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Ÿ Hossain, M. A. (2012), The Challenges in Achieving Quality in Primary Education of Bangladesh: The Stakeholders Perspective, Unpublished Master Thesis, Oslo University College, Norway.
Ÿ Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (3rd ed.), Sage Publications: Thousands oaks, California.
Ÿ B.S.S (26th June, 2013) Students Council formed in 58000 School in Bangladesh.
Ÿ Rahmat Ullah (24 February, 2014) Student Council Election in Five Upazilas of Panchagarh held today.
gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb*
†gvnv¤§` RvwKi †nv‡mb
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GB M‡elYv Kvh©µg evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi Assessment) eZ©gvb Ae¯’v‡K cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi ch©vqµwgK cwigvR©b Ges cwigvR©‡bi d‡j m„ó cwieZ©bmg~n D`NvU‡bi cÖqvm GB M‡elYv Kvh©µ‡g †bIqv n‡q‡Q| GwU GKwU eY©bvg~jK Ges we‡kølYag©x M‡elYv Kvh©µg| mKj DcvË I Z_¨ †MŠY Drm n‡Z msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| G M‡elYvq wkÿvµg I wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb-mswkøó wewfbœ WKz‡g›Um, M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`b Ges wkÿv gš¿Yvjq KZ…©K RvwiK…Z cÖÁvcb, mvK©yjvi Ges wb‡`©kbvmg~n e¨vcK ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| 2005 wLª÷v‡ãi c~‡e© evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK we`¨vjqmg~n wbR¯^ wbq‡g MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i G‡m‡Q| GB g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg wQj cÖavbZ wjwLZ cixÿvwfwËK Ges GwU wQj gyL¯’-wbf©i| Gi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi eyw×e„Ëxq `ÿZvi AvswkK g~j¨vqb n‡jI wkÿv_©xi Ab¨vb¨ ÿZv †hgb †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM ÿZv, e¨w³K AvPiY, mn‡hvwMZvg~jK I mvgvwRK ÿZv cwigv‡ci AvIZvq Avbv nq wb| GKRb wkÿv_©x gvbyl wn‡m‡e †Kgb Ges wewfbœ wel‡q †m KZUv `ÿZv Rvbvi Dcvq wQj bv| GB †cÖÿvc‡V 2005 wLª÷v‡ã wkÿv_©xi mvgwMÖK, cwic~Y© I fvimvg¨c~Y© weKvk I Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb ev GmweG e¨e¯’vq MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb Pvjy Kiv nq| 2012 wLª÷v‡ã cwiPvwjZ GmweG Kvh©µ‡gi g~j¨vqb mgxÿvq †`Lv hvq AwaKvsk we`¨vj‡q GB Kvh©µ‡gi MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡”Q bv| KviY wn‡m‡e wkÿK, cÖavb wkÿKMY GwU‡K wkÿK-evÜe bq e‡j AwfgZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡`i g‡Z G‡Z Kv‡Ri cwigvY A‡bK †ewk Ges g~j¨vqb wb‡`©kbv I †iKW© msiÿY cÖwµqv A‡bK RwUj| Zviv MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb wb‡`©kbv I Gi Kvh©µg‡K mnRxKiY I wkÿK-evÜe Kivi civgk© w`‡q‡Qb| myweav‡fvMxMY wkÿv_©xi eyw×e„wËK, ˆ`wnK, gvbwmK, ˆbwZK I Ava¨vwZ¥K weKvk I Dbœq‡b MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Dcjwä K‡i G‡K cvewjK cixÿvq AšÍfz©³ Kivi civgk© w`‡q‡Qb| myweav‡fvMx‡`i mycvwi‡ki wfwˇZ wkÿv gš¿Yvjq GmweG e¨e¯’v cwigvR©b K‡i avivevwnK g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©b K‡i Ges GwU‡K 2014 wkÿvel© †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q ev¯Íevq‡bi wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡i|
f‚wgKvevsjv‡`‡k gva¨wgK wkÿvq mv¤úÖwZK mg‡q e¨vcK Dbœqb mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_©x AšÍf©yw³i msL¨v Ges cvewjK cixÿvq mdjZvi nv‡ii avivevwnK e„w× G Dbœqb‡K mg_©b K‡i| gva¨wgK wkÿvi ¸YMZ I cwigvYMZ Dbœq‡b wkÿv gš¿Yvjq wewfbœ `vZv †Mvôxq mnvqZvq wewfbœ cÖK‡íi mvnv‡h¨ gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi AeKvVv‡gv Dbœqb, wkÿve„wË Ges wkÿK cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q|
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* wkÿvµg we‡klÁ, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW, XvKv|
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx38 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 39
evsjv‡`‡ki cixÿv-wbf©i wkÿve¨e¯’vq GKRb wkÿv_©x‡K gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i 3wU cvewjK cixÿvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z nq| cixÿvmg~n n‡”Q- 8g †kÖwY †k‡l Rywbqi ‹zj mvwU©wd‡KU cixÿv (†RGmwm), 10g †kÖwY †k‡l †m‡KÛvwi ¯‹zj mvwU©wd‡KU cixÿv (GmGmwm) Ges Øv`k †kÖwY †k‡l nvqvi †m‡KÛvwi mvwU©wd‡KU cixÿv (GBPGmwm)| A_v©r 14eQi †_‡K 18eQi GB 5eQ‡ii g‡a¨ GKRb wkÿv_©x‡K 3wU cvewjK cixÿvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z nq|
wkÿvi YMZ gv‡bvbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wkÿv gš¿Yvjq gva¨wgK wkÿv Dbœqb Kg©m~wP bv‡g 10eQi †gqvw` (2000-2010) GKwU Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡i| GB Kg©m~wPi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ wQj gva¨wgK ͇ii cÖPwjZ wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi ms¯‹vi K‡i G‡K h_v_© I wbf©i‡hvM¨ Kiv| wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg ms¯‹v‡ii D‡Ïk¨ 2004 wLª÷v‡ã wkÿv gš¿Yvjq 2wU cixÿvg~jK Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i| GKwU cixÿvg~jK Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq we`¨vj‡qi Af¨šÍixY g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vq Ges AciwU cwiPvwjZ nq cvewjK cixÿv c×wZ‡Z| we`¨vj‡qi Af¨šÍixY g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡b ms¯‹vi K‡i GmweG e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| cÿvšÍ‡i, cvewjK cixÿv e¨e¯’v ms¯‹vi K‡i m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c×wZ Kvh©Ki Kiv nq| GmweG cvewjK cixÿvq AšÍf©y³ bv nIqvq MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb wkÿv_©xi mvgwMÖK I fvimvg¨c~Y© weKv‡k †Kv‡bv Ae`vb ivL‡Z cvi‡Q bv|
M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨
GB M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q-
1. evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi Ae¯’v cÖKvk Kiv|
2. evsjv‡`‡k MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi avivevwnK cwigvR©b¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv|
3. gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q ev¯ÍevqbK…Z MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb g‡W‡ji Dcv`vb I ˆewkó¨ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv|
M‡elYv c×wZGwU GKwU eY©bvg~jK Ges we‡kølYag©x M‡elYvKg©| M‡elYvi mKj DcvË I Z_¨ †MŠY Drm †_‡K msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| G M‡elYvq wkÿvµg wjj 1995, RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012, GmweG wb‡`©wkKv, GmweG m¤¢ve¨Zv mgxÿv hvPvB cÖwZ‡e`b, GmweG cixÿvg~jK ev¯Íevqb cÖwZ‡e`b, GmweG g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi mgxÿv cÖwZ‡e`b 2012, wkÿv gš¿Yvjq KZ©K RvwiK…Z cÖÁvcb, mvKz©jvi Ges wb‡`©kbvmg~n e¨vcK ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv nq|
M‡elYvi †hŠw³KZv†h †Kv‡bv wkÿve¨e¯v’ q wkÿv_x© gj~ ¨vq‡b MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vqb Ley B iæZc¡ Y~ |© GB gj~ ¨vq‡bi mvnv‡h¨ wkÿvµ‡gi me¸‡jv wkLbdj I wkÿv_x© i mKj †hvM¨Zv cwigvc Kiv hvq| G‡Z wkÿv_x© i gj~ ¨vqb h_v_© I wbfi© ‡hvM¨ nq| evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_x© gj~ ¨vq‡b MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vq‡bi Ae¯v’ Ges Gi cwieZ‡© bi avivevwnKZv Rvbv Ley B c‡Ö qvRb| GB M‡elYvi djvdj wkÿK, wkÿv cwÖ Zôvb caÖ vb, wkÿvµg we‡klÁ, gj~ ¨vqb we‡klÁ, wkÿK cwÖ kÿK, wkÿvwe` Ges wkÿv-mswkóø bxwZ wbav© iK‡`i evsjv‡`‡k MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vq‡bi Ae¯v’ m¤ú‡K© mgK¨ aviYv w`‡Z mÿg n‡e|
wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqbg~j¨vqb n‡”Q wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi GKwU mgwš^Z Ask| evsjv‡`‡k gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i g~j¨vqb `yÕfv‡e Kiv nq| GKwU we`¨vjq cwiPvwjZ Af¨šÍixY g~j¨vqb Ges AciwU wkÿv †evW© cwiPvwjZ cvewjK cixÿv| we`¨vj‡qi Af¨šÍ‡i wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb Avevi yÕfv‡e msMwVZ nq| GKwU wkLb Kvh©µg PjvKvjxb msMwVZ nq Ges AciwU wkLb Kvh©µg †k‡l msMwVZ nq| wkLb Kvh©µg PjvKvjxb g~j¨vqb n‡”Q MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb (Formative assessment) Ges wkLb Kvh©µg †k‡l msMwVZ g~j¨vqb n‡”Q mvgwóK g~j¨vqb (Summative assessment)| g~j¨vqb KLb msMwVZ n‡”Q Zv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †kÖwYK‡ÿ msMwVZ mKj Kvh©µg MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi AvIZvfz³ Ges mvgwqK cixÿv n‡”Q mvgwóK g~j¨vqb| evsjv‡`‡k gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb cÖavbZ wjwLZ cixÿv wbf©i| mvßvwnK cixÿv, gvwmK cixÿv BZ¨vw` bv‡g wjwLZ cixÿv AbywôZ nq| mvaviYZ GKvwaK A_ev GKwU Aa¨vq ev Aa¨v‡qi Ask †k‡l GB wjwLZ cixÿv msMwVZ nq| we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_©xiv eQ‡i 2wU mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY K‡i| G‡Z wdWe¨vK †`Iqvi †Kvb my‡hvM _v‡K bv| wkLb Kvh©µg PjvKvjxb wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb