Rxe AÜKv‡i, fwel¨‡Z K‡iv bv wbf©i; AZxZ my‡Li w`b, cybt Avi †W‡K G‡b, wPš—v K‡i nBI bv KvZi| gnvÁvbx gnvRb, †h c‡_ K‡i Mgb, n‡q‡Qb cÖvZt¯§iYxq, †mB c_ j¶¨ K‡i ¯^xq KxwZ© aŸRv a‡i


AvgivI ne eiYxq mgi-mvMi-Zx‡i, c`v¼ Aw¼Z K‡i AvgivI ne †n Agi; †mB wPý j¶ K‡i, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Rb c‡i, h‡kvØv‡i Avwm‡e mZ¡i| K‡iv bv gvbeMY, e„_v ¶q G Rxeb, msmvi-mgiv½b gv‡S; m¼í K‡iQ hvnv, mvab Kin Zvnv, iZ n‡q wbR wbR Kv‡R| kãv_© I UxKv : KvZi ¯^‡iÑ `ye©j K‡É, Ki“Yfv‡e; `viv Ñ ¯¿x; evn¨ „‡k¨ Ñ evB‡ii RM‡Zi PvKwPK¨gq i~‡c ev wRwb‡m; RxevZ¥v Ñ gvby‡li AvZ¥v, AvZ¥v hwÌ Agi, wKš‘ gvby‡li g„Zz Awbevh©, Kv‡RB †`n †Q‡o AvZ¥v GKw`b P‡j hv‡e, wPiKvj †`n‡K AuvK‡o _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv; AwbZ¨ Ñ A¯’vqx, hv wPiKv‡ji bq; AvwKÂb Ñ †Póv, AvKv•¶v; Avk Ñ Avkv; f‡ei Ñ RM‡Zi, msmv‡ii; mgiv½‡b Ñ hy×‡¶‡Î (Kwe gvby‡li Rxeb‡K hy×‡¶‡Îi m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb); exh©evb Ñ kw³gvb; gwngv Ñ †MŠie; cÖvZt¯§iYxq Ñ mKvj †ejvq ¯§iY Kivi †hvM¨, A_©vr mK‡ji kÖ×v I m¤§v‡bi cvÎ; aŸRv Ñ cZvKv, wbkvb; eiYxq Ñ m¤§v‡bi †hvM¨; msmv‡i-mgiv½‡b Ñ hy×‡¶‡Î mvnmx ˆmwb‡Ki g‡Zv msmv‡iI bvbv NvZ-cÖwZNv‡Zi †gvKv‡ejv K‡i †eu‡P _vK‡Z n‡e; ¯^cb Ñ iv‡Zi ¯^‡cœi g‡ZvB wg_¨v ev Amvi; Avqy †hb ˆkev‡ji bxi Ñ †kIjvi Ici cvwbi †duvUvi g‡Zv ¶Y¯’vqx| cvV cwiwPwZ : Avgv‡ì Rxeb †Kej wbQK ¯^cœ bq| Kv‡RB G c„w_ex‡K ïay ¯^cœ I gvqvi RMr ejv hvq bv| ¯¿x-cyÎ-Kb¨v Ges cwiRbeM© †KD KviI bq, GK_vI wVK bq| gvbe-Rb¥ AZ¨š— g~jëvb| wg_¨v my‡Li Kíbv K‡i `ytL evwo‡q jvf †bB, Zv Avgv‡ì Rxe‡bi D‡ÏkÏ bq| msmv‡i evm Ki‡Z n‡j msmv‡ii `vwqZ¡ h_vh_fv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv êiv‡M¨ †Kv‡bv gyw³ †bB| Avgv‡ì Rxeb †hb ˆkev‡ji wkwkiwe› yi g‡Zv ¶Y ’vqx| myZivs gvbyl‡K G c„w_ex‡Z mvnmx †hv×vi g‡Zv msMÖvg K‡i †eu‡P _vK‡Z n‡e| gnvÁvbx I gnvb e¨w³‡ì c_ AbymiY K‡i Avgv‡ìI eiYxq n‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv Rxeb †Zv GKeviB| ÔRxeb m½xZÕ KweZvwU Kwe ‘Henry Wordworth Longfellow-Gi ‘A Paslm of life’ kxl©K Bs‡iwR KweZvi fvevbyev`|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb

1| Zzwg Av`k© g‡b Ki Ggb GKRb gvby‡li msw¶ß cwiPq `vI|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| †ngP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Avqy‡K wK‡mi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb ?

K. b`xi Rj L. cyKz‡ii Rj M. ˆkev‡ji bxi N. dwUK Rj


2| Kwe Ômsmv‡i mgiv½‡bÕ ej‡Z Kx eywS‡q‡Qb ?

K. hy×‡¶Î‡K L. Rxebhy×‡K M. cÖwZ‡iva hy×‡K N. Aw¯—Z¡‡K


ïKzi wgqv GKRb ¶z‡` eëmvqx| mvgvb¨ cyuwR wb‡q eëmv ïi“ K‡ib| cÖ_g cÖ_g jvf cvb| GK mgq Zvi eëmv‡q g›`v †`Lv †`q| G‡Z wZwb wKQzUv wePwjZ n‡q c‡ob| ZLb eÜz nv‡Zg Zv‡K `„pZvi mv‡_ GwM‡q Pjvi civgk© †`b| ïKzi wgqv Zvi civgk©‡K mv`‡i MÖnY K‡ib|

3| DÏxc‡Ki ïKzi wgqvi j¶¨ Kx ?

K. h‡kv×vi L. AgiZ¡ jvf M. msmvi mgiv½‡b wU‡K _vKv N. eiYxq nIqv

4| Afxó j‡¶¨ †cŠuQv‡Z ïKz‡ii †h ¸‡Yi Avek¨K Zv n‡jv Ñ

K. mvnm L. msMÖvg M. AvZ¥wek¦vm N. m¼í

m„Rbkxj

ievU© eª“m ci ci Qqevi hy‡× civwRZ n‡q GK mg‡q nZvk n‡q e‡b P‡j hvb| †mLv‡b †`‡Lb GKUv gvKomv Rvj eyb‡Z wM‡q evievi e¨_© n‡”Q| Ae‡k‡l †m mßgev‡i mdj nq| G NUbv ievU© eª“‡mi g‡b Drmvn RvMvq| wZwb eyS‡Z cv‡ib Rxe‡b mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zv A½v½xfv‡e RwoZ| ZvB wZwb Avevi c~Y© D`¨‡g hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡i weRqx nb| K. Kwe †Kvb `„k¨ fyj‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb? L. Kxfv‡e Ôf‡eiÕ DbœwZ Kiv hvq? M. civR‡qi M−vwb ievU© eª“‡mi gv‡S †h cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i †mwU ÔRxeb m½xZÕ KweZvi mv‡_

†hfv‡e mv`„k¨c~Y© Zv Zz‡j ai| N. ÔnZvkv bq eis mwnòzZv I âh©B gvby‡li Rxe‡b Pig mvdj¨ e‡q Av‡b|Õ- DÏxcK I

ÔRxeb m½xZÕ KweZv Aej¤^‡b Dw³wU we‡k−lY Ki|


cÖvY iex› ªbv_ VvKzi

[Kwe cwiwPwZ : iex› ªbv_ VvKzi 25†k êkvL 1268 m‡b (7B †g 1861 wLªóvã) KjKvZvi †Rvovmuv‡Kvi VvKzi cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv gnwl© †`‡e› ªbv_ VvKzi Ges wcZvgn wcÖÝ ØviKvbv_ VvKzi| evj¨Kv‡j iex› ªbv_‡K Iwi‡q›Uvj †mwgbvwi, bg©vj ¯‹zj, †e½j GKv‡Wgx cªf…wZ wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi †jLvcovi Rb¨ cvVv‡bv n‡jI wZwb †ewkw`b ¯‹z‡ji kvm‡b _vK‡Z cv‡ibwb| GgbwK m‡Zi eQi eq‡m iex› ªbv_‡K e¨vwi÷vwi covi Rb¨ Bsj¨v‡Û cvVv‡bv n‡jI †ò eQi c‡i cov‡kvbv Amgvß †i‡L wZwb †`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb| we`¨vj‡qi AvbyôvwbK wk¶v wZwb jvf K‡ibwb, wKš‘ mvwn‡Zï wewPÎ †¶‡Î Zuvi c`PviYv GK we¯§‡qi e ‘| wZwb wQ‡jb cÖK…Z A‡_©B Amvgvb¨ cÖwZfvai| ev‡j¨B Zuvi KwecÖwZfvi D‡b¥l N‡U| gvÎ c‡bi eQi eq‡m Zuvi ebdzj Kve¨MÖš’ cÖKvwkZ nq| 1913 mv‡j iex› ªbv_ ÔMxZvÄwjÕ Kv‡eï Rb¨ Gkxq‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_g mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| e ‘Z Zuvi GKK mvabvq evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ mKj kvLvq ª“Z DbœwZ jvf K‡i Ges wek¦ iev‡i †MŠi‡ei Avm‡b cÖwZwôZ nq| wZwb GKvav‡i mvwnwZ¨K, `vk©wbK, wk¶vwe`, myiKvi, bvU¨ cÖ‡hvRK I Awf‡bZv| Kve¨, †QvUMí, Dcb¨vm, bvUK, cÖeÜ, Mvb BZ¨vw` mvwn‡Zï mKj kvLvB Zuvi Ae`v‡b mg„×| Zuvi ARmª iPbvi g‡a¨ gvbmx, †mvbvi Zix, wPÎv, Kíbv, ¶wYKv, ejvKv, cybð, †Pv‡Li evwj, †Mviv, N‡i evB‡i, †hvMv‡hvM, †k‡li KweZv, wemR©b, WvKNi, i³Kiex, Mí¸”Q, wewPÎ cÖeÜ BZ¨vw` we‡klfv‡e D‡j−L‡hvM¨| 22‡k kÖveY 1348 m‡b (7B AvM÷ 1941 wLªóvã) KjKvZvq wek¦Kwe iex› ªbv_ VvKzi †kl wbtk¦vm Z¨vM K‡ib|]

gwi‡Z Pvwn bv Avwg my›ì fze‡b,

gvb‡ei gv‡S Avwg euvwPev‡i PvB|

GB m~h©K‡i GB cyw®úZ Kvb‡b

Rxeš— ü`q-gv‡S hw` ¯’vb cvB !

aivq cÖv‡Yi †Ljv wPiZiw½Z,

wein wgjb KZ nvwm-AkÖ“gq Ñ

gvb‡ei my‡L `yt‡L Muvw_qv msMxZ

hw` †Mv iwP‡Z cvwi Agi-Avjq !

Zv hw` bv cvwi, Z‡e euvwP hZ Kvj

†Zvgv‡`wi gvSLv‡b jwf †hb VuvB,

†Zvgiv Zzwj‡e e‡j mKvj weKvj

be be msMx‡Zi Kzmyg dzUvB|

nvwm gy‡L wb‡qv dzj, Zvi c‡i nvq

†d‡j w`‡qv dzj, hw` †m dzj ïKvq \


kãv_© I UxKv : m~h© K‡i Ñ m~‡h©i Av‡jv‡Z; wPiZiw½Z Ñ me©`v K‡j−vwjZ, engvb: jwf Ñ jvf Kwi; Rxeš— n„`q gv‡S Ñ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Zuvi mg¯— m„wó‡Z gvby‡li gv‡S †eu‡P _vKvi AvKv•¶v cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Av‡jvP¨ As‡k Zuvi GB AvKv•¶vi Bw½Z cvIqv hvq; weinwgjb ... AkÖ“gqÑ gvby‡li Rxeb Kzmygv¯—xY© bq| nvwm-Kvbœv, Avb›`-†e`bv wb‡q Zvi Rxeb| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi gvbe Rxe‡bi GB êwP‡Îï g‡a¨ ¯’vb K‡i wb‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Avi Zuvi m„wói g‡a¨ dwj‡q Zzj‡Z †P‡q‡Qb hvwcZ Rxe‡bi myL-`ytL, nvwm-Kvbœvi wecyj GK AvL¨vb; Agi Avjq Ñ Agi m„wó A‡_©; be be m½x‡Zi Kzmyg dzUvB Ñ iex›`ªbv‡_i m„wói RMr wecyj; gvby‡li Rxe‡bi wewPÎ Abyfe-Abyf~wZ, fve-fvebv I K‡g©i RMr‡K wZwb Zuvi m„wói g‡a¨ cÖvYgq K‡i Zzj‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Zuvi †mB m„wói ga¨ †_‡K i~c-im-MÜ †hb gvbyl Abyfe Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi Rb¨ wZwb cÖwZwbqZ dzwU‡q Zzj‡Qb m„wói Kzmyg| cvV cwiwPwZ : KweZvwU iex› ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔKwo I †KvgjÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| GB RMr my›ì Ges AvKl©Yxq| gvby‡li nvwm-Kvbœv, gvb-Awfgvb, Av‡eM-fv‡jvevmvq c„w_ex cwic~Y©| RM‡Zi gvqv Z¨vM K‡i Ab¨ wKQyi AvnŸv‡b cÖjyä n‡q Kwe ZvB g„Zz eiY Ki‡Z Pvb bv| wZwb Awfjvl e¨³ K‡i‡Qb, gvby‡li gbRqx iPbv m„R‡bi gva¨‡g mevi Kv‡Q Av`„Z nIqvi| c„w_exi bibvixi myL ytLwein hw` wVKfv‡e Zuvi m„wó‡Z VuvB cvq, Z‡eB wZwb Agi n‡eb| Zv-bv n‡j Zuvi iPbv ïK‡bv dz‡ji g‡ZvB mevi Kv‡Q Abv`„Z n‡q co‡e| mr I ïfKg© K‡i RM‡Z gvby‡li g‡a¨ `xN© w`b †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ `„p msKí cÖ‡qvRb|

Abykxjbx

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1| ÔcÖwZwU Rxe †kl gyn~Z© ch©š— †eu‡P _vK‡Z PvqÕÑD`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ K_vwU we‡k−lY Ki|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| Kwe †Kv_vq Agi Avjq iPbv Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb ?

K. ¯^‡M© L. c„w_ex‡Z M. cyw®úZ Kvb‡b N. gvby‡li gv‡S

2| Kwe gvbe ü`‡q Kxfv‡e VuvB †c‡Z †P‡q‡Qb ?

K. fv‡jv‡e‡m L. m„wói gva¨‡g M. dzj dzwU‡q N. msMx‡Zi mvnv‡h¨


Avevi Avwme wd‡i avbwmuwowUi Zx‡i Ñ GB evsjvq nq‡Zv gvbyl bq Ñ nq‡Zv ev k•LwPj kvwj‡Ki †e‡k nq‡Zv †fv‡ii KvK n‡q GB KvwZ©‡Ki bev‡bœi †`‡k Kzqvkvi ey‡K †f‡m GKw`b Avwme G KuvVvj Qvqvq;


3| DÏxc‡Ki e³‡eï mv‡_ ÔcÖvYÕ KweZvi fveMZ mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q †h ev‡K¨, Zv n‡jv Ñ

i. gwi‡Z Pvwn bv Avwg my›ì fze‡b, gvb‡ei gv‡S Avwg euvwPev‡i PvB

ii. gvb‡ei my‡L-`yt‡L Muvw_qv msMxZ hw` †Mv iwP‡Z cvwi Agi Avjq !

iii. nvwm gy‡L wb‡q dzj, Zvi c‡i nvq †d‡j w`‡qv dzj, hw` †m dzj ïKvq\


K. i L. iii M. ii I iii N. i I iii

4| Giƒc mv`„‡kï KviY Kx?

K. Rxe‡bi cÖwZ Avmw³ L. AK…wÎg gvbe‡cÖg M. RvMwZK myL †fvM N. m„wói Avb›` Dc‡fvM

m„Rbkxj

evsjvi gyL Avwg †`wLqvwQ, ZvB Avwg c„w_exi iƒc LyuwR‡Z hvB bv Avi, AÜKv‡i †R‡M D‡V Wzgy‡ii Mv‡Q †P‡q †`wL QvZvi gZb e‡ov cvZvwUi wb‡P e‡m Av‡Q †fv‡ii †`v‡qj cvwLÑ Pviw`‡K †P‡q †`wL cj−‡ei ¯—~c Rvg-eU-KuvVv‡ji-wnR‡ji-Ak¦‡Ìi K‡i Av‡Q Pzc|

K. Kwe Kv‡ì gv‡S euvP‡Z Pvb ? L. G c„w_ex‡Z Kwe Agi Avjq iPbv Ki‡Z Pvb †Kb ? M. DÏxc‡K cÖZ¨vwkZ welqwU ÔcÖvYÕ KweZvi fv‡ei mv‡_ Kxfv‡e wg‡k Av‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|N. DÏxcKwU ÔcÖvYÕ KweZvi AvswkKfve gvÎ, c~Y©iƒc bq| hyw³mnKv‡i eywS‡q †jL|


RyZv-Avwe®‹vi iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi

Kwnjv ney, Ôïb †Mv †Mveyivq, Kvwj‡K Avwg †f‡ewQ mviv ivÎ Ñ gwjb ayjv jvwM‡e †Kb cvq aiYx-gv‡S PiYÑ†djv gvÎ! †Zvgiv ïay †eZb jn evuwU, ivRvi Kv‡R wKQzB bvwn `„wó| Avgvi gvwU jvMvq †gv‡i gvwU, iv‡R¨ †gvi GwK G Abvm„wó! kxNª Gi Kwi‡e cÖwZKvi, bwn‡j Kv‡iv i¶v bvwn Avi|Õ ïwbqv †Mvey fvweqv n‡jv Lyb, `viyY Îv‡m Ng© e‡n Mv‡Î| cwÊ‡Zi nBj gyL Pzb, cvÎ‡ì wb`ªv bvwn iv‡Î| ivbœvN‡i bvwn‡Kv P‡o nvuwo, KvbœvKvwU cwoj evwoÑg‡a¨, AkÖyR‡j fvmv‡q cvKv `vwo Kwnjv †Mvey neyi cv`c‡Ù, Ôhw` bv ayjv jvwM‡e Ze cv‡q, cv‡qi ayjv cvBe Kx Dcv‡q!Õ ïwbqv ivRv fvwej `ywj `ywj, Kwnj †k‡l, ÔK_vUv e‡U mZ¨Ñ wKš‘ Av‡M we`vq K‡iv a~wj, fvwe‡qv c‡i càywji ZË¡| ayjv-Afv‡e bv †c‡j càyjv †Zvgiv m‡e gvwnbv LvI wg‡_¨, †KbÑev Z‡e cywlby GZ¸jv Dcvwa-aiv êÁvwbK f…‡Z¨? Av‡Mi KvR Av‡M †Zv Zzwg mv‡iv, c‡ii K_v fvwe‡qv c‡i Av‡iv|Õ Avuavi †`‡L ivRvi K_v ïwb, hZbf‡i Avwbj Z‡e gš¿x


†hLv‡b hZ AvwQj Ávbx ¸Yx †`‡k we‡`‡k h‡ZK wQj hš¿x| ewmj m‡e Pkgv †Pv‡L AvuwU, dziv‡q †Mj Dwbk wc‡c bm¨, A‡bK †f‡e Kwnj, Ô†M‡j gvwU aivq Z‡e †Kv_vq n‡e km¨?Õ Kwnj ivRv, ÔZvB hw` bv n‡e, cwÊ‡Ziv i‡qQ †Kb Z‡e?Õ mK‡j wgwj hyw³ Kwi †k‡l wKwbj SuvUv mv‡oÑm‡Z‡iv j¶, Suv‡Ui †Pv‡U c‡_i ayjv G‡m fwi‡q w`j ivRvi gyL e¶| ayjvq †Kn †gwj‡Z bv‡i †PvL, ayjvi †g‡N cwoj XvKv m~h©, ayjvi †e‡M Kvwkqv g‡i †jvK, ayjvi gv‡S bMi n‡jv Dn¨| Kwnj ivRv, ÔKwi‡Z ayjv `~i, RMZ n‡jv ayjvq ficyi!Õ ZLb †e‡M QzwUj Suv‡KÑSuvK gkK Kuv‡L GKzk jvL wfw¯—| cyKz‡i we‡j iwnj ïay cuvK, b`xi R‡j bvwnK P‡j wKw¯—| R‡ji Rxe gwij Rj webv, WvOvi cÖvYx muvZvi K‡i †Póv| cuv‡Ki Z‡j gwRj †ePv-wKbv, mw`©R¡‡i DRvo n‡jv †`kUv| Kwnj ivRv, ÔGgwb me Mvav ayjv‡i gvwi Kwiqv w`j Kv`v!Õ Avevi m‡e WvwKj civg‡k©, ewmj cybt h‡ZK ¸Yeš— Ñ Nywiqv gv_v †nwij †Pv‡L m‡l©, ayjvi nvq bvwnK cvq Aš—| Kwnj, Ôgnx gv`yi w`‡q Xv‡Kv, divk cvwZ Kwie ayjv eÜ|Õ Kwnj †Kn, ÔivRv‡i N‡i iv‡Lv, †Kv_vI †hb _v‡K bv †Kv‡bv iÜª !


ayjvi gv‡S bv hw` †`b cv Zv n‡j cv‡q ayjv †Zv jv‡M bv|Õ Kwnj ivRv, Ô†m K_v e‡ov LuvwU Ñ wKš‘ †gvi n‡Z‡Q g‡b mÜ, gvwUi f‡q ivR¨ n‡e gvwU wèmÑivwZ iwn‡j Avwg eÜ|Õ Kwnj m‡e, ÔPvgv‡i Z‡e WvwK Pg© w`qv gywoqv `vI c„_¡x| aywji gnx Szwji gv‡S XvwK gnxcwZi iwn‡e gnvKxwZ©|Õ Kwnj m‡e, Ôn‡e †m Ae‡n‡j, †hvM¨g‡Zv Pvgvi hw` †g‡j|Õ

ivRvi Pi avBj †n_v †nv_v, QzwUj m‡e Qvwoqv me Kg©| †hvM¨g‡Zv Pvgvi bvwn †Kv_v, bv wg‡j GZ DwPZ-g‡Zv Pg©| ZLb ax‡i Pvgvi-KzjcwZ Kwnj G‡m Clr †n‡m e„×, Ôewj‡Z cvwi Kwi‡j AbygwZ, mn‡R hv‡n gvbm n‡e wm×| wb‡Ri `ywU PiY Xv‡Kv, Z‡e aiYx Avi XvwK‡Z bvwn n‡e|Õ Kwnj ivRv, ÔGZ wK n‡e wm‡a ! fvweqv gÕj mKj †`kmy×!Õ gš¿x K‡n, Ô†eUv‡i k~j weu‡a Kvivi gv‡S Kwiqv iv‡Lv iy×|Õ ivRvi c` Pg©-Avei‡Y XvwKj eyov ewmqv c‡`vcv‡š—| gš¿x K‡n, ÔAvgv‡iv wQj g‡b †Kg‡b †eUv †c‡i‡Q †mUv Rvb‡Z|Õ †mw`b n‡Z Pwjj RyZv civ Ñ euvwPj †Mvey, i¶v †cj aiv|

kãv_© I UxKv : PiY Ñ cv; cÖwZKvi Ñ cÖwZweavb, mgvavb; gvwnbv Ñ cvwikÖwgK, †eZb; cywlbyÑ †cvlY Kwi, jvjb-cvjb Kwi; wc‡cÑ XvK ev †Xv‡ji AvK…wZwewkó Kv‡Vi ˆZwi cvÎ; wfw¯— Ñ cvwb en‡bi Rb¨ Pvgovi ˆZwi GK cÖKvi _wj; cuvK Ñ Kv`v, K ©g; wKw¯— Ñ †bŠKv ev RvnvR, Rjhvb; ¸Yeš— Ñ


¸Yevb, ¸Yx; gnx Ñ c„w_ex, aiYx; divk Ñ †g‡S ev Z³‡cv‡l weQv‡bvi Rb¨ Kv‡c©U ev weQvbv, gv yi; iÜ« Ñ wQ`ª, dz‡Uv; Pvgvi Ñ Pg©Kvi, gywP; †hvM¨g‡Zv Ñ Dchy³; KyjcwZ Ñ es‡ki cÖavb, Kzj‡kÖô| cvV cwiwPwZ : iex› ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔKíbvÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K RyZv Avwe®‹vi KweZvwU msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| ayjvevwj †_‡K ivRvi cvÕ‡K gy³ ivLvi bvbv cÖm½B KweZvwUi g~j DcRxe¨| ivRv Zuvi gš¿x‡ì ivR¨ †_‡K ayjvevwj `~i Kivi wb‡`©k †`b| gš¿xMY iv‡Rï ayjvevwj Svo †Ìqvi wm×vš— †bb Ges G‡Z ivR¨ ay‡jvq cwic~Y© n‡q hvq| ivRvi Av‡`k gvb‡Z wM‡q iv‡Rï mfvm` †Kv‡bv Dcvq †hb Lyu‡R Avi cvb bv| Ae‡k‡l iv‡RïB GK eq¯‹ Pg©Kvi wbR eyw×‡Z ivRvi c`hyMj Pvgov w`‡q †X‡K †`q| Gfv‡e ivRvi cv ay‡jv ¯úk© †_‡K gyw³ cvq|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb

1| ¶z`ª cÖvYxI gvby‡li gnr DcKvi Ki‡Z cv‡iÑ G cÖm‡½ GKwU Kvwnbx †jL|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KZ mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib ?

K. 1861 L. 1913 M. 1914 N. 1941

2| cwÊ‡Zi gyL Pzb n‡qwQj †Kb ?

K. g„Zzï f‡q fxZ nIqv L. KiYxq Lyu‡R bv cvIqv M. `vwq‡Z¡ Ae‡njv Kivq N. gš¿xi Av‡`k ï‡b

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

iwng wgqvi GKgvÎ cyÎ‡K KzKz‡i Kvgov‡j f…Z¨ b~iy G‡m Zv‡K G Lei Rvbvq| †mB mv‡_ AviI e‡j †h, Zv‡K Bb‡RKkb w`‡Z n‡e| iwng wgqv G K_vq †Kv‡bv ¸iyZ¡ †`qwb| Kw`b ci †Q‡j Amy¯’ n‡q co‡j Zv‡K Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q wb‡q hvq| cix¶v †k‡l Wv³vi e‡jb, †Q‡jwU RjvZv¼ †iv‡M Avµvš— n‡q‡Q|

3| DÏxc‡Ki b~iyi mv‡_ ÔRyZv-Avwe®‹viÕ KweZvi †h Pwi‡Îi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q †mB PwiÎ n‡jvÑ

i. neyi ii. Meyi iii. Pvgvi-KzjcwZ


K. i L. iiM. iii N. i, ii I iii.



K. mrcivgk© L. eyw×gËv M. m‡PZbZv N. c‡ivcKvi

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

we`¨vj‡qi Pvj dz‡Uv n‡q N‡i e„wói cvwb co‡Q| †Rjv †ev‡W©i GKRb EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v cwi`k©‡b G‡j cÖavb wk¶K welqwU Zuvi bR‡i Av‡bb| wZwb welqwU ¸i“‡Z¡i mv‡_ ï‡b e‡jb, AwP‡iB G e¨vcv‡i Dc‡i wjL‡eb| Aby‡gv`b †c‡j ev‡RU K‡i cvwV‡q w`‡eb| ZvB Zv‡K AvMvgx ev‡RU bv Avmv ch©š— A‡c¶v Ki‡Z e‡jb| †Rjv‡evW© Kg©KZ©vi cÖwZkÖywZi welqwU GjvKvq Av‡jvwPZ n‡j †eKvi-feNy‡i hyeK †mv‡nj‡K welqwU fvwe‡q †Zv‡j| †m Zvi eÜz‡ì mv‡_ welqwU Av‡jvPbv K‡i `ªyZ ¯‹zj N‡ii mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi c_ Lyu‡R †ei K‡i|

K. ivRv ney aywj `~i Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡qwQ‡jb Kv‡K ? L. R‡ji Rxe Rj webv gij †Kb ? M. †Rjv †ev‡W©i Kg©KZ©vi mv‡_ ÔRyZv Avwe®‹viÕ KweZvi †Mveyiv‡qi mv „k¨MZ w`KwU

e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Ômgv‡Ri D‡cw¶Z‡ì gva¨‡gI A‡bK ¸iyZ¡c~Y© mgm¨vi Zvr¶wYK mgvavb m¤¢eÕ

welqwU DÏxcK I ÔRyZv Avwe®‹viÕ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K we‡k−lY Ki|


AÜea~ hZx›`ª‡gvnb evMPx [Kwe cwiwPwZ : hZx› ª‡gvnb evMPxi Rb¥ 1878 wLªóv‡ãi 27 b‡f¤î b`xqv †Rjvi Rvg‡kicyi MÖv‡g| cj −x-cÖxwZ hZx› ª‡gvnb evMPxi Kwegvb‡mi GKUv cÖavb êwkó¨| Ôc‡_i cuvPvjxÕi wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq I Kwe Rxebvb›` `v‡ki g‡Zv Zuvi Kveë ‘ wbmM©-†mŠ›`‡h© wPÎiƒcgq| MÖvg-evsjvi k¨vgj wmœ» iƒc D‡b¥vP‡b wZwb cÖqvmx n‡q‡Qb| MÖvg-Rxe‡bi AwZ mvaviY welq I myL- ytL wZwb mnR mij fvlvq mü`qZvi m‡½ Zvrch©gwÊZ K‡i cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’mg~‡ni g‡a¨ Av‡Q : †jLv, †iLv, AcivwRZv, bvM‡Kki, eÜzi `vb, RvMiYx, bxnvwiKv I gnvfviZx| 1jv †deªyqvwi 1948 wLªóv‡ã wZwb g„Zz eiY K‡ib|]

cv‡qi Zjvq big †VKj Kx! Av‡¯— GKUz Pj bv VvKziwS Ñ Igv, G †h Siv-eKzj! bq? ZvB‡Zv ewj, e‡m †`v‡ii cv‡k, ivwË‡i KvjÑ gaygwì ev‡m AvKvk-cvZvjÑ KZB g‡b nq|

ˆR¨ô Avm‡Z K-w`b †`wi fvB Ñ Av‡gi Mv‡q eiY †`Lv hvq?

Ñ A‡bK †`wi? †Kgb K‡i n‡e! †KvwKj-WvKv ï‡bwQ †mB K‡e, `wLb nvIqv Ñ eÜ K‡e fvB; `xwNi Nv‡U bZzb wmuwo Rv‡M Ñ k¨vIjv-wcQj Ñ Ggwb k¼v jv‡M, cv-wcQwj‡q Zwj‡q hw` hvB!

g›` †bnvZ nq bv wKš‘ Zvq Ñ AÜ †Pv‡Li Ø›Ø Pz‡K hvq! `ytL bvB‡Kv mwZ¨ K_v †kvb, AÜ †M‡j Kx Avi n‡e †evb? euvPwe †Zviv Ñ `v`v †Zv †Zvi Av‡M? GB Avlv‡pB Avevi we‡q n‡e, evwo Avmvi c_ Lyu‡R bv cv‡e Ñ †`Lwe ZLb Ñ cÖevm †Kgb jv‡M?

Ô†PvL †MjÕ IB †PuwP‡q n‡jv mviv| Av”Qv w`w`, Kx Ki‡e fvB ZvivÑ Rb¥ jvwM wM‡q‡Q hvi †PvL! Kuv`vi myL †h eviY Zvnvi Ñ QvB!


Kuv`‡Z †c‡j euvPZ †m †h fvB, KZK Zey KgZ †h Zvi †kvK|

Ô†PvL †MjÕÑ Zvi fimv Zey Av‡QÑ P¶znxbvi Kx K_v Kvi Kv‡Q!

Uvwbm †Kb? wK‡mi ZvovZvwoÑ †mB †Zv wd‡i hve Avevi evwo, GKjv-_vKv- †mB †Zv M„n‡KvYÑ Zvi †P‡q GB wmœ» kxZj R‡j `y‡Uv †hb cÖv‡Yi K_v e‡jÑ ì`-fiv y‡Li Avjvcb;

cik Zvnvi gv‡qi †mœ‡ni g‡Zv fzjvq LvwbK g‡bi e¨_v hZ!

kãv_© I UxKv : VvKziwS Ñ bb`, ¯^vgxi †evb, k¦ïiKb¨v; gaygwì ev‡m Ñ gayi M‡Ü †gvngq; AvKvk-cvZvj Ñ bvbv welq, bvbvb fvebv-Abyfvebv A‡_© eëüZ; ˆR¨ô Avm‡Z K-w`b †`wi fvB .... Ñ GKRb `„wócÖwZeÜx gvby‡li Abyf‡ei AmvaviY GK RMr Av‡jvP¨ As‡k e¨³ n‡q‡Q| cÖK…wZi wewPÎ i‡Oi aviYv I Abyf‡e GB AÜea~ mg„×| †mB Ávb I Abyfe †_‡K †m †R‡b wb‡Z Pvq FZzi weeZ©b; AÜ †Pv‡Li Ø›Ø Pz‡K hvK Ñ AÜea~ AbyfeF× gvbyl| AvZ¥gh©v`v †ev‡aI †m mg„×| wKš‘ †m AÜ| GB AÜ‡Z¡i Kó †m Mfxifv‡e Abyfe K‡i| `xwNi Nv‡U hLb †kIjv cov wcQj wmuwo Rv‡M ZLb †m wcQj †L‡q R‡j c‡o Wz‡e givi Avk¼v cÖKvk K‡i| Avi GI Abyfe Ki‡Z †h, Wz‡e gi‡j AÜ‡Z¡i Awfkvc NyPZ| wKš‘ KweZvwUi †PZbv †_‡K g‡b nq, AÜea~ ˆbivkëv`x gvbyl bq| Rxe‡bi cÖwZ Zvi Mfxi ggZ¡‡eva Av‡Q; †PvL †Mj Ñ cvwL we‡kl| GB cvwLi WvK Ô†PvL †MjÕ k‡ãi g‡Zv g‡b nq; Kuv`vi myL Ñ gvbyl `yt‡L Kvu‡`, †kv‡K Kuv‡`| wKš‘ Kvbœvi ga¨ w`‡q Zvi `ytL-†kv‡Ki jvNe N‡U| ZvB Kvbœvi g‡aÏ myL Abyfe Kiv hvq| cvV cwiwPwZ : mgvR `„wónxb‡ì AeÁv K‡i| `„wónx‡biv wb‡RivI wb‡R‡ì Amnvq fv‡e| wKš‘ Bw›`ªqm‡PZbZv w`‡q GB cÖwZeÜKZv `~i Kiv m¤¢e| cv‡qi wb‡P big e¯‘i Aw —Z¡, †KvwK‡ji WvK ï‡b bZzb FZzi AvMgb Abygvb Kiv, k¨vIjvq cv †i‡L bZzb wmuwo †R‡M IVvi K_v †evSv `„wónxb n‡qI m¤¢eci| ZvB `„wónxb n‡jB wb‡R‡K Amnvq bv †f‡e, ïayB N‡ii g‡a¨ Ave× bv †_‡K Avcb Aš—`©„wó‡K cÖmvwiZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| ea~wU †Pv‡L †`L‡Z cvq bv| wKš‘ Abyf‡e †m RM‡Zi iƒcimMÜ m¤ú‡K© Ávb iv‡L|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| †Zvgvi Rvbv †Kv‡bv `„wónxb gvby‡li weeiY `vI| 2| we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ gvby‡li cÖwZ Avgv‡ì AvPiY †Kgb nIqv DwPZ e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki?ÑG wel‡q

†Zvgvi gZvgZ †jL|


eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| ÔAÜea~Õ KweZvq †Kvb cvwLi †PuwP‡q mviv nIqvi K_v D‡j−L Av‡Q ?