Ges GB g~j¨vq‡bi †iKW© msiÿY Kiv nq bv| †iKW© msiÿY bv Kivq wkÿK wkÿv_©xi wkLb-Ae¯’v Rvb‡Z cv‡ib bv Ges wkÿv_©xi Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK wkLb-Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvMVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb GKwU Pjgvb AweiZ wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqv| MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb we`¨vj‡qi Af¨šÍ‡i wkÿKMY cwiPvjbv K‡ib| wkLb-Kvh©µg PjvKvjxb wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡K G g~j¨vqb K‡ib| wkÿv_©xi cÖwZw`‡bi wkLb AMÖMwZ cwigvc KivB G g~j¨vq‡bi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨| †kÖwYKÿ Ges †kÖwYK‡ÿi evB‡i msMwVZ mKj Kvh©µg‡K wkÿK g~j¨vqb K‡ib Ges †iKW© msiÿY K‡ib| wkÿK eQie¨vcx avievwnKfv‡e wkÿv_©xi wkL‡bi AMÖMwZ ch©‡eÿ‡Y iv‡Lb, ye©j w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡ib Ges wbivgqg~jK e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡ib| G g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿK-wkÿv_©x ci¯ú‡ii mvnP‡h© _vKvi my‡hvM cvq| wkÿvµ‡g ewY©Z me¸‡jv †ÿ‡Îi (eyw×e„Ëxq, Av‡eMxq Ges g‡bv‡ckxR) wkLbdj MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g cwigvc Kiv hvq| mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi mvnv‡h¨ wkÿvµ‡gi me¸‡jv †ÿ‡Îi wkLbdj g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq bv, ïay eyw×e„Ëxq †ÿ‡Îi wkLbdj cwigvc Kiv hvh| MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi mvnv‡h¨ wkÿvµ‡gi me¸‡jv wkLbdj wkLb‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi AvIZvq Avbv hvq| G‡Z wkÿv_©xi mvgwMÖK (Holistic) g~j¨vqb wbwðZ Kiv hvq hvi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi fvimvg¨c~Y© (Balanced) weKvk NUv‡bv m¤¢e nq| Gi gva¨‡g h_v_© I wbf©i‡hvM¨ g~j¨vqb wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
cÖPwjZ MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi mxgve×Zv Ges Gi ms¯‹vi
†m‡KÛvwi GWz‡Kkb †m±i †W‡fjc‡g›U cøvb Gi iƒc‡iLvi wfwˇZ Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Avw_©K I KvwiMwi mn‡hvwMZvq 1999 wLª÷v‡ã †m‡KÛvwi GWz‡Kkb †m±i BgcÖæf‡g›U cÖ‡R± (†mwmc) bv‡g GKwU cÖKí m„wó Kiv nq| GB cÖK‡íi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ wQj we`¨vj‡qi Af¨šÍ‡i msMwVZ wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb Ges cvewjK cixÿv ms¯‹vi Ges Zv ev¯Íevqb Kiv| wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ 2003 wLª÷v‡ã wkÿvgš¿Yvjq wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb c×wZ ms¯‹vi I bevqb Kivi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i| GiB cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z †mwmc cÖKí cÖPwjZ g~j¨vqb c×wZi (MVbKvjxb I cvewjK cixÿv) Ici GKwU
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evsjv‡`‡ki cixÿv-wbf©i wkÿve¨e¯’vq GKRb wkÿv_©x‡K gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i 3wU cvewjK cixÿvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z nq| cixÿvmg~n n‡”Q- 8g †kÖwY †k‡l Rywbqi ‹zj mvwU©wd‡KU cixÿv (†RGmwm), 10g †kÖwY †k‡l †m‡KÛvwi ¯‹zj mvwU©wd‡KU cixÿv (GmGmwm) Ges Øv`k †kÖwY †k‡l nvqvi †m‡KÛvwi mvwU©wd‡KU cixÿv (GBPGmwm)| A_v©r 14eQi †_‡K 18eQi GB 5eQ‡ii g‡a¨ GKRb wkÿv_©x‡K 3wU cvewjK cixÿvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z nq|
wkÿvi YMZ gv‡bvbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wkÿv gš¿Yvjq gva¨wgK wkÿv Dbœqb Kg©m~wP bv‡g 10eQi †gqvw` (2000-2010) GKwU Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡i| GB Kg©m~wPi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ wQj gva¨wgK ͇ii cÖPwjZ wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi ms¯‹vi K‡i G‡K h_v_© I wbf©i‡hvM¨ Kiv| wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg ms¯‹v‡ii D‡Ïk¨ 2004 wLª÷v‡ã wkÿv gš¿Yvjq 2wU cixÿvg~jK Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i| GKwU cixÿvg~jK Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq we`¨vj‡qi Af¨šÍixY g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vq Ges AciwU cwiPvwjZ nq cvewjK cixÿv c×wZ‡Z| we`¨vj‡qi Af¨šÍixY g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡b ms¯‹vi K‡i GmweG e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| cÿvšÍ‡i, cvewjK cixÿv e¨e¯’v ms¯‹vi K‡i m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c×wZ Kvh©Ki Kiv nq| GmweG cvewjK cixÿvq AšÍf©y³ bv nIqvq MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb wkÿv_©xi mvgwMÖK I fvimvg¨c~Y© weKv‡k †Kv‡bv Ae`vb ivL‡Z cvi‡Q bv|
M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨
GB M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q-
1. evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi Ae¯’v cÖKvk Kiv|
2. evsjv‡`‡k MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi avivevwnK cwigvR©b¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv|
3. gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q ev¯ÍevqbK…Z MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb g‡W‡ji Dcv`vb I ˆewkó¨ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv|
M‡elYv c×wZGwU GKwU eY©bvg~jK Ges we‡kølYag©x M‡elYvKg©| M‡elYvi mKj DcvË I Z_¨ †MŠY Drm †_‡K msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| G M‡elYvq wkÿvµg wjj 1995, RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012, GmweG wb‡`©wkKv, GmweG m¤¢ve¨Zv mgxÿv hvPvB cÖwZ‡e`b, GmweG cixÿvg~jK ev¯Íevqb cÖwZ‡e`b, GmweG g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi mgxÿv cÖwZ‡e`b 2012, wkÿv gš¿Yvjq KZ©K RvwiK…Z cÖÁvcb, mvKz©jvi Ges wb‡`©kbvmg~n e¨vcK ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv nq|
M‡elYvi †hŠw³KZv†h †Kv‡bv wkÿve¨e¯v’ q wkÿv_x© gj~ ¨vq‡b MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vqb Ley B iæZc¡ Y~ |© GB gj~ ¨vq‡bi mvnv‡h¨ wkÿvµ‡gi me¸‡jv wkLbdj I wkÿv_x© i mKj †hvM¨Zv cwigvc Kiv hvq| G‡Z wkÿv_x© i gj~ ¨vqb h_v_© I wbfi© ‡hvM¨ nq| evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_x© gj~ ¨vq‡b MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vq‡bi Ae¯v’ Ges Gi cwieZ‡© bi avivevwnKZv Rvbv Ley B c‡Ö qvRb| GB M‡elYvi djvdj wkÿK, wkÿv cwÖ Zôvb caÖ vb, wkÿvµg we‡klÁ, gj~ ¨vqb we‡klÁ, wkÿK cwÖ kÿK, wkÿvwe` Ges wkÿv-mswkóø bxwZ wbav© iK‡`i evsjv‡`‡k MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vq‡bi Ae¯v’ m¤ú‡K© mgK¨ aviYv w`‡Z mÿg n‡e|
wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqbg~j¨vqb n‡”Q wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi GKwU mgwš^Z Ask| evsjv‡`‡k gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i g~j¨vqb `yÕfv‡e Kiv nq| GKwU we`¨vjq cwiPvwjZ Af¨šÍixY g~j¨vqb Ges AciwU wkÿv †evW© cwiPvwjZ cvewjK cixÿv| we`¨vj‡qi Af¨šÍ‡i wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb Avevi yÕfv‡e msMwVZ nq| GKwU wkLb Kvh©µg PjvKvjxb msMwVZ nq Ges AciwU wkLb Kvh©µg †k‡l msMwVZ nq| wkLb Kvh©µg PjvKvjxb g~j¨vqb n‡”Q MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb (Formative assessment) Ges wkLb Kvh©µg †k‡l msMwVZ g~j¨vqb n‡”Q mvgwóK g~j¨vqb (Summative assessment)| g~j¨vqb KLb msMwVZ n‡”Q Zv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †kÖwYK‡ÿ msMwVZ mKj Kvh©µg MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi AvIZvfz³ Ges mvgwqK cixÿv n‡”Q mvgwóK g~j¨vqb| evsjv‡`‡k gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb cÖavbZ wjwLZ cixÿv wbf©i| mvßvwnK cixÿv, gvwmK cixÿv BZ¨vw` bv‡g wjwLZ cixÿv AbywôZ nq| mvaviYZ GKvwaK A_ev GKwU Aa¨vq ev Aa¨v‡qi Ask †k‡l GB wjwLZ cixÿv msMwVZ nq| we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_©xiv eQ‡i 2wU mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY K‡i| G‡Z wdWe¨vK †`Iqvi †Kvb my‡hvM _v‡K bv| wkLb Kvh©µg PjvKvjxb wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb Ges GB g~j¨vq‡bi †iKW© msiÿY Kiv nq bv| †iKW© msiÿY bv Kivq wkÿK wkÿv_©xi wkLb-Ae¯’v Rvb‡Z cv‡ib bv Ges wkÿv_©xi Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK wkLb-Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvMVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb GKwU Pjgvb AweiZ wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqv| MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb we`¨vj‡qi Af¨šÍ‡i wkÿKMY cwiPvjbv K‡ib| wkLb-Kvh©µg PjvKvjxb wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡K G g~j¨vqb K‡ib| wkÿv_©xi cÖwZw`‡bi wkLb AMÖMwZ cwigvc KivB G g~j¨vq‡bi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨| †kÖwYKÿ Ges †kÖwYK‡ÿi evB‡i msMwVZ mKj Kvh©µg‡K wkÿK g~j¨vqb K‡ib Ges †iKW© msiÿY K‡ib| wkÿK eQie¨vcx avievwnKfv‡e wkÿv_©xi wkL‡bi AMÖMwZ ch©‡eÿ‡Y iv‡Lb, ye©j w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡ib Ges wbivgqg~jK e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡ib| G g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿK-wkÿv_©x ci¯ú‡ii mvnP‡h© _vKvi my‡hvM cvq| wkÿvµ‡g ewY©Z me¸‡jv †ÿ‡Îi (eyw×e„Ëxq, Av‡eMxq Ges g‡bv‡ckxR) wkLbdj MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g cwigvc Kiv hvq| mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi mvnv‡h¨ wkÿvµ‡gi me¸‡jv †ÿ‡Îi wkLbdj g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq bv, ïay eyw×e„Ëxq †ÿ‡Îi wkLbdj cwigvc Kiv hvh| MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi mvnv‡h¨ wkÿvµ‡gi me¸‡jv wkLbdj wkLb‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi AvIZvq Avbv hvq| G‡Z wkÿv_©xi mvgwMÖK (Holistic) g~j¨vqb wbwðZ Kiv hvq hvi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi fvimvg¨c~Y© (Balanced) weKvk NUv‡bv m¤¢e nq| Gi gva¨‡g h_v_© I wbf©i‡hvM¨ g~j¨vqb wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