K. KvK L. †PvL †Mj M. †KvwKj N. kvwjK

2| g›` †bnvZ nq bv wKš‘ Zvq Ñ cO&w³ Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ? i. cyKz‡i Zwj‡q hvIqv ii. g„ZzëiY Kiv iii. cv wcQ‡j hvIqv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : bvmix‡bi ¯^vgx PvKwii myev‡` cÖevmRxeb hvcb Ki‡Qb| `xN© mgq a‡i ¯^vgxi †LuvR-Lei †bB,

Zuvi m‡½i hviv we‡`‡k _v‡Kb Zviv gv‡S gv‡S Av‡mb-hvb| †Kej Zvi ¯^vgxB †hb mevi †_‡K Avjv`v| bvmixb ¯vgxi Rb¨ w`‡bi ci w`b A‡c¶vi w`b †Mv‡b|

3| DÏxc‡Ki e³‡e¨ ÔAÜea~Õ KweZvi ea~i †Kvb w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q ? i. wein KvZiZv ii. e¨vKzjZv iii. Awfgvb


4| bvmix‡bi ¯^vgxi mv‡_ ÔAÜea~Õ KweZvi †h Pwi‡Îi cwiPq Av‡Q †mwU n‡jv Ñ K. VvKzi wS L. AÜea~ M. VvKzi wSÕi fvB N. cvovi gvbyl

m„Rbkxj gvby‡li Rxeb ¶Y¯’vqx| Rxe‡bi GB ¯^í mg‡qi mgMÖ wnmve PzwK‡q, me m¤úK© wQbœ K‡i

cicv‡i P‡j †h‡Z nq| M„nea~ my xcv gv‡S gv‡S `ytL K‡i e‡jb, Ômy›ì GB c„w_ex, wSu wSu WvKv mÜ¨v, †R¨vrmœv fiv ivZ me †Q‡o Avgv‡ì‡K we`vq wb‡Z n‡e| K. ÔAÜea~Õ KweZvq `xwNi Nv‡Ui wmuwowU †Kgb ? L. Ô†KvwKj WvKv ï‡bwQ †mB K‡eÕ cO&w³wU Øviv cÖK…wZi †Kvb i~‡ci Bw½Z cvIqv hvq? M. DÏxc‡Ki e³e¨ ÔAÜea~Õ KweZvi †h we‡kl w`KwU‡K Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxc‡Ki e³‡e¨ ÔAÜea~Õ KweZvi mgMÖ fv‡ei cÖwZdjb N‡UwbÑ we‡k−lY Ki|


SY©vi Mvb m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë

[Kwe cwiwPwZ : 1882 wLªóv‡ã KjKvZvi KvQvKvwQ wbgZv MÖv‡g Kwe m‡Z¨› ªbv_ `Ë Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| ÔZË¡‡evwabxÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K I Dwbk kZ‡Ki wewkó cÖvewÜK A¶qKzgvi `Ë wQ‡jb Zuvi wcZvgn| m‡Z¨› ªbv_ we.G. †kÖwY ch©š— cov‡kvbv K‡ib| QvÎRxeb †_‡KB wZwb Kve¨PP©v Ki‡Zb| `k©b, weÁvb, BwZnvm, fvlv, ag© BZ¨vw` wewPÎ wel‡qi wZwb AbyivMx wQ‡jb| cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b cÖPzi mgq wZwb Aa¨qb I Kve¨vbykxj‡b e¨q Ki‡Zb| mweZv, mwÜ¶Y, †eYy I exYv, †nvgwkLv, Kzû I †KKv, Aå-Avexi, †ejv‡k‡li Mvb, we`vq AviZx cÖf…wZ Zuvi †gŠwjK Kve¨| Zuvi Abyev`-Kve¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q : Zx_©‡iYy, Zx_©-mwjj I dz‡ji dmj cÖf…wZ| wewea Dcwbl`, Kwei, bvbK cÖgy‡Li iPbv Ges Aviwe, dvwm©, Pxbv, Rvcvwb, Bs‡iwR, divwm fvlvi A‡bK DrK…ó KweZv I M`¨ iPbv wZwb evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib| Q›` wbg©v‡Y wZwb AmvaviY ˆbcy‡Yï cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| GRb¨ wZwb ÔQ‡›ì ivRvÕ e‡j cwiwPZ nb| 1922 wLªóv‡ã gvÎ Pwj−k eQi eq‡m wZwb ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib|]

Pcj cvq †Kej avB, †Kej MvB cixi Mvb, cyjK †gvi mKj Mvq, we‡fvj †gvi mKj cÖvY| wkw_j me wkjvi ci PiY _yB †`v`yj gb, `ycyi-†fvi wSuwSui WvK, wSgvq c_, Nygvq eb| weRb †`k, K~Rb bvB wb‡Ri cvq evRvB Zvj, GKjv MvB, GKjv avB, wèm ivZ, muvS mKvj| SzuwK‡q Nvo Szg-cvnvo fq `¨vLvq, †PvL cvKvq; k¼v bvB, mgvb hvB, UMi-dzj-b~cyi cvq, †Kvb wMwii wng jjvU Nvgj †gvi D™¢‡e, †Kvb cixi UzUzj nvi †Kvb bv‡Pi Drm‡e| †Lqvj bvB-bvB †i fvB cvB wb Zvi msev`B, avB jxjvq,ÑwLjwLjvBÑ eyjeywji †evj mvwa| eb-SvD‡qi †Svçjvq


Kvjmv‡ii `j P‡i, wks wkjvq-wkjvi Mvq, WvjwPwbi is a‡i| Suvwc‡q hvB, jvwd‡q avB, `ywj‡q hvB APj-VuvU, bvwo‡q hvB, evwo‡q hvBÑ wUjvi Mvq Wvwjg-dvU| kvwjK ïK eyjvq gyL _j-SuvwSi gLg‡j, Rwii Rvj AvsivLvq A½ †gvi Sjg‡j| wb‡gœ avB, ïb‡Z cvB ÔdwUK Rj|Õ nuvK‡Q †K, KÉv‡ZB Z…òv hvi wbK bv †mB cuvK †Qu‡K| MiR hvi Rj mu¨vPvi cvZKzqvq hvK bv †mB, my›`‡ii Z…òv hvi Avgiv avB Zvi Av‡kB| Zvi †Luv‡RB weivg †bB wejvB ZvbÑZij †k−vK, P‡Kvi Pvq P›`ªgvq, Avgiv PvB gy»-†PvL| Pcj cvq †Kej avB Dcj-Nvq w`B wSwjK, `yj †`vjvB gb †fvjvB, wSjwgjvB w`wM¦w`K|

kãv_© I UxKv : we‡fvjÑ A‡PZb, we‡fvi, week, wenej; weRbÑ wbR©b, Rbk~b¨, wbf…Z; KzRbÑ Kjie, wPrKvi, †PuPv‡gwP; Szg-cvnvoÑ bxie cvnvo, wbR©b cvnvo; wngÑ Zzlvi, eid, ïKÑ wU‡q cvwL; _jÑ ¯’j; SuvwSÑ GK cÖKvi RjR ¸j¥, eûw`b a‡i Rgv †kIjv; gLgjÑ †Kvgj I wgwn Kvco; AvsivLvÑ j¤^v I wXjv †cvkvK we‡kl; ÔdwUK RjÕÑ PvZK cvwL| GB cvwL WvK‡j ÔdwUK RjÕ k‡ãi g‡Zv †kvbv hvq; wejvBÑ weZiY Kwi, cwi‡ekb Kwi (we‡jv‡bv †_‡K); ZvbÑ myi; Zij †k−vKÑ jNy ev nvjKv Pv‡ji KweZv; P‡KviÑ cvwL we‡kl| Kwe-Kíbv Abyhvqx GB cvwL Puv‡ì Av‡jv cvb K‡i; P›`ªgvÑ Puv‡ì Av‡jv; Dcj-NvqÑ cv_‡ii AvNv‡Z|

cvV cwiwPwZ : PÂj cv cyjwKZ MwZgq; —ä cv_‡ii ey‡K Avb‡›ì c`wPý| wbR©b `ycy‡i cvwLi WvKI †kvbv hvq bv| cvnvo †hb ˆ`‡Zï g‡Zv Nvo Nywi‡q fq †`Lvq! G‡Zv wKQyi g‡aÏ Kwei PÂj I Avb›`gq càŸwb‡Z ce©Z †_‡K †b‡g Av‡m mv`v Rjivwki aviv| PgrKvi Gi aŸwbgvayh© I eY©‰efe| GB Rjavivi †h †mŠ›`h© Ges Awgq ¯^v` Zv ZzjbviwnZ| wMwi †_‡K cwZZ GB A¤yivwk cv_‡ii ey‡K AvNvZ †n‡b PZzw`©‡K Qwo‡q c‡o †h Ac~e© †mŠ›`‡h©i m„wó K‡i Zv mwZ¨ g‡bvni|


Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| KweZvwU‡Z cÖK…wZi †hme Dcv`vb I cÖvYxi bvg ejv n‡q‡QÑ Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Ki| eûwbe©vPwb 1| `yci-†fvi SY©v Kvi Mvb ïb‡Z cvq ?

K. wSuwSui L. cixi M. eyjeywji N. kvwj‡Ki

2| ÔGKjv MvB GKjv avB wèm ivZ, muvR mKvj|Õ G e³‡e¨ SY©vi †Kvb iƒcwU dz‡U I‡V?

K. cÖK…wZ †PZbv L. †mŠ›`h©cÖxwZ M. Qy‡U Pjv N. k¼vnxb wPË

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : bvwi›`vi e„¶‡cÖgx ejivg `v M‡o †Zv‡jb nvRvi iK‡gi e„‡¶i mgv‡iv‡n GKUv D`¨vb hv ejav

Mv‡W©b bv‡g cwiwPZ| wbQK Avb›` Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨B Zuvi G D‡`¨vM| A‡b‡KB †mLv‡b †flR Jl‡ai DcKiY Lyu‡R‡Qb|

3| DÏxc‡Ki ejivg `vi mv‡_ ÔSY©vi MvbÕ KweZvq mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q Ñ i. PvZ‡Ki ii. SY©vi iii. eb-SvD‡qi

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i L. iiM. i I ii N. ii I iii

4| Giƒc mv`„‡kï KviY Kx? K. c‡ivcKvi L. cwi‡ek msi¶Y M. Qy‡U Pjv N. †mŠ›`h© m„wó

m„Rbkxj

wbmM©‡K nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq cy‡i †`qvi ZvwM` †_‡K wkíx M‡o †Zv‡jb GK igYxq D`¨vb| we¯—xY© †Lvjv gvV‡K mycwiKwíZfv‡e wZwb M‡o †Zv‡jb| cyKzi, `xwN, nuvm, MvQcvjv, dzj, cvwLi wewPÎ mgv‡ivn †mŠ›`h© wccvmy gvbyl gvÎ‡KB AvK…ó K‡i| Awb›`¨ my›ì GB cÖK…wZ‡K wkíx wZ‡jvËgv K‡i mvwR‡q‡Qb ïayB wb‡Ri †Lqv‡j| e¨w³we‡kl ev †Kv‡bv †Mvôx‡K Avb›` `vb bq, †mŠ›`h©B gyL¨| êix cÖK…wZ, mvgvwRK cÖwZeÜKZv D‡c¶v K‡i wZwb m¤§y‡L Qy‡U P‡j‡Qb| m„wói Avb›`B Zuv‡K GwM‡q wb‡q‡Q GZUv c_|

K. SY©v †Kgb cv‡q Qy‡U P‡j? L. wkw_j me wkjvi ci ej‡Z Kwe Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb? M. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ ÔSY©vi MvbÕ KweZvi mv`„k¨c~Y© w`KwU e¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxcKwU ÔSY©vi MvbÕ KweZvi g~j e³e¨‡K KZUzKz aviY K‡i? hyw³mn e¨vL¨v Ki|


QvqvevwR myKzgvi ivq [Kwe cwiwPwZ : wkï-wK‡kvi cvVK‡ì Kv‡Q myKzgvi ivq GKwU wcÖq bvg| Zuvi ÔAv‡evj-Zv‡evjÕ, Ôn-h-e-i-jÕ I Ab¨vb¨ AZzjbxq †jLvi Rb¨ wZwb wPi¯§iYxq n‡q _vK‡eb| myKzgvi ivq weL¨vZ wkï-mvwnwZ¨K D‡c› ªwK‡kvi ivq †PŠayixi cyÎ Ges weL¨vZ Pjw”PÎKvi I wkï mvwnwZ¨K mZ¨wRr iv‡qi wcZv| myKzgvi iv‡qi Rb¥ gqgbwmsn †Rjvi gvïqv MÖv‡g 1887 mv‡ji 30†k A‡±vei| myKzgvi wQ‡jb eûgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix| wZwb GKw`‡K weÁvb, d‡UvMÖvwd I gy`ªY cÖ‡KŠk‡j D”Pwk¶v wb‡qwQ‡jb, Ab¨w`‡K Qov iPbv I Qwe AuvKvq †gŠwjK cÖwZfv I D™¢vebx kw³i cwiPq w`‡qwQ‡jb| iex› ªbv_ I Aebx› ªbv‡_i m‡½ Ô†Mvovq Mj`Õ bvU‡K AwfbqI K‡iwQ‡jb wZwb| †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡j‡R covi mgq wZwb cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb GK A™¢zZ K¬ve| bvg Ôbb‡mÝ K¬veÕ| GB K¬v‡ei cwÎKvi bvg wQj Ômv‡o ewÎk fvRvÕ| Avi Zuvi iPbv¸‡jvI A™¢yZ I gRv`vi| nuvmRvi“, eK”Qc, wmsnwiY, nvwZwg BZ¨vw` KvíwbK cÖvYxi bvg ZuviB m„wó| weL¨vZ Ôm‡›`kÕ cwÎKvwU †ek K‡qKevi m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb myKzgvi ivq| Avi G‡K †K›`ª K‡iB H mgq myKzgvi iv‡qi mvwnZ¨ cÖwZfv c~Y© weKwkZ n‡qwQj| myKzgvi ivq evOjv mvwn‡Z¨ Agi n‡q Av‡Qb cÖavbZ †Lqvj i‡mi KweZv, nvwmi Mí, bvUK BZ¨vw` wkï‡Zvl iPbvi Rb¨| †Q‡jey‡ov mevB Zuvi †jLv c‡o Avb›` cvq| myKzgvi iv‡qi g„Zz nq 1923 mv‡ji 9B †m‡Þ¤î|]

AvR¸we bq, AvR¸we bq, mwZ¨Kv‡ii K_v Ñ Qvqvi mv‡_ Kzw¯— K‡i Mv‡Î n‡jv e¨_v ! Qvqv aivi eëmv Kwi ZvI Rv‡bv bv eywS ? †iv‡ì Qvqv, Puv‡ì Qvqv, n‡iK iKg cyuwR| wkwki †fRv m`¨ Qvqv, mKvj †ejvq ZvRv, MÖx®§Kv‡j ïK‡bv Qvqv fxlY †iv‡` fvRv| wPj¸‡jv hvq `ycyi †ejvq AvKvk c‡_ Ny‡i duv` †d‡j Zvi Qvqvi Dci LuvPvq ivwL cy‡i| Kv‡Mi Qvqv e‡Mi Qvqv †`LwQ KZ †N‡U Ñ nvév †g‡Ni cvb‡m Qvqv ZvI †`‡LwQ †P‡U| †KD Rv‡b bv Gme K_v †KD †ev‡S bv wKQz, †KD †Nv‡i bv Avgvi g‡Zv Qvqvi wcQz wcQz| †Zvgiv fv‡ev Mv‡Qi Qvqv Agwb jyUvq fzu‡q, Agwb ïay Nygvq eywS kvš— gZb ï‡q; Avmj e¨vcvi Rvb‡e hw` Avgvi K_v †kv‡bv ejwQ hv Zv mwZ¨ K_v, m‡›`n bvB †Kv‡bv| †KD h‡e Zvi iq bv Kv‡Q, †`L‡Z bvwn cvq, Mv‡Qi Qvqv QUdwU‡q Gw`K Iw`K Pvq| †mB mg‡q ¸o¸wo‡q wcQb n‡Z G‡m avgvq †P‡c acvm K‡i ai‡e Zv‡i †V‡m|


cvrjv Qvqv, †dvKjv Qvqv, Qvqv Mfxi Kv‡jv Ñ Mv‡Qi †P‡q Mv‡Qi Qvqv me iK‡gB fv‡jv| MvQMvQvwj †kKo evKj g‡a¨ mevB †M‡j, evc‡i e‡j cvLvq e¨v‡gv Qvqvi Ilya †L‡j| wb‡gi Qvqv wS‡Oi Qvqv wZ³ Qvqvi cvK †hB Lv‡e fvB A‡Nvi Ny‡g WvK‡e Zvnvi bvK| Puv‡ì Av‡jvq †cu‡ci Qvqv ai‡Z hw` cv‡iv, ïuK‡j c‡i mw`©Kvwk _vK‡e bv Avi Kv‡iv| Avgov Mv‡Qi †bvsiv Qvqv Kvg‡o hw` Lvq j¨vsov †jv‡Ki V¨vs MRv‡e m‡›`n bvB Zvq| Avlvp gv‡mi ev`jv w`‡b euvP‡Z hw` PvI, †ZuZzjZjvi Zß Qvqv nßv wZ‡bK LvI| †gŠqv Mv‡Qi wgwó Qvqv Ôe −wUsÕ w`‡q ï‡l ay‡q gy‡Q mveav‡b‡Z ivLwQ N‡i cy‡l ! cv°v bZzb UvUKv Ilya G‡°ev‡i w`wk Ñ `vg K‡iwQ k¯—v eo, †PvÏ Avbv wkwk|

kãv_© I UxKv : AvR¸weÑ A™¢yZ, Ac~e©, Awek¦vm¨, evbv‡bv; Mv‡ÎÑ Mv‡q, kix‡i; f~u‡qÑ f~wg‡Z, gvwU‡Z; A‡NviÑ A‡PZb, †eûk; nßv Ñ mßvn; †gŠqvÑ gûqv MvQ, e −wUsÑ †Pvl KvMR| cvV cwiwPwZ : Kwe ej‡Qb, AvR¸we bqÑ Zey Kwei K_v wek¦vm n‡Z Pvq bv| mwZ¨, Qvqvi m‡½ wK Kzw¯— Kiv hvq? Kwe ej‡Qb, †iv‡ì Qvqv, Puv‡ì Qvqv, e‡Ki Qvqv, wP‡ji Qvqv, nvév †g‡Ni cvb&‡m Qvqv, ïK‡bv Qvqv, †fRv QvqvÑ G iKg AmsL¨ Qvqv a‡i wZwb eëmv †du‡`‡Qb| GB QvqvevwR ev Qvqvi eëmv Aev¯—e wbðq| GB Qvqv¸‡jv Amy‡LiI g‡nŠla! Awb`ªv `~i Ki‡Z wbg I wS‡Oi Qvqv; mw`©Kvwk mviv‡Z Puv‡ì Av‡jvq †cu‡ci Qvqv; c½y †jv‡Ki bZzb K‡i cv Rb¥v‡Z Avgovi †bvsiv Qvqv hw` LvIqv hvq Zv n‡j Gi †Kv‡bv Zzjbv †bB! †jLK ZvB LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wKQy Qvqv h‡Zœi m‡½ Zz‡j iv‡Lb; wKQy me©mvavi‡Yi Kj¨vYv‡_© wba©vwiZ g~‡j¨ weZi‡Yi Rb¨ iv‡Lb| Avm‡j GwU GKwU iƒcK KweZv| Qvqv GLv‡b wk‡íi AgivZ¥v wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| ÔQvqvevwRÕ KweZvq †h wewfbœ cÖKvi Qvqvi K_v ejv n‡q Zvi weeiY `vI|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| ÔQvqvevwRÕ KweZvq Kwe wK‡mi eëmv K‡ib ?

K. eB‡qi L. Mv‡Qi M. Jl‡ai N. Qvqv aivi


2| Ôavgvq †P‡c acvm K‡i ai‡e Zv‡i †V‡mÕ| G ev‡K¨ Kwe gvbe g‡bi †Kvb Abyf~wZ‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb ?

K. mvnm L. fq M. Kíbv N. nZvkv


iv —vi av‡i wkwk-†evZ‡ji ckiv mvwR‡q e‡m‡Q KweivR Kig Avjx| nvi‡gvwbqv‡g Mvb a‡i‡Q ing Avjx| BZëm‡i A‡bK †jvK Rgv n‡q‡Q †mLv‡b| Mv‡bi duv‡K duv‡K Jl‡ai ¸Y-Mvb MvB‡Q| e¨vKzj RbZv nvZ evwo‡q A‡c¶v Ki‡Q Kweiv‡Ri Jl‡ai Rb¨| Zv‡ì wek¦vm G g‡nŠla †me‡b mg¯— †ivMe¨vwa †_‡K Zviv gyw³ cv‡e|

3| DÏxc‡Ki mvaviY RbZvi AvPiY ÔQvqvevwRÕ KweZvi mvaviY gvby‡li †h w`KwU‡K mg_©b K‡i Zv n‡jv Ñ

K. AÜ AbyKiY L. cvIqvi AvKv•¶v M. Zxeª wek¦vm‡eva N. ûRy‡M bvPv

4| gvby‡li G‡nb AvPi‡Yi KviY n‡jv Ñ

K. ¯^íwe`¨v L. K~U‡KŠkj M. AÁZv N. cÖZ¨vkv

m„Rbkxj GB wb‡q‡Q H wbj hvt! Kvb wb‡q‡Q wP‡j, wP‡ji wc‡Q giwQ Ny‡i Avgiv mevB wg‡j| Kv‡bi †Luv‡R QzUwQ gv‡V, KvUwQ muvZvi we‡j * * * †bB‡Kv Lv‡j, †bB‡Kv we‡j, †bB‡Kv gv‡V Mv‡Q; Kvb †hLv‡b wQj Av‡M †mLvbUv‡ZB Av‡Q| wVK e‡j‡Q, wPj Z‡e wK bq‡Kv Kv‡bi hg? e„_vB gv_vi Nvg †d‡jwQ, cÊ n‡jv kªg|

K. wPj KLb AvKvk c‡_ †Nv‡i? L. Qvqvi mv‡_ Kzw¯— K‡i Mv e¨_v n‡jv †Kb? M. DÏxc‡K wP‡ji †cQ‡b †QvUvi mv‡_ ÔQvqvevwRÕ KweZvi mv`„k¨c~Y© w`KwU e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Ôe„_vB gv_vi Nvg †d‡jwQ cÊ n‡jv kªg|Õ- G e³‡eï gv‡SB ÔQvqvevwRÕ KweZvi g~jfve

wbwnZ- hyw³mn cÖgvY Ki|


AvR m„wó-my‡Li Dj−v‡m KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg

[Kwe cwiwPwZ : KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg 11B ˆR¨ô 1306 m‡b (25†k †g 1899) fvi‡Zi cwðge‡½i ea©gvb †Rjvi Avmvb‡mvj gnKzgvi Pziywjqv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| †Q‡j‡ejvq wZwb †j‡Uv Mv‡bi `‡j †hvM †`b| c‡i ea©gv‡b I gqgbwms‡ni wÎkvj _vbvi wiivgcyi nvB ‹z‡j †jLvcov K‡ib| 1914 mv‡j wZwb †mbvevwnbxi evOvwj cë‡b †hvM w ‡q KivwP hvb| †mLv‡bB Zuvi mvwnZ¨ Rxe‡bi m~Pbv N‡U| Zuvi †jLvq wZwb mvgvwRK AwePvi I civaxbZvi weiy‡× †mv”Pvi n‡q‡Qb| GRb¨ Zuv‡K Ôwe‡ ªvnx KweÕ ejv nq| evsjv mvwnZ¨ RM‡Z Zuvi Avwef©ve GK bZzb w M‡š—i D‡b¥vPb K‡i| KweZv, Dcb vm, bvUK, †QvUMí, cÖeÜ BZ vw mvwn‡Zï mKj kvLvq wZwb cÖwZfvi ¯v¶i †i‡L‡Qb| wZwb MRj, †Lqvj I ivMcÖavb Mvb iPbv K‡i L vwZ AR©b K‡ib| Aviwe-divwm k‡ãi mv_©K eënvi Zuvi KweZv‡K wewkóZv vb K‡i‡Q| gvÎ Pwj−k eQi eq‡m Kwe yiv‡ivM¨ †iv‡M Avµvš— n‡q evKkw³ nvwi‡q †d‡jb| evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi ci Amy ’ Kwe‡K XvKvq Avbv nq Ges c‡i Zuv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ cÖ vb Kiv nq| Zuv‡K ¯vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Kwei gh©v vq f~wlZ Kiv nq| Zuvi AmvaviY mvwnZ¨ K…Zxi Rb¨ XvKv wek¦we` vjq Zuv‡K m¤§vbm~PK wWwjU Dcvwa cÖ vb K‡i| Zuvi iwPZ Kve¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AwMœexYv, we‡li euvwk, QvqvbU, cÖjqwkLv, PµevK, wmÜzwn‡› vj we‡klfv‡e D‡j−L‡hvM¨| e¨_vi vb, wi‡³i †e`b, wkDwjgvjv, g„Zz¨¶zav, Kz‡nwjKv BZ vw Zuvi iwPZ Mí I Dcb vm| hyMevYx, yw ©‡bi hvÎx I ivRe› xi Revbe› x Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ cÖeÜ MÖš’| 29†k AvM÷ 1976 mv‡j Kwe XvKvq †klwbtk¦vm Z vM K‡ib| XvKv wek¦we` vjq gmwR`msjMœ cÖv½‡Y Zuv‡K cwic~Y© ivóªxq gh©v vq mgvwnZ Kiv nq|]

AvR m„wó-my‡Li Dj−v‡m †gvi gyL nv‡m †gvi †PvL nv‡m †gvi UMewM‡q Lyb nv‡m AvR m„wó-my‡Li Dj −v‡m|

AvR‡K Avgvi i“× cÖv‡Yi cj¦‡j evb †W‡K H RvMj †Rvqvi `yqvi-fvOv K‡j−v‡j ! Avmj nvwm, Avmj Kuv`b, gyw³ G‡jv, Avmj euvavb, gyL dz‡U AvR eyK dv‡U †gvi wZ³ `y‡Li myL Av‡m H wi³ ey‡Ki `yL Av‡mÑ AvR m„wó-my‡Li Dj−v‡m|

Avmj D`vm, k¦mj nyZvk, m„wó-Qvov eyK-dvUv k¦vm, dzj‡jv mvMi `yj‡jv AvKvk QzU‡jv evZvm, MMb †d‡U Pµ †Qv‡U, wcbvK-cvwYi k~j Av‡m ! H a~g‡KZz Avi Dév‡Z Pvq m„wóUv‡K Dëv‡Z, AvR ZvB †`wL Avi e‡¶ Avgvi j¶ ev‡Mi dzj nv‡m AvR m„wó-my‡Li Dj−v‡m ! AvR nvmj Av¸b, k¦mj dv¸b, g`b gv‡i Lyb-gvLv Z~Y, cjvk A‡kvK wkgyj Nv‡qj


dvM jv‡M H w`KÑev‡m †Mv w`MevwjKvi cxZev‡m; AvR iOb G‡jv i³cÖv‡Yi A½‡b †gvi Pvicv‡k AvR m„wó-my‡Li Dj−v‡m !

AvR Avmj Elv, mÜ¨v, `ycyi, Avmj wbKU, Avmj my`~i, Avmj evav-eÜ-nviv Q›`-gvZb cvMjv-MvRb-D”Q¡v‡m ! H Avmj Avwkb wkDwj wkw_j nvmj wkwki `yeNv‡m| AvR m„wó-my‡Li Dj−v‡m !

AvR RvMj mvMi, nvmj gi“, Kuvcj f~ai, Kvbb-Zi“, wek¦-Wzevb Avmj Zzdvb, DQ‡j DRvb ˆfiex‡ì Mvb fv‡m,

†gvi WvB‡b wkï m‡`¨vRvZ Rivq-giv evgcv‡k !

gb QzU‡Q †Mv AvR eêv-nviv Ak¦ †hb cvMjv †m ! AvR m„wó-my‡Li Dj−v‡m !

AvR m„wó-my‡Li Dj−v‡m \

kãv_© I UxKv : Dj−vm Ñ cig (ev P~ovš—) Avb›`, üóZv; m„wó-my‡Li Dj−v‡m Ñ Avb›` m„wó Ki‡Z cvivi cig Avb›`; cj¦j Ñ wej, ¶z ª Rjvkq; i“× cÖv‡Yi cj¦‡j Ñ cÖv‡Y eÜ Rjvk‡q ev cÖvY iƒc Rjvk‡q; K‡j−vj Ñ Rj‡mªv‡Zi KjKj kã, gnv Zi½ ev †XD; i“× cÖv‡Yi ... K‡j −v‡j Ñ cÖvY iƒc Rjvk‡q yqvi fvOv †XD ev Zi½ †Rvqvi G‡b‡Q; ûZvk Ñ AwMœ, ûZvmb; k¦mj Ñ wbtk¦vm cÖk¦vm MÖnY I Z¨vM

Kiv; k¦mj ûZvk Ñ AwMœ wbtk¦vm cÖk¦vm MÖnY I Z¨vM KijÑA_©vr Av¸b AwZ †Z‡Ri m‡½ R¡‡j DVj; Pµ Ñ PvKv; GLv‡b wn›`y cyivYg‡Z †èZv weòzi nv‡Z Ab¨vq aŸsmKvix PvKv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q; wcbvK Ñ wn› y cyivYg‡Z †èZv wk‡ei aby; wcbvKcvwY Ñ wcbvK cvwY‡Z (nv‡Z) hvi, wke k~j Ñ GLv‡b wn›`y cyivYg‡Z †èZv wk‡ei nv‡Zi wÎk~j‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| aviv‡jv AMÖfvMwewkó †jŠn `Ê; dv¸b Ñ dvj¸b ev emš—Kvj; g`b Ñ wn› y cyivYg‡Z †cÖ‡gi †èZv; g`b gv‡i Lyb gvLv Z~Y Ñ †cÖ‡gi †èZv gvby‡li ü`‡q Zxi we× K‡ib e‡j Zv ü`‡qi i³ gvLv e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡”Q; Nv‡qj Ñ AvnZ, AvNvZcÖvß| GLv‡b emš—Kv‡ji i‡O iwÄZ †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q; dvM Ñ Avexi, bvbv i‡Oi u‡ov; w`K-ev‡m Ñ w`Mš—‡iLv iƒc eb ev e‡ ¿; cxZ Ñ njy` is, nj‡`; w`MevwjKvi cxZev‡mÑ w`Mš— iƒc evwjKvi njy` i‡Oi e‡ ¿ ev em‡b; MvRb Ñ (cyivYg‡Z) ˆPÎ gv‡mi †k‡l (A_©vr emš—Kv‡j) †èZv wke‡K wb‡q Mvb; Avwkb Ñ Avwk¦b gvm; ye&& Ñ `~e©v, GK iK‡gi Nvm; DQ‡jÑ D”QwjZ; DRvb Ñ †mªv‡Zi wecixZ w`K; ˆfiex Ñ wke Abymvix mbœ¨vwmbx, fqsKix; wek¦Wzevj .... Mvb fv‡m Ñ †mªv‡Zi wecixZ w`K †_‡K †V‡j wek¦ †Wvev‡bv So G‡m‡Q, Zvi m‡½ ZvÊe b„Z¨Kvix wk‡ei Abymvix mbœ¨vwmbx‡ì Mvb wg‡k‡Q| cvV cwiwPwZ : KvRx bRi“j Bmjv‡gi weL¨vZ K‡qKwU KweZvi Ab¨Zg GKwU n‡jv ÔAvR m„wó my‡Li Dj−v‡mÕ| KweZvwU Zuvi Ô†`vjb PuvcvÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K ms‡¶wcZ AvKv‡i Pqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB KweZvq Kwei m„wó-my‡Li Avb›` AmvaviY Av‡eM I D”Q¡v‡mi g‡a¨ e¨³ n‡q‡Q| Kwei fvebvq, wek¦v‡m I RvMwZK wbq‡g GZw`b hv wQj iy× Zv †hb AvR kZ avivq Db¥y³ n‡q c‡o‡Q| me©ÎB GLb wZwb Abyfe K‡ib m„wói †Kvjvnj, MwZi Db¥v`bv, cÖv‡Yi D”Q¡vm Avi gyw³i Avb›`| GB Adziš— fvev‡eM


e¨³ Ki‡Z wM‡q Kwe †h Kve¨fvlv cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb evsjv KweZvi BwZnv‡m Zv GKvš—B bZzb I cÖ_vwe‡ivax| GB KweZvi g‡a¨ bRi“‡ji Kve¨ cÖwZfvi mKj gvÎvi Avbw›`Z cÖKvk j¶ Kiv hvq|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| †kªwY wk¶‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z ÔAvR m„wó my‡Li Dj −v‡mÕ KweZvwU Ave„wË cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb Ki| eûwbe©vPwb 1| m„wó‡K AvR Dëv‡Z Pvq †KvbwU ?

K. evZvm L. N~wY©So M. k~j N. a~g‡KZz

2| Ôcjvk A‡kvK wkgyj Nv‡qj dvM jv‡M H w`K-ev‡mÕ Ñ ej‡Z Kwe Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb ?

K. m„wói Avb›` L. cÖK…wZ‡Z cwieZ©‡bi †Quvqv M. em‡š—i AvMgb N. e¨w³MZ fv‡jvevmv

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : AvBjvq jÊÑfÊ n‡q †M‡Q my›ìeb| MvQcvjv `yg‡o gyP‡o c‡o Av‡Q| eb¨ cï g‡i R‡j

fvm‡Q| emZevwo weivb f~wg‡Z cwiYZ| Pvwiw`‡K weivR Ki‡Q wekvj k~b¨Zv| wKQzw`b †h‡Z bv †h‡ZB cÖvK…wZK wbq‡gB Zv Avevi Ny‡i ùvovq| my›ìeb wd‡i cvq AZxZ i~c|

3| DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ ÔAvR m„wó my‡Li Dj−v‡mÕ KweZvi mv`„k¨c~Y© w`KwU n‡jv Ñ i. gyw³i AvnŸvb ii. m„wói Avb›` iii. aŸsm I m„wói hyMcr Ae¯’vb|

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i L. iiM. ii I iii N. i I iii

4| Giƒc mv`„‡kï KviY n‡jv Ñ K. †mŠ›`h© L. cwieZ©b M. fv‡jvjvMv N. AvwZ¥K Z…wß

m„Rbkxj MÖx‡®§i cÖPÊ `ve`v‡n gvV-NvU †d‡U †PŠwPi| b`x-bvjv ïwK‡q †M‡Q| meyR cÖK…wZ g„Z cÖvq| Pvwiw`‡K nvnvKvi| nVvr Kv‡jv †g‡N †Q‡q hvq AvKvk| cÖK…wZ AwekÖvš— e„wó-ev`‡j †g‡Z _v‡K| mewKQz †hb bZzb K‡i cÖvY †c‡q Avevi mRxe n‡q I‡V| Pvwiw`‡K Avb‡›ì †Rvqvi eB‡Z ïi“ K‡i| K. Lyb k‡ãi A_© Kx ? L. Ôevb †W‡K H RvMj †Rvqvi `yqvi-fvOv K‡j−v‡jÕ Ñ G K_v Øviv Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb ? M. DÏxc‡K dz‡U IVv †h we‡kl w`KwU ÔAvR m„wó my‡Li Dj−v‡mÕ KweZvi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³

Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxcKwU †hb ÔAvR m„wó my‡Li Dj−v‡mÕ KweZvi mgMÖ fv‡eiB aviK Ñ hyw³mn †jL|


gvbyl KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg

Mvwn mv‡gï Mvb Ñ gvby‡li †P‡q eo wKQz bvB, b‡n wKQz gnxqvb bvB †`k-Kvj-cv‡Îi †f`, A‡f` ag©RvwZ, me †`‡k me Kv‡j N‡iÑN‡i wZwb gvby‡li ÁvwZ| Ôc~Rvix, `yqvi †Lv‡jv, ¶zavi VvKzi ùvov‡q `yqv‡i c~Rvi mgq n‡jv !Õ ¯^cb †`wLqv AvKzj c~Rvix Lywjj fRbvjq, †èZvi e‡i AvR ivRv-UvRv n‡q hv‡e wbðq ! RxY©-e¯¿ kxY©-MvÎ, ¶zavq KÉ ¶xYÑ WvwKj cvš’, ÔØvi †Lv‡jv evev, LvBwb †Zv mvZ w`b !Õ mnmv eÜ n‡jv gw›ì, fzLvwi wdwiqv P‡j, wZwgiivwÎ, c_ Ry‡o Zvi ¶zavi gvwbK R¡‡j ! fzLvwi dzKvwiÕ Kq, ÔH gw›ì c~Rvixi, nvq †èZv, †Zvgvi bq !Õ gmwR‡` Kvj wkiwb AvwQj, Ñ A‡Xj †Mv — i“wU euvwPqv wMqv‡Q, †gvj −v mv‡ne †n‡m ZvB KzwU KzwU, Ggb mgq G‡jv gymvwdi Mv‡q AvRvwii wPb e‡j, Ôevev, Avwg fzLv dvKv AvwQ AvR wb‡q mvZ w`b !Õ †Zwiqv nBqv nuvwKj †gvj−vÑÔf¨vjv n‡jv †`wL †jVv, fzLv AvQ gi †Mv-fvMv‡o wM‡q ! bgvR cwom †eUv ?Õ fzLvwi Kwnj, Ôbv evev !Õ †gvj−v nuvwKjÑÔZv n‡j kvjv †mvRv c_ †`L !Õ †Mv¯—-i“wU wbqv gmwR‡` w`j Zvjv| fzLvwi wdwiqv P‡j, Pwj‡Z Pwj‡Z e‡jÑ ÔAvwkUv eQi †K‡U †Mj, Avwg WvwKwb †Zvgvq Kfz, Avgvi ¶zavi Abœ Zv e‡j eÜ Kiwb cÖfz| Ze gmwR` gw›`‡i cÖfy bvB gvby‡li `vwe| †gvj−v cyi“Z jvMv‡q‡Q Zvi mKj `yqv‡i Pvwe !Õ †Kv_v †Pw½m, MRwb gvgy`, †Kv_vq Kvjvcvnvo ? †f‡O †dj H fRbvj‡qi hZ Zvjv-†Ìqv Øvi ! †Lv`vi N‡i †K KcvU jvMvq, †K †`q †mLv‡b Zvjv ? me Øvi Gi †Lvjv i‡e, Pvjv nvZzwo kvej Pvjv ! nvq †i fRbvjq, †Zvgvi wgbv‡i Pwoqv fÊ Mv‡n ¯^v‡_©i Rq !


kãv_© I UxKv : mvg¨ Ñ mgZv; gnxqvbÑ AwZ gnvb, VvKzi Ñ †èZv; ¶zavi VvKzi Ñ ¶zavZ© gvbyl‡K †èZvÁvb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb ÔAwZw_ bvivqYÕ; ei Ñ Avkxe©v`| Kv‡iv KvQ †_‡K Kvw•¶Z e ‘ ev welq; cvš’ Ñ cw_K; fyLvwi Ñ ¶zavZ© e¨w³; ¶zavi gvwbK R¡‡j Ñ ¶zavZ© e¨w³i RViR¡vjv A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q| dzKvwi Ñ wPrKvi K‡i; AvRvwi Ñ iyM&&Y, e¨w_Z; †Zwiqv Ñ D×Zfv‡e, DMÖfv‡e, µz×fv‡e; †Mv-fvMvo Ñ g„Z Mi“ †djvi wbw ©ó ’vb; cyi“Z Ñ cy‡ivwnZ| c~RvP©bv cwiPvjbvi gyL¨ e¨w³; †Pw½m Ñ †Pw½m Lvb; MRwb gvgy` Ñ MRwbi myjZvb gvngy`| wZwb m‡Zi evi fviZel© AvµgY K‡i aŸsmjxjv Pvjvb| GLv‡b Zuv‡K Dcvmbvj‡qi fÊ yqvix‡ì aŸsm Kivi Rb¨ AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q; Kvjvcvnvo Ñ cÖK…Z bvg ivRP›`ª ev ivRK…ò, ivRbvivqY, Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z wZwb eªvþY wQ‡jb| c‡i Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb A‡bK †èvjq aŸsm K‡i‡Qb| hviv cweÎ Dcvmbvj‡qi `‡ivRv eÜ K‡i, Zv‡ì aŸs‡mi Rb¨ KweZvq Kvjvcvnvo‡K AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| cvV cwiwPwZ : KvRx bRi“j Bmjv‡gi Ômvgëv`xÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K gvbyl KweZvwU m¤úv`bv K‡i msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| c„w_ex‡Z bvbv eY©, ag©, †MvÎ Av‡Q| wewfbœ a‡g©i Rb¨ c„_K c„_K ag©MÖš’I Av‡Q| gvbyl ag©MÖš’ ‡jv‡K LyeB kª×v K‡i, a‡g©i Rb¨ RxebevwRI iv‡L| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv wbibœ Amnvq‡K A‡bK mgq Zviv mvg_© _vKvi ciI Abœ `vb K‡i bv| gw›`‡ii cy‡ivwnZ ev gmwR‡ì †gvj−v mv‡neivI A‡bK mgq G iKg ü`qnxb KvR K‡ib| gvby‡li †P‡q eo wKQy †h n‡Z cv‡i bv, ag©I †Zv †m K_vB e‡j| †hLv‡b gvbyl‡K N„Yv K‡i Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wKQy‡K eo Kiv nq, †mLv‡bB cÖwZev` Rvbv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb

1| †Kvb †Kvb êwk‡óï Kvi‡Y cÖvwYRM‡Z gvbyl me©‡kªô RxeÑ Av‡jvPbv Ki|

eûwbe©vPwb :

1| Kwe Kvi RqMvb Mvb †M‡q‡Qb ?

K. gvby‡li L. mv‡gï M. kÖwg‡Ki N. Zvi“‡Yï

2| ÔH gw›ì c~Rvixi, nvq †èZv, †Zvgvi bq|Õ G e³‡e¨ fyLvwii †Kvb g‡bvfve cÖKvk cvq ?

K. cÖwZev`x L. AmnvqZ¡ M. dwiqv` N. †¶vf


mvgv` wgqv GKRb Av`g‡ecvwi| m¤úªwZ wZwb MÖv‡g bvggvÎ A‡_© wewfbœ †`‡k D”P †eZ‡b †jvK cvVv‡bvi K_v e‡jb| Avw_©K Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ A‡b‡KB wf‡UgvwU nvj-Mi“ wewµ K‡i Zvi nv‡Z UvKv †`q| GKw`b †kvbv hvq mvgv` wgqv MÖvg †Q‡o cvwj‡q‡Qb|


3| DÏxc‡Ki mvgv` wgqvi mv‡_ ÔgvbylÕ KweZvi †h ev †hme Pwi‡Îi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q Zv n‡jvÑ

i. c~Rvixi ii. †gvj−v mv‡n‡ei iii. fyLvwii



4| Giƒc mv`„‡kï KviY n‡jv Ñ

K. AmnvqZ¡ L. †jvf M. AeÁv N. Cl©v

m„Rbkxj

AvRg mv‡ne Kzmygcyi BDwbqb cwil‡ì †Pqvig¨vb| mv¤úªwZK N~wY©S‡o GjvKvi e¨vcK ¶wZ n‡j †Rjv cÖkvmb †_‡K ¶wZMÖ — gvby‡li Rb¨ bvbvwea ÎvYmvgMÖx Av‡m| ÎvY mvnvh¨ wbR nv‡Z wb‡Z Avmv cÖ‡Z¨K‡K AvRg mv‡ne nv‡Z ÎvYmvgMÖx Zz‡j †`b| mevB Zuvi cÖksmv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Lywk g‡b evwo wd‡ib|

K. gymvwdi KZw`b fzLv wQj ? L. Ôgvby‡li †P‡q eo wKQz bvB, b‡n wKQz gnxqvbÕ Ñ †Kb ? M. AvRg mv‡ne ÔgvbylÕ KweZvq ewY©Z †h Pwi‡Îi wecixZ mËv Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. ÔgvbylÕ KweZvq ewY©Z fÊ‡ì gvbwmKZv cwieZ©‡b AvRg mv‡n‡ei g‡Zv

e¨w³‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxqZv AcwimxgÑ gZvgZwU we‡k −lY Ki|


†mBw`b GB gvV Rxebvb›` `vk

[Kwe cwiwPwZ : Rxebvb›` `vk 1899 wLªóv‡ã ewikvj kn‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg mZ¨vb›` `vk, gvZv KzmygÑKzgvix `vk| KzmygKzgvix `vkI wQ‡jb GKRb ^fveKwe| Rxebvb›` `vk ewikvj eªR‡gvnb ¯‹zj, eªR‡gvnb K‡jR I KjKvZvi †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡j‡R wk¶vjvf K‡ib| 1921 wLªóv‡ã KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ Gg.G. wWwMÖ jv‡fi ci wZwb Aa¨vcbv ïi“ K‡ib Ges my xN©Kvj wZwb Aa¨vcbvi Kv‡R wbhy³ wQ‡jb| Rxebbv›` `vk cÖavbZ AvaywbK Rxeb‡PZbvi Kwe wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| evsjvi cÖK…wZi iƒc‰ewP‡Î¨ Kwe wbgMœwPË| Kwei „wó‡Z evsjv‡`k GK Abb¨ iƒcmx| G †`‡ki MvQcvjv, jZv¸j¥, dzj-cvwL Zuvi AvRb¥ wcÖq| Zuvi iwPZ MÖš’ : Siv cvjK, a~mi cvÊywjwc, ebjZv †mb, gnvc„w_ex, mvZwU Zvivi wZwgi, KweZvi K_v, iƒcmx evsjv, †ejv A‡ejv Kvj‡ejv, gvjëvb, myZx_© BZ¨vw`| 1954 wLªóv‡ãi 14B A‡±vei Rxebvb›` `vk KjKvZvq GK Uªvg- yN©Ubvq AvnZ nb Ges 22†k A‡±vei g„Zz eiY K‡ib|]

†mB w`b GB gvV —ä n‡e bv‡Kv Rvwb GB b`x b¶‡Îi Z‡j †mw`‡bv †`wL‡e ¯^cœ Ñ †mvbvi ¯^‡cœi mva c„w_ex‡Z K‡e Avi S‡i ! Avwg P‡j hve e‡j PvjZvdzj wK Avi wfwR‡e bv wkwk‡ii R‡j big M‡Üi †XD‡q ? j²x‡cuPv Mvb Mv‡e bvwK Zvi j²xwUi Z‡i ? †mvbvi ¯^‡cœi mva c„w_ex‡Z K‡e Avi S‡i ! Pvwiw`‡K kvš— evwZ Ñ wf‡R MÜ Ñ g„`y Kjie; †Lqv‡bŠ‡Kv¸‡jv G‡m †j‡M‡Q P‡ii Lye Kv‡Q; c„w_exi GB me Mí †eu‡P iÕ‡e wPiKvj; Ñ Gwkwiqv ay‡jv AvR Ñ †ewejb QvB n‡q Av‡Q|

kãv_© I UxKv : †mBw`b GB gvV ... K‡e Avi S‡i Ñ Rxebvb›` `vk cÖK…wZi Kwe| cÖK…wZi inm¨gq †mŠ›`h© Zuvi KweZvi g~jMZ †cÖiYv| wZwb Rv‡bb wewPÎ weeZ©‡bi g‡aÏ cÖK…wZ Zuvi i~c-im-MÜ KLbB nvwi‡q †dj‡e bv| wZwb hLb _vK‡eb bv ZLbI cÖK…wZ Zvi Adziš— Hk¦h© wb‡q gvby‡li ¯^cœ-mva I Kíbv‡K Z…ß K‡i hv‡e| Av‡jvP¨ As‡k Kwe cÖK…wZi GB gvnvZ¥¨‡K Mfxi Z…wß I gg‡Z¡i m‡½ Dc ’vcb K‡i‡Qb| Avwg P‡j hve e‡j ... j²xwUi Z‡i Ñ c„w_ex‡Z †KDB wPi ’vqx bq| cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyl‡KB GK mgq P‡j †h‡Z nq| wKš‘ wkwk‡ii R‡j PvjZv dzj wf‡R †h inm¨gq †mŠ›`h© I Avb‡›ì we¯—vi K‡i P‡j hyM-hyMv‡š— Zvi †Kv‡bv Ae‡k‡l †bB| Avi †mB wkwk‡ii R‡j †fRv PvjZv dz‡ji M‡Üi †XD cÖevwnZ n‡Z _vK‡e Abš—Kvje¨vcx| Kwei GB †ev‡ai g‡a¨ cÖK…wZi GK kvk¦Zi~c g~Z© n‡q D‡V‡Q, †hLv‡b j²x‡cuPvwUi gg‡Z¡i AbyfvebvI aiv w`‡q‡Q AmvaviY GK Zvrc‡h©| Gwkwiqv ay‡jv AvR ... Ñ gvby‡li Mov c„w_exi A‡bK mf¨Zv wejxb n‡q †M‡Q| Gwkwiq I †ewejbxq mf¨Zv GLb aŸsm¯—~c Qvov wKQz bq| wKš‘ cÖK…wZ Zvi Avcb i~c-im-MÜ wb‡q wPiKvj cÖvYgq n‡q _v‡K| cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ wewPÎ M‡Üi Av ^v` g„ yg›` †Kvjvn‡ji Avb›`, Zvi Aš—M©Z Adziš— †mŠ›`h© KLbB †kl nq bv| Av‡jvP¨ As‡k Rxebvb›` `vk cÖK…wZi GB wPiKvjxb †mŠ›`h©‡K †ev‡ai GK we¯§qKi kw³‡Z Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb|


cvV cwiwPwZ : mf¨Zv GKw`‡K †hgb ¶wqòz Ab¨w`‡K P‡j Zvi wewbg©vY| giYkxj e¨w³gvbyl g„Zzï †Kv‡j X‡j c‡o, wKš‘ cÖK…wZ‡Z _v‡K wPiKv‡ji e¨¯—Zv| gv‡V _v‡K PÂjZv, PvjZvdz‡j c‡o kx‡Zi wkwki, j²x‡cuP‡Ki K‡É aŸwbZ nq g½jevZ©v, †Lqv †bŠKv P‡j bvjvb`x‡Z A_©vr †Kv_vI _v‡K bv †mB g„Zzï †ik| d‡j g„Zz¨‡ZB me †kl bq, c„w_exi engvbZv gvby‡li mvaviY g„Zz¨ iwnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖK…Zc‡¶ gvby‡li g„Zz¨ Av‡Q wKš‘ G RM‡Z †mŠ›`‡h©i g„Zz¨ †bB, gvby‡li ¯^‡cœI giY †bB|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| †Lqv †bŠKvq cvivcv‡ii weeiY `vI| eûwbe©vPwb 1| Ô†mBw`b GB gvVÕ KweZvq ewY©Z dz‡ji bvg Kx ?

K. †Mvjvc L. wkDjx M. PvjZv N. K`g

2| ÔAvwg P‡j hveÕ Kwe †Kv_vq P‡j hvIqvi K_v e‡j‡Qb ? K. MÖv‡g L. kn‡i M. cicv‡i N. we‡`‡k

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : hLb co‡e bv †gvi cv‡qi wPý GB ev‡U ZLb Avgvq bvB ev Zzwg WvK‡j Zvivi cv‡b †P‡q †P‡q bvBev g‡b ivL‡j| 3| DÏxc‡Ki fv‡ei mv‡_ mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q †Kvb ev‡Kï ?

K. †mvbvi ¯^‡cœi mva c„w_ex‡Z K‡e Avi S‡i L. †Lqv‡bŠ‡Kv¸‡jv G‡m †j‡M‡Q P‡ii Lye Kv‡Q; M. Gwkwiqv ay‡jv AvRÑ †ewejb QvB n‡q Av‡Q| N. †mBw`b GB gvV ¯—ä n‡e bv‡Kv RvwbÑ

4| Giƒc mv`„‡kï KviYÑ K. m„wói Rb¨ L. HwZ‡nï Rb¨ M. wbZ¨Zvi Rb¨ N. fv‡jvjvMvi Rb¨

m„Rbkxj wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Zuvi K_vmvwn‡Z¨ cÖK…wZ‡K GKwU Rxeš— PwiÎ wn‡m‡e m„wó K‡i‡Qb| we‡kl K‡i Ôc‡_i cuvPvjxÕ I ÔAviY¨KÕ Dcb¨v‡m cÖK…wZ wPiKv‡ji bexbiƒ‡c Avwef~©Z n‡q‡Q| Acy, yM©v Ges AviI A‡b‡K †mB wPiKv‡ji cÖK…wZi mš—vb| Giv hvq Av‡mÑ_v‡K bv| wKš‘ cÖK…wZ wPiKvjB bvbviƒ‡c-i‡m-M‡Ü-e‡Y©-weivRgvb _v‡K|

K. Kx QvB n‡q †M‡Q ? L. Ôc„w_exi GBme Mí †eu‡P i‡e wPiKvjÕ ej‡Z Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb ? M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖK…wZ Rvbvi m‡½ Ô†mBw`b GB gvVÕ KweZvi mv „k¨c~Y© w`K e¨vL¨v Ki| N. KweZvq Dwj−wLZ mf¨Zvi weeZ©‡bi m‡½ cÖK…wZi m¤úK© DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡k−lY Ki|


cwj−Rbbx RmxgD`&`xb

[Kwe cwiwPwZ : RmxgD && xb 1903 wLªóv‡ã dwi`cyi †Rjvi Zv¤yjLvbv Mªv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Kwe Zuvi KweZvq evsjv‡`‡ki cwj−cÖK…wZ I gvby‡li mnR ^vfvweK i~cwU Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| cwj −i gvwU I gvby‡li RxebwPÎ Zuvi KweZvq bZzb gvÎv †c‡q‡Q| cwj−i gvby‡li Avkv- ^cœ-Avb›`-†e`bv I wein-wgj‡bi Ggb Av‡eM-gayi wPÎ Avi †Kv‡bv Kwei Kv‡e¨ Lyu‡R cvIqv fvi| G Kvi‡Y wZwb Ôcwj−KweÕ bv‡g L¨vZ| Kg©Rxe‡bi ïiy‡Z wZwb wKQzKvj XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨vcbv K‡ib| c‡i miKvwi Z_¨ I cÖPvi wefv‡M D”Pc‡` †hvM`vb K‡ib| QvÎRxe‡bB Zvi KwecÖwZfvi weKvk N‡U| wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨qbKv‡jB Zuvi iwPZ ÔKeiÕ KweZvwU cÖ‡ewkKv evsjv msKj‡bi Aš—fy©³ nq| RmxgD && x‡bi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q bKmx Kuv_vi gvV, †mvRb evw`qvi NvU, ivLvjx, evjyPi, nvmy, GK cqmvi euvwk, gvwUi Kvbœv BZ¨vw`| Zuvi bKmx Kuv_vi gvV Kve¨ wewfbœ we‡`wk fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q| P‡j gymvwdi Zuvi ågYKvwnbx| wek¦fviZx wek¦we`¨vjq Zuv‡K m¤§vbm~PK wW-wjU wWwMÖ cÖ vb K‡i| GQvov mvwnZ¨-mvabvi ^xK…wZ îƒc wZwb GKz‡k c`K jvf K‡ib| 1976 mv‡ji 14B gvP© Kwe XvKvq g„Zz eiY K‡ib|]

ivZ _g _g ¯—ä wbSzg, †NviÑ†NviÑAvÜvi,

wbk¦vm †dwj ZvI †kvbv hvq bvB †Kv_v mvov Kvi|

i“M&b †Q‡ji wkq‡i ewmqv G‡Kjv RvwM‡Q gvZv,

Ki“Y Pvnwb Nyg Nyg †hb Xywj‡Q †Pv‡Li cvZv|

wkq‡ii Kv‡Q wbey wbey `xc Nywiqv Nywiqv R¡‡j,

Zvwi mv‡_ mv‡_ weinx gv‡qi G‡Kjv civY †`v‡j|

fb fb fb RgvU †eu‡a‡Q ey‡bv gk‡Ki Mvb

G‡`v †Wvev n‡Z ewn‡Q K‡Vvi cPvb cvZvi NÖvY|

†QvU Kzu‡oNi, †eovi duv‡K‡Z Avwm‡Q kx‡Zi evqy,

wkq‡i ewmqv g‡b g‡b gvZv MwY‡Q †Q‡ji Avqy|

†Q‡j Kq, Ôgv‡i, KZ ivZ Av‡Q, KLb mKvj n‡e,

fv‡jv †h jv‡M bv, Ggwb Kwiqv †Kev ï‡q _v‡K K‡e|Õ

gv Kq, ÔevQv‡i ! PzcwU Kwiqv Ny‡gvZ GKwU eviÕ,

†Q‡j †i‡M Kq, ÔNyg †h Av‡m bv wK Kwie Avwg Zvi|Õ

cvÊyi Mv‡j Pz‡gv Lvq gvZv| mviv Mv‡q †`q nvZ,

cv‡i hw` ey‡K hZ †mœn Av‡Q †X‡j †`q Zvwi mv_|

bvgv‡Ri N‡i †gvgevwZ gv‡b, ìMvq gv‡b `vb,

†Q‡j‡i Zvnvi fv‡jv K‡i `vI Kvu‡` Rbbxi cÖvY|

fv‡jv K‡i `vI Avjv imyj fv‡jv K‡i `vI cxi,

Kwn‡Z Kwn‡Z gyLLvwb fv‡m ewnqv bqb bxi !


euvk e‡b ewm Wv‡K Kvbv Kz‡qv, iv‡Zi Auvavi †Vwj,

ev`yo cvLvi evZv‡m‡Z c‡o mycvwii eb †nwj|

P‡j ey‡bv c‡_ †RvbvwK †g‡qiv Kzqvkv Kvdb awi,

`yt QvB! wKev k¼vq gvi civY DwV‡Q fwi|

†h K_v fvwe‡Z civY wkn‡i ZvB fv‡m wnqv †Kv‡Y,

evjvB evjvB, fv‡jv n‡e hv y g‡b g‡b Rvj †ev‡b|

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Kwi‡gi mv‡_ †Lwjev‡i †M‡j w`‡e bvZ Zzwg Mvj|

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GLwb Avgv‡i GZ †ivM n‡Z Kwi‡Z cv‡iZ Lvov ?Õ

gv †Kej ewm i“M&b †Q‡ji gyL cv‡b AuvwL †g‡j,

fvmv fvmv Zvi hZ K_v †hb mviv cÖvY w`‡q †M‡j|

Ô†kvb gv, Avgvi jvUvB wKš—y ivwLI hZb K‡i,

ivwLI Xu¨v‡ci †gvqv †eu‡a Zzwg mvZ-bwi wmKv f‡i|

†LRy‡i ¸‡oi bqv cvUvwj‡Z ûo–‡gi †Kvjv f‡i|

dzjSzwi wmKv mvRvBqv †i‡Lv Avgvi mgyL c‡i|Õ

†Q‡j Pzc K‡i, gvI ax‡i ax‡i gv_vq eyjvq nvZ,

evwn‡i‡Z bv‡P †RvbvwK Av‡jvq _g _g Kvj ivZ|

i“M&b †Q‡ji wkq‡i ewmqv KZ K_v c‡o g‡b,

†Kvb w`b †m †h gv‡q‡i bv e‡j wMqvwQj ~i e‡b|

muvS n‡q †Mj Zey Av‡m bv‡Kv, AvB PvB gvi cÖvY,

nVvr ïwbj Avwm‡Z‡Q †Q‡j n‡l© Kwiqv Mvb|

GK †KvuP fiv †e_yj Zvnvi Svgyi Szgyi ev‡R,

I‡i gyL‡cvov †Kv_v wMqvwQwj Ggwb G Kvwj muv‡S|

KZ K_v AvR g‡b c‡o Zvi, Mix‡ei Ni Zvi,

†QvULvU KZ evqbv †Q‡ji cv‡i bvB wgUvevi|

Avo‡Oi w`‡b cyZzj wKwb‡Z cqmv †Rv‡Uwb ZvB,

e‡j‡Q Avgiv, †gvmjgv‡bi AvoO †`wL‡Z bvB|

Kwig †m †Mj ? AvwRR Pwjj ? Ggwb cÖkœ gvjv,

DËi w`‡Z `ywLbx gv‡qi wØ¸Y evwoZ R¡vjv|


AvRI †iv‡M Zvi c_¨ †Rv‡Uwb, Ilya nqwb Avbv, S‡o Kuv‡c †hb bx‡oi cvwLwU Rov‡q gv‡qi Wvbv| N‡ii Pv‡j‡Z ûZzg WvwK‡Q, AKj¨vY G myi, gi‡Yi `~Z G‡jv eywS nvq nuv‡K gvq, `~iÑ`~i| cPv †Wvev n‡Z weiwnbx WvK WvwK‡Z‡Q SzwiÕ SzwiÕ, K…lvY †Q‡jiv Kvj‡K Zvnvi ev”Pv K‡i‡Q Pzwi| †d‡i fb& fb& gkv `‡j `‡j, ey‡ov cvZv S‡i e‡b, †duvUvq †duvUvq cvZv-†Puvqv Rj Swi‡Q Zvnvi m‡b| i“M&b †Q‡ji wkq‡i ewmqv G‡Kjv RvwM‡Q gvZv, m¤§y‡L Zvi †Nvi KzÀwU gnvKvj ivZ cvZv| cv‡k¦© R¡wjqv gvwUi cÖ`xc evZv‡m Rgvq †Lj; Auvav‡ii mv‡_ hywSqv Zvnvi dziv‡q G‡m‡Q †Zj|

kãv_© I UxKv : cPvb Ñ c‡P †M‡Q Ggb; bvgv‡Ri N‡i †gvgevwZ gv‡b Ñ bvgv‡Ri Ni n‡jv gmwR`, †gvgevwZ gv‡b A_© n‡jv †gvgevwZ †Ìqvi gvbZ Kiv| †Kv‡bv AmyL-wemyL ev wec`-Avc` n‡j G †`‡ki gvbyl Zv †_‡K D×vi cvIqvi AwfcÖv‡q GK ai‡bi gvbZ K‡i| Ôbvgv‡Ri N‡i †gvgevwZ gv‡bÕ A_© n‡jv gmwR‡` †gvgevwZ †Ìqvi cÖwZÁv ev gvbZ Kiv| bqb bxi Ñ bqb n‡jv †PvL, bxi n‡jv cvwb, bq‡bi bxi n‡jv †Pv‡Li cvwb| iwng PvPvi Svov Ñ Avgv‡ì †`‡k †ivM-evjvB †_‡K gyw³ jv‡fi Rb¨ cvwb cov, Svo-†dv‡Ki cÖPjb Av‡Q| bvbv ai‡bi Amy‡L A‡b‡K cvwb c‡o Zv i“Mx‡K †L‡Z †`q, †ivM †_‡K gyw³ jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k| Ôiwng PvPvi SvovÕ gv‡b n‡jv iwng PvPvi †mB iKg GKwU wPwKrmv c×wZ, hv‡Z Ôiwng PvPvÕ i“Mx †Q‡jwU‡K duz w`‡q my¯’ K‡i Zzj‡e| Avo‡Oi w`‡b Ñ AvoO n‡jv nvU ev evRvi ev †gjv| Avo‡Oi w`‡b gv‡b n‡jv †gjvi w`‡b ev nv‡Ui w`‡b ev evRv‡ii w`‡b|

cvV cwiwPwZ : Ôcwj−RbbxÕ KweZvwU Kwe RmxgD`&`x‡bi ÔivLvjxÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| gv‡qi g‡Zv ggZvgqx Avi †KD †bB| i“M&Y cy‡Îi wkq‡i e‡m ivZ RvMv GK gv‡qi gbtKó, cy‡Îi PÂjZv ¯§iY Avi `vwi‡ ªï Kvi‡Y Zv‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨ I Avb›`-Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z bv cvivi e¨_©Zv G KweZvq D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q| cy‡Îi wkq‡i wbey wbey cÖ`xc, Pvwiw`‡K gkvi AZ¨vPvi, †eovi duvK M‡j Av‡m iv‡Zi kxZ| i“M&Y cy‡Îi Nyg ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Av‡m bv| gv cyÎ‡K Avì K‡i, Zvi †ivM fv‡jv K‡i †èvi Rb¨ ìMvq gvbZ K‡i| yiš— †Q‡j fv‡jv n‡qB †Lj‡Z hv‡e Ges ZLb gv Zv‡K wK”Qy ej‡Z cvi‡e bv, Ggb A½xKvi †m gv‡qi KvQ †_‡K Av`vq K‡i †bq| Ave`vigy‡Lv cy‡Îi w`‡K †P‡q MÖvgxY gv‡qi g‡b A‡bK K_v Rv‡M| Zvi mvg_©¨ †bB e‡j †ivMxi Jla, c_¨ wKQyB †RvUv‡Z cv‡i wb| i“M&b cwi‡e‡k †ivMx mvg‡b wb‡q GK cwj −gv‡qi g‡b cyÎnviv‡bvi k¼v †R‡M I‡V| AvcZ¨‡ø‡ni Awbevh© AvKl©YB G KweZvi g~jK_v|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| Ômš—v‡bi cÖwZ gv‡qi fv‡jvevmv AK…wÎgÕÑ Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2| †Zvgvi cov‡kvbvq gv‡qi f~wgKv ev †cÖiYvi cwiPq `vI|


eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| euvk e‡b e‡m †Kvb cvwL Wv‡K ?

K. †KvwKj L. KvbvKz‡qv M. ûZzg N. †`v‡qj

2| wb‡Pi †Kvb wPÎwU mš—v‡bi Ag½‡ji cÖZxK ? K. wbey wbey `xc L. †Nvi-AvÜvi M. ûZz‡gi WvK N. S‡oi Kuvcb

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : hZw`b hvq, `y‡f©vM Zvi ZZB evwoqv hvq Rxeb cÖ`xc wbwfqv Avwm‡Q A¯— iwei cÖvq| 3| Dc‡ii wPÎK‡í cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Ôcwj−RbbxÕ KweZvi Ñ

K. mš—v‡bi gyg~l©y Ae¯’v L. AK…wÎg gvZ…‡mœn M. Av‡ivM¨ jv‡fi AvKzwZ N. †ivMgyw³i j¶Y

4| DÏxc‡K dz‡U IVv w`KwU wb‡Pi †h Pi‡Y we`¨gvb Zv n‡jv Ñ

i. N‡ii Pv‡j‡Z ûZzg WvwK‡Q AKj¨vY G myi gi‡Yi `~Z G‡jv eywS nvq, nuv‡K gvq, `~iÑ`~i|

ii. bvgv‡Ri N‡i †gvgevwZ gv‡b, ìMvq gv‡b `vb, †Q‡j‡i Zvnvi fv‡jv K‡i `vI Kuv‡` Rbbxi cÖvY|

iii. cv‡k¦© R¡wjqv gvwUi cÖ`xc evZv‡m Rgvq †Lj; Auvav‡ii mv‡_ hywSqv Zvnvi dziv‡q G‡m‡Q †Zj|

m„Rbkxj ev`kv evei Kuvw`qv wdwi‡Q, wb` bvwn †Pv‡L Zuvi cyÎ Zuvnvi ûgvqyb eywS euv‡P bv Gevi Avi| Pvwiav‡i Zuvi Nbv‡q Avwm‡Q giY AÜKvi|

K. Ôcwj−RbbxÕ KweZvq †Q‡j gv‡K Kx hZœ K‡i ivLvi K_v e‡j‡Q ? L. ÔAvRI †iv‡M Zvi c_¨ †Rv‡UwbÕ Ñ c_¨ bv †RvUvi KviY Kx ? M. DÏxcK KweZvs‡k Ôcwj−RbbxÕ KweZvi †h w`KwU cÖwZdwjZ Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. cÖwZdwjZ w`KwUB Ôcwj−RbbxÕ KweZvi mvgwMÖK fve‡K aviY K‡i Kx ? hyw³mn cÖgvY

Ki|


GKwU Kvwd weòz †` [Kwe cwiwPwZ : weòz †` 1909 mv‡j KjKvZvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| KjKvZvi ms¯‹…Z K‡jwR‡qU ¯‹z‡j Zuvi wk¶v Avi¤¢ nq| 1932 mv‡j †m›U cjm K‡jR †_‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ weG m¤§vb Ges 1934 mv‡j GgG wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb wicb K‡jR, K„òbMi K‡jR, †gŠjvbv AvRv` K‡jR I †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡j‡R Bs‡iwRi Aa¨vcK wQ‡jb| 1923 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ ÔK‡j−vjÕ cwÎKv‡K †K› ª K‡i †h mvwnwZ¨K †Mvôxi D™¢e N‡U wZwb wQ‡jb Zuvi Ab¨Zg Kwe| AmvaviY cvwÊ‡Zï AwaKvix weòz †` cyivY I HwZ‡nï eënv‡i Zuvi KweZv‡K wfbœ GK gvÎv `vb K‡ib| †ev‡ai Zx¶èZv, ZxeªZv I RwUjZvq Zuvi KweZv ^vZš¿ gwÊZ| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ : Ee©kx I Av‡U©wgm, †Pvivevwj, mvZfvB P¤úv, Zzwg ïay cuwP‡k êkvL, ¯§„wZmËv fwel¨r, iweK‡iv¾¡j wbR‡`‡k, DË‡i †gŠb _v‡Kv BZ¨vw`| mvwnZ¨ GKv‡`wg I ÁvbcxV cyi¯‹vimn AmsL¨ cyi¯‹vi I m¤§vbbvq wZwb f~wlZ nb| 3iv wW‡m¤î 1982 mv‡j weòz †` g„Zz eiY K‡ib|]

AvgviI gb ˆP‡Î cjvZK, cjv‡k Avi Av‡gi Wv‡j Wv‡j meyR gv‡V gvSeqmx jv‡j `Ê `yB gyw³-my‡L wRivq : gvwUi Kv‡Q me gvbyl LvZK|

we‡fvj g‡b AevK †P‡q _v‡K mviv `ycyi †njv‡djvi nxivq, D`vm gb nvIqvi cv‡K cv‡K NyNyi Wv‡K MÖv‡gi duvKv †¶‡Z wgwj‡q †`q `y¯’Zvi cvZK,

weKvj ZvB mÜ¨v-i‡O †g‡Z †kl, †h †kl mvivw`‡bi c‡i GKwU Mv‡b Mnb ¯^v¶‡i| Rv‡bv wK †mB Mv‡bi Avwg PvZK ?

kãv_© I UxKv : AvgviI gb ... gyw³ my‡L wRivq Ñ gvbe g‡b cÖK…wZi kvk¦Z Av‡e`b Av‡Q| kn‡i bM‡i †hLv‡b †m emevm Ki“K bv †Kb, Zvi Ae‡PZ‡b jywK‡q _v‡K cÖK…wZi wPivqZ AvnŸvb| Av‡jvP¨ As‡k Kwe n„ qI cvwj‡q Avb›` cvq ˆP‡Îi Vv-Vv †iv‡ì Avg-KuvVv‡ji Wv‡j Wv‡j, meyR gv‡V gv‡V; gvS eqmx jvj Ñ MvQ-cvjvi eq ‹ cvZvi is †evSv‡Z Kwe GB wPÎKíwU eënvi K‡i‡Qb; we‡fvjÑ Awff~Z, AvZ¥nviv, gy»; y ’Zvi cvZK Ñ kvixwiK I gvbwmK Akvwš— ~i Kiv A‡_© eën„Z n‡q‡Q; PvZKÑ GKcÖKvi cvwL| Kwe

Kíbvq PvZK cvwL e„wói cvwb Qvov Ab¨ cvwb cvb K‡i bv|

cvV cwiwPwZ : evsjvi wbmM© cÖK…wZ, Gi gvV-NvU, gvbyl AZzjbxq Ges we‡kl Av‡e`bgq| †h Rb GB wbmM© cÖK„wZ †_‡K bM‡ii AvnŸv‡b †mLv‡b ¯’vqx emwZ M‡ob, Zv‡KI Zvi GKKv‡ji cwj −cÖK…wZ evievi AvKl©Y K‡i; loFZz Zvi g‡b Av‡e‡Mi isaby †Zv‡j| Gi kvk¦Z KviY n‡jv, gvbyl ^fveZ Zvi wbRf~‡gi cÖwZ FYx nq| Kwe wb‡RI Z…òvZ© PvZK cvwLi g‡Zv Zuvi wbRf~‡gi cwj−cÖK…wZi Rb¨ A‡c¶gvY|


Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| MÖvg evsjvi loFZzi êwkó¨¸‡jv wjL|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| Kwei gb KZ¶Y gyw³ my‡L wRivq ?