cÖPwjZ MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi mxgve×Zv Ges Gi ms¯‹vi
†m‡KÛvwi GWz‡Kkb †m±i †W‡fjc‡g›U cøvb Gi iƒc‡iLvi wfwˇZ Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Avw_©K I KvwiMwi mn‡hvwMZvq 1999 wLª÷v‡ã †m‡KÛvwi GWz‡Kkb †m±i BgcÖæf‡g›U cÖ‡R± (†mwmc) bv‡g GKwU cÖKí m„wó Kiv nq| GB cÖK‡íi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ wQj we`¨vj‡qi Af¨šÍ‡i msMwVZ wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb Ges cvewjK cixÿv ms¯‹vi Ges Zv ev¯Íevqb Kiv| wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ 2003 wLª÷v‡ã wkÿvgš¿Yvjq wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb c×wZ ms¯‹vi I bevqb Kivi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i| GiB cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z †mwmc cÖKí cÖPwjZ g~j¨vqb c×wZi (MVbKvjxb I cvewjK cixÿv) Ici GKwU
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx40 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 41
GmweG KvVv‡gvGmweG KvVv‡gv‡Z wkÿv_©x‡K yB ai‡bi g~j¨vq‡bi AvIZvq Avbv n‡q‡Q| GKwU n‡”Q MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb Ges AciwU n‡”Q mvgwóK g~j¨vqb| GmweG KvVv‡gvi AvIZvq MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi Dcv`vbmg~n n‡”Q-
b¤i: cwÖ ZwU wel‡qi Rb¨ eivÏ †gvU b¤‡ii kZKiv 30 b¤i MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vq‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ ivLv n‡q‡Q| Aewkó kZKiv 70 b¤i †mwg÷viwfwËK mvgwóK gj~ ¨vq‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ ivLv n‡q‡Q| Dfq gj~ ¨vq‡bi djvd‡ji wfwˇZ mw¤§wjZfv‡e wkÿv_x© i Kw… ZZ¡ wbav© iY Kiv nq|
• GmweG Kvhµ© ‡g 10wU cwigvc‡Ki wfwˇZ GKRb wkÿv_x© ‡K eQie¨vcx gj~ ¨vqb Kiv n‡e| cwigvcKmgn~ n‡”Q- 1. †kwÖ Y‡Z Dcw¯w’ Z I wkÿv MnÖ ‡Y AvMnÖ 2. †kwÖ YwfwËK gj~ ¨vqb 3. G¨vmvBb‡g›U (GKK/`jwfwËK) 4. AvPiY, gj~ ¨‡eva I mZZv 5. e³e¨ Dc¯v’ cb (GKK/`jwfwËK) 6. †bZ‡… Zi¡ ¸Yvewj 7. wbqgvbey wZZ© v 8. mvs¯‹w… ZK KgK© v‡Ð AskMnÖ Y 9. †Ljvajy vq Kw… ZZ¡ Ges 10. weÁvb-welqK e¨envwiK Kv¬ m|
• g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿÎ: GmweG Gi AvIZvq wkÿv_©x g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿÎmg~n n‡”Q- 1. †Kvm©IqvK© 2. †Kvm©IqvK© ewnf‚©Z we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©µg 3. mvgwqK cixÿv|
• †Kvm©IqvK©: †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i 6wU †ÿÎ n‡”Q- 1. †kÖwY Afxÿv 2. †kÖwYi KvR 3. evwoi KvR 4. wba©vwiZ KvR 5. †gŠwLK Dc¯’vcbv Ges 6. jMZ KvR|
• `ÿZv: GmweG ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x 6wU mywbw©`ó ÿZv AR©b Kivi my‡hvM cv‡e| `ÿZv 6wU n‡”Q- 1. wP¯Íb ÿZv 2. mgm¨v mgvavb ÿZv 3. e¨w³K ÿZv 4. †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv 5. mn‡hvwMZvg~jK ÿZv Ges 6. mvgvwRK ÿZv|
GmweGi MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi 30 b¤^i †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i †ÿÎmg~‡n wefvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kvm©IqvK©, `ÿZv Ges b¤^i wefvRb wb¤œiƒc:
MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb Ges †Kvm©IqvK© wm‡jev‡mi AvIZvf³z wewfbœ Kvhµ© g n‡”Q †KvmI© qvK|© GmweG-i MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vq‡b †KvmI© qv‡Ki© Kvhµ© g Ley B ¸iæZc¡ Y~ |© Gi caÖ vb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q wkÿv_x© cwÖ Zw`b †kwÖ Y‡Z ev evwo‡Z
•
cwigvcK:
M‡elYv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i| M‡elYvq cÖPwjZ wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi mxgve×Zvmg~n wPwýZ Kiv nq| M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`b ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK we`¨vjqmg~n wkÿv_©x-g~j¨vq‡b e¨envi Ki‡Q| wewfbœ ai‡bi Kvh©µ‡gi (†kÖwYi KvR, evwoi KvR, †kÖwY Afxÿv BZ¨vw`) gva¨‡g we`¨vjqmg~n wbR¯^ wbq‡g G g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| wkÿvµ‡gi wb‡`©kbv Abymv‡i MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg msMwVZ n‡”Q bv| G g~j¨vqb cÖavbZ wjwLZ cixÿv wbf©i Ges G‡Z gyL¯’ Kivi mvg_¨©B hvPvB Kiv nq| GLv‡b m„RbkxjZv weKv‡ki my‡hvM mxwgZ| wkÿv_©xi wKQy cÖZ¨vwkZ ¸Yvewj †hgb †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM cvi`wk©Zv, wkL‡b AvMÖn, mZZv I g~j¨‡eva, b¨vqcivqYZv, †`k‡cÖg, †bZ„‡Z¡i ¸Yvewj BZ¨vw` g~j¨vq‡bi my‡hvM †bB| Z`ycwi AwaKsk †ÿ‡Î wdWe¨vK †`Iqv nq bv Ges wkÿv_©x g~j¨vq‡bi †iKW© msiÿY Kiv nq bv| g~j¨vqb gv‡b we`¨vjq‡f‡` e¨vcK ZviZg¨ jÿ Kiv hvq| G‡Z wkÿv_©xi mvgwMÖK weKvk evavMÖ¯Í nq|
M‡elYv Kvh©µ‡gi djvd‡ji wfwˇZ †mwmc Ges RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© (GbwmwUwe) cÖPwjZ we`¨vj‡qi Af¨šÍ‡i msMwVZ wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’v Ges cvewjK cixÿvi e¨vcK cwigvR©‡bi mycvwik K‡i| we`¨vj‡qi Af¨šÍ‡i wkÿv_©x g~j¨vq‡b we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb ev GmweG e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi mycvwik Kiv nq| †mwmc Ges GbwmwUwe ywU c„_K GmweG g‡W‡ji Lmov Dc¯’vcb K‡i| GmweG g‡Wj MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb Ges mvgwóK g~j¨vqb GKwÎZ K‡i cÖYqb Kiv nq| MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bB e¨vcK cwigvR©‡bi cÖ¯Íve Kiv nq| Lmov g‡Wj ywUi Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ c„_Kfv‡e `y‡Uv cixÿvg~jK Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq| GKwU GbwmwUwe cwiPvjbv K‡i| GmwmwUwe mviv‡`k †_‡K wbe©vwPZ 20wU gva¨wgK we`¨vjq I 20wU `vwLj gv`ivmvq lô-Aóg †kÖwY‡Z GmweG Gi cixÿvg~jKfv‡e cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| GKB mv‡_ †mwmc cÖKí mviv‡`k †_‡K GmGmwm cixÿvi djvd‡ji Ici wfwË K‡i wbe©vwPZ 49wU jxW we`¨vj‡qi beg-`kg †kÖwY‡Z GmweG Gi cixÿvg~jKfv‡e cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| Dfq cixÿvg~jK Kvh©µg 2004 wLª÷v‡ã cy‡iv wkÿvel©e¨vcx cwiPvwjZ nq| D‡jøL¨ †h, Dfq †ÿ‡Î we`¨vjq wbe©vPb cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK wQj bv|
wbe©vwPZ we`¨vjq Ges gv`ivmvi mKj wkÿK, cÖavb wkÿK Ges mycviMY‡K e¨vcK cÖwkÿ‡Yi AvIZvq Avbv nq| GKwU mgqve× djvdjwfwËK Kg©cwiKíbvi wfwˇZ cixÿvg~jK G Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq| GbwmwUwe Ges †mwm‡ci cÖwkwÿZ we‡klÁMY cixÿvg~jK Kvh©µg gwbUwis I ZË¡veavb K‡ib| c~e©cixwÿZ Uzjm e¨envi K‡i cixÿvg~jK Kvh©µ‡gi Z_¨ I DcvË msMªn Kiv nq| msM„nxZ Z_¨ I DcvË we‡kølY K‡i GmweG cixÿvg~jK Kvh©µ‡gi cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb I cÖKvk Kiv nq| Dfq cÖwZ‡e`‡b evsjv‡`‡k cÖ¯ÍvweZ GmweG Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e e‡j D‡jøL Kiv nq| G‡Z ejv nq wbe©vwPZ we`¨vjqmg~‡ni cÖavb wkÿK I welq wkÿKM‡Yi `ÿZv I `„wófw½ GmweG ev¯Íevq‡bi c‡ÿ| cieZ©x mg‡q Dfq g‡W‡ji mgš^‡q GKwU g‡Wj cÖYqb Kiv nq| wkÿv gš¿Yvjq GK cÖÁvc‡bi gva¨‡g 2005 wkÿvel© †_‡K mKj gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q lô †_‡K beg †kÖwY‡Z GmweG cÖeZ©‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i| avivevwnKfv‡e GmweG `kg †kÖwY Ges GmGmwm cixÿvq AšÍfz©³ Kivi Rb¨ GmweG cixÿvg~jK Kvh©µ‡gi cÖwZ‡e`‡b mycvwik Kiv nq|
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx40 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 41
GmweG KvVv‡gvGmweG KvVv‡gv‡Z wkÿv_©x‡K yB ai‡bi g~j¨vq‡bi AvIZvq Avbv n‡q‡Q| GKwU n‡”Q MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb Ges AciwU n‡”Q mvgwóK g~j¨vqb| GmweG KvVv‡gvi AvIZvq MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi Dcv`vbmg~n n‡”Q-
b¤i: cwÖ ZwU wel‡qi Rb¨ eivÏ †gvU b¤‡ii kZKiv 30 b¤i MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vq‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ ivLv n‡q‡Q| Aewkó kZKiv 70 b¤i †mwg÷viwfwËK mvgwóK gj~ ¨vq‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ ivLv n‡q‡Q| Dfq gj~ ¨vq‡bi djvd‡ji wfwˇZ mw¤§wjZfv‡e wkÿv_x© i Kw… ZZ¡ wbav© iY Kiv nq|
• GmweG Kvhµ© ‡g 10wU cwigvc‡Ki wfwˇZ GKRb wkÿv_x© ‡K eQie¨vcx gj~ ¨vqb Kiv n‡e| cwigvcKmgn~ n‡”Q- 1. †kwÖ Y‡Z Dcw¯w’ Z I wkÿv MnÖ ‡Y AvMnÖ 2. †kwÖ YwfwËK gj~ ¨vqb 3. G¨vmvBb‡g›U (GKK/`jwfwËK) 4. AvPiY, gj~ ¨‡eva I mZZv 5. e³e¨ Dc¯v’ cb (GKK/`jwfwËK) 6. †bZ‡… Zi¡ ¸Yvewj 7. wbqgvbey wZZ© v 8. mvs¯‹w… ZK KgK© v‡Ð AskMnÖ Y 9. †Ljvajy vq Kw… ZZ¡ Ges 10. weÁvb-welqK e¨envwiK Kv¬ m|