K. `yNÈv L. `y`Ê M. `yw`b N. `yhyM

2| ÔgvwUi Kv‡Q me gvbyl LvZKÕ †Kb ? K. gvwU †_‡K me wKQy Drcbœ nq L. gvwU Qvov gvbyl euvP‡Z cv‡i bv M. gvwU gv‡qi gZB Abb¨ N. gvwU Qvov Avgiv Aw¯—Z¡nxb

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : cD‡li †ejv †kl cwi, Rvdivwb †ek giv gvPv‡bi †`k K‡i †Zv‡j gk&¸j wS‡Odzj \ 3| D³ Pi‡Yi mv‡_ ÔGKwU KvwdÕ KweZvi wgj i‡q‡Q Ñ

i. cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h© ii. ¯^‡`k †cÖ‡g iii. e¨w³MZ Abyf~wZ‡Z

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i L. ii M. iii N. i, ii I iii

4| DÏxc‡Ki g‡a¨ g~jZ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Ñ K. †mŠ›`h©‡eva L. AvZ¥Z…wß M. Mfxi Av‡eM N. cÖK…wZcÖxwZ

m„Rbkxj w`‡bi Av‡jvK †iLv wgjv‡qQ `~‡i †b‡g Av‡m mÜ¨v ax‡i aiYxi cy‡i|

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cÖvš—i-Kvbb-wMwi cwj− evUgvV GKvKvi n‡q Av‡m AvKvk weivU|

K. Kvi Kv‡Q me gvbyl LvZK ? L. ÔRv‡bv wK †mB Mv‡bi Avwg PvZK ?Õ GK_vwU w`‡q Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb ? M. DÏxc‡K dz‡U IVv w`KwUi mv‡_ ÔGKwU KvwdÕ KweZvi mv`„k¨c~Y© w`KwU Zz‡j ai| N. DÏxcKwU ÔGKwU KvwdÕ KweZvi g~jfve cÖKv‡k KZUzKz mdj? hyw³mn cÖgvY Ki|


Avgvi †`k

mywdqv Kvgvj [†jLK cwiwPwZ : mywdqv Kvgvj 1911 wLªóv‡ãi 20‡k Ryb ewikvj †Rjvi kv‡q¯—vev‡` gvgvi evwo‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg ˆmq` Ave yj evix I gvZvi bvg ˆmq`v mv‡eiv LvZzb| wZwb Kzwgj−vi evwm›`v wQ‡jb| cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡k emevm K‡iI evsjv fvlv PP©vq wZwb wQ‡jb Mfxi AbyivMx| 52-i fvlv Av‡›`vjb †_‡K 71-Gi gyw³hy× Ges cieZ©xKv‡ji cÖwZwU MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡b wZwb Amvgvb¨ f~wgKv iv‡Lb| GKwU cÖMwZkxj mgvR-eë ’v cÖwZôvi Rb¨ wZwb AvRxeb hy× K‡i‡Qb| †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB Zuvi KweZv †jLvi nv‡ZLwo nq Ges Zuvi KweZv mgmvgwqK cÎcwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ n‡Z _v‡K| cvwievwiK Rxe‡bi bvbv †e`bv`vqK AwfÁZv m‡Ë¡I Zuvi Kve¨PP©v Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| wZwb wKQzKvj KjKvZvi GKwU we`¨vj‡q wk¶KZv K‡ib| Zuvi KweZvi fvlv mnR mij, Q›` myjwjZ I e¨Äbvgq| GB K‡g©i ¯^xK…wZi Rb¨ Zuv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY ÔRbbx mvnwmKvÕ Awfavq Awfwl³ K‡i‡Q| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’ : muv‡Si gvqv, gvqv KvRj, D`vË c„w_ex, gb I Rxeb, g„wËKvi NªvY Ges MíMÖš’ : †Kqvi KuvUv; ¯§„wZK_vg~jK MÖš’ : GKvË‡ii WvBix; wkï‡Zvl MÖš’ : BZj weZj I bIj wK‡kv‡ii ìev‡i| mvwnZ¨K‡g© Amvgvb¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi, GKz‡k c`K, Women’s Federation for world peace crest mn A‡bK RvZxq I Avš—R©vwZK cyi¯‹v‡i f~wlZ nb| 20†k b‡f¤î 1999 mv‡j GB gnxqmx bvix g„Zz eiY K‡ib| ] m~h©-Sj‡K ! †gŠmygx dzj dz‡U wmœ» kir AvKv‡ki Qvqv jy‡U c‡o gvVfiv avb¨ kxl© c‡i †`‡ki gvwU‡Z gvby‡li N‡i N‡i| Avgvi †`‡ki gvwU‡Z Avgvi cÖvY wbwZ j‡f be Rxe‡bi mÜvb GLv‡b c −ve‡b by‡ni wKk&wZ fv‡m kvwš—-K‡cvZ eviZv jBqv Av‡m| †R‡M‡Q bZzb Pi Ñ †mB P‡i †di gvby‡liv me cvkvcvwk euv‡a Ni| be A¼zi Rv‡MÑ cÖwZ wè‡mi m~h©-Av‡jv‡K Aš—i Abyiv‡M Avgvi †`‡ki gvwU‡Z †gkv‡bv Avgvi cÖv‡Yi NªvY †MŠiegq Rxe‡bi m¤§vb| cÖvYÑ¯ú›`‡b j¶ Zi“i K‡i RxebcÖevn mÂvwi gg©‡i e‡¶ RvMv‡q AvMvgx w`‡bi Avkv Avgvi †`‡ki G gvwU gayi, gayi Avgvi fvlv| b`x‡Z b`x‡Z wg‡j †n_v wM‡q avq mvM‡ii cv‡b gvby‡l gvby‡l wg‡j wM‡q cÖv‡Y cÖv‡Y m~h© P›`ª K‡i


†gŠmygx dz‡j AÄwj f‡i f‡i Avcb †`‡ki gvwU‡Z ùvov‡q nv‡m m~h©-Sj‡K ! Rxe‡bi WvK Av‡m †mB Wv‡K †`q mvov b`x-cÖvš—i cvi n‡q Av‡m j¶ cÖv‡Yi aviv wgwj‡Z mevi m‡b Avgvi †`‡ki gvby‡liv m‡e gy³-D`vi g‡b AvZ©-e¨w_Z myax ¸YxRb cv‡k †mev Ñ mvg¨ Ñ cÖxwZ wewbgq Av‡k m~h©-Av‡jv‡K Avevi G‡`‡k nv‡m wbwZ bei~‡c f‡i I‡V gb Rxe‡bi Avk¦v‡m| kãv_© UxKv : m~h©ÑSj‡KÑm~‡h©i D¾¡j Av‡jvq Av‡jvwKZ, D™¢vwmZ; †gŠmygx dzjÑwe‡kl FZz‡Z (mg‡q) Drcbœ dzj; wmœ» kirÑkirKv‡ji D¾¡jZv; avb¨ kxl©Ñav‡bi Ici fvM; b~‡ni wKk&wZÑ†mwgwUK cyivY Abymv‡i c„w_ex‡Z gnvc −ve‡bi mg‡q, GKRb bwei †h eo †bŠKv mevB‡K i¶v K‡iwQj; kvwš—ÑK‡cvZÑkvwš—i KeyZi, KeyZi‡K kvwš—i cÖZxK ejv nq; eviZvÑmsev`, evZ©v|

cvV cwiwPwZ : mywdqv Kvgv‡ji ÔD`vË c„w_exÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i ÔAvgvi †`kÕ KweZvwU Ômywdqv Kvgvj iPbvmsMÖnÕ †_‡K msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| evOvwji †mvbvi evsjv Am¤¢e‡K m¤¢e K‡i, gvwU †_‡K Rb¥ †`q †mvbvwj dmj| PgrKvi Gi RjevqyÑ mnbxq †iŠ ªZvc, bgbxq Rj-e„wó| ZvB Gi gvV f‡i I‡V †mvbvwj av‡b, meyR cv‡U, bvbv e‡Y©i djg~‡j| G‡`‡ki gvbyl cvkvcvwk Ni †eu‡a ZvB kvwš—‡Z evm K‡i | `y‡h©vMI †h Av‡m bv Zv bq| wKš‘ `y‡h©v‡Mi mgq I Zv AwZµvš— nIqvgvÎ Zviv Avevi Ni euv‡a cvkvcvwk, _v‡K kvwš—‡Z| evsjvi gvby‡li gayi fvlv, Acvi Rxebvb›` Zv‡ì wb‡q hvq m¤cÖxwZi gnvmvM‡i| AvKv‡k †hgb m~h© I‡V †Zgwb WvK Av‡m wgj‡bi| G‡`‡ki gvbyl ci¯ú‡i gnvwgj‡bi g‡a¨B cÖZ¨n bZzb n‡q I‡V|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| mKj †kªwY †ckvi gvby‡li m¤cÖxwZ wb‡q GKwU cÖeÜ iPbv Ki|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| †K evZ©v wb‡q Av‡m ?

K. wmœ» kir L. kvwš— K‡cvZ M. b~‡ni wKk&wZ N. bZzb Pi

2| ÔAvgvi †`kÕ †Kvb RvZxq KweZv ?

K. ¯^‡`k †cÖgg~jK L. RvMiYg~jK M. HwZn¨ welqK N. cÖK…wZ welqK



cÖej eb¨vq †f‡m hvq KzwjqviPi| abx, `wi`ª, wn›`y, gymwjg mevB AvkÖq †K‡›`ª I‡V| meUzKz Avb›`-†e`bv‡K Zviv fvMvfvwM K‡i †bq| G †hb bZzb GK Rxeb|

3| DÏxc‡K cwi‡e‡ki †h i~c dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv wb‡Pi †h cO&w³‡Z cvIqv hvq Zv n‡jvÑ

i. kvš—-K‡cvZ eviZv jBqv Av‡m ii. †mB P‡i †di gvby‡liv me cvkvcvwk euv‡a Ni iii. wbwZ bei~‡c f‡i I‡V gb Rxe‡bi Avk¦v‡m


K. i L. iiM. i I ii N. ii I iii

4| DÏxc‡K wb‡Pi †Kvb welqwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q?

K. bZzb emwZ L. ïf msev` M. m¤úªxwZ N. cÖvY¯ú›`b

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

wS‡O dzj ! wS‡O dzj ! meyR cvZvi †`‡k wd‡ivwRqv wd‡O-KzjÑ wS‡O dzj| ¸‡j¥ c‡Y© jwZKvi K‡Y© XjXj ¯^‡Y© Sjgj †`v‡j `yj Ñ wS‡O dzj \

K. wKk&wZ k‡ãi A_© Kx ? L. Ôkvwš—-K‡cvZ eviZv jBqv Av‡mÕ Ñ G K_v Øviv Kwe Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb ? M. DÏxcK I ÔAvgvi †`kÕ KweZvq ewY©Z wel‡qi mv`„‡kï w`KwU Zz‡j ai| N. welqe¯‘i eY©bvq DÏxcK I ÔAvgvi †`kÕ KweZvi mv`„k¨ _vK‡jI †PZbvMZ cv_©K¨

¯úó Ñ hyw³mn cÖgvY Ki|


Avkv wmKvb`vi Avey Rvdi

[Kwe cwiwPwZ : Lyjbv †Rjvi †ZZzwjqv MÖv‡g 1919 mv‡ji 19†k gvP© wmKvb`vi Avey Rvdi Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv ˆmq` gCbyÏxb nv‡kgx †ckvq wQ‡jb K…wlRxex I eëmvqx| wmKvb`vi Avey Rvdi 1936 mv‡j Zvjv we.‡`. BÝwUwUDkb †_‡K g¨vwUªK cvm K‡ib Ges KjKvZvi wicb K‡jR †_‡K AvBG cvk K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb wQ‡jb mvsevw`K| †`k wefv‡Mi c‡i wZwb ’vqxfv‡e XvKvq emevm K‡ib| G mgq wZwb †iwWI cvwK¯—v‡b PvKwi †_‡K ïi“ K‡i ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK, ˆ`wbK wgj−vZ, gvwmK mgKvj cÖf…wZ cwÎKvq mvsevw`KZv K‡ib| wZwb e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi 6 `dv Av‡›`vjb †eMevb K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡Lb| ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡b wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb GKwbô mvs¯‹…wZK Kgx©| gyw³hy‡×i mgq Zuvi †jLv ÔAvgv‡ì msMÖvg Pj‡eB Pj‡eÕ MvbwU ¯^vaxbZvKvgx evOvwj RvwZ‡K we‡klfv‡e AbycÖvwYZ K‡i| Zuvi MYm½xZ I KweZv †gnbZx gvby‡li gyw³i †cÖiYvq mg„×| wmKvb`vi Avey Rvd‡ii D‡j −L‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ : cÖmbœ kni, êix e„wó‡Z, wZwgivwš—K, e„wðK jMœ, gvje †KŠwkK BZ¨vw`| mvwnZ¨K‡g© Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi I GKz‡k c`‡K (gi‡YvËi) f~wlZ nb| 5B AvM÷ 1975 mv‡j wmKvb`vi Avey Rvdi g„ZzëiY K‡ib|] Avwg †mB RM‡Z nvwi‡q †h‡Z PvB, †h_vq Mfxi-wbïZ iv‡Z RxY© †eovi N‡i wbf©vebvq gvby‡liv Nywg‡q _v‡K fvB \ †h_vq †jv‡K †mvbv-i~cvq cvnvo Rgvq bv, weË-my‡Li `yf©vebvq Avqy Kgvq bv; †h_vq †jv‡K Zz”Q wb‡q Zzó _v‡K fvB \ mvivw`‡bi cwikÖ‡gI cvq bv hviv Lyu‡R GKwU w`‡bi Avnvh©-mÂq, Zey hv‡ì g‡bi †Kv‡Y †bB yivkv M −vwb, †bB `xbZv, †bB †Kv‡bv mskq| †h_vq gvbyl gvby‡l‡i evm‡Z cv‡i fv‡jv cÖwZ‡ekxi Auvavi N‡i R¡vj‡Z cv‡i Av‡jv, †mB RM‡Zi Kvbœv-nvwmi Aš—iv‡j fvB Avwg nvwi‡q †h‡Z PvB \


kãv_© I UxKv : Avwg †mB RM‡Z ... Nywg‡q _v‡K fvB Ñ †K Kxfv‡e myLx n‡e Zv wba©vwiZ bq| gvbyl MZvbyMwZK †hfv‡e myLx nq Kwe †mfv‡e myLx nIqvi K_v GLv‡b e‡jb wb| my‡Li wPš—vq gvby‡li iv‡Z Nyg nq bv| wKš‘ myLx gvby‡li Ny‡gi mgm¨v nq bv| mvivw`b Kv‡Ri ci weQvbvq †M‡jB kvwš—i Nyg Zv‡K Z…wß †`q| KweI †Zgwb †m iKg GK Rxeb-hvc‡bi gv‡S †h‡Z Pvb †hLv‡b fvOv †eovi N‡iI gvbyl wbf©vebvq Nywg‡q _v‡K; Nywg‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| weË-my‡Li ... Kgvq bv Ñ mgv‡Ri †ewki fvM gvbyl UvKv-cqmv I m¤ú‡ì †jv‡f w`bvwZcvZ K‡i; G‡Z myL nvivg n‡q hvq; Rxeb nq hš¿Yvgq| G‡Z Zv‡ì `xN© Rxeb bv n‡q wewfbœ †ivM-evjvB‡q Avµvš— nq Ges g„Zz eiY K‡i| weË-my‡Li yf©vebv gvbyl‡K myL †Zv †`qB bv eis Zv‡ì Avqy AviI K‡g hvq| †h_vq gvbyl ... R¡vj‡Z cv‡i Av‡jv Ñ Rxe‡bi mv_©KZv †Kv_vq GUv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖkœ| wKQz gvbyl Av‡Q hviv A‡bï DcKvi I g½‡ji Rb¨ wb‡R‡ì Rxeb DrmM© K‡i gvbe‡cÖg ev gvbyl‡K fv‡jvevm‡Z cvivi gv‡S Rxe‡bi gnË¡ _v‡K| cÖwZ‡ekxi yt‡L GwM‡q Avmv, Zv‡ì ytL-Kó ~i Kivi gv‡SI GK ai‡bi Z…wß Av‡Q| Kwe ZvB e‡j‡Qb †h, †hLv‡b gvbyl‡K fv‡jvevmv hvq, cÖwZ‡ekxi ytL-Kó ~i K‡i Av‡jv R¡vjv‡bv hvqÑ†mLv‡bB wZwb _vK‡Z Pvb| cvV cwiwPwZ : wmKvb`vi Avey Rvd‡ii Ôgvje †KŠwkKÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K KweZvwU msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| RvMwZK GB c„w_ex µgk RwUj n‡q DV‡Q| gvbyl µgk AvZ¥‡Kw› ªK n‡q co‡Q| gvby‡li m‡½ gvby‡li evo‡Q eëavb| KviI g‡bB †hb kvwš— †bB| weË-êfe AR©b Kiv Avi my‡Li yf©vebvq Zv‡ì Avqy K‡g hv‡”Q| wKš‘ Kwe Gme AwZµg K‡i †h‡Z PvB‡Qb †mBme gvby‡li Kv‡Q hviv cÖK…Z A‡_©B gvbyl| gbyl¨‡Z¡i Av‡jv hviv R¡vwj‡q †i‡L‡Qb| `wi`ª n‡jI GB gvbyl we‡Ëi †cQ‡b †Qv‡U bv| †mvbv-i“cvi cvnvo M‡o †Zv‡j bv| RxY© N‡i emevm K‡iI Zviv myLx| Zz”Q, †QvU †QvU Avb›` AeMvn‡bB Kv‡U Zv‡ì w`b| mvivw`b Zviv nvofvOv LvUzwb Lv‡U, Zv‡Z nq‡Zv GKwU w`‡bi Avnvh©I †Rv‡U bv| Zey †Kv‡bv yivkv ev M−vwb Zv‡ì MÖvm K‡i bv| †Kv‡bv `xbZv ev msk‡q Zv‡ì Rxeb wK¬ó bq| eis `vwi‡ ª i g‡a¨ †_‡KI Zviv gvbyl‡K fv‡jvevm‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZ‡ekx‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i| Kwe gbyl¨‡Z¡i AwaKvix Gme gvby‡li mvwbœa¨ †c‡Z PvB‡Qb, nvwi‡q †h‡Z PvB‡Qb Zv‡ì gv‡S| wZwb g‡b K‡ib, GivB n‡”Q mwZ¨Kv‡ii gvbyl|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| †Zvgvi Rvbv Mixe wKš‘ mr †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Rxeb cwiwPwZ wj‡L †kªwY wk¶‡Ki wbKU Rgv `vI|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| weË-my‡Li `yf©vebvq †KvbwU K‡g ?

K. mgq L. A_© M. Avqy N. fv‡jvevmv

2| ÔcÖwZ‡ekxi Auvavi N‡i/R¡vj‡Z cv‡i Av‡jvÕ Ñ GLv‡b Av‡jv ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?

K. cvi¯úwiK m¤úªxwZ L. wec‡` mvnvh¨ Kiv M. G‡K A‡bï †LuvR †bIqv N. KvD‡K Zz”Q bv fvev



GK`v AZ¨vPvix GK †gvoj Amy¯’ n‡j Zvi †ivMgyw³i Rb¨ KweivR civgk© †`q myLx gvby‡li Rvgv civi| A‡bK †LuvRvLyuwRi ci GKRb myLx gvbyl cvIqv †M‡jI †`Lv hvq, Zvi †Kv‡bv Rvgv †bB|

3| DÏxc‡Ki myLx gvbylwUi mv‡_ ÔAvkvÕ KweZvq mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q Ñ

i. abx‡ì ii. `wi ª‡ì iii. AvZ¥Z…ß‡ì



4| Kwei `„wó‡Z GB gvbyl¸‡jvi êwkó¨ †Kgb ?

K. nZ`wi`ª L. Aí‡Z Zzó M. `yf©vebvMÖ¯— N. RxY© N‡i _v‡K

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :

gv`vi †Z‡imv Av‰kke ^cœ †`‡Lb gvbe †mevi| GK mgq †hvM †`b wLªóvb wgkbvix ms‡N| gvbyl‡K Av‡iv Kv‡Q †_‡K †mev †Ìqvi j‡¶¨ mbœ¨vmeªZ MÖnY K‡ib| cÖwZôv K‡ib wgkbvwiR Ae P¨vwiwU| Zuvi Av`‡k© D¾xweZ n‡q AviI A‡b‡KB GwM‡q Av‡mb G gnvb Kv‡R| GK mgq G Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…wZ¯î~c wZwb jvf K‡ib †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi| mviv Rxe‡bi Zuvi meUzKz DcvR©bB wewj‡q †`b gvb‡ei Kj¨v‡Y|

K. †Kv_vq gvby‡liv wbf©vebvq Nywg‡q _v‡K ? L. weË-my‡Li fvebvnxb gvby‡liv mskqnxb †Kb ? M. gv`vi †Z‡imvi gvbwmKZv ÔAvkvÕ KweZvi †h w`KwU‡K Zz‡j a‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Ôgv`vi †Z‡imvi `k©bB †hb Avkv KweZvi fvee¯‘Õ Ñ hyw³mn cÖgvY Ki|


e„wó diiyL Avng`

[Kwe cwiwPwZ : diiyL Avng` 1918 wLªóv‡ãi 10B Ryb gv¸iv †Rjvi gvSAvBj MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv Lvb mv‡ei ˆmq` nv‡Zg Avjx| dii“L Avng` KjKvZv wicb K‡jR †_‡K AvBG cvm K‡ib Ges KjKvZvi ¯‹wUk PvP© K‡j‡R `k©‡b Abvm© I Bs‡iwR‡Z Abv‡m©i QvÎ wQ‡jb| wKš‘ cix¶v bv w`‡qB Kg©Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb bvbv c‡` wb‡qvwRZ nb Ges 1947 †_‡K 1972 mvj ch©š— wZwb XvKv †eZv‡i ÷vd ivBUvi c‡` wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| Bmjvwg Av`k© I HwZn¨ Zuv‡K Kve¨m„wó‡Z †cÖiYv hywM‡q‡Q| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’ : mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS, wmivRvg&& gybxiv, †bŠ‡dj I nv‡Zg, gyn~‡Z©i KweZv, cvwLi evmv, nv‡ZgZvqx, bZzb †jLv, ni‡di Qov, Qovi Avmi BZ¨vw`| mvwn‡Z¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi, Av`gRx cyi¯‹vi, GKz‡k c`Kmn (gi‡YvËi) A‡bK cyi¯‹v‡i f~wlZ nb| 1974 mv‡ji 19†k A‡±vei wZwb ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib|]

e„wó G‡jv ... eû cÖZxw¶Z e„wó ! Ñ cÙv †gNbvi `ycv‡k Avevw` MÖv‡g, e„wó G‡jv cy‡ei nvIqvq, we`» AvKvk, gvV †X‡K †Mj KvRj Qvqvq; we y r-i~cmx cwi †g‡N †g‡N n‡q‡Q mIqvi| w`Kw`M‡š—i c‡_ Aci~c Avfv †`‡L Zvi el©YgyLi w`‡b Ai‡Yï †Kqv wknivq, †iŠ ª-`» avb‡¶Z AvR Zvi ¯úk© †c‡Z Pvq, b`xi dvU‡j eb¨v Av‡b c~Y© cÖv‡Yi †Rvqvi|

iyM&&Y e„× wfLvixi iM-IVv nv‡Zi gZb iy¶ gvV Amgvb †kv‡b †mB el©‡Yi myi, Z…wlZ e‡bi mv‡_ †R‡M I‡V Z…lvZß gb, cvwo w`‡q †h‡Z Pvq eû c_, cÖvš—i eÜzi, †hLv‡b we¯§„Z w`b c‡o Av‡Q wbtm½ wbR©b †mLv‡b el©vi †gN Rv‡M AvR welYœ †g`yi \

kãv_© I UxKv : we y r i~cmx cwi Ñ we`y¨r PgKv‡bv‡K †jvKR aviYv Abyhvqx my›ìx cwii m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q †h †g‡N †g‡N Ny‡i †eovq; mIqvi Ñ Av‡ivnx; i“M&&Y e„× wfLvixi ... Z…òvZß gb Ñ `xN© el©Ynxb w`‡b gvVNvU ïwK‡q †h i“¶ g~wZ© aviY K‡i‡Q Kwe Zv‡K i“M&&Y e„× wfLvixi iM-IVv nv‡Zi m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| GLb el©‡Yi ïi“‡Z Z…òvKvZi gvV-NvU I e‡b †`Lv w`‡q‡Q cÖv‡Yi †Rvqvi; Z…òvZß Ñ wccvmvq KvZi; welYœ †g yi Ñ e„wówenxb cÖK…wZi i“¶Zv e„wói AvMg‡b `~ixf~Z n‡q‡Q| cÖK…wZ GLb wmœ»‡Kvgj n‡q Pvwiw`‡K K‡i Zz‡j‡Q cÖv‡Yv”Q¡j|

cvV cwiwPwZ : cÖK…wZ‡Z el©v Av‡m cÖvY¯ú›`b wb‡q| Avi e„wóB el©vi cÖvY| G mgq b`xi `y-av‡i c −veb †`Lv †`q, d‡j cwjgvwUi †MŠi‡e dmj fv‡jv nq| e„wói mgq AvKv‡ki me©Î †g‡Ni †Ljv †`Lv hvq, el©vi dzj dz‡U me©Î †gvwnZ nq, i“¶ gvwU e„wó‡Z cÖvY Ryovq| e„wói w`‡b ms‡e`bkxj gvbylI imwm³ n‡q I‡V| Zvi g‡b c‡o myLgq AZxZ, cyi‡bv ¯§„wZ, Avi †m fv‡jvjvMvi Avjcbv Auv‡K g‡b g‡b| G e„wó KL‡bv welYœI K‡i gb, GKvKx Rxe‡b evovq wein|


Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| el©vi FZz‡Z cÖK…wZ †h be mv‡R mw¾Z nqÑ Zvi weeiY `vI|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| Kwe we`y¨r‡K Kvi m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb ?

K. Kb¨vi L. cwi M. Av‡jvi N. e„wói

2| i“M&b e„× wfLvixi iM-IVv nv‡Zi gZb i“¶ gvV AvmgvbÕ Ñ G wPÎK‡í Kx dz‡U D‡V‡Q ?

K. eyfz¶ gv‡Vi wPÎ L. el©vq evsjvi cÖK…wZ M. e„wónxb gv‡Vi i~c N. cÖK…wZi êwiZv

3| ÔAvwRKvi †iv` Nygv‡q cwo‡Q †Nvjv‡U †g‡Ni Av‡oÕ Ñ G e³‡eï wecixZ fve i‡q‡Q †h ev‡K¨Ñ i. el©YgyLi w`‡b Ai‡Yï †Kqv wknivq ii. †iŠ`ª-`» avb‡¶Z AvR Zvi ¯úk© †c‡Z Pvq iii. `y-cv‡k Avevw` MÖv‡g, e„wó G‡jv cy‡ei nvIqvq|

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i L. ii M. i I ii N. ii I iii

4| Gi~c êcix‡Zï KviY Kx ?