• g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿÎ: GmweG Gi AvIZvq wkÿv_©x g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿÎmg~n n‡”Q- 1. †Kvm©IqvK© 2. †Kvm©IqvK© ewnf‚©Z we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©µg 3. mvgwqK cixÿv|
• †Kvm©IqvK©: †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i 6wU †ÿÎ n‡”Q- 1. †kÖwY Afxÿv 2. †kÖwYi KvR 3. evwoi KvR 4. wba©vwiZ KvR 5. †gŠwLK Dc¯’vcbv Ges 6. jMZ KvR|
• `ÿZv: GmweG ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x 6wU mywbw©`ó ÿZv AR©b Kivi my‡hvM cv‡e| `ÿZv 6wU n‡”Q- 1. wP¯Íb ÿZv 2. mgm¨v mgvavb ÿZv 3. e¨w³K ÿZv 4. †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv 5. mn‡hvwMZvg~jK ÿZv Ges 6. mvgvwRK ÿZv|
GmweGi MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi 30 b¤^i †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i †ÿÎmg~‡n wefvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kvm©IqvK©, `ÿZv Ges b¤^i wefvRb wb¤œiƒc:
MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb Ges †Kvm©IqvK© wm‡jev‡mi AvIZvf³z wewfbœ Kvhµ© g n‡”Q †KvmI© qvK|© GmweG-i MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vq‡b †KvmI© qv‡Ki© Kvhµ© g Ley B ¸iæZc¡ Y~ |© Gi caÖ vb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q wkÿv_x© cwÖ Zw`b †kwÖ Y‡Z ev evwo‡Z
•
cwigvcK:
M‡elYv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i| M‡elYvq cÖPwjZ wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi mxgve×Zvmg~n wPwýZ Kiv nq| M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`b ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK we`¨vjqmg~n wkÿv_©x-g~j¨vq‡b e¨envi Ki‡Q| wewfbœ ai‡bi Kvh©µ‡gi (†kÖwYi KvR, evwoi KvR, †kÖwY Afxÿv BZ¨vw`) gva¨‡g we`¨vjqmg~n wbR¯^ wbq‡g G g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| wkÿvµ‡gi wb‡`©kbv Abymv‡i MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg msMwVZ n‡”Q bv| G g~j¨vqb cÖavbZ wjwLZ cixÿv wbf©i Ges G‡Z gyL¯’ Kivi mvg_¨©B hvPvB Kiv nq| GLv‡b m„RbkxjZv weKv‡ki my‡hvM mxwgZ| wkÿv_©xi wKQy cÖZ¨vwkZ ¸Yvewj †hgb †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM cvi`wk©Zv, wkL‡b AvMÖn, mZZv I g~j¨‡eva, b¨vqcivqYZv, †`k‡cÖg, †bZ„‡Z¡i ¸Yvewj BZ¨vw` g~j¨vq‡bi my‡hvM †bB| Z`ycwi AwaKsk †ÿ‡Î wdWe¨vK †`Iqv nq bv Ges wkÿv_©x g~j¨vq‡bi †iKW© msiÿY Kiv nq bv| g~j¨vqb gv‡b we`¨vjq‡f‡` e¨vcK ZviZg¨ jÿ Kiv hvq| G‡Z wkÿv_©xi mvgwMÖK weKvk evavMÖ¯Í nq|
M‡elYv Kvh©µ‡gi djvd‡ji wfwˇZ †mwmc Ges RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© (GbwmwUwe) cÖPwjZ we`¨vj‡qi Af¨šÍ‡i msMwVZ wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’v Ges cvewjK cixÿvi e¨vcK cwigvR©‡bi mycvwik K‡i| we`¨vj‡qi Af¨šÍ‡i wkÿv_©x g~j¨vq‡b we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb ev GmweG e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi mycvwik Kiv nq| †mwmc Ges GbwmwUwe ywU c„_K GmweG g‡W‡ji Lmov Dc¯’vcb K‡i| GmweG g‡Wj MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb Ges mvgwóK g~j¨vqb GKwÎZ K‡i cÖYqb Kiv nq| MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bB e¨vcK cwigvR©‡bi cÖ¯Íve Kiv nq| Lmov g‡Wj ywUi Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ c„_Kfv‡e `y‡Uv cixÿvg~jK Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq| GKwU GbwmwUwe cwiPvjbv K‡i| GmwmwUwe mviv‡`k †_‡K wbe©vwPZ 20wU gva¨wgK we`¨vjq I 20wU `vwLj gv`ivmvq lô-Aóg †kÖwY‡Z GmweG Gi cixÿvg~jKfv‡e cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| GKB mv‡_ †mwmc cÖKí mviv‡`k †_‡K GmGmwm cixÿvi djvd‡ji Ici wfwË K‡i wbe©vwPZ 49wU jxW we`¨vj‡qi beg-`kg †kÖwY‡Z GmweG Gi cixÿvg~jKfv‡e cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| Dfq cixÿvg~jK Kvh©µg 2004 wLª÷v‡ã cy‡iv wkÿvel©e¨vcx cwiPvwjZ nq| D‡jøL¨ †h, Dfq †ÿ‡Î we`¨vjq wbe©vPb cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK wQj bv|
wbe©vwPZ we`¨vjq Ges gv`ivmvi mKj wkÿK, cÖavb wkÿK Ges mycviMY‡K e¨vcK cÖwkÿ‡Yi AvIZvq Avbv nq| GKwU mgqve× djvdjwfwËK Kg©cwiKíbvi wfwˇZ cixÿvg~jK G Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq| GbwmwUwe Ges †mwm‡ci cÖwkwÿZ we‡klÁMY cixÿvg~jK Kvh©µg gwbUwis I ZË¡veavb K‡ib| c~e©cixwÿZ Uzjm e¨envi K‡i cixÿvg~jK Kvh©µ‡gi Z_¨ I DcvË msMªn Kiv nq| msM„nxZ Z_¨ I DcvË we‡kølY K‡i GmweG cixÿvg~jK Kvh©µ‡gi cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb I cÖKvk Kiv nq| Dfq cÖwZ‡e`‡b evsjv‡`‡k cÖ¯ÍvweZ GmweG Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e e‡j D‡jøL Kiv nq| G‡Z ejv nq wbe©vwPZ we`¨vjqmg~‡ni cÖavb wkÿK I welq wkÿKM‡Yi `ÿZv I `„wófw½ GmweG ev¯Íevq‡bi c‡ÿ| cieZ©x mg‡q Dfq g‡W‡ji mgš^‡q GKwU g‡Wj cÖYqb Kiv nq| wkÿv gš¿Yvjq GK cÖÁvc‡bi gva¨‡g 2005 wkÿvel© †_‡K mKj gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q lô †_‡K beg †kÖwY‡Z GmweG cÖeZ©‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i| avivevwnKfv‡e GmweG `kg †kÖwY Ges GmGmwm cixÿvq AšÍfz©³ Kivi Rb¨ GmweG cixÿvg~jK Kvh©µ‡gi cÖwZ‡e`‡b mycvwik Kiv nq|
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Page 6
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx42 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 43
†KvmI© qv‡Ki© wkLbdj ARb© K‡i‡Q wKbv Zv gj~ ¨vqb Kiv| G Kvhµ© ‡gi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x© i cwÖ Zw`‡bi wkLb AMMÖ wZ cwigvc Kiv nq Ges Zvi †iK‡W© msiÿY Kiv nq| wkÿv_x© i `ey j© w`Kmgn~ wPwýZ K‡i c‡Ö qvRbxq wbivgqgj~ K e¨e¯v’ MnÖ Y Kiv nq| wkÿK Zvu i wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvhµ© ‡g mxgve×Zv _vK‡j Zv ms‡kva‡bi m‡y hvM cvb| wkÿv_x© wkÿ‡Ki Nwbó mvnP‡h© _vKvi m‡y hvM cvq|
1. †kÖwY Afxÿv†kÖwY Afxÿv †kÖwY‡Z AbywôZ ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ wjwLZ cixÿv| †Kv‡bv cwi‡”Q` ev †Kv‡bv Aa¨vq †k‡l wkÿv_©x‡`i AMÖMwZ hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ †kÖwY Afxÿv †bIqv nq| †kÖwY Afxÿv-PjvKvjxb wkÿv_©x‡K wkÿK ev wkÿv_©x‡`i mvnvh¨ Qvov GKKfv‡e DËi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| †kÖwY Afxÿv m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ‡Z AbywôZ nq| cÖwZ mvgwq‡K yÕwU †kÖwY Afxÿvi g~j¨vqb K‡i †iKW© msiÿY Kivi wb‡`©kbv i‡q‡Q|
†kÖwYi KvR†Kvm©Iqv‡K©i me‡P‡q iæZ¡c~Y© †ÿÎ n‡”Q †kÖwYi KvR| †kÖwYi KvR ej‡Z cÖwZw`b K¬vm PjvKvjxb wkÿv_©x KZ…©K m¤úvw`Z mKj KvR †kÖwYi KvR wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| †kÖwYi KvR wkÿv_©xiv GKKfv‡e A_ev `jMZfv‡e KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| wb¤œewY©Z KvRmg~n †kÖwYi KvR wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
• †Kv‡bv Aby‡”Q` ev iPbv wjLb
• †gŠwLK KvR †hgb- DËi †`Iqv, cÖkœ Kiv, PvU©, gvbwPÎ ev †Kv‡bv Z‡_¨ wKsev mgm¨vwfwËK †gŠwLK Dc¯’vcbvq AskMÖnY BZ¨vw`
• nv‡Z-Kj‡g †kLvi wewfbœ Kv‡R AskMÖnY
• cvV¨cy¯ÍK ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wjwLZ DcKiY cvV K‡i mvi-ms‡ÿc ZwiKiY
• PvU©, gvbwPÎ, WvqvMÖvg, bKkv A_ev Qwe AsKb
• MvwYwZK welqmn mgm¨v-mgvavb
• weZK©, f‚wgKv-Awfbq ev Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY
• e¨envwiK Kv‡R AskMÖnY
†kÖwYi KvR PjvKvjxb wkÿK hv K‡ib
• wkÿv_©xiv †h KvR Ki‡Q Zv ch©‡eÿY Kiv Ges wkL‡bi mgq †Kv‡bv mgm¨vq co‡j mgvav‡b mnvqZv Kiv
• wkÿv_x© ‡`i Kv‡Ri Z`viwK I cwiPvjbv Kiv Ges c‡Ö qvRbxq wdWe¨vK I c‡Ö kiœ DËi †`Iqv
• wkÿv_x© ‡`i jMZ KvR ch‡© eÿY Kiv Ges ÿZvi mv‡_ KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ Kiv
• wkÿv_©x‡`i AvPiY cwiexÿY Kiv
• ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gšÍe¨ wkÿv_©xi †bvUey‡K wjwce× Kiv
2. evwoi KvRevwoi KvR †kÖwYK‡ÿi evB‡i evwo‡Z Ae¯’vbKvjxb wkÿv_©x‡K GKKfv‡e m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| evwoi KvR Ggb n‡Z n‡e †hLv‡b wkÿv_©xi wPšÍbkw³ weKv‡ki Ges m„RbkxjZv cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM _v‡K| evwoi KvR 20-30wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ m¤úv`b‡hvM¨ n‡Z nq| evwoi Kv‡Ri g~j¨vq‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq wdWe¨vK †`‡eb| wkÿK cÖwZ mvgwq‡K cÖwZ wel‡q GKRb wkÿv_©xi `yÕwU evwoi KvR g~j¨vqb K‡i †iKW© msiÿY K‡ib|
3. wba©vwiZ KvRwba©vwiZ KvR nj AbymÜvbg~jK KvR| GUv ^í cwim‡i M‡elYvag©x KvR| wba©vwiZ KvR mvaviYZ K‡qKwU w`e‡mi g‡a¨ m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq Ges KvR †k‡l GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b Rgv w`‡Z nq| wba©vwiZ KvR m¤cbœ Ki‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K AbymÜvb (Investigation) cÖwµqv AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| wba©vwiZ KvR GKKfv‡e Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Avevi `jxqfv‡eI Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| `jxqfv‡e †Kv‡bv wba©vwiZ KvR m¤cvw`Z n‡jI e¨w³MZ K…wZ‡Z¡i wfwˇZ mevB‡K c„_Kfv‡e g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| cÖwZ wel‡q cÖwZ mvgwq‡K GKwU wba©vwiZ KvR g~j¨vqb K‡i †iKW© msiÿY Kiv nq|