K. el©YnxbZv L. el©‡Yi AvKv•¶v M. †g‡Ni ZxeªZv N. R‡ji cÖZ¨vkv

m„Rbkxj †KDev iwOb Kuv_vq †gwjqv ey‡Ki ¯^cbLvwb, Zv‡i fvlv †`q `xNj m~Zvq gvqvex Av¯—i Uvwb| AvwR‡K evwn‡i ïay µ›`b QjQj Rjav‡i †eYy-e‡b evqy bx‡o G‡jv‡Kk, gb †hb Pvq Kv‡i|

K. Ôe„wóÕ KweZvq †Kvb †Kvb b`xi K_v D‡j−L i‡q‡Q ? L. †iŠ`ª-`» avb‡¶Z AvR e„wói ¯úk© †c‡Z Pvq †Kb ? M. Ô†eYy-e‡b evqy bx‡o G‡jv‡Kk, gb †hb Pvq Kv‡i|Õ Ñ DÏxc‡Ki G e³‡eï mv‡_

Ôe„wóÕ KweZvi mv`„‡kï w`KwU Zz‡j ai| N. DÏxcKwU Ôe„wóÕ KweZvi GKUv we‡kl fve cªKvk K‡i gvÎ, mgMÖ fve bq Ñ †Zvgvi

DË‡ii mc‡¶ hyw³ `vI|


Avwg †Kv‡bv AvMš—yK bB Avnmvb nvexe

[Kwe cwiwPwZ : Avnmvb nvexe 1917 wLªóv‡ãi 2iv Rvbyqvwi wc‡ivRcyi †Rjvi k¼icvkv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb ewikv‡ji eªR‡gvnb K‡j‡R AvBG ch©š— Aa¨qb K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb mvsevw`KZv‡K †ckv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| Mfxi Rxeb‡eva I Avkvev` Zuvi KweZv‡K wewkó e¨Äbv `vb K‡i‡Q| Zuvi KweZvi wmœ»Zv cvVKwP‡Ë GK gayi Av‡ek m„wó K‡i| wZwb mvgvwRK êl‡gï weiy‡× Ges AvZ© gvbeZvi mc‡¶ e³e¨ †i‡L‡Qb| Zuvi cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ ivwÎ‡kl| G Qvov QvqvnwiY, mviv ycyi, Avkvq emwZ, †gN e‡j ˆP‡Î hv‡ev Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’| †QvU‡ì Rb¨ Zuvi KweZvi eB †RvQbv iv‡Zi Mí I QzwUi w`b `ycy‡i| ivbx Lv‡ji muv‡Kv Zuvi wK‡kvicvV¨ Dcb¨vm| Avnmvb nvexe Zuvi mvwnZ¨K‡g©i Rb¨ evsjv GKv‡Wgx I GKz‡k c`K cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| Ôˆ`wbK evsjvÕ cwÎKvi mvwnZ¨ m¤úv`K _vKvKv‡j 1985 mv‡ji 10B RyjvB Zuvi Rxebvemvb N‡U|]

Avmgv‡bi Zviv mv¶x mv¶x GB Rwg‡bi dzj, GB wbwkivBZ euvkevMvb we —i †RvbvwK mv¶x mv¶x GB Rvi“j Rvgi“j, mv¶x cy‡ei cyKzi, Zvi SvKov Wzgy‡ii Wv‡j w¯’i `„wó gvQivOv Avgv‡K †P‡b Avwg †Kv‡bv Af¨vMZ bB †Lv`vi Kmg Avwg wfb‡`wk cw_K bB Avwg †Kv‡bv AvMš—yK bB| Avwg †Kv‡bv AvMš—yK bB, Avwg wQjvg GLv‡b, Avwg ¯^vwcœK wbq‡g GLv‡bB _vwK Avi GLv‡b _vKvi bvg me©ÎB _vKv Ñ mviv †`‡k|

Avwg †Kv‡bv AvMš—yK bB| GB Li †iŠ ª RjR evZvm †gN K¬vš— we‡K‡ji cvwLiv Avgv‡K †P‡b Zviv Rv‡b Avwg †Kv‡bv AvZ¥xq bB| KvwZ©‡Ki av‡bi gÄix mv¶x mv¶x Zvi wP‡ivj cvZvi Ujgj wkwki Ñ mv¶x †R¨vrmœvi Pv`‡i XvKv wbwk›`vi Qvqv AKvj eva©‡K¨ bZ K`g Avjx Zvi K¬vš— †Pv‡Li Auvavi Ñ Avwg wPwb, Avwg Zvi wPi‡Pbv ^Rb GKRb| Avwg


Rwgjvi gvÕi k~b¨ Lv Lv ivbœvNi ïK‡bv _vjv me wPwb †m Avgv‡K †P‡b|

nvZ iv‡Lv êVvq jvO‡j, †`‡Lv Avgvi nv‡Zi ¯úk© †j‡M Av‡Q †Kgb Mfxi| †`‡Lv gvwU‡Z Avgvi MÜ, Avgvi kix‡i †j‡M Av‡Q GB wmœ» gvwUi myevm| Avgv‡K wek¦vm K‡iv, Avwg †Kv‡bv AvMš—yK bB|

`yÕcv‡k av‡bi †¶Z miy c_ mvg‡b ay ay b`xi wKbvi Avgvi Aw¯—‡Z¡ Mvu_v| Avwg GB DavI b`xi gy» GK A‡eva evjK|

kãv_© I UxKv : Avmgvb Ñ AvKvk; mv¶x Ñ †Kv‡bv wKQz wbR‡Pv‡L †`‡L‡Qb Ggb †KD; Rwgb Ñ f~wg; wbwkivBZ Ñ Ôwbkx_ ivwÎÕi MÖvgxY K_ïƒc (Mfxi ivZ †evSv‡Z); Af¨vMZ Ñ M„‡n G‡m‡Q Ggb e¨w³, AvMš‘K, wbgwš¿Z AwZw_; av‡bi gÄyix Ñ gÄyix n‡jv gyKzj ev wkl, av‡bi gÄyix n‡jv av‡bi wkl ev gyKzj; wbwk›`v Ñ MÖvgxY GK ai‡bi MvQ; Rwgjvi gvÕi ... me wPwb Ñ Mixe, Afvex †kÖwYi cÖwZwbwa Rwgjvi gv| Zv‡ì ivbœvNi k~b¨B _v‡K mvaviYZ| KviY ivbœv Kivi Lv`¨ Dcv`vb Zv‡ì †bB| †h‡nZz ivbœv Kiv nq bv, LveviI LvIqv n‡q I‡V bv| ZvB _vjv-evmbI ïK‡bv _v‡K| KweI †mB Ae ’vi K_v Rv‡bb; wmœ» gvwUi myevm Ñ gvwUi we‡klY wmœ» myev‡mi bq| A_©vr gvqvex I AvKl©Yxq MÖvgevsjv; `yÕ cv‡k av‡bi †¶Z ... Avgvi Aw¯—‡Z¡ Muv_v Ñ Kwe MÖvgxY Rxe‡bB †e‡o D‡V‡Qb| MÖv‡gi gvV-NvU c_-cÖvš—‡ii g‡Zv †¶‡Îi mi“ c_, Zvi cv‡k av‡bi mgv‡ivn Ges GKUz GwM‡q †M‡j wekvj b`xi wKbvi Kwei g‡bi †fZi, Aw ’-g¾vq MÖw_Z n‡q Av‡Q| Giv mevB Kwei LyeB †Pbv-Rvbv| cvV cwiwPwZ : Rb¥f~wgi m‡½ gvby‡li AvRxe‡bi m¤úK©| Gi mewKQzB Zvi g‡b nq KZ †Pbv, KZ Rvbv| Rb¥f~wgi g‡a¨ wkKo †M‡o †_‡KB gvbyl ZvB mgMÖ †`k‡K Avcb K‡i cvq| GB Abyf~wZ Zzjbvnxb| †`k gv‡b †Zv ïay Pvicv‡ki cÖK…wZ bq, G‡K Avcb mËvq Abyfe Kiv| Avi †`k‡K Abyfe Ki‡jB †`‡ki gvbyl‡KI Avcb g‡b n‡e Avgv‡ì| GB KweZvq †mB AbyfeB Avš—wiK ggZvq my›ìfv‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb Kwe| wZwb D”PviY Ki‡Qb, wZwb G †Kv‡bv AvMš‘K bb| wZwb †hgb IB Avmgvb, Rwg‡bi dzj, †RvbvwK, cyKzi, gvQivOv‡K †P‡bb, †Zgwb ZvivI Zv‡K †P‡b| cvwL, KvwZ©‡Ki avb wKsev ïay wkwki bq, wZwb GB Rbc‡ì gvbyl‡KI fv‡jvfv‡e †P‡bb| wZwb K`g Avjx, Rwgjvi gvÕi g‡Zv gvby‡li wPi‡Pbv ¯^Rb| Kwe Abyfe K‡ib, †h-jvOj Rwg‡Z dmj djvq, †mB jvOj Avi gvwUi MÜ †j‡M Av‡Q Zvi nv‡Z, kix‡i| avb‡¶Z Avi ay ay b`xi wKbvi, A_©vr GB MÖvgxY Rbc‡ì m‡½B Zvi Rxeb euvav| GB n‡”Q Zuvi Aw¯—Z¡| GB n‡”Q gvbeRxeb, Rb¥f~wgi m‡½ †h-gvbyl Mfxifv‡e m¤úwK©Z|


Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| cÖK…wZi m‡½ †Zvgvi m¤ú‡K©i cwiPq `vI|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| Avnmvb nvexe Kvi wPi‡Pbv ¯^Rb ?

K. cvwLi L. K`g Avjxi M. †RvbvwKi N. Rwgjvi gvÕi

2| Kwe êVvq jvO‡j nvZ ivL‡Z e‡j‡Qb †Kb ? K. kc_ †bqvi Rb¨ L. cik Abyfe Kivi Rb¨ M. Kwe‡K Lyu‡R cvevi Rb¨ N. Aw¯—Z¡ cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : wicf¨vb DBsKj `xN© wek eQi ci Zvi Muv‡q wd‡i G‡j Zv‡K †KD wPb‡Z cv‡i wb| mevB Zvi

w`‡K DrmyK `„wó‡Z ZvwK‡q _v‡K| Ae‡k‡l Zvi ¯^Rb Ug G‡j me ksKvi Aemvb N‡U| 3| DÏxc‡Ki U‡gi mv‡_ ÔAvwg †Kv‡bv AvMš‘K bBÕ KweZvi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q Ñ

i. Rwgjvi gvÕi ii. K`g Avjxi iii. A‡eva evj‡Ki

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i L. iiM. i I ii N. ii I iii

4| Gi~c mv`„‡kï KviY Kx ? K. eva©K¨ L. wPi‡Pbv M. cwiwPZ N. ¯^vRvZ¨‡eva

m„Rbkxj Avevi Avwme Avwg evsjv b`x gvV †LZ fv‡jv‡e‡m Rjv½xi †XD‡q †fRv evsjvi G meyR Ki“Y WvOvq; nq‡Zv †`wL‡e †P‡q my`k©b Dwo‡q‡Q mÜ¨vi evZv‡m; nq‡Zv ïwb‡e GK j²x‡cuPv WvwK‡Z‡Q wkgy‡ji Wv‡j; nq‡Zv LB‡qi avb Qov‡Z‡Q wkï GK DVv‡bi Nv‡m; i~cmvi †Nvjv R‡j nq‡Zv wK‡kvi GK mv`v †Quov cv‡j wWOv evq; ivOv †gN muvZiv‡q AÜKv‡i Avwm‡Z‡Q bx‡o †`wL‡e aej eK; Avgv‡iB cv‡e Zzwg Bnv‡ì wf‡o|

K. we¯—i †RvbvwK †Kv_vq †`Lv hvq ? L. ÔAvwg †Kv‡bv AvMš‘K bBÕ Ñ Kwe GK_v e‡j‡Qb †Kb ? M. DÏxc‡K dz‡U IVv wP‡Îi mv‡_ ÔAvwg †Kv‡bv AvMš‘K bBÕ KweZvi mv „k¨c~Y© w`KwU e¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ ÔAvwg †Kv‡bv AvMš‘K bBÕ KweZvi †PZbvMZ êmv`„k¨B †ewk Ñ hyw³mn

we‡k −lY Ki|


†cv÷vi Aveyj †nv‡mb

[Kwe cwiwPwZ : Aveyj †nv‡mb 15B AvM÷ 1922 wLªóv‡ã Lyjbv †Rjvi dwKinvU _vbvi Avo–Wv½v MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv Gm.Gg. BmgvBj †nv‡mb| Aveyj †nv‡mb KjKvZv †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡jR †_‡K A_©bxwZ wel‡q we.G. m¤§vb I Gg.G. wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| wZwb evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii hyM¥mwPe c` †_‡K Aemi MÖnY K‡i XvKvq emevm Ki‡Qb| Zuvi KweZvq †`‡ki cÖwZ Mfxi ggZ¡‡ev‡ai ^”Q›` cÖKvk N‡U‡Q| wPÎgqZv I k‡ãi cÖ‡qvMKzkjZv Zuvi KweZv‡K wewkóZv `vb K‡i‡Q| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ n‡”Q : beemš—, weim msjvc, nvIqv †Zvgvi Kx ytmvnm, yt ^cœ †_‡K yt¯cœ BZ¨vw`| BKev‡ji KweZv, wewfbœ fvlvi KweZv, Ab¨ †¶‡Zi dmj BZ¨vw` Zuvi Abyev` Kve¨MÖš’| Aveyj †nv‡mb evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi, GKz‡k c`K, c`vejx cyi¯‹vimn cÖPzi cyi¯‹vi I m¤§vbbvq f~wlZ n‡q‡Qb|]

†R‡bwQ mZ¨ eû w`b g‡b g‡b gyw³i c_ wg‡k †M‡Q RbM‡Y,

†hLv‡b j¶ †jv‡Ki i“¶ nvZ m„wói gv‡S wb‡qvwRZ w`bivZ, †hLv‡b gvbyl ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡R cÖvYcvZ K‡i `yt¯^‡cœi gv‡S, gvwU‡Z wkKo †M‡o hviv †eu‡P Av‡Q, Avagiv n‡q cvlv‡Yi i‡m euv‡P, †mB RbZvi `xß wgwQj a‡i behyM Av‡m i³ w`‡bi †fv‡i|

kãv_© I UxKv : †R‡bwQ mZ¨ .... †M‡Q RbM‡Y Ñ Ô†R‡bwQ mZ¨Õ n‡jv GK ai‡bi wek¦vm hv eûw`b a‡i g‡bi gv‡S Kwe enb K‡i P‡j‡Qb| Avi †m wek¦vmwU n‡jv gvby‡li gyw³i c_ RbM‡Yi gv‡SB wg‡k Av‡Q| ÔRbMYÕ ej‡Z mvaviY †L‡U LvIqv, kÖwgK I †gnbwZ gvbyl‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †mB RbM‡Yi †fZi †_‡KB gyw³i †mvcvb †ewi‡q Avm‡e| Avagiv n‡q cvlv‡Yi i‡m euv‡P Ñ mgv‡Ri †L‡U LvIqv gvbyl, hv‡ì Kg©h‡ÁB GB c„w_ex GZ my›ì †mB gvby‡liv mgv‡R yÕ‡ejv †L‡Z cvq bv, Zv‡ì Rxe‡b †Kv‡bv im †bB, êwPÎ¨ †bB, †hb cvlv‡Yi g‡Zv ev cv_‡ii g‡Zv wbim Zv‡ì Rxeb| †mB RbZvi `xß ... i³ w`‡bi †Wv‡i Ñ †L‡U LvIqv gvbyl, RbZv wb‡R‡ì fvM¨‡K wb‡R‡ì nv‡Z e`jv‡bvi Rb¨ GKw`b †mv”Pvi n‡q I‡V, we¶zä n‡q I‡V, ivRc‡_ †b‡g Av‡m, wgwQj K‡iÑ Gfv‡e GK êc −weK Ae ’vi m„wó K‡i ZLbB bZzb hy‡Mi m„wó nq; mKj AZ¨vPvi wbh©vZb ~i nq|

cvV cwiwPwZ : GB mf¨Zv M‡o D‡V‡Q kªgRxex I †gnbwZ gvby‡li cwikª‡gi Kvi‡Y| †hLv‡b j¶ nvZ GKwÎZ nq †mLv‡bB kw³ `„pZi nq; †mLv‡bB m„wói bZzb c_ nq iwPZ| †h gvbyl `yt¯‡cœi g‡aÏ w`bivZ KvR K‡i, hviv kZ evav‡K D‡c¶v K‡i gv I gvwUi Uv‡b †`‡ki wnZv‡_© wb‡qvwRZ, hviv Aa©vnvi-Abvnv‡iI †`kZ¨vM K‡i Ab¨Î wPiw`‡bi g‡Zv P‡j hvq bv ZvivB cÖK…Z †`k‡cÖwgK| †mB kªgRxex, †gnbwZ mvaviY gvby‡li KvZv‡i wg‡k †M‡jB Rxe‡bi cÖK…Z Avb›` cvIqv m¤¢e| Kwe g‡b K‡ib, GUvB gyw³i †gŠj mZ¨|


Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| mf¨Zv weKv‡k †L‡U LvIqv gvby‡li Ae`v‡bi avivevwnK weeiY `vI|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| gyw³i c_ †Kv_vq wg‡j †M‡Q ?

K. c‡_ L. wgwQ‡j M. RbM‡Y N. m‡¤§j‡b

2| gvbyl †Kb myt¯^‡cœi gv‡S _v‡K ?

K. mgm¨vi Rb¨ L. m„R‡bi Rb¨ M. D‡c¶vi Rb¨ N. ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡Ri Rb¨

DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : c„w_exi AwaKv‡i ewÂZ †h wf¶z‡Ki `jÑ Rxe‡bi eb¨v‡e‡M Zvnv‡ì Kv‡iv wePÂj AmZ¨ Ab¨vq hZ Wz‡e hvK, m‡Zï cÖmv` wM‡q jf Ag„‡Zi ¯^v`| 3| DÏxc‡K Ô†cv÷viÕ KweZvq †Kvb w`K D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q ?

i. eÂbv ii. AwaKvinxbZv iii. bZzb w`‡bi m¤¢vebv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i L. iiM. iii N. i I iii

4| DÏxc‡Ki fvebvi m‡½ Ô†cv÷viÕ KweZvi mv`„k¨c~Y© cO&w³ †KvbwU ?

K. gyw³i c_ wg‡k †M‡Q RbM‡Y, L. ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡R, cÖvYcvZ K‡i `yt¯^‡cœi gv‡S, M. behyM Av‡m i³ w`‡bi †fv‡i N. Avagiv n‡q cvlv‡Yi i‡m euv‡P|

m„Rbkxj wZwgi ivwÎ gvZ…gš¿x mvš¿xiv mveavb ! hyM-hyMvš— mwÂZ e¨_v †Nvwlqv‡Q Awfhvb ! †dbvBqv I‡V ewÂZ ey‡K cywÄZ Awfgvb, Bnv‡ì c‡_ wb‡Z n‡e mv‡_, w`‡Z n‡e AwaKvi| K. Kviv w`bivZ m„wói gv‡S wb‡qvwRZ ? L. Kviv Avagiv n‡q †eu‡P Av‡Q ? eywS‡q †jL| M. DÏxc‡K Ô†cv÷viÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`K cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡QÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxcK Ô†cv÷viÕ KweZvi g~jfve cwic~Y©fv‡e aviY K‡iwb Ñ g~j¨vqb Ki|


ivbvi myKvš— fÆvPvh©

[Kwe cwiwPwZ : myKvš— fÆvPvh© 30‡k kÖveY 1333 e½v‡ã KjKvZvi KvjxNv‡U Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi ˆcZ…K wbevm †MvcvjM‡Äi †KvUvwjcvovq| Zuvi wcZv wbeviYP› ª fÆvPvh© Ges gvZv mybxwZ †èx| myKvš— †e‡jNvUv †`keÜz ¯‹zj †_‡K g¨vwUªK cix¶vq AskMÖnY K‡i AK…ZKvh© nb| wØZxq gnvhy‡× wek¦e¨vcx aŸsm I g„Zzï ZvÊejxjv wK‡kvi myKvš—‡K `viyYfv‡e ¯úk© K‡i| GQvov mvgvwRK bvbv AbvPvi I êlg¨ Zuv‡K cÖejfv‡e Av‡jvwoZ K‡i| Zuvi KweZvq GB AbvPvi I êl‡gï weiy‡× aŸwbZ cÖej cÖwZev` Avgv‡ì mPwKZ K‡i| wbcxwoZ MYgvby‡li cÖwZ Mfxi ggZvi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q Zuvi KweZvq| Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’ : QvocÎ, Nyg †bB, c~e©vfvm, Awfhvb, niZvj BZ¨vw`| 29†k êkvL 1354 mv‡j gvÎ GKzk eQi eq‡m Kwe g„Zz eiY K‡ib|]

ivbvi Qz‡U‡Q ZvB Szg&&Szg&& NÈv evR‡Q iv‡Z ivbvi P‡j‡Q Le‡ii †evSv nv‡Z, ivbvi P‡j‡Q, ivbvi! ivwÎi c‡_ c‡_ P‡j †Kv‡bv wb‡la Rv‡b bv gvbvi| w`Mš— †_‡K w`M‡š— †Qv‡U ivbvi Ñ KvR wb‡q‡Q †m bZzb Lei Avbvi|

ivbvi ! ivbvi ! Rvbv-ARvbvi †evSv AvR Zvi Kuv‡a, †evSvB RvnvR ivbvi P‡j‡Q wPwV Avi msev‡`; ivbvi P‡j‡Q, eywS †fvi nq nq, Av‡iv †Rv‡i, Av‡iv †Rv‡i, G ivbvi ye©vi yR©q| Zvi Rxe‡bi ¯^‡cœi g‡Zv wc‡Q mÕ‡i hvq eb, Av‡iv c_, Av‡iv c_ Ñ eywS nq jvj I c~e© †KvY| AevK iv‡Zi Zviviv, AvKv‡k wgU&&wgU&& K‡i Pvq; †Kgb K‡i G ivbvi m‡e‡M nwi‡Yi g‡Zv hvq ! KZ MÖvg KZ c_ hvq m‡i m‡i Ñ kn‡i ivbvi hv‡eB †cŠu‡Q †fv‡i; nv‡Z jÉb K‡i Vb&Vb&&, †RvbvwKiv †`q Av‡jv gv‰ft ivbvi ! GL‡bv iv‡Zi Kv‡jv| Ggwb K‡iB Rxe‡bi eû eQi‡K wcQz †d‡j, c„w_exi †evSv ¶zwaZ ivbvi †cŠu‡Q w`‡q‡Q Ô†g‡jÕ| K¬vš—k¦vm Qzu‡q‡Q AvKvk, gvwU wf‡R †M‡Q Nv‡g Rxe‡bi me ivwÎ‡K Iiv wK‡b‡Q Aí `v‡g|

A‡bK `yt‡L, eû †e`bvq, Awfgv‡b, Abyiv‡M, N‡i Zvi wcÖqv GKv kh¨vq wewb`ª ivZ Rv‡M| ivbvi ! ivbvi ! G †evSv Uvbvi w`b K‡e †kl n‡e ?


ivZ †kl n‡q m~h© DV‡e K‡e ? N‡i‡Z Afve; c„w_exUv ZvB g‡b nq Kv‡jv †auvqv, wc‡V‡Z UvKvi †evSv, Zey GB UvKv‡K hv‡e bv †Quvqv, ivZ wbR©b, c‡_ KZ fq, ZeyI ivbvi †Qv‡U, `myï fq, Zv‡iv †P‡q fq KLb m~h© I‡V| KZ wPwV †j‡L †jv‡KÑ KZ my‡L, †cÖ‡g, Av‡e‡M, ¯§„wZ‡Z, KZ `yt‡L I †kv‡K| Gi `yt‡Li wPwV co‡e bv Rvwb †KD †Kv‡bv w`bI, Gi Rxe‡bi `ytL †Kej Rvb‡e c‡_i Z…Y, Gi `yt‡Li K_v Rvb‡e bv †KD kn‡i I MÖv‡g, Gi K_v XvKv c‡o _vK‡eB Kv‡jv ivwÎi Lv‡g| ì‡` Zvivi †PvL Kuv‡c wgwUwgwU,Ñ G-†K †h †fv‡ii AvKvk cvVv‡e mnvbyf~wZi wPwVÑ ivbvi ! ivbvi ! Kx n‡e G †evSv e‡q ? Kx n‡e ¶zavi K¬vwš—‡Z ¶‡q ¶‡q ? ivbvi ! ivbvi ! †fvi †Zv n‡q‡Q Ñ AvKvk n‡q‡Q jvj Av‡jvi ¯ú‡k© K‡e †K‡U hv‡e GB `yt‡Li Kvj ? ivbvi ! MÖv‡gi ivbvi ! mgq n‡q‡Q bZzb Lei Avbvi; kc‡_i wPwV wb‡q P‡jv AvR fxiyZv wcQ‡b †d‡j Ñ †cŠu‡Q `vI G bZzb Lei, AMÖMwZi Ô†g‡jÕ, †`Lv †`‡e eywS cÖfvZ GLywbÑ †bB, †`wi †bB Avi, Qz‡U P‡jv, Qz‡U P‡jv, Av‡iv †e‡M y ©g, †n ivbvi \

kãv_© I UxKv : ivbviÑ Bs‡iwR kã ÔrunnerÕ-Gi AvwfavwbK A_© whwb †`Šovb| GLv‡b ÔWvK niKivÕ A‡_© eëüZ| bZzb Lei AvbviÑ WvK niKivi e¨v‡M gvby‡li myL-`yt‡Li A‡bK ARvbv msev` _v‡K| wPwV wewj n‡j †m msev` gvbyl Rvb‡Z cv‡i| ZvB WvK niKiv‡K bZzb Le‡ii evnK ejv n‡q‡Q| ye©viÑ hv‡K wbeviY Kiv hvq bv| nwi‡Yi g‡Zv hvqÑ GwU GKwU Dcgv| nwiY †hgb wbtk‡ã wKš‘

AwZ ª“Z †`Šovq, ivbviI †Zgwb| jÚbÑ nvwi‡Kb ev †Zj w`‡q PvwjZ Av‡jvi Avavi| †fvi †Zv n‡q‡QÑ AvKvk n‡q‡Q jvjÑ GwU cÖZxK| evP¨v‡_© ivwÎi AÜKvi †kl n‡q AvKv‡k m~h© DV‡Q| wKš‘ cÖZxKx A‡_© K‡ói Kvwjgv `~ixf~Z n‡q my‡Li †mvbvwj Av‡jv †`Lv w`‡”Q|

cvV cwiwPwZ : KweZvwU kÖgRxex gvbyl ivbvi‡ì wb‡q †jLv| Zv‡ì KvR n‡”Q MÖvnK‡ì Kv‡Q e¨w³MZ I cÖ‡qvR‡bi wPwV †cuŠ‡Q †Ìqv| ivbviiv GZUvB `vwqZ¡kxj †h †Kv‡bv wKQzB Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri evav n‡q I‡V bv| ivZ †nvK, `yM©g c_ †nvK, `y‡h©vMc~Y© AvenvIqv †nvK Ñ wbiš—i Zv‡ì GB KvR K‡i †h‡Z nq| wPwV gv‡bB my‡L-Avb‡›`, `yt‡L-†kv‡K fiv msev`| GB msev‡ì R‡b¨B A‡c¶vq


_v‡K wcÖqRbiv| wcÖqRb‡ì Kv‡Q h_vmg‡q GB Lei †cuŠ‡Q †Ìqv AZ¨š— Ri“wi| ivbvi‡ì ZvB K¬vwš— †bB, Aemi †bIqvi AeKvk †bB| Zviv QzU‡Qb †Zv QzU‡QbB| GB gnvb †ckvq hviv wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Qb Zviv †h gvbyl wn‡m‡e KZUv gnr, KweZvwU‡Z GB fvebviB cÖwZdjb j¶ Kiv hvq|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| ÔkªgRxex gvbyl †h me cY¨ Drcv`b K‡i Zviv †m cY¨ eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bvÕÑ wk‡ivbv‡g

GKwU iPbv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb Ki| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| ivbv‡ii Kv‡Q c„w_exUv ÔKv‡jv †auvqvÕ g‡b nq †Kb ?

K. †gNv”Qbœ _vKvq L. Afv‡ei Zvobvq M. m~h© bv IVvq N. KjKviLvbvi Kvi‡Y

2| `myï f‡qi †P‡qI ivbvi m~h© IVv‡K †ewk fq cvq †Kb ? K. PvKwi nviv‡bv Rb¨ L. WvK bv cvIqvi f‡q M. evwo †divi Zvov _vKvq N. `vwqZ¡‡ev‡ai Kvi‡Y

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : mygb †ek †¯”QvPvix| me KvRB `vqmviv †Mv‡Q †kl K‡i| B”QvgZ Awd‡m hvZvqvZ K‡i| GKw`b

Ri“wi mfv Dcj‡¶ Kg©KZ©v Awd‡m G‡m †`‡Lb †MU eÜ| d‡j mg — Av‡qvRb cÊ n‡q hvq| 3| DÏxc‡Ki mygb I ÔivbviÕ KweZvi ivbvi mv`„‡kï w`KwU n‡jv Zviv DfqB Ñ

i. PvKwiRxex ii. `vwqZ¡ m‡PZb iii. †mev`vbKvix

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

4| †Kvb `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ivbvi DÏxc‡K mygb †_‡K wfbœ ? K. Pjvi MwZ L. b¨vq‡eva M. kª×vfw³ N. mgqwbôv

m„Rbkxj mvgv mv‡ne e vs‡K K vwkqvi wn‡m‡e 30 eQi hver Kg©iZ Av‡Qb| mevi Av‡M Awd‡m Av‡mb Ges

me‡k‡l Awdm Z vM K‡ib| GKw b fvB‡qi g„Zz msev †c‡q Aciv‡nè wZwb evwo hvb| ciw b h_vmg‡q wZwb cybivq wd‡i Av‡mb| Zvi Kvi‡Y Kv‡iv GZUzKz Kó hv‡Z bv nq †m e vcv‡i wZwb †ek m‡PZb|

K. ivbvi †fv‡i †Kv_vq †cŠu‡Q hv‡e ? L. ÔivZ wbR©b, c‡_ KZ fq, ZeyI ivbvi †Qv‡U|Õ ivbvi †Kb †Qv‡U ? M. DÏxc‡Ki mvgv` mv‡n‡ei gv‡S ÔivbviÕ KweZvi ivbvi Pwi‡Îi mv`„k¨c~Y© w`KwU e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Ômvgv` mv‡ne ivbvi Pwi‡Îi we‡kl w`K‡K aviY Ki‡jI ivbvi ¯^Zš¿ÕÑ gš—e¨wUi h_v_©Zv

hvPvB Ki|


†Zvgv‡K cvIqvi R‡b¨, †n ¯^vaxbZv kvgmyi ivngvb

[Kwe cwiwPwZ : kvgmyi ivngvb 1929 mv‡ji 24†k A‡±vei XvKv kn‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi ˆcZ…K wbevm biwms x †Rjvi ivqcyiv _vbvi cvovZjx MÖvg| Zuvi wcZv †gvL‡jmyi ingvb †PŠayix I gvZv Av‡gbv LvZzb| wZwb 1945 mv‡j XvKvi †cv‡MvR ‹zj †_‡K g vwUªK, XvKv K‡jR †_‡K 1947 mv‡j B›UviwgwW‡qU cvk K‡ib| wZwb XvKv wek¦we` vjq †_‡K mœvZK wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| Zuvi †ckv wQj mvsevw KZv| wZwb GKwbôfv‡e Kve¨ mvabvq wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| we‡kl K‡i ga weË bvMwiK Rxe‡bi cÖZ vkv, nZvkv, wew”QbœZv, êivM¨ I msMÖvg Zuvi KweZvq mv_©Kfv‡e wea„Z| Zuvi KweZvq AwZ AvaywbK Kveävivi êwkó¨ mv_©Kfv‡e cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| Dcgv I wPÎK‡í wZwb cÖK…wZwbf©i Ges welq I Dcv v‡b kni‡Kw› ªK| Zuvi cÖavb Kve¨MÖš’ : cÖ_g Mvb wØZxq g„Zz i Av‡M, †iŠ ª K‡ivwU‡Z, weaŸ — bxwjgv, wbiv‡jv‡K w eï_, wbR evmf~‡g, e› x wkwei †_‡K, ytmg‡qi gy‡LvgywL, wdwi‡q bvI NvZK KuvUv, GK ai‡bi AnsKvi, Avw Mš— bMœ càŸwb, Avwg Abvnvix, evsjv‡`k ¯cœ ` v‡L, †`k‡ ªvnx n‡Z B‡”Q K‡i, eyK Zvi evsjv‡`‡ki ü`q, M„nhy‡×i Av‡M, ü`‡q Avgvi c„w_exi Av‡jv, nwi‡Yi nvo, gvbe ü`‡q ˆb‡e`¨ mvRvB BZ vw | GQvov Zuvi wKQz Abyev -KweZv I wkï‡Zvl KweZv i‡q‡Q| kvgmyi ivngvb Zuvi Abb¨ mvaviY Kwe-KxwZ©i Rb¨ evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi ‹vi GKz‡k c`Kmn AmsL¨ cyi ‹vi I m¤§vbbvq f~wlZ nb| wZwb 17B AvM÷, 2006 mv‡j g„Zz eiY K‡ib|]

†Zvgv‡K cvIqvi R‡b¨, †n ¯^vaxbZv †Zvgv‡K cvIqvi R‡b¨ Avi KZevi fvm‡Z n‡e i³M½vq ? Avi KZevi †`L‡Z n‡e LvÊe`vnb ?

Zzwg Avm‡e e‡j, †n ¯^vaxbZv, mvwKbv wewei Kcvj fvOj, wmuw_i wmu`yi gy‡Q †Mj nwi`vmxi| Zzwg Avm‡e e‡j, †n ¯^vaxbZv, kn‡ii ey‡K RjcvB i‡Oi U¨v¼ G‡jv `vb‡ei g‡Zv wPrKvi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Zzwg Avm‡e e‡j, †n ¯^vaxbZv, QvÎvevm, ew¯— DRvo n‡jv| wiK‡qj‡jm ivB‡dj Avi †gwkbMvb LB †dvUvj hÎZÎ| Zzwg Avm‡e e‡j QvB n‡jv MÖv‡gi ci MÖvg| Zzwg Avm‡e e‡j weaŸ¯— cvovq cÖfzi ev¯‘wfUvi fMœ¯—~‡c ùvwo‡q GKUvbv AvZ©bv` Kij GKUv KzKzi| Zzwg Avm‡e e‡j, †n ¯^vaxbZv, AeyS wkï nvgv¸wo w`j wcZv-gvZvi jv‡ki Dci|

†Zvgv‡K cvIqvi R‡b¨, †n ¯^vaxbZv, †Zvgv‡K cvIqvi R‡b¨ Avi KZevi fvm‡Z n‡e i³M½vq ? Avi KZevi †`L‡Z n‡e LvÊe`vnb ? ¯^vaxbZv, †Zvgvi R‡b¨ _yÌy‡o GK ey‡ov D`vm `vIqvq e‡m Av‡Qb Ñ Zuvi †Pv‡Li wb‡P Aciv‡nœi `ye©j Av‡jvi wSwjK, evZv‡m bo‡Q Pzj|


¯^vaxbZv, †Zvgvi R‡b¨ †gvj−vevwoi GK weaev ùvwo‡q Av‡Q boe‡o LyuwU a‡i `» N‡ii| ¯^vaxbZv, †Zvgvi R‡b¨ nvwÇmvi GK Abv_ wK‡kvix k~b¨ _vjv nv‡Z e‡m Av‡Q c‡_i av‡i| †Zvgvi R‡b¨, mMxi Avjx, kvnevRcy‡ii †mB †Rvqvb K…lK, †Kó `vm, †R‡jcvovi me‡P‡q mvnmx †jvKUv, gZje wgqv, †gNbv b`xi `¶ gvwS, MvRx MvRx e‡j †h †bŠKv Pvjvq DÏvg S‡o, iy¯—g †kL, XvKvi wiKkvIqvjv, hvi dzmdzm GLb †cvKvi `L‡j Avi ivB‡dj Kuv‡a e‡b R½‡j Ny‡i-†eov‡bv †mB †ZwR Zi“Y hvi c`fv‡i GKwU bZzb c„w_exi Rb¥ n‡Z P‡j‡Q Ñ mevB Aaxi cÖZx¶v Ki‡Q †Zvgvi R‡b¨, †n ¯^vaxbZv| c„w_exi GK cÖvš— †_‡K Ab¨ cÖv‡š— R¡jš— †NvlYvi aŸwb-cÖwZaŸwb Zz‡j, bZzb wbkvb Dwo‡q, `vgvgv evwR‡q w`wM¦w`K GB evsjvq †Zvgv‡K Avm‡ZB n‡e, †n ¯^vaxbZv|

kãv_© I UxKv : wmuw_i wmu yi gy‡Q †Mj nwi`vmxi- nwi`vmx weaev n‡jv| mbvZb a‡g©i †g‡q‡ì we‡qi ci wmuw_‡Z wmu yi cwi‡q †Ìqv nq| Zvi ¯vgx gviv †M‡j †mB wmu yi gy‡Q †djv nq| ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Ggb A‡bK nwi`vmxi ^vgx gyw³hy× Ki‡Z wM‡q kwn` n‡q‡Qb| nwi`vmxi ¯^vgxI kwn` n‡q‡QbÑ G welqwU †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ evK¨wU eëüZ n‡q‡Q; hÎZÎ Ñ †hLv‡b †mLv‡b, me RvqMvq; Zzwg Avm‡e e‡j ... QvÎvevm, ew — DRvo n‡jv Ñ ^vaxbZv hy‡×i ïi“‡Z cvwK —vwb †mbvevwnbx evOvwj‡ì Ici exfrm I fqsKi AvµgY Pvjvq| Zviv MÖv‡gi ci MÖvg Av¸‡b cywo‡q †`q| Zv‡ì †mB AvµgY †_‡K QvÎ‡ì QvÎvevm, Mixe gvby‡li _vKvi RvqMv, ew —I i¶v cvqwb| cvwK —vwb †mbviv QvÎvevm I ew —‡ZI AvµgY K‡i, Ges †mLvbKvi gvbyl‡K wbwe©Pv‡i nZ¨v K‡i Ges cywo‡q wbwðý K‡i †`q; _yÌy‡o GK ey‡ov Ñ eq‡mi fv‡i weaŸ — †jvK, hvi eqm A‡bK n‡q‡Q Ges PjvPj Ki‡Z hvi Kó nq; i“¯—g †kL ... GLb †cvKvi `L‡j Ñ i“¯—g †kL bv‡gi GK wiK&kvIqvjv whwb hy‡× kwn` n‡q‡Qb| g„Z Ae¯’v †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ ejv n‡q‡Q Ôhvi myL`yL GLb †cvKvi `L‡jÕ|

cvV cwiwPwZ : Ô†Zvgv‡K cvIqvi R‡b , †n ¯vaxbZvÕ kxl©K KweZvwU Ôkvgmyi ivngv‡bi †kªô KweZvÕ kxl©K Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q| KweZvwU Kwei Ôe› x wkwei †_‡KÕ bvgK Kve¨MÖ‡š’i Aš—fy©³| ¯vaxbZv ïay kãgvÎ bq, GwU Ggb GK AwaKvi I Abyfe hv gvby‡li Rb¥MZ| wKš‘ cvwK —vwbiv evOvwj‡ì ¯vaxbZv niY K‡iwQj| GB ¯vaxbZv AR©‡bi Rb 1971 mv‡j Avcvgi evOvwj gyw³hy‡× Suvwc‡q c‡o| hy×PjvKv‡j evOvwji i‡³ i³M½v eB‡q † q cvwK —vwb hy×evRiv| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZvi Rb msMÖv‡g mwKbv wewei g‡Zv MÖvgxY bvixi mnvq-m¤j-m¤£g wemwR©Z n‡q‡Q, nwi vmx n‡q‡Q ¯vgxnviv, beRvZK nvwi‡q‡Q gv-evev‡K| cvwK —vwb nvbv vi evwnbx evOvwj‡ì QvÎvevm AvµgY K‡i QvÎ‡ì nZ v K‡i, kn‡ii ey‡K Av‡Mœqv ¿ wb‡q MYnZ v Pvjvq, cywo‡q †`q MÖvg I kn‡ii †jvKvjq| Gi cÖvK…wZK cÖwZev I‡V cïi K‡ÉI| AvZ©bv K‡i KzKziI| gyw³hy‡× kªwgK, K…lK, †R‡j, wiK&kvIqvjv cÖgyL mvaviY gvbyl AvZ¥Z vM K‡i| `» nIqv †jvKvjq cÖexY evOvwji Av‡jvwKZ †Pv‡L †P‡q _v‡K| †mBm‡½ bexb i‡³ cÖvY¯ú› b I Avkv †R‡M _vK‡Z †`‡L Kwe gyw³hy× PjvKv‡j „pZvi m‡½ D”PviY K‡ibÑ GZ AvZ¥Z vM hvi D‡Ï‡k †mB ^vaxbZv‡K evOvwj GKw b wQwb‡q Avb‡eB|


Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| KweZvwU‡Z ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ †hme †kªwY †ckv I gvby‡li Ae`v‡bi K_v D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi

ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| `vb‡ei g‡Zv wPrKvi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Kx G‡mwQj ?