4. †gŠwLK Dc¯’vcbvKweZv Avew„ Ë, ceÖ ÜcvV, weZ‡K© AskMnª Y, Qwe, MvÖ d, PvU,© g‡Wj, gvbwPÎ BZ¨vw` Dc¯v’ c‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x© i †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM ÿZv gj~ ¨vqb Kiv nq| c‡Ö kvœ Ëi ce,© jxq KvR PjvKvjxb wkÿv_x© ‡`i Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv I cvV¨mw~ Pi Av‡jv‡K wewfbœ Bmy ‡Z weZK© BZ¨vw` ch‡© eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x© i K_v ejvi `ÿZv A_v© r †gŠwLK Dc¯v’ cb-`ÿZv hvPvB Kiv nq| wkÿv_x© ‡`i Dc¯v’ wcZ welqe¯i‘ mwVKZv wkÿK Ab¨ wkÿv_x© ‡`i AskMnÖ ‡Yi gva¨‡g wbwðZ K‡ib| cwÖ Z mvgwq‡K cwÖ Z wel‡q GKRb wkÿv_x© i †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM ÿZv Kgc‡ÿ wZbevi gj~ ¨vqb K‡i b¤i¦ msiÿY Kiv nq|
5. jMZ KvR`jxq Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ Team Spirit I †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvewji weKvk NUv‡bv hvq| welq-mswkøó †Kv‡bv Bmy¨‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i jxqfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z w`‡q Zv‡`i jxq Kv‡Ri cvi`wk©Zv hvPvB Kiv nq| jMZ Kv‡R wkÿv_©xi e¨w³MZ K…wZ‡Z¡i Ici wfwË K‡i b¤¦i †`Iqv nq bv| ‡ji K…wZZ¡ `‡ji cÖ‡Z¨K m`‡m¨i K…wZZ¡ e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| `jxq Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb ÿZv, e¨w³K ÿZv Ges mvgvwRK ÿZv g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| cÖwZ wel‡q cÖwZ mvgwq‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i jxq KvR Kgc‡ÿ wZbevi g~j¨vqb K‡i b¤¦i cÖ`vb I †iKW© msiÿY Kiv nq|
we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i AvPiY, wkÿv_©x‡`i e¨w³K I mvgvwRK g~j¨‡evaGmweG Kvhµ© ‡g MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vq‡b wkÿv_x© i e¨w³K Dbqœ ‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| e¨w³K Dbqœ ‡b AšfÍ ³y© Av‡Q we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_x© ‡`i AvPiY Ges wkÿv_x© ‡`i e¨w³K I mvgvwRK gj~ ¨‡eva| wkÿv_x© ‡`i AvPiY gj~ ¨vqb GKwU NUbv ev Bmy w`‡q Kiv hvq bv| wkÿv_x© ‡`i wewfbœ KgK© v‡Ði ga¨ w`‡q xN© ch‡© eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i AvPiY m¤ú‡K© GKwU wbfi© ‡hvM¨ gj~ ¨vq‡b Avmv hvq| †kwÖ Y wkÿK welq wkÿK‡`i gZvgZ wb‡q wkÿv_x© ‡`i AvPiY m¤ú‡K© HKg‡Z¨ DcbxZ nb Ges Zvi wfwˇZ cwÖ Z mvgwq‡K AvPi‡Yi Ici b¤i¦ cÖ vb K‡ib| †kwÖ Y wkÿK I welq wkÿKMY HKg‡Z¨i wfwˇZ cwÖ Z mvgwq‡K wkÿv_x© i e¨w³K I mvgvwRK gj~ ¨‡eva gj~ ¨vqb Ges †iKW© msiÿY K‡ib|
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx42 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 43
†KvmI© qv‡Ki© wkLbdj ARb© K‡i‡Q wKbv Zv gj~ ¨vqb Kiv| G Kvhµ© ‡gi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x© i cwÖ Zw`‡bi wkLb AMMÖ wZ cwigvc Kiv nq Ges Zvi †iK‡W© msiÿY Kiv nq| wkÿv_x© i `ey j© w`Kmgn~ wPwýZ K‡i c‡Ö qvRbxq wbivgqgj~ K e¨e¯v’ MnÖ Y Kiv nq| wkÿK Zvu i wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvhµ© ‡g mxgve×Zv _vK‡j Zv ms‡kva‡bi m‡y hvM cvb| wkÿv_x© wkÿ‡Ki Nwbó mvnP‡h© _vKvi m‡y hvM cvq|
1. †kÖwY Afxÿv†kÖwY Afxÿv †kÖwY‡Z AbywôZ ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ wjwLZ cixÿv| †Kv‡bv cwi‡”Q` ev †Kv‡bv Aa¨vq †k‡l wkÿv_©x‡`i AMÖMwZ hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ †kÖwY Afxÿv †bIqv nq| †kÖwY Afxÿv-PjvKvjxb wkÿv_©x‡K wkÿK ev wkÿv_©x‡`i mvnvh¨ Qvov GKKfv‡e DËi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| †kÖwY Afxÿv m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ‡Z AbywôZ nq| cÖwZ mvgwq‡K yÕwU †kÖwY Afxÿvi g~j¨vqb K‡i †iKW© msiÿY Kivi wb‡`©kbv i‡q‡Q|
†kÖwYi KvR†Kvm©Iqv‡K©i me‡P‡q iæZ¡c~Y© †ÿÎ n‡”Q †kÖwYi KvR| †kÖwYi KvR ej‡Z cÖwZw`b K¬vm PjvKvjxb wkÿv_©x KZ…©K m¤úvw`Z mKj KvR †kÖwYi KvR wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| †kÖwYi KvR wkÿv_©xiv GKKfv‡e A_ev `jMZfv‡e KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| wb¤œewY©Z KvRmg~n †kÖwYi KvR wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
• †Kv‡bv Aby‡”Q` ev iPbv wjLb
• †gŠwLK KvR †hgb- DËi †`Iqv, cÖkœ Kiv, PvU©, gvbwPÎ ev †Kv‡bv Z‡_¨ wKsev mgm¨vwfwËK †gŠwLK Dc¯’vcbvq AskMÖnY BZ¨vw`
• nv‡Z-Kj‡g †kLvi wewfbœ Kv‡R AskMÖnY
• cvV¨cy¯ÍK ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wjwLZ DcKiY cvV K‡i mvi-ms‡ÿc ZwiKiY
• PvU©, gvbwPÎ, WvqvMÖvg, bKkv A_ev Qwe AsKb
• MvwYwZK welqmn mgm¨v-mgvavb
• weZK©, f‚wgKv-Awfbq ev Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY
• e¨envwiK Kv‡R AskMÖnY
†kÖwYi KvR PjvKvjxb wkÿK hv K‡ib
• wkÿv_©xiv †h KvR Ki‡Q Zv ch©‡eÿY Kiv Ges wkL‡bi mgq †Kv‡bv mgm¨vq co‡j mgvav‡b mnvqZv Kiv
• wkÿv_x© ‡`i Kv‡Ri Z`viwK I cwiPvjbv Kiv Ges c‡Ö qvRbxq wdWe¨vK I c‡Ö kiœ DËi †`Iqv
• wkÿv_x© ‡`i jMZ KvR ch‡© eÿY Kiv Ges ÿZvi mv‡_ KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ Kiv
• wkÿv_©x‡`i AvPiY cwiexÿY Kiv
• ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gšÍe¨ wkÿv_©xi †bvUey‡K wjwce× Kiv
2. evwoi KvRevwoi KvR †kÖwYK‡ÿi evB‡i evwo‡Z Ae¯’vbKvjxb wkÿv_©x‡K GKKfv‡e m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| evwoi KvR Ggb n‡Z n‡e †hLv‡b wkÿv_©xi wPšÍbkw³ weKv‡ki Ges m„RbkxjZv cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM _v‡K| evwoi KvR 20-30wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ m¤úv`b‡hvM¨ n‡Z nq| evwoi Kv‡Ri g~j¨vq‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq wdWe¨vK †`‡eb| wkÿK cÖwZ mvgwq‡K cÖwZ wel‡q GKRb wkÿv_©xi `yÕwU evwoi KvR g~j¨vqb K‡i †iKW© msiÿY K‡ib|
3. wba©vwiZ KvRwba©vwiZ KvR nj AbymÜvbg~jK KvR| GUv ^í cwim‡i M‡elYvag©x KvR| wba©vwiZ KvR mvaviYZ K‡qKwU w`e‡mi g‡a¨ m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq Ges KvR †k‡l GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b Rgv w`‡Z nq| wba©vwiZ KvR m¤cbœ Ki‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K AbymÜvb (Investigation) cÖwµqv AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| wba©vwiZ KvR GKKfv‡e Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Avevi `jxqfv‡eI Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| `jxqfv‡e †Kv‡bv wba©vwiZ KvR m¤cvw`Z n‡jI e¨w³MZ K…wZ‡Z¡i wfwˇZ mevB‡K c„_Kfv‡e g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| cÖwZ wel‡q cÖwZ mvgwq‡K GKwU wba©vwiZ KvR g~j¨vqb K‡i †iKW© msiÿY Kiv nq|
4. †gŠwLK Dc¯’vcbvKweZv Avew„ Ë, ceÖ ÜcvV, weZ‡K© AskMnª Y, Qwe, MvÖ d, PvU,© g‡Wj, gvbwPÎ BZ¨vw` Dc¯v’ c‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x© i †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM ÿZv gj~ ¨vqb Kiv nq| c‡Ö kvœ Ëi ce,© jxq KvR PjvKvjxb wkÿv_x© ‡`i Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv I cvV¨mw~ Pi Av‡jv‡K wewfbœ Bmy ‡Z weZK© BZ¨vw` ch‡© eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x© i K_v ejvi `ÿZv A_v© r †gŠwLK Dc¯v’ cb-`ÿZv hvPvB Kiv nq| wkÿv_x© ‡`i Dc¯v’ wcZ welqe¯i‘ mwVKZv wkÿK Ab¨ wkÿv_x© ‡`i AskMnÖ ‡Yi gva¨‡g wbwðZ K‡ib| cwÖ Z mvgwq‡K cwÖ Z wel‡q GKRb wkÿv_x© i †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM ÿZv Kgc‡ÿ wZbevi gj~ ¨vqb K‡i b¤i¦ msiÿY Kiv nq|
5. jMZ KvR`jxq Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ Team Spirit I †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvewji weKvk NUv‡bv hvq| welq-mswkøó †Kv‡bv Bmy¨‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i jxqfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z w`‡q Zv‡`i jxq Kv‡Ri cvi`wk©Zv hvPvB Kiv nq| jMZ Kv‡R wkÿv_©xi e¨w³MZ K…wZ‡Z¡i Ici wfwË K‡i b¤¦i †`Iqv nq bv| ‡ji K…wZZ¡ `‡ji cÖ‡Z¨K m`‡m¨i K…wZZ¡ e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| `jxq Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb ÿZv, e¨w³K ÿZv Ges mvgvwRK ÿZv g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| cÖwZ wel‡q cÖwZ mvgwq‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i jxq KvR Kgc‡ÿ wZbevi g~j¨vqb K‡i b¤¦i cÖ`vb I †iKW© msiÿY Kiv nq|
we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i AvPiY, wkÿv_©x‡`i e¨w³K I mvgvwRK g~j¨‡evaGmweG Kvhµ© ‡g MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vq‡b wkÿv_x© i e¨w³K Dbqœ ‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| e¨w³K Dbqœ ‡b AšfÍ ³y© Av‡Q we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_x© ‡`i AvPiY Ges wkÿv_x© ‡`i e¨w³K I mvgvwRK gj~ ¨‡eva| wkÿv_x© ‡`i AvPiY gj~ ¨vqb GKwU NUbv ev Bmy w`‡q Kiv hvq bv| wkÿv_x© ‡`i wewfbœ KgK© v‡Ði ga¨ w`‡q xN© ch‡© eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i AvPiY m¤ú‡K© GKwU wbfi© ‡hvM¨ gj~ ¨vq‡b Avmv hvq| †kwÖ Y wkÿK welq wkÿK‡`i gZvgZ wb‡q wkÿv_x© ‡`i AvPiY m¤ú‡K© HKg‡Z¨ DcbxZ nb Ges Zvi wfwˇZ cwÖ Z mvgwq‡K AvPi‡Yi Ici b¤i¦ cÖ vb K‡ib| †kwÖ Y wkÿK I welq wkÿKMY HKg‡Z¨i wfwˇZ cwÖ Z mvgwq‡K wkÿv_x© i e¨w³K I mvgvwRK gj~ ¨‡eva gj~ ¨vqb Ges †iKW© msiÿY K‡ib|
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx44 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 45
GmweG ev¯Íevq‡b M„nxZ D‡`¨vMwkÿv gšY¿ vjq 2005 wkÿvel© n‡Z †`‡ki mKj gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mKj wel‡q lô †kwÖ Y †_‡K beg †kwÖ Y chš© Í GmweG e¨e¯v’ ev¯eÍ vq‡bi wb‡`k© bv cÖ vb K‡i 12/07/2005 wL÷ª v‡ã GKwU cÁÖ vcb Rvwi K‡i| †mwm‡ci AvIZvq 2006 mv‡j †`ke¨vcx cwÖ ZwU gva¨wgK we`¨vjq †_‡K 5Rb K‡i welqwfwËK wkÿK‡K cwÖ kÿ‡Yi AvIZvq Avbv nq| welqmgn~ n‡”QÑ evsjv, Bs‡iwR, mvaviY MwYZ, mvaviY weÁvb, mvgvwRK weÁvb Ges Bmjvg wkÿv| cwÖ kÿ‡Yi †gqv` wQj 3w`b| mKj caÖ vb wkÿK‡K GKw`‡bi cwÖ kÿY cÖ vb Kiv nq| gvVchv© ‡q Kgi© Z mKj †Rjv wkÿv KgK© Zv© , mnKvix †Rjv wkÿv KgK© Zv© , Dc‡Rjv gva¨wgK wkÿv KgK© Zv© , M‡elYv KgK© Zv© , mnKvix cwi`kK© Ges GKv‡WwgK mcy vifvBRviMY‡K cwÖ kÿY cÖ vb Kiv nq| GmweG wkÿK wb‡`w© kKv Ges GmweG cwÖ kÿY g¨vbqy vj mKj wkÿK Ges we`¨vjq‡K cÖ vb Kiv nq| wKš‘ GmweG c×wZi cixÿvgj~ K ev¯eÍ vq‡bi mcy vwik Abhy vqx chv© qµ‡g GwU‡K 2006 mv‡j `kg †kwÖ Y‡Z Ges 2007 mv‡ji GmGmwm cixÿvq GmweG c×wZ ev¯eÍ vqb nq wb| cwÖ ZwU we`¨vjq †_‡K 5Rb K‡i wkÿK cwÖ kÿY †c‡jI gva¨wgK we`¨vjqmg‡~ ni A‡a‡© KiI †ewk wkÿK cwÖ kÿ‡Yi AvIZvq Avmvi m‡y hvM cvqwb| 2006 mv‡ji gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKMY GmweG Gi Ici Avi †Kv‡bv cwÖ kÿY cvb wb| GmweG Kvhµ© ‡gi mwVK ev¯eÍ vq‡bi Rb¨ GbwmwUwe wKsev gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`ßi Avi †Kv‡bv D‡`¨vM MnÖ Y K‡i wb|
GmweG e¨e¯’vi ev¯Íevqb Ae¯’v GmweG c×wZ ev¯Íevq‡bi QeQi ci 2012wLª÷v‡ã †m‡KÛvwi GWz‡Kkb †m±i †W‡fjc‡g›U cÖ‡R± (GmBGmwWwc)-Gi Avw_©K I KvwiMwi mn‡hvwMZvq GmweG e¨e¯’vi Ici GKwU g~j¨vqb I mgxÿv cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| GbwmwUwe‡Z Kg©iZ GmBGwWwci KvwiKzjvg we‡klÁMY GB M‡elYv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡ib| g~j¨vqb mgxÿvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj:
1. myweav‡fvMx‡`i AwfÁZvi wfwˇZ cÖewZ©Z GmweG c×wZi chv©‡jvPbv Kiv;
2. GmweG c×wZ‡Z g~j¨vqb Ges Z_¨ msiÿ‡Y wkÿ‡Ki K…wZZ¡ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv;
3. GmweG Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡bi mgm¨vmg~n wPwýZ Kiv, Ges
4. GmweG‡K Kvh©Kifv‡e ev¯Íevq‡b G c×wZ wkÿv_©x I wkÿKevÜe wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv|
mgxÿvi Rb¨ cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj wkÿv cÖwZôvb wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK ˆewkó¨, cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’v, Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK cwiw¯’wZ, cÖwZôv‡bi aib I Ae¯’vb we‡ePbv K‡i †`‡ki 7wU wefv‡Mi cÖwZwU n‡Z ˆ`ePq‡bi gva¨‡g 2wU K‡i †gvU 14wU †Rjv‡K mgxÿvi GjvKv wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kiv nq| 14wU †Rjvi wmwU K‡cv©‡ikb/†cŠimfv Ges 1wU Dc‡Rjv †_‡K 5wU K‡i †gvU 70wU we`¨vjq‡K GmweG Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wbe©vPb Kiv nq| mgxÿvi GKK wQj lô-beg †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x, wkÿK, cÖwZôvb cÖavb,AwffveK, GmGgwm m`m¨ Ges gvV ch©v‡q Kg©iZ wkÿv Kg©KZ©v| cÖwZwU we`¨vjq †_‡K 15Rb wkÿv_©x, mKj wkÿK, cÖwZôvb cÖavb, mKj GmGmwm m`m¨, 15Rb AwffveK Ges wkÿv Kg©KZ©vMY mvÿvrKvi I †dvKvm MÖæc Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY K‡ib|
mgxÿvi djvdjmgxÿvi djvdj chv© ‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡k GmweG-Gi mvgwóK gj~ ¨vqb Kvhµ© g ev mvgwqK cixÿvmgn~ mwVKfv‡e msMwVZ n‡jI MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vqb Kvhµ© g ev¯eÍ vqb Ae¯v’ m‡švÍ lRbK bq| GmweG-Gi MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vqb Kvhµ© g ev¯eÍ vqb AvswkKfv‡e n‡”Q| wbev© wPZ we`¨vjqmg‡~ ni 7kZvsk we`¨vj‡q cY~ v© ½iƒ‡c Ges 83kZvsk we`¨vj‡q AvswkKfv‡e G Kvhµ© g ev¯eÍ vqb Kiv n‡”Q| 10kZvsk we`¨vj‡q MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vqb ev¯eÍ vwqZ n‡”Q bv| MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vqb Kvhµ© g môy fz v‡e ev¯eÍ vqb bv nIqvi KviY wn‡m‡e GB mgxÿv †h KviY¸‡jv‡K wPwýZ K‡i‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡”Q-
1. GmweG Gi MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi Kv‡Ri cwigvY (Work load) A‡bK †ewk
2. MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi †iKW© msiÿY c×wZ A‡bK RwUj
3. K¬vm wcwiq‡Wi (Class period) Rb¨ eivÏK…Z mg‡q MVbKvjxb g~jv¨q‡bi KvR †kl Kiv hvq bv
4. wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv wkÿK-evÜe bq
5. wkÿvµg AwZfvivµvšÍ (Over loaded) nIqvq MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb m¤úbœ K‡i †Kvm© †kl Kiv hvq bv
6. we`¨vj‡q wkÿKM‡Yi Kv‡Ri cwigvY A‡bK †ewk
7. wkÿK-¯^íZv
8. wkÿKMY‡K ch©vß cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb bv Kiv
9. wkÿKM‡Yi †ckvMZ ÿZv Dbœq‡bi my‡hvM AcÖZzj
10. †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©xi msL¨vwaK¨
11. A‡bK †ewk Z_¨ msiÿY Ki‡Z nq
12. MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi Z_¨ msiÿ‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKi‡Yi Afve
13. GmweG cvewjK cixÿvi Ask bv nIqvq wkÿK wkÿv_©xiv AvMÖn cv‡”Q bv
mgxÿvq myweav‡fvMxMY (wkÿv_©x, wkÿK, cÖwZôvb cÖavb, AwffveK, GmGgwm m`m¨ Ges gvV-ch©v‡q Kg©iZ wkÿv Kg©KZ©v) cÖPwjZ GmweG e¨e¯’vi MVbKvjxb I mvgwóK g~j¨vqb c×wZi we‡kl K‡i MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb c×wZi e¨vcK ms¯‹v‡ii mycvwik K‡i‡Qb| myweav‡fvMxMY wkÿv_©xi mvgwMÖK I fvimvg¨c~Y© weKv‡k GmweG e¨e¯’v Ges Gi MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb Kvh©µ‡gi Acwinvh©Zvi welqwU ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i we‡ePbvq G‡b Gi Kvh©Ki ev¯Íevqbi D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi mycvwik K‡ib| myweav‡fvMxMY GmweG e¨e¯’vi cwigvR©b Ges Gi mdj ev¯Íevq‡b †h mKj mycvwik K‡ib Zv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv nj:
1. cvewjK cixÿvq GmweG‡K AšÍf©y³KiY
2. †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i msL¨v n«vmKiY
3. †iKW© msiÿY c×wZ wkÿKevÜe Kiv
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx44 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 45
GmweG ev¯Íevq‡b M„nxZ D‡`¨vMwkÿv gšY¿ vjq 2005 wkÿvel© n‡Z †`‡ki mKj gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mKj wel‡q lô †kwÖ Y †_‡K beg †kwÖ Y chš© Í GmweG e¨e¯v’ ev¯eÍ vq‡bi wb‡`k© bv cÖ vb K‡i 12/07/2005 wL÷ª v‡ã GKwU cÁÖ vcb Rvwi K‡i| †mwm‡ci AvIZvq 2006 mv‡j †`ke¨vcx cwÖ ZwU gva¨wgK we`¨vjq †_‡K 5Rb K‡i welqwfwËK wkÿK‡K cwÖ kÿ‡Yi AvIZvq Avbv nq| welqmgn~ n‡”QÑ evsjv, Bs‡iwR, mvaviY MwYZ, mvaviY weÁvb, mvgvwRK weÁvb Ges Bmjvg wkÿv| cwÖ kÿ‡Yi †gqv` wQj 3w`b| mKj caÖ vb wkÿK‡K GKw`‡bi cwÖ kÿY cÖ vb Kiv nq| gvVchv© ‡q Kgi© Z mKj †Rjv wkÿv KgK© Zv© , mnKvix †Rjv wkÿv KgK© Zv© , Dc‡Rjv gva¨wgK wkÿv KgK© Zv© , M‡elYv KgK© Zv© , mnKvix cwi`kK© Ges GKv‡WwgK mcy vifvBRviMY‡K cwÖ kÿY cÖ vb Kiv nq| GmweG wkÿK wb‡`w© kKv Ges GmweG cwÖ kÿY g¨vbqy vj mKj wkÿK Ges we`¨vjq‡K cÖ vb Kiv nq| wKš‘ GmweG c×wZi cixÿvgj~ K ev¯eÍ vq‡bi mcy vwik Abhy vqx chv© qµ‡g GwU‡K 2006 mv‡j `kg †kwÖ Y‡Z Ges 2007 mv‡ji GmGmwm cixÿvq GmweG c×wZ ev¯eÍ vqb nq wb| cwÖ ZwU we`¨vjq †_‡K 5Rb K‡i wkÿK cwÖ kÿY †c‡jI gva¨wgK we`¨vjqmg‡~ ni A‡a‡© KiI †ewk wkÿK cwÖ kÿ‡Yi AvIZvq Avmvi m‡y hvM cvqwb| 2006 mv‡ji gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKMY GmweG Gi Ici Avi †Kv‡bv cwÖ kÿY cvb wb| GmweG Kvhµ© ‡gi mwVK ev¯eÍ vq‡bi Rb¨ GbwmwUwe wKsev gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`ßi Avi †Kv‡bv D‡`¨vM MnÖ Y K‡i wb|
GmweG e¨e¯’vi ev¯Íevqb Ae¯’v GmweG c×wZ ev¯Íevq‡bi QeQi ci 2012wLª÷v‡ã †m‡KÛvwi GWz‡Kkb †m±i †W‡fjc‡g›U cÖ‡R± (GmBGmwWwc)-Gi Avw_©K I KvwiMwi mn‡hvwMZvq GmweG e¨e¯’vi Ici GKwU g~j¨vqb I mgxÿv cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| GbwmwUwe‡Z Kg©iZ GmBGwWwci KvwiKzjvg we‡klÁMY GB M‡elYv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡ib| g~j¨vqb mgxÿvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj:
1. myweav‡fvMx‡`i AwfÁZvi wfwˇZ cÖewZ©Z GmweG c×wZi chv©‡jvPbv Kiv;
2. GmweG c×wZ‡Z g~j¨vqb Ges Z_¨ msiÿ‡Y wkÿ‡Ki K…wZZ¡ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv;
3. GmweG Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡bi mgm¨vmg~n wPwýZ Kiv, Ges
4. GmweG‡K Kvh©Kifv‡e ev¯Íevq‡b G c×wZ wkÿv_©x I wkÿKevÜe wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv|
mgxÿvi Rb¨ cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj wkÿv cÖwZôvb wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK ˆewkó¨, cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’v, Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK cwiw¯’wZ, cÖwZôv‡bi aib I Ae¯’vb we‡ePbv K‡i †`‡ki 7wU wefv‡Mi cÖwZwU n‡Z ˆ`ePq‡bi gva¨‡g 2wU K‡i †gvU 14wU †Rjv‡K mgxÿvi GjvKv wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kiv nq| 14wU †Rjvi wmwU K‡cv©‡ikb/†cŠimfv Ges 1wU Dc‡Rjv †_‡K 5wU K‡i †gvU 70wU we`¨vjq‡K GmweG Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wbe©vPb Kiv nq| mgxÿvi GKK wQj lô-beg †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x, wkÿK, cÖwZôvb cÖavb,AwffveK, GmGgwm m`m¨ Ges gvV ch©v‡q Kg©iZ wkÿv Kg©KZ©v| cÖwZwU we`¨vjq †_‡K 15Rb wkÿv_©x, mKj wkÿK, cÖwZôvb cÖavb, mKj GmGmwm m`m¨, 15Rb AwffveK Ges wkÿv Kg©KZ©vMY mvÿvrKvi I †dvKvm MÖæc Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY K‡ib|