K. cvK‡mbv L. U¨v¼ M. nwi`vmx N. ¯^vaxbZv

2| ÔZzwg Avm‡e e‡j †n ^vaxbZv QvÎvevm ew¯— DRvo n‡jv Ñ ÔQvÎvevm ew¯— DRvi n‡jvÕ G cO&w³‡Z wK‡mi wPÎ Av‡Q?

K. ¯^vaxbZvi myi L. aŸs‡mi wPÎ M. MY-Av‡›`vj‡bi i~c N. gyw³hy‡×i cUf~wg

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : wPb‡Z bvwK †mvbvi †Q‡j ¶zwìvg‡K wPb‡Z ? i“×k¦v‡m cÖvY w`j †h gy&KZ evZvm wKb‡Z ? 3| DÏxc‡Ki ¶zwìvg Ô†Zvgv‡K cvIqvi R‡b¨, †n ¯^vaxbZvÕ KweZvq Kv‡ì cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Ñ

i. gyw³‡hv×v‡ì ii. Avcvgi Rbmvavi‡Yi iii. AvZ¥Z¨vMx gvbyl‡ì


4| Gi~c cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i KviY Kx? K. HK¨‡PZbv L. ¯^vRvZ¨‡eva M. †`k‡cÖg N. mvnwmKZv

m„Rbkxj cvwK —vb iv‡óªi Rb¥jMœ †_‡KB kvmK‡Mvôx ïi“ K‡i bvbv êlg¨bxwZ| Zviv cvwK —v‡bi msL¨vMwiô gvby‡li fvlv‡K ev` w`‡q D`©y‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi lo&hš¿ K‡i| wKš‘ G‡`‡ki QvÎ-wk¶Kmn Avcvgi RbZv Gi wei“‡× Zxeª we‡¶v‡f †d‡U c‡o, wemR©b †`q ey‡Ki ZvRv i³| K. Kvi wmuw_i wmu`yi gy‡Q †Mj? L. RjcvB i‡Oi U¨vsK‡K Kwe `vbe e‡j‡Qb †Kb? M. DÏxc‡Ki †h fvewU Ô†Zvgv‡K cvIqvi R‡b¨, †n ¯vaxbZvÕ KweZvq cvIqv hvq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Ô†Zvgv‡K cvIqvi R‡b¨, †n ¯^vaxbZvÕ KweZvq ewY©Z w`K¸‡jvi GKwUgvÎ w`K DÏxc‡K

dz‡U D‡V‡Q| gš—e¨wUi h_v_©Zv we‡k−lY Ki|


AevK m~‡h©v`q nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb [Kwe cwiwPwZ : nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb 14B Ryb 1932 wLªóv‡ã Rvgvjcyi †Rjvi KzjKvw›` MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv Ave yi ingvb wQ‡jb ¯‹zj wk¶K| nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb 1946 wLªóv‡ã XvKv K‡jwR‡qU ¯‹zj †_‡K g¨vwUªK Ges 1948 mv‡j XvKv K‡jR †_‡K AvBG cvm K‡ib| 1951 mv‡j XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K weG Ges 1955 mv‡j evsjvq GgG wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi GKRb AmvaviY msMVK| 1953 mv‡j Zuvi m¤úvw`Z ÔGKz‡k †deª“qvwiÕ MÖš’wU we¯§qKi Av‡jvob m„wó K‡i| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb wewfbœ cwÎKvq mvsevw`KZvmn Aa¨vcbvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| gyw³hy‡× wZwb wQ‡jb AKzZfq GK ˆmwbK| ^vaxbZv-DËi Kv‡j wZwb miKv‡ii wewfbœ ms ’vq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| 1977 mv‡j MYcªRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Ôgyw³hy‡×i BwZnvm cÖKíÕÑGi wZwb wQ‡jb cÖavb| Zuvi m¤úv`bvq †lvj L‡Ê Ôevsjv‡`‡ki ^vaxbZvhy×Õ : `wjjcÎÕ cÖKvwkZ nq| wZwb Kwe, mgv‡jvPK I MíKvi wn‡m‡e L¨vwZgvb| wefvM DËi c~e©evsjvi AvaywbK Kve¨ Av‡›`vj‡bi wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb Ab¨Zg ’cwZ| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ : wegyL cÖvš—i, AvZ©kãvewj, Awš—g k‡ii g‡Zv, D`¨Z m½xb, †kvKvZ© Zievwi, Avgvi †fZ‡ii evN BZ¨vw`| cÖeÜMÖš’ : AvaywbK Kwe I KweZv, mvwnZ¨ cÖm½, MíMÖš’ : Av‡iv `ywU g„Zz¨ BZ¨vw`| nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb †jLK msN cyi¯‹vi, Av`gRx cyi¯‹vi, evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi, GKz‡k cyi¯‹vimn AmsL¨ cyi¯‹vi I m¤§vbbvq f~wlZ nb| 1983 mv‡ji 1jv GwcÖj wZwb g„Zz eiY K‡ib|]

wK‡kvi †Zvgvi `yB nv‡Zi Zvjy‡Z AvKzj m~‡h©v`q i³fxlY gyLgÊ‡j PgKvq eivfq| ey‡Ki Aaxi wdbwKi ¶ziavi kwn‡ì Lyb †j‡M wK‡kvi †Zvgvi `yB nv‡Z `yB m~h© D‡V‡Q †R‡M| gvby‡li nv‡Z AevK m~‡h©v`q, hvq cy‡o hvq g‡Z©i Agvwbkv k¼vi mskq| wK‡kvi †Zvgvi nvZ `y‡Uv DuPz iv‡Lv cÖej AnsKv‡i m~‡h©i mv‡_ Awfbœ †`L AwgZ AhyZ jvL| mviv kn‡ii gyL †Zvgvi nv‡Zi w`‡K fqnviv †KvwU AcjK †PvL GKvKvi n‡jv m~‡h©i Awbwg‡L| wK‡kvi †Zvgvi nvZ `y‡Uv DuPz iv‡Lv †jvwjZ cv‡ci Avg~j imbv Î“i AwMœ‡Z XvK| i‡³i LiZv‡b


RvMvI cveK cÖvY K‡É †dvUvI wbôziZg Mvb hvK cy‡o hvK Avcvgi cï gbyl¨‡Z¡i waK Acgvb wK‡kvi †Zvgvi nvZ `y‡Uv DuPz iv‡Lv Kz‡njx †cvov‡bv wgwQ‡ji ûZvk‡b jvL AhyZ‡K WvK| wK‡kvi †Zvgvi `yB nv‡Zi Zvjy‡Z AvKzj m~‡h©v`q i³‡kvwfZ gyLgÊ‡j PgKvK eivfq|

kãv_© I UxKv : AvKzj m~‡h©v`q Ñ bZzb w`b Avmvi e¨MÖ evmbv; eivfq Ñ Avkxe©v` ev Avk¦vmm~PK Kifw½ ev nv‡Zi gy ªvwe‡kl; Lyb Ñ i³; g‡Z©ï Agvwbkv Ñ c„w_exi `yw`©b ev c„w_exi AÜKvi; AwgZÑ Aciv‡Rq; AhyZÑ `k nvRvi, AcjK Ñ cjKnxb; Awbwg‡L Ñ GK `„wó‡Z cjKnxbfv‡e; †jvwjZÑ Kw¤úZ, Av‡›`vwjZ; LiZv‡b Ñ KK©k my‡i; cvevKÑ Av¸b; Avcvgi Ñ me© mvaviY; Kz‡njx Ñ Kzqvkv; i³‡kvwfZ Ñ i³ Øviv iwÄZ|

cvV cwiwPwZ : wK‡kvi eqmwU n‡”Q yR©q mvnm Avi m„wókxjZvi mgq| KweZvwU GB wK‡kvi e›`bviB Mv_v| PgrKvi wKQz Qwe, fvebv Avi cÖZx‡Ki ga¨ w`‡q Kwe GLv‡b wK‡kvi‡ì RqMvb K‡i‡Qb| Kwe g‡b K‡ib, wK‡kviivB n‡”Q †mB fqnxb mËvi AwaKvix, kwn‡ì Lyb hv‡ì yB nv‡Z m~‡h©v`q n‡q †R‡M I‡V| GB m~‡h©i Av‡jv‡ZB †K‡U hvq c„w_exi AÜKvi| wK‡kvi Zvi `yB nvZ‡K m~‡h©i g‡ZvB AnsKv‡i DuPz K‡i ivLyK, GUvB Kwei Kvgbv| D‡ËvwjZ GB nvZB, Kwe g‡b K‡ib, gvbyl‡K eivfq n‡Z †kLv‡e| †X‡K hv‡e mg¯— cvc| cy‡o hv‡e cïZ¡| AhyZ gvbyl‡K wgwQ‡j Rvbv‡e AvnŸvb| m~h© Avi D‡ËvwjZ nv‡Zi cÖZx‡K ˆK‡kviK mvnwmKZv Avi eivfq‡K Gfv‡eB eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Kwe|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| wK‡kvi eq‡mi êwkó¨¸‡jv †jL| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| Kvi Lyb †j‡M m~h© †R‡M D‡V‡Q ?

K. wK‡kv‡ii L. kwn‡ì M. evOvwji N. gvby‡li

2| ÔKz‡nwj †cvov‡bv wgwQ‡ji ûZvk‡b jvL AhyZ‡K WvK|Õ ÔjvL AhyZ‡K WvKÕ ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q Ñ

K. gyw³Kvgx RbZv L. †gnbwZ gvbyl M. wgwQ‡ji mn‡hv×v N. mvaviY kÖwgK



Zzwg AvR Rv‡Mv Zzwg AvR Rv‡Mv GKz‡k †deª“qvwi Av‡Rv Rvwj‡gi KvivMv‡i g‡i exi †Q‡j exi bvix|

3| DÏxc‡K ÔAevK m~‡h©v`qÕ KweZvi †h w`KwU cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv Ñ

i. civaxbZv †_‡K gyw³i AvnŸvb ii. gbyl¨‡Z¡i AcgvbKvix‡ì aŸsm Kvgbviii. HKë× n‡q `„ß kc‡_i A½xKvi|


K. ii L. iiiM. i I ii N. ii I iii

4| DÏxc‡K cÖwZdwjZ Abyfe wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y dz‡U D‡V‡Q ?

K. wK‡kvi †Zvgvi `yB nv‡Z `yB m~h© D‡V‡Q †R‡M

L. K‡É †dvUvI wbôziZg Mvb hvK cy‡o hvK Avcvgi cï

M. mviv kn‡ii gyL †Zvgvi nv‡Zi w`‡K

N. nv‡Zi Zvjy‡Z AvKzj m~‡h©v`q i³‡kvwfZ gyLgÊ‡j PgKvq eivfq

m„Rbkxj

kãfzK c`ëëmvqx fxiy e½R cy½e me GB gnvKv‡eï Kvb‡b †Luv‡R bZzb we¯§q| Kj‡gi mv‡_ AvR Kwei yR©q nv‡Z wbf©yj †÷bMvb K_v e‡j| KweZvq Avi bZzb Kx wjLe ? hLb ey‡Ki i‡³ wj‡LwQ GKwU bvg evsjv‡`k|

K. Kvi nv‡Z AevK m~‡h©v`q ? L. Ôgbyl¨‡Z¡i waK AcgvbÕ ej‡Z Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb ? M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZdwjZ w`‡Ki m‡½ ÔAevK m~‡h©v`qÕ KweZvi mv`„k¨ Kx‡m ? e¨vL¨v

Ki| N. cÖwZdwjZ w`KwUB ÔAevK m~‡h©v`qÕ KweZvi GKgvÎ welqe¯‘ bq Ñ gš—e¨wUi

h_v_©Zv wbi~cY Ki|


muv‡KvUv `yj‡Q mybxj M‡½vcva¨vq [Kwe cwiwPwZ : mybxj M‡½vcva¨vq 7B †m‡Þ¤i 1934 wLªóv‡ã dwi`cyi †Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b wZwb KjKvZvq ’vqxfv‡e emevm Ki‡Qb| Zuvi wcZvi bvg Kvjxc` M‡½vcva¨vq Ges gvZv gxiv M‡½vcva¨vq| 1954 wLªóv‡ã mybxj M‡½vcva¨vq KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K evsjvq GgG wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| †ckvMZ w`K †_‡K g~jZ GKRb mvsevw`K| we‡kl K‡i 1953 mvj †_‡K Zuvi m¤úv`bvq cÖKvwkZ ÔKxwZ©evmÕ cwÎKvi gva¨‡g wZwb bZzb cÖR‡b¥i wbix¶vcÖeY Kwe‡ì weKv‡k AmvaviY f~wgKv †i‡L Avm‡Qb| wZwb mvwnZ¨ mvabvi GK wbijm Kgx©| KweZv I K_vmvwn‡Z¨ †h fzeb wZwb iPbv K‡i‡Qb †mLv‡b Avgv‡ì BwZnvm, HwZn¨, ms ‹…wZ I gvbexq †cÖ‡gi GK Amvgvb¨ RMr ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| wZwb cÖvq yB kZvwaK mvwnZ¨K‡g©i mªóv| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ : GK Ges K‡qKRb, Avgvi ¯cœ, RvMiY †ngeY©, uvovI my›ì, gb fv‡jv †bB, ¯M©bMixi Pvwe, ¯§„wZi kni, nVvr bxivi Rb¨ BZ¨vw`; Dcb¨vm : Ai‡Yï w`bivwÎ, AvZ¥cªKvk, cÖwZØ›Øx, †mB mgq, c~e©-cwðg BZ¨vw | wZwb mvwnZ¨ AvKv‡`wg cyi ‹vi, ew¼g cyi ‹vi, Avb›` cyi ‹vimn cÖPzi cyi ‹vi I m¤§vbbvq f~wlZ nb|]

g‡b c‡o †mB mycywi Mv‡Qi mvwi Zvi cv‡k g„`y †R¨vrmœv gvLv‡bv MÖvg gvwUi †`qv‡j Muv_v Avgv‡ì evwo †QvU †QvU my‡L wmœ» gb¯‹vg|

cowk b`xwU aby‡Ki g‡Zv euvKv Di“ †Wvev R‡j mvivw`b LybïwU euv‡ki muv‡KvwU wkï wkíxi AuvKv †njv‡bv e‡Ui Wv‡j †`vj Lvq QzwU|

Gcv‡i Icv‡i wXj Quy‡o WvKvWvwK Iw`‡Ki MÖv‡g †ivÏyi wKQz †ewk Qvqv †Vuv‡U wb‡q D‡o hvq KÕwU cvwL fiv †bŠKvq Mvb Mvq wfb‡`wk|

Avgvi eÜz AvRv‡bi my‡i Rv‡M Avgvi `yÕ‡Pv‡L ZL‡bv ¯^cœjZv †fv‡ii Kzmyg Icv‡i dz‡U‡Q Av‡M Gcv‡i wkwki cZ‡bi bxieZv|

Avgvi eÜz eû SMovi mv_x K_vq K_vq GB fve GB Avwo gvi Kv‡Q wM‡q cvkvcvwk nvZ cvwZ Mve Mv‡Q D‡V †m-nv‡ZB KvovKvwo|

Avgvi eÜz ywbqv`vwii ivRv wg‡_¨ K_vq RMr mfvq †miv


†`vl bv K‡iI wcV †c‡Z †bq mvRv Avwg †`wL Zvi mnvm¨ gy‡L †div|

Avgv‡ì QzwU gb e`‡ji †Ljv Avgv‡ì QzwU Ai‡Y¨ †LuvRvLyuwR Avgv‡ì QzwU nvwmÑKvbœvi †ejv Avgv‡ì QzwU Bw½‡Z †evSveywS|

eÜz nviv‡j `ywbqvUv Luv Luv K‡i †f‡O hvq MÖvg, b`xI ïK‡bv ay ay †Ljvi e‡qm †c‡iv‡jI GKv N‡i evi evi †`wL eÜziB gyL ïay|

muv‡KvwUi K_v g‡b Av‡Q, Av‡bvqvi? GZ wKQz †Mj, muv‡KvwU GL‡bv Av‡Q Gcvi Icvi ¯§„wZgq GKvKvi muv‡KvUv `yj‡Q, GB Avwg †Zvi Kv‡Q|

kãv_© I UxKv : gb ‹vg Ñ g‡bi Avkv, Avš—wiK Kvgbv, evmbv; LybmywU Ñ K…wÎg weev`, KcU ivM, iv‡Mi Qj; fiv †bŠKvq Mvb Mvq wfb † wk Ñ b xi yÕcv‡oi gvbyl hv‡ì †P‡b bv †Zgb Kv‡iv †bŠKv wb‡q hvZvqvZ Ki‡Z †`L‡Q| †`L‡Q Zv‡ìB b`x w ‡q Ab¨‡Kv‡bv GjvKvi ev wfb‡ wk †Kv‡bv gvbyl Zvi fiv †bŠKvq g‡bi Avb‡›` Mvb †M‡q P‡j hv‡”Q; K_vq K_vq GB fve GB Avwo Ñ m¤ú‡K©i Ae ’v †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wbKUR‡bi mv‡_ bvbv ai‡Yi gbgvwjb¨ n‡q _v‡K| K_v ej‡Z ej‡Z nq‡Zv yÕGKwU K_vq G‡K Ac‡ii gv‡S gbgvwjb¨ nq, Awfgvb K‡i K_v eÜ iv‡L, Avevi m¤úK© ¯vfvweK n‡q hvqÑG Ae ’v †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

cvV cwiwPwZ : mybxj M‡½vcva¨v‡qi ÔivwÎi iu †` fyÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i Ômuv‡KvUv `yj‡QÕ KweZvwU Ômybxj M‡½vcva¨v‡qi †kªô KweZvÕ MÖš’ †_‡K m¤úv`bv K‡i msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| ˆkk‡ei ¯§„wZ eoB gayi| ˆkk‡ei eÜz‡ì K_vI fzjevi bq| KweiI g‡b co‡Q †mB ˆkk‡ei K_v, eÜz Av‡bvqv‡ii K_v| g‡b co‡Q g„ y †R¨vrmœv gvLv‡bv MÖv‡gi K_v| evwoUv wQj gvwUi †`qv‡ji, wKš‘ mevB wQj myLx| cv‡kB b`x, Zvi R‡j eÜz‡ì m‡½B LybmywU, †Ljv| Zvi IciKvi muv‡KvwU †hb wkïwkíxi AuvKv| GB MÖv‡gB †e‡o D‡V‡Qb Kwe| Zuvi w`b †K‡U‡Q eÜz Av‡bvqv‡ii m‡½| eÜzi AvRv‡bi my‡i Nyg fv‡O, Kwei †Pv‡L ZLbI Nyg| eÜzi m‡½B Zvi GB Avwo GB fve| yR‡bB cÖkÖq cvq gv‡qi Kv‡Q| †`vl bv K‡iI eÜz mvRv †fvM K‡i, mnvm¨ gy‡L evwo †d‡i| Gfv‡eB w`b hvq| wKš‘ GKmgq †`kfvM nq| yRb yÕR‡bi KvQ †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡o| ytmn, gg©vwš—K †mB ¯§„wZ| eo n‡q ZvB eÜzi K_vB g‡b c‡o| g‡b nq †mB muv‡KvwU †hb GLbI yj‡Q| GB

muv‡KvB †hb wgwj‡q w`‡Z PvB‡Q `yB eÜz‡K| ev¯—‡e GgbUv bv NU‡jI GiKgB fve‡Qb Kwe| wew”QbœZv bq, gvby‡li m‡½ gvby‡li fv‡jvevmvi m¤úK©B †gŠwjKÑ GUvB n‡”Q KweZvwUi g~j fvev_©|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| cvkvcvwk `ywU MÖv‡gi g‡a¨ †hfv‡e mym¤úK© M‡o I‡V Zv †jL|


eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| cowk b`xwU †Kgb wQj ?

K. †mvRv L. euvKv M. AuvKveuvKv N. Zxh©K

2| Ômuv‡KvUv `yj‡QÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?

i. ¯§„wZ ii. ¯§„wZKvZiZv iii. fvOv muv‡Kv


K. i L. iiM. iii N. i I iii

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

wknve †mbMÖvg wgWj ¯‹z‡j co‡Zv| env yicyi, †gNbv, evMgviv, †mbMÖvg cvkvcvwk MÖvg wQj| MÖv‡gi wn›`y-gvmjgvb wk¶v_x© nvwm-Avb‡›` ¯‹z‡j †h‡Zv| 1947 mv‡j †`kfvM n‡j wknve †`L‡Z †cj Zvi wn›`y mncvVxiv mcwiev‡i fviZ P‡j hv‡”Q| †èeª‡Zi m‡½ eÜz‡Z¡i ¯§„wZ wknve fzj‡Z cv‡i bv| ¯‹z‡ji mvg‡bi eiB MvQ †_‡K eiB cvovi ¯§„wZ 70 eQi eq‡mI wknve we¯§„Z nqwb|

3| DÏxc‡K Ômuv‡KvUv yj‡QÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`K dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Q ?

K. ¯§„wZ L. eÜzZ¡ M. †`kfvM N. †Ljvayjv

4| DÏxc‡K D‡b¥vwPZ AbyfewU Ômuv‡KvUv `yj‡QÕ KweZvi †Kvb cO&w³i m‡½ mv`„k¨c~Y© ?

K. cowk b`xwU aby‡Ki g‡Zv euvKv L. muv‡KvwU GL‡bv Av‡Q M. eÜz nviv‡j `ywbqvUv Luv Luv K‡i N. Gcvi Icvi ¯§„wZgq GKvKvi|

m„Rbkxj FwZ¡K Kzgvi NUK weL¨vZ Pjw”PÎKvi| Zuvi AwaKvsk Pjw”P‡Î †`kfv‡Mi hš¿Yv cÖKvk

†c‡q‡Q| wb‡Ri Rb¥¯’v‡b †h‡Z n‡j cvm‡cvU© I wfmv jvM‡e GB †e`bv Zuvi g‡Zv A‡b‡KB †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡ibwb| G Kvi‡YB wZwb ej‡Zb, Ôevsjvi fvM Kwievi cvwiQ, wKš‘ w`jUv‡i fvM Kievi cv‡iv bvBÕ| K. eÜziv Kxfv‡e G‡K Ab¨‡K WvKvWvwK Ki‡Zv? L. eÜz‡ì g‡a¨ K_vq K_vq fve I Avwo n‡Zv †Kb ? eywS‡q †jL| M. DÏxcKwU Ômuv‡KvwU `yj‡QÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`K‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡Q? N. DÏxcKwU Ômuv‡KvwU `yj‡QÕ KweZvi g~jfv‡ei cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i‡QÑ g~j¨vqb Ki|


Avgvi cwiPq ˆmq` kvgmyj nK

[Kwe cwiwPwZ : ˆmq` kvgmyj nK 27†k wW‡m¤i 1935 wLªóv‡ã KzwoMÖvg kn‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg Wv. ˆmq` wmwÏK nymvBb Ges gvZvi bvg ˆmq`v nvwjgv LvZzb| wZwb XvKv K‡jwR‡qU ‹zj †_‡K g¨vwUªK, RMbœv_ K‡jR †_‡K B›UviwgwW‡qU I XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© n‡q wKQzw`b cov‡kvbv K‡ib| GKmgq †ckvq mvsevw`KZv‡K †e‡Q wb‡jI cieZx© mg‡q wZwb mve©¶wYK mvwnZ¨K‡g© wbgMœ †_‡K êwPÎ¨gq m¤¢v‡i evsjv mvwnZ¨‡K mg„× K‡i‡Qb| wZwb KweZv, Mí, Dcb¨vm I bvUK iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi wkï‡Zvl iPbvI i‡q‡Q| evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb GKz‡k c`K, evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi ‹vimn A‡bK mvwnZ¨-cyi ‹vi jvf K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ MÖš’ : GK`v GK iv‡R¨, êkv‡L iwPZ cO&w³gvjv, AwMœ I R‡ji KweZv, ivR‰bwZK KweZv; Mí : kxZ we‡Kj, i³‡Mvjvc, Avb‡›ì g„Zz , R‡jk¦ixi Mí¸‡jv; Dcb¨vm: e„wó I we‡ ªvnxMY; bvUK : cv‡qi AvIqvR cvIqv hvq, b~iyj`x‡bi mvivRxeb, Cl©v; wkï‡Zvl MÖš’ : mxgv‡š—i wmsnvmb|]

Avwg R‡b¥wQ evsjvq, Avwg evsjvq K_v ewj, Avwg evsjvi Avjc_ w`‡q nvRvi eQi Pwj| Pwj cwjgvwU †Kvg‡j Avgvi Pjvi wPý †d‡j| †Z‡ivkZ b`x ïavq Avgv‡K, Ô†Kv_v †_‡K Zzwg G‡j?Õ

Avwg †Zv G‡mwQ Ph©vc‡ì A¶i¸‡jv †_‡K| Avwg †Zv G‡mwQ mI`vM‡ii wWOvi eni †_‡K| Avwg †Zv G‡mwQ ˆKe‡Z©i we‡`ªvnx MÖvg †_‡K| Avwg †Z G‡mwQ cvjhyM bv‡g wPÎKjvi †_‡K|

G‡mwQ evOvwj cvnvocy‡ii †eŠ×wenvi †_‡K| G‡mwQ evOvwj †Rvoevsjvi gw›ì-†ew` †_‡K| G‡mwQ evOvwj e‡i›`ªf~‡g †mvbv gmwR` †_‡K| G‡mwQ evOvwj AvDj-evDj gvwUi †`Dj †_‡K| Avwg †Zv G‡mwQ mve©‡fŠg ev‡iv f~uBqvi †_‡K| Avwg †Zv G‡mwQ ÔKgjvi `xwNÕ, Ôgûqvi cvjvÕ †_‡K| Avwg †Zv G‡mwQ wZZzgxi Avi nvRx kwiqZ †_‡K| Avwg †Zv G‡mwQ MxZvÄwj I AwMœexYvi †_‡K| G‡mwQ evOvwj ¶zwìvg Avi m~h© †m‡bi †_‡K| G‡mwQ evOvwj Rqbyj Avi Aeb VvKzi †_‡K| G‡mwQ evOvwj ivóªfvlvi jvj ivRc_ †_‡K| G‡mwQ evOvwj e½eÜz †kL gywReyi †_‡K|

Avwg †h G‡mwQ Rqevsjvi eRªKÉ †_‡K| Avwg †h G‡mwQ GKvË‡ii gyw³hy× †_‡K| G‡mwQ Avgvi †cQ‡b nvRvi PiYwPý †d‡j| ïavI Avgv‡K ÔGZ`~i Zzwg †Kvb †cÖiYvq G‡j?Õ

Z‡e Zzwg eywS evOvwj RvwZi exRgš¿wU †kvb bvB Ñ Ômevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨, Zvnvi Dc‡i bvB|Õ GKmv‡_ AvwQ, GKmv‡_ euvwP, AvRI GKmv‡_ _vKeB Ñ me we‡f‡ì †iLv gy‡Q w`‡q mv‡gï Qwe AuvKeB|


kãv_© I UxKv : Avjc_ Ñ Rwgi mxgvbvi c_| GLv‡b nvRvi eQi a‡i evOvwj RvwZi c_ Pjvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q; Ph©vc` Ñ evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨-HwZ‡nï cÖ_g wb`k©b| nicÖmv` kv¯¿x †bcvj †_‡K Ph©vc‡ì cvÊzwjwc D×vi K‡ib| QqkZ kZvãx †_‡K GMvik kZ‡Ki g‡a¨ c`¸‡jv iwPZ n‡q‡Q| GB c`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖvPxb evsjvi AwZ mvaviY gvby‡li cÖvYgq Rxeb wPÎ dz‡U D‡V‡Q; mI`vM‡ii wWOvi eni Ñ g½jKv‡e¨ Puv` mI`vM‡ii evwY‡Rï K_v Av‡Q| Kwe Avgv‡ì eëmv-evwY‡Rï HwZn¨ †evSv‡Z GB †jvKKvwnbxi AvkÖq MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| ˆKeZ© we‡ ªvn Ñ AvbygvwbK 100-75 wLªóv‡ã gnxcv‡ji wei“‡× Abš—-mvgš—-Pµ wgwjZ n‡q †h we‡ ªvn K‡ib Zv-B Avgv‡ì BwZnv‡m ˆKeZ© we‡`ªvn bv‡g L¨vZ| GB we‡`ªv‡ni †bZv wQ‡jb ˆKeZ© m¤úª`v‡qi †jvK| Zuvi bvg wè¨ ev w`‡e¦vK| evOvwj RvwZi we‡ ªv‡ni HwZn¨ †evSv‡Z GB we‡ ªv‡ni D‡j −L Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvjhyM Ñ 750 wLªóv‡ã †Mvcv‡ji ivR¨ kvm‡bi ga¨ w`‡q e‡½ cvjhy‡Mi m~Pbv nq| Zvici PvikZ eQi cvj es‡ki ivRZ¡ wU‡K wQj| G mgq wkí-mvwn‡Zï Amvgvb¨ weKvk mvwaZ nq| wPÎKjvqI GB mg‡qi mg„w× j¶‡hvM¨| Kwe Avgv‡ì wk‡íi mg„× HwZn¨ †evSv‡Z cvjhy‡Mi wPÎKjvi D‡j −L K‡i‡Qb| cvnvocy‡ii †eŠ×wenvi Ñ eZ©gvb bIMuv †Rjvi e`jMvwQ _vbvq cvnvocyi MÖv‡g GB cÖvPxb wenvi Aew¯’Z| 1879 mv‡j m¨vi Kvwbsnvg GB wekvj KxwZ© Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| wØZxq cvj ivRv kÖx ag©cvj‡è (ivRZ¡Kvj 777-810 wLª.) GB wekvj wenvi ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb| G‡K †mvgcyi wenviI ejv nq| c„w_exi me‡P‡q eo wenvi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GwU Ab¨Zg| Kwe Avgv‡ì cÖZœZvwË¡K HwZ‡nï cwiPq w`‡Z cvnvocy‡ii †eŠ×wenv‡ii D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| e‡i› ªf~‡g †mvbvgmwR` Ñ e‡i› ªf~‡g †mvbvgmwR` ej‡Z PuvcvB beveMÄ †Rjvq Aew ’Z †QvU †mvbvgmwR`‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| eo †mvbvgmwR` fvi‡Zi †MŠ‡o Aew ’Z| †nv‡mb kv‡ni (ivRZ¡Kvj 1493-1519 wLª.) Avg‡j GB gmwR`wU wbwg©Z nq| AmvaviY wkí‡mŠ›`h©gwÊZ ’vcZ¨Kg© wn‡m‡e †mvbvgmwR` Ab¨Zg| Kwe Avgv‡ì gymwjg HwZ‡nï mygnvb wb`k©b w`‡q GwU D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb; †`Dj Ñ †èvjq; mve©‡fŠg ev‡ivf~uBqv Ñ evsjvq cvVvb Ki&&ivbx es‡ki ivRZ¡ `ye©j n‡q co‡j Lyjbv, ewikvj, †mvbviMuvI, gqgbwmsn I kªxn‡Æ ¯^vaxb Rwg`vi‡ì DÌvb N‡U| 1575 mv‡j †gvMj m¤ªvU AvKei evsjv Rq Kivi ci GB ¯^vaxb Rwg`viMY Cmv Luvi †bZ…‡Z¡ HKë× n‡q †gvMj kw³i wei“‡× i“‡L ùvovb| BwZnv‡m GuivB ev‡ivf~uBqv bv‡g cwiwPZ| Guiv n‡jb Ckv Luv, Puv` ivq, †K`vi ivq, cÖZvcvw`Z¨, j²Y gvwYK¨ cÖgyL; Kgjvi `xwN Ñ ˆggbwmsn MxwZKvi GKwU cvjv; gûqvi cvjv Ñ ˆggbwmsn MxwZKvi GKwU cvjv; wZZzgxi Ñ PweŸk ciMbv †Rjvi nvqìcyi MÖv‡g 1782 mv‡j gxi wbmvi Avjx Ii‡d wZZzgxi Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb AZ¨vPvix Bs‡iRx I wn›`y Rwg`vi‡ì wei“‡× `xN©w`b msMÖvg K‡i‡Qb| 1831 mv‡ji 19†k b‡f¤î Bs‡iR evwnbxi m‡½ jovB K‡i wZwb kwn` nb| nvRx kixqZ Ñ nvRx kixqZDj−vn (1781-1840 wLª.) gv`vixcyi †Rjvi wkePi _vbvi mvgvBj MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb `xN©Kvj g°vq Ae¯’vb K‡i Bmjvg ag© wel‡q AMva cvwÊZ¨ AR©b K‡ib| wZwb ag©‡K AvkÖq K‡i mKj Kzms¯‹v‡ii wei“‡× †mv”Pvi nb| Zuvi GB Av‡›`vjb‡K div‡qwR Av‡›`vjb e‡j| Gici wZwb Ave yj Inve bvgK GK ag©ms¯‹vi‡Ki gZv`‡k© wek¦vmx n‡q Invex Av‡›`vj‡bi m‡½ hy³ nb| wZwb mvaviY gvbyl‡K a‡g©i cÖK…Z i~c I Zv‡ì AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| GQvov we‡`wk kvmb-†kvlY; Rwg`vi, †RvZ`vi I gnvRb‡ì AZ¨vPvi †_‡K gvbyl‡K gy³ Kivi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb K‡ib| ¶zwìvg Ñ ¶zwìvg emy (1889-1908 wLª.) †gw`bxcyi †Rjvi †gŠewb MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| ˆkke †_‡KB weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi m‡½ RwoZ wQ‡jb| AZ¨vPvix g¨vwR‡÷ªU wKsm‡dvW©‡K nZ¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q fzjekZ `yBRb Bs‡iR gwnjv‡K nZ¨v K‡ib| 1908 mv‡ji 11B AvM÷ GB gnvb wec −exi duvwmi Av‡`k Kvh©Ki nq| m~h© †mbÑ gv÷vi `v m~h© †mb (1893-1934 wLª.) PÆMÖvg †Rjvi ivDRvb _vbvi †bvqvcvov MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| AvRxeb


wZwb weªwUk‡ì wei“‡× mk¯¿ hy‡× wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| 1930 mv‡j wZwb PÆMÖvg‡K Bs‡iRgy³ K‡i ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib| wKš‘ †ewkw`b Zv i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| 1934 mv‡ji 12B Rvbyqvwi Zuvi duvwm nq| RqbyjÑ Rqbyj Av‡ew`b (1914-1976 wLª.) wK‡kviM‡Äi †K›`yqv _vbvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| ÔwkívPvh©Õ wn‡m‡e wZwb L¨vZ| †`kR BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I ms¯‹…wZi cUf~wg‡Z Zuvi wecyj wkíKg© iwPZ| `ywf©¶ ZvwoZ Rxeb I RM‡Zi Qwe Gu‡K wZwb Amvgvb¨ GK Rxeb-Z…òvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡k wkíKjv Av‡›`vj‡bi wZwb cw_K…Z| Aeb&&VvKzi Ñ Aebx›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1871Ñ1951 wLª.) KjKvZvi †Rvovmuv‡Kvi VvKzi cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb weL¨vZ wPÎwkíx| Z‡e wkïmvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡eI wZwb AmvaviY cÖwZfvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| ivóªfvlvi jvj ivRc_ Ñ 1952 mv‡j ivóªfvlv evsjvi AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ G‡`‡ki gvby‡li i‡³ iwÄZ n‡q‡Q XvKvi ivRc_| Avi †mB ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi mvd‡jï c_ a‡iB m~wPZ nq ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vjb| e½eÜz †kL gywReyi Ñ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb (1920Ñ1975 wLª.) dwi`cyi †Rjvi (eZ©gvb †MvcvjMÄ) Uzw½cvov MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| evOvwj RvwZi wZwb Awemsevw`Z †bZv, RvwZi wcZv| Zuvi we¯§qKi cÖwZfv`xß †bZ…‡Z¡ `xN© msMÖv‡gi c_ AwZµg K‡i 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZvhy‡× Rqjvf K‡i| wZwb Avgv‡ì ¯^vaxbZvi cÖZxK, gyw³i cÖZxK, mg„w×i cÖZxK| Rqevsjv Ñ gyw³hy‡×i mg‡q RvZxq †¯ −vMvb wn‡m‡e AmvaviY GK †cÖiYv mÂvix kãgvjv| GB †¯ −vMvb HK¨ I msnwZi cÖZxK|

cvV cwiwPwZ : ˆmq` kvgmyj n‡Ki ÔwK‡kvi KweZv mgMÖÕ †_‡K ÔAvgvi cwiPqÕ kxl©K KweZvwU m¤úvw`Z AvKv‡i Pqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k AvR ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg GKwU †`k| AvZ¥gh©v`v‡eva m¤úbœ GB ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg ivóª I RvwZmËv cÖwZôvi cðv‡Z Av‡Q mg„× GK BwZnvm| ˆmq` kvgmyj nK Mfxi gg‡Z¡i m‡½ KweZvi Avw½‡K wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb mg„× †mB BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I ms¯‹…wZi cUf~wg| mnwRqvcš’x †eŠ× Kwe‡ì m„ó Ph©vc‡ì g‡a¨ evOvwj RvwZmËvi †h Amv¤úª`vwqK Rxeb‡ev‡ai cwiPq gyw`ªZ n‡q Av‡Q Ñ hy‡M hy‡M bvbv Av‡›`vjb, wec −e-we‡`ªvn, Avi gZv`‡k©i weKvk n‡Z n‡Z Avgiv G‡m †cŠu‡QwQ AvR‡Ki evsjvq| ˆmq` kvgmyj nK GB weeZ©‡bi wewPÎ euvK I †gvo Zvrch©gq K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| Puv`ÑmI`vM‡ii evwYR¨ hvÎv, ˆKeZ©we‡`ªvn, cvjhy‡Mi wPÎKjv Av‡›`vjb, †eŠ×wenv‡ii ÁvbPP©v, gymwjg ag© I mvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…wZi weKvk, ev‡ivf~uBqv‡ì DÌvb, gqgbwmsn MxwZKvi Rxeb, wZZzgxi Avi nvRx kwiq‡Zi we‡ ªvn, iex›`ªÑbRi“‡ji KvjRqx m„wó, e„wUk-we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb, fvlv Av‡›`vjb Ges cwi‡k‡l e½eÜzi ^vaxb evsjv‡`k Ñ ÔAvgvi cwiPqÕ KweZvi g‡a¨ GB wecyj evsjv‡`k Abe`ï~c jvf K‡i‡Q|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| †Zvgvi †`Lv ev †Zvgvi GjvKvi †Kv‡bv HwZnvwmK wb`k©‡bi cwiPq `vI|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| Avgvi cwiPq KweZvq D‡j−wLZ b`xi msL¨v KZ ?

K. 1200 L. 1300 M. 1400 N. 1500


2| ÔAvwg †Zv G‡mwQ Ph©vc‡ì A¶i¸‡jv †_‡KÕ Ñ GLv‡b ÔPh©vc‡ì A¶i¸‡jvÕ ej‡Z Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb ?

K. AZxZ HwZn¨ L. mvs¯‹…wZK i~c M. HwZnvwmK cUf~wg N. mvs¯‹…wZK cwiPq

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : Dcgnv‡`‡k kvmb eë¯’vi µgweKvk m¤^‡Ü cov‡Z wM‡q Rbve †gvt Kvgi“¾vgvb

avivevwnKfv‡e cvj, †mb, †gvMj, cvVvb BZ¨vw` kvmK‡Mvôxi kvmbKvj I kvmb eë¯’v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| G mgqKv‡ji ¯’vc‡Zï wb`k©b¯î~c †ekwKQz wel‡qi D‡j−L K‡ib|

3| DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ ÔAvgvi cwiPqÕ KweZvi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q Ñ i. RvwZMZ cwiP‡qi ii. HwZnvwmK cwiP‡qi iii. mvs¯‹…wZK weeZ©b avivi|


4| Gi~c mv`„‡kï KviY Kx ? K. mvgwMÖKZv L. cUf~wg M. HK¨m~Î N. HwZn¨

m„Rbkxj Bs‡iR kvmK‡ì KvQ †_‡K Dcgnv‡`‡ki gyw³i Rb¨ gnvZ¥vMvÜx GK mgq G‡`‡ki gvbyl‡K

HKë× K‡ib| bvbvfv‡e Zv‡ì gv‡S †`k‡cÖg RvMÖZ Kivi †Póv K‡ib| GiB avivevwnK dmj ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vjb, Awnsm Av‡›`vjb BZ¨vw`| Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b Rb¥ cvwK¯—vb I fviZ bvgK `ywU c„_K iv‡óªi Ges cieZx©Kv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki| K. †eŠ×wenvi †Kv_vq Aew ’Z ? L. ÔAvwg †Zv G‡mwQ ÔKgjvi `xwNÕ, Ôgûqvi cvjvÕ †_‡KÕ Ñ GK_v Øviv Kwe Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb ? M. DÏxcKwU ÔAvgvi cwiPqÕ KweZvi mv‡_ †hw`K w`‡q mv`„k¨c~Y© Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxcKwU ÔAvgvi cwiPqÕ KweZvi LÊvsk gvÎ, c~Y©wPÎ bq Ñ hyw³mn †jL|


†ev‡kL Avj gvngy

[Kwe cwiwPwZ : Avj gvngy` 1936 wLªóv‡ã eªvþYevwoqv †Rjvi †gvovBj MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi cÖK…Z bvg gxi Ave ym ïKzi Avj gvngy | wZwb `xN©Kvj mvsevw`KZv †ckvi m‡½ RwoZ wQ‡jb| c‡i wZwb evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx‡Z †hvM`vb K‡ib Ges cwiPvj‡Ki c` †_‡K Aemi MÖnY K‡ib| gyw³hy× Zuv‡K we‡klfv‡e AbycÖvwYZ K‡i| ¯^vaxbZvi ci wZwb Ôˆ`wbK MYKÉÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wbhy³ nb| Zuvi KweZvq †jvKR k‡ãi mywbcyY cÖ‡qvM †hgb j¶Yxq †Zgwb i‡q‡Q HwZn¨cÖxwZ| Zuvi cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖš’ : †jvK †jvKvš—i, Kv‡ji Kjm, †mvbvjx Kvweb, gvqvex c ©v y‡j I‡Vv, Avie¨ iRbxi ivRnuvm, eLwZqv‡ii †Nvov BZ¨vw`| K_vmvwnZ¨ : cvb‡KŠwoi i³, cvwLi Kv‡Q dz‡ji Kv‡Q Zuvi wkï‡Zvl KweZvi eB|]

†h evZv‡m ey‡bvnuv‡mi SuvK †f‡O hvq †R‡Ui cvLv `yg‡o †k‡l AvQvo gv‡i b`xi cvwb k~‡b¨ Zz‡j †`q Qwo‡q byB‡q †`q †UwjMÖv‡di _vg¸‡jv‡K| †mB ce‡bi Kv‡Q Avgvi GB wgbwZ wZô nvIqv, wZô gnvcÖZvckvjx, Mwie gvwSi cv‡ji `wo wQu‡o Kx jvf? Kx myL e‡jv Muywo‡q w`‡q Pvwli wf‡U? †e¸b cvZvi evmv wQu‡o UzbUzwb‡ì D‡ë †d‡j ytLx gv‡qi fv‡Zi nuvwo †n †èZv, e‡jv †Zvgvi Kx Avb›`, Kx gRv cvI eveyB cvwLi Ni Dwo‡q? ivgvq‡Y c‡owQ hvi KxwZ©Mv_v †mB gnvexi nbygv‡bi wcZv Zzwg? Kvwj`v‡mi †gN`~‡Z hvi K_v Av‡Q ZzwgB bvwK †mB `qvjy †g‡Ni mv_x? Z‡e Ggb wbVzi †Kb n‡j evZvm Dwo‡q wb‡j Mwie Pvwli N‡ii LyuwU wKš—y hviv †jvK VwK‡q cÖvmv` M‡o Zv‡ì †Kv‡bv BU Lmv‡Z cvi‡j bv‡Zv|


nvq‡i K‡Zv mywePv‡ii Mí ïwb, ZzwgB bvwK evnb ivRv †mv‡jgv‡bi hvi Z‡jvqvi AZ¨vPvixi KvU‡Zv gv_v AnwgKvi AÆvwjKv ¸uwo‡q w`‡Zv| Kwe‡ì GK gnvb ivRv iex›`ªbv_ †Zvgvi Kv‡Q ùvwo‡qwQ‡jb Ki‡Rv‡o hv cyiv‡bv ï®‹ giv, AìKvwi Kvj‡ev‡k‡Li GKwU dzu‡q Dwo‡q w`‡Z| aŸsm hw` Ki‡e Z‡e, †kv‡bv Zzdvb aŸsm K‡iv we‡f`Kvix ciMvQv‡ì c‡ii kª‡g Mo‡Q hviv g¯— `vjvb evowZ Zv‡ì evnv ywi uwo‡q †d‡jv|

kãv_© I UxKv : ey‡bvnuvmÑ †h nvum M„ncvwjZ bq, e‡b _v‡K; †RUÑ `ª“ZMwZ m¤úbœ D‡ovRvnvR; †UwjMÖvdÑ ms‡K‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ `~‡i e³e¨ †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ eëüZ hš¿| 1837 wLªóv‡ã AvaywbK GB hš¿ we`y¨‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ cwiPvwjZ nq| (GLb G ai‡bi hš¿ Avi eënvi nq bv|); wZôÑ w¯’i nI; ivgvqYÑ c„w_exi PviwU RvZ gnvKv‡eï GKwU| iPwqZvÑ evj¥xwK; gnvexi nbygvbÑ ivgvq‡Y exi nbygv‡bi exiZ¡c~Y© eû K‡g©i K_v D‡j −L Av‡Q| ivgvq‡Yv³ nbygvb‡K gnvexi nbygvb ejv nq| Kvwj`v‡mi †gN`~ZÑ ms¯‹…Z fvlvi †kªô Kwe‡ì GKRb Kvwj`vm| ms¯‹…Z fvlvq Zuvi Agi iPbv †gN ~Zg& Kve¨| †gN ~Zg&‡K evsjvq †gN ~Z ejv nq; ivRv †mv‡jgvbÑ †Wwf‡Wi cyÎ Ges BmivB‡ji Z„Zxq ivRv| wZwb exi I `¶ †hv×v wQ‡jb; iex›`ªbv_Ñ evsjv fvlvi †kªô Kwe| (Zuvi m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Rvbvi Rb¨ GB MÖ‡š’ iex› ªbv_ VvKzi wjwLZ †h †Kv‡bv iPbvi †jLK-cwiwPwZ ªóe¨|); AìKvwiÑ hvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| cvV cwiwPwZ : Kwe Avj gvngy‡ì ÔKweZv mgMÖÕ †_‡K Ô†ev‡kLÕ KweZvwU msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU civµgkvjx gvm êkvL| FZzcwiµgvq evi evi †m i“ ª msnviK iƒ‡c Avwef~©Z nq| êkv‡Li wbôzi Kivj MÖv‡m Ges AvMÖvmx _vevq KLbI KLbI jÊfÊ n‡q hvq GK-GKUv Rbc`| AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB Gi wkKvi nq `ytLx `wi ª gvbyl ev Amnvq †Kvb cÖvYx| wQu‡o hvq Mwie gvwSi cv‡ji `wo, D‡o hvq `wi ª Pvwli Ni| †QvÆ UzbUzwbi evmvI †invB cvq bv| wKš‘ abxi cÖvmv‡ì †Kvb ¶wZ nq bv| Kwe ZvB Av‡¶c K‡i ej‡Qb, cÖK…wZi hZ wbôziZv, wbg©gZv †Kb Zv ïay GB Mwi‡ei wei“‡×B NU‡e? Ae‡k‡l êkv‡Li Kv‡Q Zvi AvnŸvb, aŸsm hw` Ki‡ZB nq, Zvn‡j ¸uwo‡q `vI †mBme AÆvwjKv hv M‡o D‡V‡Q kÖgRxex mvaviY gvbyl‡K †kvlY K‡i| GB KweZvq êkv‡Li weaŸsmx cÖZx‡Ki ga¨ w`‡q AZ¨vPvixi Aemvb Kvgbv Ki‡Qb Kwe|


Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| Kvj êkvLx Avgv‡ì mgvR I cvwievwiK Rxe‡b †h ¶wZ K‡i Zvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| êkv‡Li KxwZ©Mv_v †Kv_vq Av‡Q ?

K. gnvfvi‡Z L. ivgvq‡Y M. †e‡` N. wÎwcU‡K

2| KweZvq iex›`ªbv_‡K Kxfv‡e m‡¤^vab Kiv n‡q‡Q ?

K. Kwi¸i“ L. gnvb Kwe M. gnvb ivRv N. wekyK

DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : G‡mv, G‡mv, G‡mv †n êkvL Zvcm wbk¦vm ev‡q gyg~l©y‡i `vI Dov‡q erm‡ii AveR©bv `~i n‡q hvK hvK cyivZb ¯§„wZ, hvK fz‡j hvIqv MxwZ, AkÖ“ev®ú my`~‡i wgjvK \ 3| DÏxc‡K Ô†ev‡kLÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`K D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q ?

K. aŸsmvZ¥K i~c L. m„Rbkxj i~c M. cwiï× i~c N. cÖLi i~c

4| DÏxc‡Ki Abyf~wZ Ô†ev‡kLÕ KweZvi †Kvb cO&w³i m‡½ m½wZc~Y© ?

K. †h evZv‡m ey‡bvnuv‡mi SuvK †f‡O hvq L. Dwo‡q wb‡j Mwie Pvwli N‡ii LyuwU M. ZzwgB bvwK evnb ivRv †mv‡jgv‡bi N. †kv‡bv Zzdvb aŸsm K‡iv we‡f`Kvix ciMvQv‡ì

m„Rbkxj mKvj †_‡KB wSi wSi K‡i e„wó co‡Q| `ycy‡i e„wó gvÎv LvwbKUv †e‡o hvq| mÜ¨vi ci ïi“ nq

`gKv nvIqv I Nb e„wó| iv‡Z Avevi ïi“ n‡jv cÖej e„wói, GB e„wó cÖej S‡o iƒcvš—wiZ n‡jv| GB S‡o †f‡O co‡jv, A‰ea m¤ú‡` M‡o IVv evwo| evwoi cv‡k LoKz‡Uvi evwo, wU‡bi evwo ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡j mvaviY gvbyl B‡Ui evwowU †f‡O covq Lywk n‡jv|

K. êkvL Kx‡mi cvLv `yg‡o †k‡l AvQvo gv‡i ? L. ce‡bi Kv‡Q Kwe Kx wgbwZ K‡i‡Qb ? eywS‡q †jL| M. DÏxc‡Ki fvebv Ô†ev‡kLÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`K‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡QÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| N. ÔevowZ Zv‡ì evnv`ywi Myuwo‡q †d‡jvÕ Kwei GB fvebv DÏxc‡K cy‡ivcywi

cÖwZdwjZ nqwb Ñ g~j¨vqb Ki|


Pzwbqv Avgvi Av‡K©wWqv iwdK AvRv`

[Kwe cwiwPwZ : iwdK AvRv` 14B †deª“qvwi 1941 mv‡j Uv½vBj †Rjvi Rvwn`M‡Äi MyYxMÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv mvwjg DwÏb Lvb Ges gvZv iv‡eqv Lvb| wZwb 1959 mv‡j Uv½vB‡ji eªvþYkvmb D”P we`¨vjq †_‡K cÖ‡ewkKv Ges 1962 mv‡j †bÎ‡Kvbv K‡jR †_‡K D”P gva¨wgK cvm K‡ib| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K 1966 I 1967 mv‡j wZwb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ mœvZK I mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb mvsevw`KZv, Aa¨vcbv I miKvwi PvKwi‡Z wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| †cÖg, † ªvn I cÖK…wZwbf©i KweZvi GK Zvrch©c~Y© RMr wZwb m„wó K‡ib| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ : Am¤¢‡ei cv‡q, Pzwbqv Avgvi Av‡K©wWqv, mk ¿ my›ì, nvZzwoi wb‡P Rxeb, cwiKxY© cvbkvjvq Avgvi ¯‡`k, Aci Ai‡Y¨, wewiwkwi ce© BZ¨vw`| mvwn‡Z¨ Amvgvb¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb AvjvIj cyi ‹vi Ges evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vimn A‡bK cyi ‹vi I m¤§vbbvq f~wlZ nb]|

¯úk© KvZiZvgq GB bvg D”PviYgvÎ †hb †f‡O hv‡e, Aš—wn©Z n‡e Zvi cªK…Z gwngv, Ñ Pzwbqv GKwU MÖvg, †QvÆ Ñ wKš‘ †fZ‡i-†fZ‡i Lye kw³kvjx gviYv¯¿gq mf¨Zvi wei“‡× ùvov‡e| gaïv‡Z Pzwbqv bxie| Pzwbqv †Zv fv‡jvev‡m kvš—wmœ» c~wY©gvi Puv`, Pzwbqv cªK…Z †eŠ×-¯^fv‡ei wbwiwewj meyR cªK…wZ; Pzwbqv †hvRbe¨vcx g‡bvig Avwèvmx f~wg|

Pzwbqv KL‡bv †Kv‡bv wnsmªZv `¨v‡Lwb| Pzwbqv ¸wji k‡ã AvuZ‡K I‡V wK ? cÖwZwU Mv‡Qi cvZv gbyl¨ckwi wnsmªZv †`‡L bv bv K‡i I‡V ? Ñ Pzwbqv gvbyl fv‡jvev‡m| e„¶‡ì mvnP‡h© Pzwbqvevmxiv cÖK…Z cÖ¯—v‡e Lye my‡L Av‡Q| Pzwbqv GL‡bv Av‡Q GB mf¨mgv‡Ri Kv‡iv-Kv‡iv g‡b, †KD-†KD GL‡bv †Zv †cv‡l ey‡Ki wbf…‡Z GK wbweo Pzwbqv| Pzwbqv ïkÖ~lv Rv‡b, Pzwbqv e¨v‡ÛR euv‡a, Pzwbqv mvš—¡bv ïay Ñ Pzwbqv KL‡bv Rvwb Kvi“‡KB AvNvZ K‡i bv; Pzwbqv meyR Lye, kvwš—wcÖq Ñ kvwš— fv‡jvev‡m, KvVz‡ii cÖwZ ZvB ¯úóZB Zxeª N„Yv nv‡b| Pzwbqv wPrKvi Lye AcQ›` K‡i,


Pzwbqv ¸wji kã cQ›` K‡i bv| i³cvZ, wmsnvmb cªf…wZ wel‡q Pzwbqv fxlY AÁ; Pzwbqv †Zv me©`vB gvby‡li Avwe®‹…Z gviYv¯¿¸‡jv f~ga¨mvM‡i †d‡j w`‡Z e‡j| Pzwbqv †Zv Pvq gvby‡liv wZbfvM R‡j i³gvLv nvZ ay‡q `x¶v wbK| Pzwbqv me©`v e‡j c„w_exi Kzi“‡¶Î¸wj myMwÜ dz‡ji Pv‡l f‡i †Zvjv †nvK|

PzwbqviI Awfgvb Av‡Q, wkï I bvixi cÖwZ Pzwbqvi c¶cvZ Av‡Q; wkïnZ¨v, bvixnZ¨v †`‡L †`‡L †m-I gvbweK mf¨Zvi cÖwZ Lye weiƒc n‡q‡Q|

Pzwbqv ˆbivkëv`x bq, Pzwbqv †Zv g‡bcÖv‡Y wbwkw`b Avkvi wcw`g †R¡‡j iv‡L Pzwbqv wek¦vm K‡i; †klvewa gvby‡liv wnsmvÑ†Øl fz‡j ci¯úi mrcÖwZ‡ekx n‡e|

kãv_© I UxKv : Aš—wn©Z Ñ wgwj‡q hvIqv, nvwi‡q hvIqv; gviYv ¿gq ... uvov‡e Ñ ¯vaxbZv hy‡× evsjv‡`‡ki Ab vb¨ m¤úª v‡qi g‡ZvB g‡b cÖv‡Y ¶z ª-b„‡Mvôx m¤úª vqI mvwe©Kfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡iwQj| Pzwbqv MÖvgwUI ¶z ª-b„‡Mvôx Aay wmZ GjvKv| Zviv gyw³hy‡× †hgb Amxg mvnwmKZvi ¯v¶i †i‡L‡Qb, †Zgwb Kwe g‡b Ki‡Qb c„w_exi †h‡Kv‡bv gviYv‡ ¿i wei“‡×B Zviv i“‡L uvov‡e; cªK…Z †eŠ×-¯fv‡ei Ñ gnvgvbe †MŠZgey× g~jZ Awnsm bxwZev x wQ‡jb| GLv‡b †h m¤úª v‡qi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q ZvivI †eŠ×-ag©vej¤x, Guiv †MŠZg ey‡×i gZB kvwš—wcÖq I Awnsm g‡bvfv‡ei gvbylÑ G †evawU‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q; †hvRbe vcx Ñ †hvRb k‡ãi A_© ÔA‡bKÕ ev eû| GLv‡b kãwU ’vbevPbv‡_©B eëüZ n‡q‡Q| †hvRbe vcx n‡jv A‡bKUv ’vbe vcx; AuvZ‡K Ñ Pg‡K, nVvr fq †c‡q; mvnPvh© Ñ GKm‡½ wg‡jwg‡k; x¶v Ñ ZË¡Ávb jvf, GK ai‡bi kc_ †bqv; Kzi“‡¶Î Ñ cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi GKwU HwZnvwmK ’vb Kzi“‡¶Î| †hLv‡b †KŠie Ges cvÊe‡ì g‡a¨ hy× msNwUZ n‡qwQj| KvwnbxwU gnvfvi‡Z ewY©Z n‡q‡Q; ˆbivkëv x Ñ wbivk bq Ggb e w³, nZvk bq Ggb e w³, Avkve¨ÄK; wcw g Ñ cÖ xc, evwZ|

cvV cwiwPwZ : ÔPzwbqv Avgvi Av‡K©wWqvÕ KweZvwU Kwe iwdK AvRv‡ì ÔPzwbqv Avgvi Av‡K©wWqvÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| GwU GKwU cÖZxKx M`¨ KweZv| ÔPzwbqvÕ bv‡gi GKwU MÖv‡gi cÖZx‡Ki ga¨ w`‡q Kwe gvbyl‡K my›ìfv‡e euvPvi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡”Qb| Kwei K_vq, Pzwbqv GKwU †QvÆ Avwèvmx MÖvg| kni †_‡K A‡bK ~‡i Gi Ae ’vb| g‡bvig meyR cÖK…wZi cUf~wg‡Z ’vwcZ e‡j Pzwbqv KL‡bv wnsmªZv †`‡Lwb| i³cvZ †`‡Lwb| Pzwbqv ïay Rv‡b gvbyl‡K fv‡jvevm‡Z| gvbemgv‡R AvR †h wnsmv nvbvnvwb i³cvZ †`Lv hvq, Pzwbqv‡Z Gme †bB| mevB GLv‡b ZvB my‡L _v‡K| Kwe g‡b K‡ib, cÖwZwU gvbylB Avm‡j GiKg| mf¨mgv‡Ri A‡b‡KB GB ai‡bi wmœ» my›ì MÖvg‡K A_ev MÖv‡gi g‡Zv cwi‡ek‡K ey‡Ki g‡a¨ jvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| Pzwbqv wek¦vm K‡i, gvbyl gviYv ¿ †d‡j, wnsmv-†Øl fz‡j ci¯úi mr cÖwZ‡ekx n‡e| †Kbbv gvbeZvi c‡¶ uvov‡bvB n‡”Q gvbemf¨Zvi g~j K_v|


Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| Pzwbqv MÖv‡gi êwkó¨¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| Pzwbqv Kx Lye AcQ›` K‡i ?

K. dzj L. nwj M. mrfve N. gviYv¯¿

2| Pzwbqv ˆbivkëv`x bq †Kb ? i. Avkvev`x e‡j ii. mf¨Zvi cÖwZ weiƒc e‡j iii. cwieZ©b cÖZ¨vkx e‡j


wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : gaycyix cwj−wU AZ¨š— g‡bvigfv‡e M‡o †Zvjv n‡q‡Q| kni †_‡K A‡bK `~‡i Aew¯’Z e‡j

†mLv‡b AgvbweK hvwš¿K †Kvjvnj †cŠuQv‡Z cv‡iwb| cÖK…wZi wbweo mvwbœ‡a¨ cï, cvwL I cÖvYx emevm K‡i| gv‡S g‡a¨ †mLv‡b kywUs n‡jI RvqMvwUi †mŠ›`h© I gwngv nvwi‡q hvqwb|

3| DÏxcKwU ÔPzwbqv Avgvi Av‡K©wWqvÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`K‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Q ? K. ¯úk©KvZiZv L. mg„× M. GKwU MÖvgxY Rxeb N. cwieZ©bkxjZv

4| DÏxc‡K cÖwZdwjZ fvewU ÔPzwbqv Avgvi Av‡K©wWqvÕ KweZvi †Kvb cO&w³‡Z cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q ? K. Pzwbqv †hvRbe¨vcx g‡bvig Avwèvmx f~wg L. Pzwbqv GL‡bv Av‡Q GB mf¨ mgv‡Ri Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡b M. GB bvg D”PviY gvÎ †hb †f‡O hv‡e, Aš—wn©Z n‡e Zvi cÖK…Z gwngv Pzwbqv GKwU MÖvg

m„Rbkxj DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : Rvwb †b †Zvi abiZb Av‡Q wKbv ivwbi gZb ïay Rvwb Avgvi A½ Ryovq †Zvgvi Qvqvq G‡m|

K. Pzwbqvi meyR cÖK…wZ †Kgb ? L. Pzwbqv GL‡bv †Kb mf¨ mgv‡Ri Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡b Av‡Q ? eywS‡q †jL| M. DÏxcKwU ÔPzwbqv Avgvi Av‡K©wWqvÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`K‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i‡Q Ñ e¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxcKwU ÔPzwbqv Avgvi Av‡K©wWqvÕ KweZvi mgMÖ fve‡K aviY K‡i wb Ñ g~j¨vqb Ki|


¯^vaxbZv, G kãwU Kxfv‡e Avgv‡ì n‡jv wbg©‡j› y ¸Y [Kwe cwiwPwZ : wbg©‡j› y ¸Y 1945 mv‡j †bÎ‡Kvbv †Rjvi Kvkeb MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv my‡L›`y cÖKvk ¸Y †PŠayix Ges gvZv exYvcvwb ¸Y| wbg©‡j› y ¸Y 1962 mv‡j wm‡Kwc Bbw÷wUDkb, evinvÆv †_‡K gva¨wgK, 1964 mv‡j †bÎ‡Kvbv K‡jR †_‡K D”Pgva¨wgK Ges 1969 mv‡j XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K mœvZK cvm K‡ib| lv‡Ui `k‡Ki m~Pbv †_‡K eZ©gvb Kvj ch©š— wZwb KweZvq I M‡`¨ ^”Q‡›` m„Rbkxj n‡jI Kwe wn‡m‡eB wZwb L¨vZ| Zuvi KweZvq cÖwZev`x †PZbv, mgKvjxb mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi Qwe †hgb cÖLi, KweZv-wbg©v‡Y wkí-†mŠ›`‡h©i cÖwZI †Zgwb wZwb mRvM| wbg©‡j› y ¸Y †ckvq mvsevw`K| Kve¨ mvwn‡Z¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb GKz‡k c`K, evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi, Kwe nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb ¯§„wZ ^Y©c`K, RvZxq KweZv cwil` cyi¯‹vimn AmsL¨ cyi¯‹vi I m¤§vbbvq f~wlZ nb| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ : †cÖgvsïi i³ PvB, evsjvi gvwU evsjvi Rj, Pvlvf~lvi Kve¨, cÂvk mnmª el©; †QvUMí: Avcb `‡ji gvbyl| †QvU‡ì Rb¨ †jLv Dcb¨vm-Kv‡jv‡g‡Ni †fjv, evev hLb †QvU wQ‡jb|] GKwU KweZv †jLv n‡e Zvi Rb¨ A‡c¶vi D‡ËRbv wb‡q j¶ j¶ Db¥Ë Aaxi e¨vKzj we‡`ªvnx †kÖvZv e‡m Av‡Q †fvi †_‡K Rbmgy‡ ªi D`¨vb ˆmK‡Z : ÔKLb Avm‡e Kwe?Õ

GB wkï cvK© †mw`b wQj bv, GB e„‡¶ dz‡j †kvwfZ D`¨vb †mw`b wQj bv, GB Z›`ªv”Qbœ weeY© we‡Kj †mw`b wQj bv| Zv n‡j †Kgb wQj wkï cv‡K©, †e‡Â, e„‡¶, dz‡ji evMv‡b †X‡K †`qv GB XvKvi n„ q gvVLvwb ?