mgxÿvi djvdjmgxÿvi djvdj chv© ‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡k GmweG-Gi mvgwóK gj~ ¨vqb Kvhµ© g ev mvgwqK cixÿvmgn~ mwVKfv‡e msMwVZ n‡jI MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vqb Kvhµ© g ev¯eÍ vqb Ae¯v’ m‡švÍ lRbK bq| GmweG-Gi MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vqb Kvhµ© g ev¯eÍ vqb AvswkKfv‡e n‡”Q| wbev© wPZ we`¨vjqmg‡~ ni 7kZvsk we`¨vj‡q cY~ v© ½iƒ‡c Ges 83kZvsk we`¨vj‡q AvswkKfv‡e G Kvhµ© g ev¯eÍ vqb Kiv n‡”Q| 10kZvsk we`¨vj‡q MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vqb ev¯eÍ vwqZ n‡”Q bv| MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vqb Kvhµ© g môy fz v‡e ev¯eÍ vqb bv nIqvi KviY wn‡m‡e GB mgxÿv †h KviY¸‡jv‡K wPwýZ K‡i‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡”Q-
1. GmweG Gi MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi Kv‡Ri cwigvY (Work load) A‡bK †ewk
2. MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi †iKW© msiÿY c×wZ A‡bK RwUj
3. K¬vm wcwiq‡Wi (Class period) Rb¨ eivÏK…Z mg‡q MVbKvjxb g~jv¨q‡bi KvR †kl Kiv hvq bv
4. wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv wkÿK-evÜe bq
5. wkÿvµg AwZfvivµvšÍ (Over loaded) nIqvq MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb m¤úbœ K‡i †Kvm© †kl Kiv hvq bv
6. we`¨vj‡q wkÿKM‡Yi Kv‡Ri cwigvY A‡bK †ewk
7. wkÿK-¯^íZv
8. wkÿKMY‡K ch©vß cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb bv Kiv
9. wkÿKM‡Yi †ckvMZ ÿZv Dbœq‡bi my‡hvM AcÖZzj
10. †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©xi msL¨vwaK¨
11. A‡bK †ewk Z_¨ msiÿY Ki‡Z nq
12. MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi Z_¨ msiÿ‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKi‡Yi Afve
13. GmweG cvewjK cixÿvi Ask bv nIqvq wkÿK wkÿv_©xiv AvMÖn cv‡”Q bv
mgxÿvq myweav‡fvMxMY (wkÿv_©x, wkÿK, cÖwZôvb cÖavb, AwffveK, GmGgwm m`m¨ Ges gvV-ch©v‡q Kg©iZ wkÿv Kg©KZ©v) cÖPwjZ GmweG e¨e¯’vi MVbKvjxb I mvgwóK g~j¨vqb c×wZi we‡kl K‡i MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb c×wZi e¨vcK ms¯‹v‡ii mycvwik K‡i‡Qb| myweav‡fvMxMY wkÿv_©xi mvgwMÖK I fvimvg¨c~Y© weKv‡k GmweG e¨e¯’v Ges Gi MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb Kvh©µ‡gi Acwinvh©Zvi welqwU ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i we‡ePbvq G‡b Gi Kvh©Ki ev¯Íevqbi D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi mycvwik K‡ib| myweav‡fvMxMY GmweG e¨e¯’vi cwigvR©b Ges Gi mdj ev¯Íevq‡b †h mKj mycvwik K‡ib Zv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv nj:
1. cvewjK cixÿvq GmweG‡K AšÍf©y³KiY
2. †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i msL¨v n«vmKiY
3. †iKW© msiÿY c×wZ wkÿKevÜe Kiv
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx46 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 47
4. wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv wkÿKevÜe Kiv
5. GmweG DcKiY cÖvwß wbwðZKiY
6. wkÿKM‡Yi ch©vß cÖwkÿY cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv
7. K¬vm wcwiq‡Wi mgq e„w× Kiv
8. eQ‡i ywU mvgwqK cixÿv cÖeZ©b Kiv
9. b¤^i cÖ`v‡b wbi‡cÿZv wbwðZKiY
10. GKv‡WwgK gwbUwis kw³kvjx Kiv
11. wkÿK-wkÿv_©x AbycvZ Kgv‡bv
12. weGW wkÿvµ‡g GmweG c×wZ AšÍfz©³KiY
13. wkÿK-¯^íZv ~ixKiY
14. GmweG-Dc‡hvMx we`¨vjq AeKvVv‡gv Dbœqb
GmweG e¨e¯’vi cwigvR©b: avivevwnK g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©bmyweav‡fvMx‡`i mycvwi‡ki wfwˇZ GbwmwUwe‡Z Kg©iZ GmBGmwWwci wkÿvµg we‡klÁMY GmweG e¨e¯’vi GKwU Lmov g‡Wj cÖYqb K‡ib| cwigvwR©Z Lmov g‡WjwU m¤ú©‡K gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKM‡Yi gZvgZ †bIqvi Rb¨ wefvMxq ch©v‡q Kg©kvjvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| cieZ©x mg‡q G g‡Wj XvKvq AbywôZ RvZxq Kg©kvjvq Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| RvZxq Kg©kvjvq †`‡ki cÖw_Zhkv wkÿvwe`, eyw×Rxex, wkÿv Kg©KZ©vmn we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKMY Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| Kg©kvjvi mycvwi‡ki wfwˇZ Lmov g‡WjwU P‚ovšÍ Kiv nq Ges avivevwnK g~j¨vqb bv‡g Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡q †cÖiY Kiv nq| cwigvwR©Z G g‡WjwU 2014 wkÿvel© †_‡K mKj gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q ev¯Íevq‡bi wb‡`©kbv wkÿv gš¿Yvjq cÖ`vb K‡i|
avivevwnK g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vq MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡b cwieZ©b†Kvm©Iqv‡K©i †ÿ‡Îi msL¨v 6wU †_‡K Kwg‡q avievwnK g~j¨vq‡bi MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡b †Kvm©Iqv‡K© msL¨v 3wU Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q 1. †kÖwY Afxÿv 2. †kÖwYi KvR Ges 3. evwoi KvR I AbymÜvbg~jK KvR| †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i D‡Ïk¨ wVK †i‡L cÖPwjZ †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i †gŠwLK Dc¯’vcbv Ges `jMZ KvR cwigvwR©Z †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i †kÖwYi Kv‡Ri wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ wn‡m‡e AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi †iKW© msiÿY c×wZ‡K e¨vcKfv‡e mnRxKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖPwjZ MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi †Kvm©IqvK© Ges e¨w³K AvPiY I mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva g~j¨vq‡b µvB‡Uwiqvi msL¨v Kgv‡bv n‡q‡Q Ges †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i †ÿ‡Î µvB‡Uwiqv‡K wfwË K‡i mivmwi b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q| MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡b †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i b¤^i cÖwZwU wel‡qi Rb¨ 30 kZvsk n‡Z Kwg‡q 20kZvsk Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i b¤^i wefvRb n‡”Q †kÖwY Afxÿvi Rb¨ 10 b¤^i, †kÖwYi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ 05 b¤^i Ges evwoi KvR I AbymÜvbg~jK K‡Ri Rb¨ 05 b¤^i| mvgwqK cixÿvi msL¨v 1wU Kwg‡q ywU Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i †gvU †iKW© msiÿ‡Yi msL¨v cÖwZ mvgwq‡K 15wU †_‡K Kwg‡q 9wU Kiv n‡q‡Q| mvgwqK cixÿv 1wU K‡g hvIqvi d‡j eQ‡i †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i †iKW©msiÿ‡Yi †gvU
msL¨v 45wU †_‡K Kwg‡q 18wU Kiv n‡q‡Q| †iKW© msiÿ‡Yi †Uwej wkÿKevÜe Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Gi msL¨v 14wU n‡Z Kwg‡q 5wU Kiv n‡q‡Q| K¬vm wcwiq‡Wi e¨vwß cÖPwjZ cÖ_g wcwiqW 45wgwbU Ges c‡ii¸‡jv 40wgwbU n‡Z e„w× K‡i h_vµ‡g 60wgwbU Ges 50wgwbU Kiv n‡q‡Q| MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb Kvh©µ‡g wkÿK‡`i mÿgZvi welqwU we‡ePbvq †i‡L GmweG e¨e¯’vi MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡b 6wU ÿZvi cwie‡Z© 3wU ÿZv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg‡K mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q| `ÿZv 3wU n‡”Q 1. wPšÍb `ÿZv 2. Av‡eMxq `ÿZv Ges 3. g‡bv‡ckxR `ÿZv| G‡ÿ‡Î GmweG e¨e¯’vi †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i 6wU ÿZvi m~² cwigvc (Microscopic measurment) †_‡K ¯’‚j cwigv‡c (Macroscopic measurment) iƒcvšÍi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
avievwnK g~j¨vq‡bi ev¯Íevqb Ae¯’vÔRvZxq wkÿvµg 2012Õ cwigvwR©Z GB GmweG c×wZ‡K avivevwnK g~j¨vqb bv‡g ÔRvZxq wkÿvµg 2012Õ G AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ÔRvZxq wkÿvµg 2012-2013 wkÿvel© n‡Z gva¨wgK we`¨vjqmg~‡n ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡”Q| cwigvwR©Z GB wkÿvµg‡K cwiwPZ Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ †`ke¨vcx gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKMY‡K wkÿvµg we¯ÍiY cÖwkÿ‡Yi AvIZvq Avbv nq| wkÿvµ‡gi Ask wn‡m‡e avivevwnK g~j¨vqb wkÿvµg we¯ÍiY cÖwkÿ‡Y AšÍfz©³ wQj| avivevwnK g~j¨vqb 2014 wkÿvel© †_‡K ev¯Íevq‡bi wb‡`©kbv wkÿv gš¿Yvjq w`‡jI gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i G wel‡q c„_K †Kv‡bv cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv nq wb| GB wel‡q †Kv‡bv wkÿK wb‡`©kbv cÖYxZ nq wb| cÖavb wkÿK Ges gvVch©v‡q Kg©iZ †Rjv wkÿv Kg©KZ©vMY avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi wel‡q cÖwkÿY cvb wb| ïay GKwU cÖÁvcb Rvwi K‡i gva¨wgK we`¨vjqmg~n‡K avivevwnK g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q wkÿv gš¿Yvjq|
wkÿv_©x g~j¨vq‡b Ae‡nwjZ MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqbwkÿv Ggb GKwU nvwZqvi hv wkÿv_©xi eyw×e„wËK, ˆ`wnK, gvbwmK, ˆbwZK I Ava¨vwZ¥K weKvk I Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i| wkÿvµg n‡”Q GB nvwZqvi e¨env‡ii GKwU cwiKwíZ Kvh©µg hv wkÿv_©xi mvgwMÖK, cwic~Y© I fvimvg¨c~Y© weKv‡k ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿvKvh©µg cÖavYZ wkÿv_©xi eyw×e„wËK weKvk I Dbœq‡b wb‡qvwRZ| wkÿvKvh©µ‡g wkÿv_©xi ˆ`wnK, gvbwmK, ˆbwZK I Ava¨vwZ¥K weKvk I Dbœqb A‡bKUvB Ae‡nwjZ i‡q †M‡Q| G‡Z wkÿvµ‡gi D‡Ïk¨ Z_v wkÿvi RvZxq jÿ¨ cwic~Y©iƒ‡c AwR©Z n‡”Q bv| wkÿv cÖwZôvb †gavex bvMwiK ˆZwi Ki‡Z hZUv mÿg n‡”Q ZZUv fv‡jv gvbyl ˆZwi‡Z mÿg n‡”Q wKbv Zv wbwðZ K‡i ejvi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM †bB| g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi ÎæwUi Kvi‡Y wkÿv_©xi me©v½xb I fvimvg¨c~Y© weKvk e¨vnZ n‡”Q|