Rvwb, †mw`‡bi me ¯§„wZ gy‡Q w`‡Z n‡q‡Q D`¨Z Kv‡jv nvZ| ZvB †`wL Kwenxb GB wegyL cÖvš—‡i AvR Kwei weiy‡× Kwe, gv‡Vi weiy‡× gvV, we‡K‡ji weiy‡× we‡Kj, D`¨v‡bi weiy‡× D`¨vb, gv‡P©i weiy‡× gvP©...|

†n AbvMZ wkï, †n AvMvgx w`‡bi Kwe, wkï cv‡K©i iwOb †`vjbvq †`vj †L‡Z †L‡Z Zzwg

GKw`b me Rvb‡Z cvi‡e; Avwg †Zvgv‡ì K_v †f‡e wj‡L †i‡L hvw”Q †mB †kÖô we‡K‡ji Mí| †mw`b GB D`¨v‡bi i~c wQj wfbœZi| bv cvK© bv dz‡ji evMvb,ÑGm‡ei wKQzB wQj bv, ïay GKLÊ ALÊ AvKvk †hiKg, †miKg w`Mš— c −vweZ


ïay gvV wQj `~e©v`‡j XvKv, mey‡R meyRgq| Avgv‡ì ¯^vaxbZv wcÖq cÖv‡Yi meyR G‡m wg‡kwQj GB ay ay gv‡Vi mey‡R| Kcv‡j Kwâ‡Z jvjmvjy †eu‡a GB gv‡V Qz‡U G‡mwQj KviLvbv †_‡K †jvnvi kÖwgK, jvOj †Rvqvj Kuv‡a G‡mwQj SuvK †eu‡a Dj½ K…lK, nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq g„Zz¨, †Pv‡L ¯^cœ wb‡q G‡mwQj ga¨weË, wbgœweË, Ki“Y †Kivwb, bvix, e„×, feNy‡i Avi †Zvgv‡ì g‡Zv wkï cvZv-Kzovwbiv `j †eu‡a| GB KweZv cov n‡e, Zvi Rb¨ Kx e¨vKzj cÖZx¶v gvby‡li : ÔKLb Avm‡e Kwe ?Õ ÔKLb Avm‡e Kwe?Õ

kZ eQ‡i kZ msMÖvg †k‡l, iex›`ªbv‡_i g‡Zv `„ß cv‡q †nu‡U AZtci Kwe G‡m RbZvi g‡Â ùvov‡jb| ZLb cj‡K `vi“Y Sj‡K Zix‡Z DwVj Rj, n„`‡q jvwMj †`vjv, Rbmgy‡`ª RvwMj †Rvqvi mKj `yqvi †Lvjv| †K †iv‡a Zuvnvi eRªKÉ evYx ? MYm~‡h©i gÂ Kuvwc‡q Kwe †kvbv‡jb Zuvi Agi KweZvLvwb : ÔGev‡ii msMÖvg Avgv‡ì gyw³i msMÖvg, Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg|Õ

†mB †_‡K ^vaxbZv kãwU Avgv‡ì| kãv_© I UxKv : Db¥Ë Ñ `vi“Y D‡ËRbvq Av‡eMwenŸj, w¶ß; †kvwfZ Ñ mw¾Z, D`¨vb Ñ evMvb; D`¨Z Ñ cÖe„Ë, cÖ¯‘Z; wegyL cÖvš—‡i Ñ wei“× cwi‡e‡ki gvV, cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡k; w`Mš— c −vweZ Ñ AvKvk-†Quvqv, †h gv‡V w`Mš— G‡m wg‡k‡Q Ggb wekvj; ~e©v`‡j Ñ meyR Nv‡m; Dj½ K…lK Ñ LvwjMv‡qi `wi`ª MÖvgxY K…lK; Ki“Y †Kivwb Ñ ^í †eZ‡b `vwi‡ ª i g‡a¨ Ki“Yfv‡e Rxeb-hvcbKvix mvaviY PvKwiRxex †Kivwb; feNy‡i Ñ hv‡ì †Kv‡bv KvRKg© †bB, †eKvi; cvZv-Kzovwbiv Ñ hviv cvZv-Kzwo‡q Rxeb aviY K‡i| `wi`ª wK‡kvi-wK‡kvixi `j; cj‡K Ñ gyn~‡Z©i g‡a¨; `vi“Y Sj‡K Ñ cÖPÊ SjK w`‡q, cÖPÊ Av‡jvi †`vjv jvwM‡q; MYm~‡h©i gÂ Ñ RbM‡Yi †bZv, huvi †ZRxqvb `y¨wZ Pviw`‡K we”QzwiZ nw”Qj wZwb †hb GK MYm~h©| †mB †bZv †h g‡Â uvwo‡q †mUv †Zv MYm~‡h©i gÂ| ZvQvov †mw`b we‡K‡j m~‡h©i Av‡jv‡Z wQj cÖLiZv; †iv‡a Ñ eÜ K‡i †Ìqv, evav †Ìqv; meyR meyRgq Ñ meyR Nv‡m Ave„Z; cÖv‡Yi meyR Ñ cÖv‡Yi mRxeZv I Zvi“Y¨; gv‡Vi meyR Ñ gv‡Vi my›ì meyR cwi‡ek; eRªKÉ Ñ †gNv”Qbœ AvKvk †_‡K eRª ev we y¨‡Zi aŸwb cÖPÊ kw³ai k‡ãi g‡Zv| GLv‡b e½eÜzi KÉ¯î‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q; j¶ j¶ Db¥Ë Aaxi e¨vKzj we‡ ªvnx †kÖvZv Ñ 1971 mv‡ji 7B gvP© evsjvi gvby‡li Awemsevw`Z †bZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi KÉwbtm„Z e³e¨ †kvbvi Rb¨ XvKvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b A‡c¶v KiwQj j¶ j¶ gvbyl| Zviv e¨vKzj n‡q e‡mwQj e½eÜzi A‡c¶vq| †im‡Kv‡m©i gv‡V G‡m wZwb Kx wb‡ ©k †`b, Kx Avkvi evYx †kvbvb †m Rb¨ †mw`b j¶ cÖvY n‡qwQj AvKzj| KviY cvwK¯—vwb kvmKiv mvgwiK kw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i evOvwji ¯^vwaKvi


Av‡›`vj‡bi weRq‡K bm¨vr Kivi mg — cwiKíbvi QK ˆZwi K‡i e‡mwQj| 1970-Gi mvaviY wbe©vP‡b e½eÜzi †bZ…‡Z¡ evOvwji weRq‡K Zviv ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡Z cv‡iwb| cvwK¯—vwb lohš¿Kvix‡ì mvgwiK cÖwZf~ Bqvwnqv Lvb 1971-Gi 1jv gvP© cvwK¯—v‡bi RvZxq msm‡ì Awa‡ekb ¯’wMZ K‡i †`q| e½eÜzi AvnŸv‡b ïi“ nq mgMÖ evOvwj RvwZi HKë× Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb| evsjv‡`k n‡q I‡V MYgvby‡li Av‡›`vj‡b UvjgvUvj| ¶zä †`‡ki gvbyl| †d‡U co‡Q Zv‡ì †µva| Zviv ZvwK‡q Av‡Q Zv‡ì AK…wÎg eÜz, cÖv‡Yi gvbyl, †KvwU gvby‡li †bZv †kL gywR‡ei w`‡K| mg — †`‡ki gvbyl †hb G we‡`ªv‡n Suvwc‡q c‡o‡Q| †mw`b †im‡Kv‡m©i gv‡V e½eÜzi e³…Zv †kvbvi Rb¨ hviv G‡mwQj †mB j¶ j¶ gvby‡li g‡b wQj e¨vKzjZv, e½eÜz Kx ej‡eb AvR| cÖ‡Z¨K †kÖvZvB †hb GK GKRb we‡`ªvnx| G we‡ ªvn wQj cvwK¯—vwb ˆ¯îkvmK I mvgwiKZ‡š¿i Ges Ab¨vq I loh‡š¿i wei“‡×| Rbmgy‡`ªi D`¨vb ˆmK‡Z Ñ igbv †im‡Kv‡m© mg‡eZ j¶ j¶ gvby‡li mgv‡ek‡K Kwe Kíbv K‡i‡Qb Rbmgy‡`ªi evMvbi~‡c| †mB Rbmgy‡`ªi GKw`‡K wQj gÂ, Kwei „wó‡Z †mwU †hb †mB Rbmgy‡ ªi Zxi| GB wkï cvK© †mw`b wQj bvÑ eZ©gv‡b XvKvi †mvnivIqv ©x D`¨v‡b DËicÖv‡š—i GKwU AskRy‡o i‡q‡Q wkï cvK©| ZLb G wkï cvK© wQj bv, ZLb Gi bvg wQj igbv †im‡Kvm©| GB †im‡Kv‡m©i DËi cÖv‡š— wbwg©Z weivU cÖk — gÂ †_‡K 7B gvP© (1971) e½eÜz Zuvi HwZnvwmK fvlY w`‡qwQ‡jb| e½eÜzi fvl‡Yi †mB ¯§„wZgq ¯’vbwUi †Kv‡bv Aw¯—Z¡ GLb Avi Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡e bv| †mLv‡b GLb bvbv iO-†ei‡Oi Uzj-†ewÂ, †LjbvivR¨, Avi Pviw`‡K evMvb| Kwe g‡b K‡ib, j¶ j¶ gvby‡li ü`q wbsov‡bv Ô¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi evYxÕ †hLvb †_‡K D”PvwiZ n‡qwQj †m ¯§„wZgq ¯’vbwU Gfv‡eB my‡KŠk‡j †X‡K †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| KLb Avm‡e Kwe? Ñ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K Kíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Kwei~‡c| KviY wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^cœ I Abyf~wZi i~cKvi| Zuvi evOvwj n„`‡qi Av‡eMcÖeY cÖKvk‡K KwemyjfB g‡b nq| 1971 mv‡ji 5B GwcÖj gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi ÔwbDRDBKÕ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ GK wbe‡Ü e½eÜz †kL gywRe‡K ÔivRbxwZi KweÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i †jLv nq, wZwb Ôj¶ j¶ gvbyl‡K AvKl©Y Ki‡Z cv‡i mgv‡e‡k Ges Av‡eMgq evwM¥Zvq Zi‡½i ci Zi‡½ Zv‡ì m‡¤§vwnZ K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡ib| wZwb ivRbxwZi KweÕ| myZivs e½eÜz‡K ÔKweÕ AwfavwU h_v_©fv‡eB w`‡q‡Qb GKv‡ji Kwe| Kwei wei“‡× Kwe ... gv‡P©i wei“‡× gvP© Ñ Kwe GLv‡b †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb e½eÜz‡K wbg©gfv‡e nZ¨vi ci G‡`‡k Aïfkw³i †h DÌvb N‡U‡Q Zv‡Z me BwZevPK fvebv, †mŠ›`h© I Kj¨vY‡K †hb mgvwnZ Kivi cÖqvm P‡j‡Q| †kÖô we‡K‡ji Mí Ñ 1971 mv‡ji 7B gvP© †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b †h we‡KjwU‡Z j¶ j¶ gvbyl Aaxi AvMÖ‡n A‡c¶v KiwQj e½eÜzi fvlY †kvbvi Rb¨, †m we‡KjwU Kwei „wó‡Z wQj evsjvi gvby‡li Rb¨ †kÖô we‡Kj| KviY Gw`b we‡K‡jB wZwb ¯^vaxbZvi WvK w`‡qwQ‡jb| kZ eQ‡ii kZ msMÖvg †k‡l Ñ cÖK…Zc‡¶ evsjvi ¯^vaxbZvm~h© A¯—wgZ nq cjvkxi cÖvš—‡i 1757 mv‡j| 1857 mv‡j weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb nqÑwmcvnx wec −e| 1930 mv‡j PÆMÖv‡g ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvgx wec −ex m~h© †m‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ weªwUk we‡ivax mk¯¿ hy× nq Rvjvjvev` cvnv‡o| AZtci cvwK¯—vb m„wói GK eQi ci †_‡K ïi“ nq cvwK¯—vwb kvmK‡ì bvbv loh‡š¿i wei“‡× msMÖvg| 1948 mv‡ji fvlv msMÖvg †_‡K 1952-i fvlv Av‡›`vjb, Zvici 1971 mv‡j i³¶qx gyw³hy×| myZivs BwZnv‡mi eû Aa¨vq cvi n‡q, bvbv msMÖvg I Z¨v‡Mi wewbg‡q Avgiv AR©b K‡iwQ wcÖq ¯^vaxbZv| AZtci Kwe G‡m g‡Â ùvov‡jb Ñ e½eÜz †kL gyywReyi ingvb e³…Zvg‡Â G‡m ùvov‡jb j¶ j¶ gvby‡li mvg‡b| ZLb cj‡K `vi“Y Sj‡K Zix‡Z DwVj Rj/n„`‡q jvwMj †`vjv, Rbmgy‡`ª RvwMj †Rvqvi/mKj `yqvi †Lvjv, Ñ Kwe Zuvi eY©bv‡K AviI my›ì I A_©en K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ iex›`ªbv‡_i Ô†èZvi MÖvmÕ I weòz †`-i Ô†NvomIqviÕ KweZvi PiY eënvi K‡i‡Qb Lye ˆbcy‡Yï m‡½| evsjvi gvby‡li wcÖq †bZv e½eÜz Zuvi ¯^vaxbZvi~cx †bŠKvi cvj Zz‡j hLb WvK w`‡jb,


ZLb RbZvi †Rvqv‡ii †mªv‡Z †m †bŠKvq jvMj DÏvg nvIqv, Qz‡U Pjj †mB ¯^‡cœi eû AvKvw•¶Z Zix| eRªKÉ evYx Ñ mn‡R DÏxß `y¨wZgq e½eÜzi evYx| Gev‡ii msMÖvg Avgv‡ì gyw³i msMÖvg/Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg Ñ 1971-Gi 7B gvP© e½eÜz ¯^vaxbZvi WvK †`b, G‡`‡ki gyw³i WvK †`b| Zuvi e³‡eï GUvB wQj g~jK_v| Zuvi G AvnŸv‡b mgMÖ †`kevmx HKë× n‡q gnvb gyw³hy‡× Suvwc‡q c‡o Ges Ae‡k‡l Avgiv Rqx nB| ^vaxbZv kãwU Avgv‡ì Ñ Ô¯^vaxbZv kãwU GLb Awfav‡bi GKwU wbQK kã bq| G kãwU D”Pvi‡Yi m‡½ Avgv‡ì msMÖvg I gyw³i cÖm½ hy³| ZvB 1971 mv‡ji 7B gvP© hLb e½eÜzi KÉ †_‡K aŸwbZ n‡jv : Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg, ZLb Ô¯^vaxbZvÕ kãwU †cj bZzb A_© I e¨Äbv| cvV cwiwPwZ : wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡b e½eÜzi HwZnvwmK 7B gv‡P©i fvlY, ^vaxbZv I †`k‡cÖ‡gi †cÖiYv RvMÖZ Kiv KweZvwUi D‡Ïk¨| 1971 mv‡ji 7B gvP© e½eÜz igbv †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b j¶ j¶ gvby‡li m¤§y‡L eRªK‡É cvwK¯—vwb ˆ¯îkvm‡bi wbMo †_‡K evOvwj RvwZi gyw³ I ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi WvK †`b| e½eÜzi GB fvl‡Yi g‡a¨B †mw`b m~wPZ n‡qwQj Avgv‡ì ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^cœ I gnvb gyw³hy‡× Suvwc‡q covi AvnŸvb| †mw`b K…lK-kªwgK-gRyi-eyw×Rxex-wkï-wK‡kvi-bvix-cyi“l-hyeK-e„× mevB mg‡eZ n‡qwQj evOvwji gnvb †bZvi K_v †kvbvi Rb¨| mevi g‡b wQj AvKzjZv| †m AvKzjZv wQj †bZvi Kv‡Q ¯^‡cœi K_v †kvbvi Rb¨| Zuvi gy‡L Avkvi evYx †kvbvi Rb¨| igbvi †im‡Kv‡m© †hLv‡b †mw`‡bi gÂ ˆZwi n‡qwQj GLb †mLv‡b Zvi †Kv‡bv wPý †bB| †m RvqMvq M‡o D‡V‡Q wkïcvK©| Kwe g‡b K‡ib, AbvMZ Kv‡ji wkï‡ì Kv‡Q GB K_vwU Rvwb‡q †Ìqv ìKvi †h Ñ GLb †_‡KB, GB cv‡K©i gÂ †_‡KB, evOvwji Agi ARi wcÖq kã Ô ^vaxbZvÕ K_vwU D”PvwiZ n‡qwQj| Avcvgi RbZvi mvg‡b whwb †mw`b G‡m ùvwo‡qwQ‡jb wZwb evOvwji eo wcÖq gvbyl, evOvwji wkKo †_‡K †R‡M IVv GK we‡`ªvnx †bZv| wZwb †Kv‡bv mvaviY ivRbxwZwe` bb, wZwb GKRb Kwe, GKRb ivRbxwZi Kwe| G †`‡ki gvby‡li fv‡jvevmvq Mov GK gvbyl Ñ RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb| wZwb †mw`b (7B gvP© 1971) we‡K‡ji coš— †iv‡` WvK w`‡qwQ‡jb Ñ

ÔGev‡ii msMÖvg Avgv‡ì gyw³i msMÖvg, Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg|Õ

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| 1971 mv‡ji 7B gv‡P© e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi HwZnvwmK fvlYwU gyL¯— K‡i wk¶K‡K

†kvbvI| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| Ki“Y †Kivwb Kv‡ì‡K ejv n‡q‡Q ?

K. Av‡e‡M Ki“Y L. ¯^fv‡e Ki“Y M. Ki“Yfv‡e RxebhvcbKvix N. PvKwiRxex


2| ÔMYm~‡h©i gÂÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ?

K. Av‡jvwPZ gÂ L. DÏxß gÂ M. †bZvi gÂ m~‡h©i g‡Zv N. wec−ex gÂ


g‡b Avgvi Sj‡m I‡V GKvË‡ii K_v, cvwLi Wvbvq wj‡LwQjvg wcÖq ¯^vaxbZv|

3| DÏxc‡K Ô¯^vaxbZvÕ GB kãwU Kxfv‡e Avgv‡ì n‡jvÑ KweZvi †Kvb w`K‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i‡Q?

i. ¯^vaxbZvi K_v ii. gyw³i K_v iii. AvKv•¶vi K_v


K. i L. iiM. iii N. i I iii

4| DÏxc‡K cÖwZdwjZ fvebvwU Ô¯^vaxbZvÕ GB kãwU Kxfv‡e Avgv‡ì n‡jvÑ KweZvi †Kvb cO&w³i m‡½ mv`„k¨c~Y© ?

K. gv‡P©i wei“‡× gvP© L. Kwei wei“‡× Kwe M. Avgv‡ì ¯^vaxbZvwcÖq cÖv‡Yi meyR G‡m wg‡kwQj N. †mB †_‡K ¯^vaxbZv kãwU Avgv‡ì

m„Rbkxj

`ywj‡Z‡Q Zwi dzwj‡Z‡Q Rj, fzwj‡Z‡Q gvwS c_, wQuwoqv‡Q cvj, †K awi‡e nvj, Av‡Q Kvi wn¤§r ? †K AvQ †Rvqvb nI Av¸qvb nuvwK‡Q fwel¨r|

K. me ¯§„wZ gy‡Q w`‡Z Kx D`¨Z ? L. Ô†X‡K †`qv GB XvKvi ü`q gvVLvwbÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ? M. DÏxcKwU Ô¯^vaxbZvÕ GB kãwU Kxfv‡e Avgv‡ì n‡jvÑ KweZvi †Kvb

w`K‡K D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i‡QÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxcKwU Ô¯^vaxbZvÕ GB kãwU Kxfv‡e Avgv‡ì n‡jvÑ KweZvi mgMÖ

fve‡K aviY K‡iwbÑ g~j¨vqb Ki|


mvnmx Rbbx evsjv Kvgvj †PŠayix [Kwe cwiwPwZ : Kvgvj †PŠayix 1957 mv‡ji 28†k Rvbyqvwi Kzwgj−v †Rjvi †PŠÏMÖvg Dc‡Rjvi weRqKiv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv Avng` †nv‡mb †PŠayix I gvZv †eMg Zv‡niv †nv‡mb| 1973 mv‡j wZwb bvivqYM‡Äi †Mv`bvBj nvB¯‹zj †_‡K GmGmwm Ges 1975 mv‡j XvKv K‡jR †_‡K GBPGmwm cvm K‡ib| cieZ©x Kv‡j wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K mgvRweÁv‡b m¤§vbmn mœvZK I mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| 2006 mv‡j wZwb Mv‡iv Rb‡Mvôxi gvZ…m~Îxq Avevm cÖ_v wb‡q M‡elYv K‡i wcGBPwW wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b wZwb miKvwi PvKwi‡Z wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Qb| Zuvi KweZv evOvwji Avengvb RxebPP©v, msMÖvg I gvbexq †ev‡ai DrmviY, †mB m‡½ wkwíZ cÖKi‡Yi D¾¡j cÖKvk| kã I Q›` m‡PZb Ges wbix¶vcÖeY G Kwe evsjv KweZvq cwimªyZ avivi Ab¨Zg cÖavb cÖwZwbwa| D‡j −L‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ : wgwQ‡ji mgvb eqmx, Uvbv‡cv‡o‡bi w`b, GB c_ GB †Kvjvnj, G‡mwQ wb‡Ri †fv‡i, a~wj I mvMi „k¨, †n gvwU c„w_excyÎ, cvš’kvjvi †Nvov BZ¨vw`| wK‡kvi KweZv : Avcb g‡bi cvVkvjv‡Z| mvwn‡Z¨ Zvrch©gq Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vimn A‡bK cyi¯‹vi I m¤§vbbvq f~wlZ nb|]

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G‡mwQ Avevi wd‡i ... ivZRvMv wbe©vmb †k‡l G‡mwQ Rbbx e‡½ ¯^vaxbZv Dwo‡q Dwo‡q ...

kãv_© I UxKv : Amyi b„Z Ñ wn› y cyivY g‡Z Amyi n‡jv † eZv‡ì kÎy| ˆ Z ev vbe| Amyi b„Z n‡jv vbe‡ì b„Z¨| GLv‡b Amyi b„Z ej‡Z Kwe evsjv‡`‡k cvwK —vwb nvbv vi evwnbxi vbexq aŸsmjxjv‡K eywS‡q‡Qb; i³v³ nvZ gyP‡o w ‡qwQ Ñ cvwK —vwb evwnbx evOvwj‡ì i‡³ Zv‡ì nvZ iwÄZ K‡iwQj| cÖwZ‡kva wn‡m‡e Kwe †mB Kjw¼Z nvZ‡K gyP‡o †Ìqvi K_v e‡j‡Qb; wPi KweZvi †`k Ñ evsjv I evOvwj RvwZ KweZvi Rb weL vZ|


G‡`‡ki Av‡Q KweZvi mg„× GK HwZn¨| wPi KweZvi †`k ej‡Z Kwe evsjv‡`k‡K eywS‡q‡Qb; evOvwj Abvh© RvwZ Ñ Avh©MY fvi‡Z Avmvi eû c~e© †_‡KB A‡bK RvwZi †jvK G‡`‡k emevm Ki‡Zb| Zviv Abvh© wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| Avh©MY Abvh©‡ì N„Yvi †Pv‡L †`L‡Zb, AZ vPvi-AwePvi Ki‡Zb| Kwe evOvwj‡ìI Abvh© wn‡m‡e AvL v w ‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ evOvwjiv †h fxZz bq, ye©j ev Kvcyi“l bq, eis ex‡ii RvwZ Kwe Zv‡ì GB HwZnvwmK I mvnmx cwiP‡qi cÖwZ Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb; A Av K L eY©gvjv c‡_ c‡_Ñ evOvwji exiZ¡ Avi †kŠ‡h©i my xN© BwZnvm Av‡Q| †mB BwZnv‡mi Zvrch©c~Y© Aa vq 1952 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡› vjb| fvlvi Rb evOvwji AvZ¥Z v‡Mi mygnvb †cÖiYvi c_ a‡i evOvwj RvwZ GwM‡q G‡m‡Q gyw³i c‡_, ¯vaxbZvi c‡_| KweZvi GB As‡k Kwe Avgv‡ì fvlv †cÖ‡gi DÏxcbvgq wPÎKí wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb; N„Yvi KvZy©R Ñ KvZ©yR kãwU G‡m‡Q Kvi&&wUR kã †_‡K| Gi A_© n‡jv e› y‡Ki †UvUv| N„Yvi KvZ©yR ej‡Z Kwe evOvwj RvwZi we‡ùviY Db¥yL N„Yvi mw¤§jb‡K eywS‡q‡Qb; bxjKg‡jiv Rv‡M Ñ bxjKgj A_© bxj i‡Oi cÙ| wKš‘ Kwe GLv‡b iƒcK_vi ivRKzgvi‡ì K_v e‡j‡Qb| Avi GB ivRKzgviMY n‡jb 71-Gi exi gyw³hy×v hviv †`kgvZ…Kvi gyw³i Rb xN©w b ivZ †R‡M KvwU‡q‡Qb; KweZvi nv‡Z ivB‡djÑ K_vwU iƒcK A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q| 1971 mv‡j evOvwj Kweiv KweZv‡KI hy‡×i A ¿ wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡iwQ‡jb| A_©vr KweZvi gva¨‡gI cÖwZ‡iva I gyw³i K_v ejv n‡q‡Q; Gevi ev‡Ni _vevÑ gyw³‡hv×v‡ì kw³kvjx AvµgY †evSv‡Z cÖZxKwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q; ivZRvMv wbe©vmb †k‡lÑ 1971 mv‡j cvwK —vwb nvbv vi evwnbxi Avµg‡Yi d‡j G‡`‡ki wecyj msL¨K gvbyl wf‡UgvwU Qvov nb| Zviv xN© bq gvm wbR †`‡kB wKsev cÖwZ‡ekx ivóª fvi‡Z wbe©vwmZ Rxebhvcb Ki‡Z eva nb| wKš‘ Zviv G Ae ’v‡ZB M‡o †Zv‡jb cÖej cÖwZ‡iva| wbNy©g ivwÎ‡K Zviv DrmM© K‡ib wcÖq gvZ…f~wgi gyw³i j‡¶¨| GK mgq kÎ“‡K civwRZ K‡i Zviv wd‡i Av‡mb ex‡ii †e‡k| Av‡jvP As‡k Kwe Zuv‡ì Mwe©Z cÖZ veZ©‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb|

cvV cwiwPwZ : Kwe Kvgvj †PŠayixi Ôa~wj I mvMi `„k¨Õ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i Aš—M©Z Ômvnmx Rbbx evsjvÕ KweZvwU Zuvi ÔKweZvmsMÖnÕ MÖš’ †_‡K msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b ejv n‡q‡QÑ fxZz I †f‡Zv e‡j hv‡ì AwfwnZ Kiv n‡qwQj, †m wg_¨vPvi e¨_© K‡i w`‡q evOvwj RvwZ Zv‡ì †kŠ‡h©i gwngvq Rq K‡i †bq ¯^vaxbZv| gyw³i cZvKv Zv‡ì nv‡Z| kÎ“i AvmywiK AvPiY, weKU Dj −vm Avi b„ksmZv ¯í mg‡q civf~Z Kiv m¤¢e nq G †`‡ki gvby‡li g‡b Kve¨gq wmœ»Zvi m‡½ mvn‡mi B¯úvZ`„pZv Av‡Q e‡j| Abvw` AZx‡Zi msMÖvg, fvlvi Rb¨ i³`v‡bi BwZnvm gyw³hy×Kv‡j wQj evOvwji †cÖiYvi evwZNi| G‡`‡ki RbRxe‡bi wewfbœ euv‡K Av‡Q cÖwZ‡iva I msMÖv‡gi HwZn¨| MÖvgevsjvi gvbyl mgwš^Z msnwZ‡Z civf~Z K‡i Aïf kw³‡K| Avm‡j GmeB evsjvRbbxi cÖv‡Yi DËß ¯ú›`bRvZ, Zuvi gvwU †_‡K D‡V Avmv mvn‡mi †dvqvivøvZ| mg¯— evavweNœ AwZµg K‡i GB exi RvwZ weR‡qi cZvKv Dwo‡q wd‡i G‡m‡Q †`kgvZ…Kvi †µv‡o|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| ÔGK mvaviY hye‡Ki gyw³‡hv×v nIqv Ges hy×‡k‡l ^vaxb †`‡k wd‡i AvmvÕÑ GiKg cUf~wgi

GKwU KweZv ev Kvwnbx †jL| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| evOvwji nv‡Z Kx D‡V‡Q?

K. Kv‡¯— L. †MÖ‡bW M. Rvj N. jvwV


2| ÔbxjKg‡jivÕ Kviv ?

K. cÖnixiv L. mvnmxiv M. ü`qevb e¨w³MY N. gyw³‡hv×vMY

DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : we‡`wk †mbvi Kvgv‡bÑey‡j‡U we× bvix wkï Avi hyeK-†Rvqvb e„× kÎ“ †mbviv nZ¨vi Awfhv‡b Ñ gyw³evwnbx cÖwZ‡iva DÌv‡b|

3| DÏxc‡K ÔRbbx mvnmx evsjvÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwU cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q ?

i. gyw³hy‡×i cÖwZ‡iva ii. mvaviY gvby‡li AmnvqZ¡ iii. `xN©k¦vm


K. i L. iiM. iii N. ii I iii

4| DÏxc‡Ki Abyfe Ômvnmx Rbbx evsjvÕ KweZvi †Kvb cO&w³i m‡½ mv`„k¨c~Y© ?

K. †Zv‡ì i³v³ nvZ gyP‡o w`‡qwQ bq gv‡m L. eywoM½v cÙv b`xZxi/WvKvZ c‡o‡Q MÖv‡g M. †fvR n‡e AvR cÖwZ‡kv‡a/hvi m‡½ †h iKg, †m iKg †Lj‡e evOvwj N. mvnmx Rbbx evsjv, ey‡K Pvcv g„‡Zi Av¸b|

m„Rbkxj

hLb nvbv`viea msMx‡Z N„Yvi cÖej g‡š¿ RvMÖZ ¯^‡`‡ki ZiyY nv‡Z wbZ¨ †e‡R‡Q Aweivg †gwkbMvb, gU©vi †MÖ‡bW|

K. gaïv‡Z Kviv G‡mwQj ? L. eY©gvjv c‡_ c‡_ †Zcvš—‡i Ny‡iwQj †Kb ? M. DÏxc‡Ki Abyfe Ômvnmx Rbbx evsjvÕ KweZvi Abyf‡ei m‡½ mv`„k¨c~Y©Ñe¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxc‡Ki fvebv Ômvnmx Rbbx evsjvÕ KweZvi mvgwMÖK cwiPq bqÑ g~j¨vqb Ki|


LwZqvb iy`ª gyn¤§` kwn`yj−vn

[Kwe cwiwPwZ : i“ ª gyn¤§` kwn yj−vn 16B A‡±vei 1956 mv‡j ewikv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| 1974 mv‡j wZwb I‡q÷ GÛ nvB¯‹zj †_‡K GmGmwm Ges 1976 mv‡j XvKv K‡jR †_‡K GBPGmwm cvm K‡ib| AZtci 1980 mv‡j wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefvM †_‡K m¤§vbmn mœvZK I 1983 mv‡j mœvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| wZwb Ômw¤§wjZ mvs¯‹…wZK †RvUÕ I ÔRvZxq KweZv cwil`Õ MV‡b D‡j−L‡hvM¨ f~wgKv iv‡Lb| g~jZ ^vaxbZv-DËi evsjv KweZvq D”PK‡É cÖwZev`x Kwe wn‡m‡e Zuvi Avwef©ve| GQvov evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy×,

†`kvZ¡‡eva, MYAv‡›`vjb I Amv¤úª vwqK Rxeb‡ev‡ai AmvaviY GK Kwe i“ ª gyn¤§` kwn yj−vn| Zuvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Kve¨MÖš’ : Dc ªyZ DcK~j, wd‡i PvB ^Y©MÖvg, gvby‡li gvbwPÎ, †Qvej BZ¨vw`| MxwZKvi wn‡m‡eI wZwb RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡ib| 21‡k Ryb 1991 mv‡j iy ª gyn¤§` kwn yj −vni AKvj cÖqvY N‡U|]

ÔnvZ evov‡jB gy‡Vv f‡i hvq F‡Y A_P Avgvi k‡mï gvV fiv| †ivÏyi Lyu‡R cvB bv KL‡bv w`‡b, Av‡jv‡Z fvmvq iv‡Zi emyÜiv| †UvKv w`‡j S‡i cPv AvOy‡ji Nvg, a — ZLb gM‡Ri gv —yj bvwe‡Kiv †fv‡j wb‡R‡ì WvK-bvg †PvLRy‡o †dv‡U i³Revi dyj| †W‡K I‡Vv hw` ¯§…wZ‡fRv ¤−vb ¯^‡i, DovI bxi‡e wbf…Z iygvjLvbv cvwLiv wdi‡e c_ wP‡b wP‡b N‡i Avgvwi †Kej _vK‡e bv c_ Rvbv †UvKv w`‡j S‡i co‡e cyi‡bv ay‡jv †Pv‡Li †KvYvq Rgv GK‡duvUv Rj| Kvc©vm †d‡U evZv‡m fvm‡e Zy‡jv _vK‡e bv ïay wb‡ew`Z Zi“Zj RvM‡e bv ebf~wgi wm_v‡b Pvu evwji kix‡i m‡d` †dbvi †Qvuqv co‡e bv g‡b AgxgvswmZ duv` AweKj i‡e i‡q‡Q †hgb †kvqv nvZ evov‡jB gy‡Vv f‡i hvq †c«‡g A_P Avgvi e¨vcK weinf~wg Qy‡U †h‡Z PvB c_ hvq cv‡q †_‡g †X‡K `vI †PvL AvOy‡ji b‡L Zywg|

kãv_© I UxKv : emyÜiv Ñ c„w_ex; a¯— Ñ webvk, ¶qcªvß nIqv; gM‡Ri gv¯—yj Ñ gv¯—yj n‡”Q Rvnv‡Ri ev †bŠKvi cvj LvUv‡bvi LuywU| gM‡Ri gv¯—yj ej‡Z GLv‡b c‡_i wbkvbv †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Kwe Zuvi c_ nviv‡bvi K_v eywS‡q‡Qb; †PvLRy‡o †dv‡U i³Revi dzj Ñ AwaK cwikÖg ev NygnxbZvi Kvi‡Y †PvLi i³eY© aviY Kiv| i³Rev dz‡ji is n‡jv UKU‡K jvj i‡³i g‡Zv| GLv‡b †PvL‡K i³Revi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q; wm_v‡b Ñ wkq‡i| gv_vi Dc‡i| ebf~wgi wm_v‡b Puv` ej‡Z Kwe e‡bi Dc‡i Puv`‡K eywS‡q‡Qb; m‡d` †dbv Ñ mv`v i‡Oi †dbv|


cvV cwiwPwZ : i“ ª gyn¤§` kwn yj −vnÕi Ô†gŠwjK gy‡LvkÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K KweZvwU msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| cÖYq Avi Abyiv‡Mi Av‡e`b wPiš—b| †mLv‡b gvbyl me©`vB wbf©iZv Luy‡R cvq, cvq †eu‡P _vKvi Avb›`| wb‡Ri cwic~Y©Zvi g‡aÏ cÖv_©wqZvi mvwbœa¨ gvbyl‡K Av‡iv FYx K‡i †Zv‡j| Ggb FYx n‡Z †m fv‡jvIev‡m| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv FY gvbyl‡K †eu‡P _vKvi †cÖiYv †`q Av‡iv| Pvwiw`‡K hLb Ae¶q, `y‡h©vM, nZvkv, cÖvK…wZK weiƒcZv ZLb †mB AbyivM ev cÖYq gvbyl‡K euvPvi ¯^cœ †`Lvq| gvbyl ZvB evi evi wd‡i Av‡m Zvi GKvš— g‡bi gvby‡li Kv‡Q| GB ~‡i hvIqv Ges wd‡i Avmvi we —…Z weeiY _v‡K gvby‡li RxebcvZvi cÖwZwU Q‡Î|

Abykxjbx

Kg©-Abykxjb 1| ÔAvkª‡q wd‡i Avmvi Rb¨ gvbyl K¬vš—-kªvš— c_ †cwi‡q P‡j Av‡mÕ GB †eva‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i

GKwU iPbv wjL| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| †PvL Ry‡o Kx †dv‡U ?

K. m‡l© dzj L. †Mvjvc dzj M. i³Rev dzj N. Muv`v dzj

2| Kwe Ôcyi‡bv ay‡jvÕ ej‡Z Kx eywS‡q‡Qb ? i. ¯§„wZ ii. kÖ“wZ iii. we¯§„wZ



¯§„wZiv †cvnvq †ivÏyi, ¯§„wZiv †cvnvq †ivÏyi| Avgv‡ì c`‡iLv wcQ‡b †d‡j, Zviv †M‡Q AvR KZ`~i| wcQ‡b `yBcv †g‡j, ¯§„wZiv †cvnvq †ivÏyi| 3| DÏxc‡K ÔLwZqvbÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`K D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q ?

K. ¯§„wZgqZv L. wein M. wb‡e`b N. k~b¨Zv

4| DÏxc‡Ki AbyfewU LwZqvb KweZvi †Kvb cO&w³‡Z cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q ? K. †ivÏyi Lyu‡R cvB bv KL‡bv w`‡b L. bvwe‡Kiv †fv‡j wb‡R‡ì WvK-bvg M. Avgvwi †Kej _vK‡e bv c_ Rvbv N. Qz‡U †h‡Z PvB c_ hvq cv‡q †_‡g


m„Rbkxj bvB †Uwj‡dvb, bvB‡i wcqb, bvB‡i †UwjMÖvg| eÜzi Kv‡Q g‡bi Lei, †Kg‡b †cuŠQvBZvg| eÜz‡i †Zvi jvwM, ebevmx nBjvg|

K. iv‡Zi emyÜiv Kx‡m fvmvq ? L. Ôwbf…Z i“gvjLvbvÕ ej‡Z Kwe Kx ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Ñ eywS‡q †jL| M. DÏxcKwU LwZqvb KweZvi †Kvb w`K‡K D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i‡Q Ñ e¨vL¨v Ki| N. ÔA_P Avgvi e¨vcK weinf~wgÕ Kwei GB g‡bvfve KweZvq I DÏxc‡K cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡QÑ

g~j¨vqb Ki|

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