2005 wL÷ª v‡ã GmweG e¨e¯v’ ceÖ Z‡© bi mgq Avkv Kiv n‡qwQj GwU h_vh_fv‡e KvR Ki‡e Ges wkÿvµ‡gi D‡Ï‡k¨ ev¯eÍ vwqZ n‡e| wKš‘ GmweG e¨e¯v’ h_vh_ Z`viwK bv Kiv Ges G Kv‡R wkÿK‡`i mÿgZv ew„ × Kivi †Kvb D‡`¨vM bv †bIqvq GmweGi ev¯eÍ vqb mdj nq wb| WK‡z g›U chv© ‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq 2004 wL÷ª v‡ã GmweG cixÿvgj~ K ev¯eÍ vqb mdj wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡jI 2012wL÷ª v‡ãi GmweG e¨e¯v’ i gj~ ¨vqb mgxÿvi djvdj Zv mg_b© K‡i bv| GLv‡b D‡jLø Kiv c‡Ö qvRb †h 2004 wL÷ª v‡ã †h we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z GmweGi cixÿvgj~ K ev¯eÍ vqb Kvhµ© g cwiPvwjZ n‡qwQj †m¸‡jv wQj †`‡ki †miv we`¨vjq Ges Gme we`¨vj‡qi wkÿMY Zjz bvgj~ Kfv‡e A‡bK
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx46 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 47
4. wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv wkÿKevÜe Kiv
5. GmweG DcKiY cÖvwß wbwðZKiY
6. wkÿKM‡Yi ch©vß cÖwkÿY cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv
7. K¬vm wcwiq‡Wi mgq e„w× Kiv
8. eQ‡i ywU mvgwqK cixÿv cÖeZ©b Kiv
9. b¤^i cÖ`v‡b wbi‡cÿZv wbwðZKiY
10. GKv‡WwgK gwbUwis kw³kvjx Kiv
11. wkÿK-wkÿv_©x AbycvZ Kgv‡bv
12. weGW wkÿvµ‡g GmweG c×wZ AšÍfz©³KiY
13. wkÿK-¯^íZv ~ixKiY
14. GmweG-Dc‡hvMx we`¨vjq AeKvVv‡gv Dbœqb
GmweG e¨e¯’vi cwigvR©b: avivevwnK g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©bmyweav‡fvMx‡`i mycvwi‡ki wfwˇZ GbwmwUwe‡Z Kg©iZ GmBGmwWwci wkÿvµg we‡klÁMY GmweG e¨e¯’vi GKwU Lmov g‡Wj cÖYqb K‡ib| cwigvwR©Z Lmov g‡WjwU m¤ú©‡K gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKM‡Yi gZvgZ †bIqvi Rb¨ wefvMxq ch©v‡q Kg©kvjvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| cieZ©x mg‡q G g‡Wj XvKvq AbywôZ RvZxq Kg©kvjvq Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| RvZxq Kg©kvjvq †`‡ki cÖw_Zhkv wkÿvwe`, eyw×Rxex, wkÿv Kg©KZ©vmn we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKMY Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| Kg©kvjvi mycvwi‡ki wfwˇZ Lmov g‡WjwU P‚ovšÍ Kiv nq Ges avivevwnK g~j¨vqb bv‡g Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡q †cÖiY Kiv nq| cwigvwR©Z G g‡WjwU 2014 wkÿvel© †_‡K mKj gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q ev¯Íevq‡bi wb‡`©kbv wkÿv gš¿Yvjq cÖ`vb K‡i|
avivevwnK g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vq MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡b cwieZ©b†Kvm©Iqv‡K©i †ÿ‡Îi msL¨v 6wU †_‡K Kwg‡q avievwnK g~j¨vq‡bi MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡b †Kvm©Iqv‡K© msL¨v 3wU Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q 1. †kÖwY Afxÿv 2. †kÖwYi KvR Ges 3. evwoi KvR I AbymÜvbg~jK KvR| †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i D‡Ïk¨ wVK †i‡L cÖPwjZ †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i †gŠwLK Dc¯’vcbv Ges `jMZ KvR cwigvwR©Z †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i †kÖwYi Kv‡Ri wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ wn‡m‡e AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi †iKW© msiÿY c×wZ‡K e¨vcKfv‡e mnRxKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖPwjZ MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi †Kvm©IqvK© Ges e¨w³K AvPiY I mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva g~j¨vq‡b µvB‡Uwiqvi msL¨v Kgv‡bv n‡q‡Q Ges †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i †ÿ‡Î µvB‡Uwiqv‡K wfwË K‡i mivmwi b¤^i cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q| MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡b †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i b¤^i cÖwZwU wel‡qi Rb¨ 30 kZvsk n‡Z Kwg‡q 20kZvsk Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i b¤^i wefvRb n‡”Q †kÖwY Afxÿvi Rb¨ 10 b¤^i, †kÖwYi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ 05 b¤^i Ges evwoi KvR I AbymÜvbg~jK K‡Ri Rb¨ 05 b¤^i| mvgwqK cixÿvi msL¨v 1wU Kwg‡q ywU Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i †gvU †iKW© msiÿ‡Yi msL¨v cÖwZ mvgwq‡K 15wU †_‡K Kwg‡q 9wU Kiv n‡q‡Q| mvgwqK cixÿv 1wU K‡g hvIqvi d‡j eQ‡i †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i †iKW©msiÿ‡Yi †gvU
msL¨v 45wU †_‡K Kwg‡q 18wU Kiv n‡q‡Q| †iKW© msiÿ‡Yi †Uwej wkÿKevÜe Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Gi msL¨v 14wU n‡Z Kwg‡q 5wU Kiv n‡q‡Q| K¬vm wcwiq‡Wi e¨vwß cÖPwjZ cÖ_g wcwiqW 45wgwbU Ges c‡ii¸‡jv 40wgwbU n‡Z e„w× K‡i h_vµ‡g 60wgwbU Ges 50wgwbU Kiv n‡q‡Q| MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb Kvh©µ‡g wkÿK‡`i mÿgZvi welqwU we‡ePbvq †i‡L GmweG e¨e¯’vi MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡b 6wU ÿZvi cwie‡Z© 3wU ÿZv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg‡K mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q| `ÿZv 3wU n‡”Q 1. wPšÍb `ÿZv 2. Av‡eMxq `ÿZv Ges 3. g‡bv‡ckxR `ÿZv| G‡ÿ‡Î GmweG e¨e¯’vi †Kvm©Iqv‡K©i 6wU ÿZvi m~² cwigvc (Microscopic measurment) †_‡K ¯’‚j cwigv‡c (Macroscopic measurment) iƒcvšÍi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
avievwnK g~j¨vq‡bi ev¯Íevqb Ae¯’vÔRvZxq wkÿvµg 2012Õ cwigvwR©Z GB GmweG c×wZ‡K avivevwnK g~j¨vqb bv‡g ÔRvZxq wkÿvµg 2012Õ G AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ÔRvZxq wkÿvµg 2012-2013 wkÿvel© n‡Z gva¨wgK we`¨vjqmg~‡n ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡”Q| cwigvwR©Z GB wkÿvµg‡K cwiwPZ Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ †`ke¨vcx gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKMY‡K wkÿvµg we¯ÍiY cÖwkÿ‡Yi AvIZvq Avbv nq| wkÿvµ‡gi Ask wn‡m‡e avivevwnK g~j¨vqb wkÿvµg we¯ÍiY cÖwkÿ‡Y AšÍfz©³ wQj| avivevwnK g~j¨vqb 2014 wkÿvel© †_‡K ev¯Íevq‡bi wb‡`©kbv wkÿv gš¿Yvjq w`‡jI gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i G wel‡q c„_K †Kv‡bv cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv nq wb| GB wel‡q †Kv‡bv wkÿK wb‡`©kbv cÖYxZ nq wb| cÖavb wkÿK Ges gvVch©v‡q Kg©iZ †Rjv wkÿv Kg©KZ©vMY avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi wel‡q cÖwkÿY cvb wb| ïay GKwU cÖÁvcb Rvwi K‡i gva¨wgK we`¨vjqmg~n‡K avivevwnK g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q wkÿv gš¿Yvjq|
wkÿv_©x g~j¨vq‡b Ae‡nwjZ MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqbwkÿv Ggb GKwU nvwZqvi hv wkÿv_©xi eyw×e„wËK, ˆ`wnK, gvbwmK, ˆbwZK I Ava¨vwZ¥K weKvk I Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i| wkÿvµg n‡”Q GB nvwZqvi e¨env‡ii GKwU cwiKwíZ Kvh©µg hv wkÿv_©xi mvgwMÖK, cwic~Y© I fvimvg¨c~Y© weKv‡k ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿvKvh©µg cÖavYZ wkÿv_©xi eyw×e„wËK weKvk I Dbœq‡b wb‡qvwRZ| wkÿvKvh©µ‡g wkÿv_©xi ˆ`wnK, gvbwmK, ˆbwZK I Ava¨vwZ¥K weKvk I Dbœqb A‡bKUvB Ae‡nwjZ i‡q †M‡Q| G‡Z wkÿvµ‡gi D‡Ïk¨ Z_v wkÿvi RvZxq jÿ¨ cwic~Y©iƒ‡c AwR©Z n‡”Q bv| wkÿv cÖwZôvb †gavex bvMwiK ˆZwi Ki‡Z hZUv mÿg n‡”Q ZZUv fv‡jv gvbyl ˆZwi‡Z mÿg n‡”Q wKbv Zv wbwðZ K‡i ejvi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM †bB| g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi ÎæwUi Kvi‡Y wkÿv_©xi me©v½xb I fvimvg¨c~Y© weKvk e¨vnZ n‡”Q|
2005 wL÷ª v‡ã GmweG e¨e¯v’ ceÖ Z‡© bi mgq Avkv Kiv n‡qwQj GwU h_vh_fv‡e KvR Ki‡e Ges wkÿvµ‡gi D‡Ï‡k¨ ev¯eÍ vwqZ n‡e| wKš‘ GmweG e¨e¯v’ h_vh_ Z`viwK bv Kiv Ges G Kv‡R wkÿK‡`i mÿgZv ew„ × Kivi †Kvb D‡`¨vM bv †bIqvq GmweGi ev¯eÍ vqb mdj nq wb| WK‡z g›U chv© ‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq 2004 wL÷ª v‡ã GmweG cixÿvgj~ K ev¯eÍ vqb mdj wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡jI 2012wL÷ª v‡ãi GmweG e¨e¯v’ i gj~ ¨vqb mgxÿvi djvdj Zv mg_b© K‡i bv| GLv‡b D‡jLø Kiv c‡Ö qvRb †h 2004 wL÷ª v‡ã †h we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z GmweGi cixÿvgj~ K ev¯eÍ vqb Kvhµ© g cwiPvwjZ n‡qwQj †m¸‡jv wQj †`‡ki †miv we`¨vjq Ges Gme we`¨vj‡qi wkÿMY Zjz bvgj~ Kfv‡e A‡bK
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evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx48
`ÿ| ZvB GB cixÿvgj~ K Kvhµ© g‡K cwÖ ZwbwaZg¡ j~ K Kvhµ© g ejv hvq bv| 2012wL÷ª v‡ãi GmweG e¨e¯v’ i gj~ ¨vqb mgxÿvi djvdj Zv mg_b© K‡i|
mgxÿvi djvd‡ji Ici wfwË K‡i MVbKvjxb g~j¨vq‡bi cyibvq ms¯‹vi Kiv n‡jI Gi cixÿvg~jK ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq wb, wkÿK‡`i mÿgZvi w`KwU Ae‡nwjZ †_‡K †M‡Q|
Z`ycwi wjwLZ cixÿv ivóªxqfv‡e c„ó‡cvlKZv cvIqvq wkÿvKvh©µ‡g GmweG e¨e¯’v Zvrch©c~Y© †Kv‡bv cÖfve ev cwieZ©b Avb‡Z cv‡i wb| GmweG g~j¨vqb mgxÿvq †`Lv hvq we`¨vjqmg~n cÖavbZ wkÿv_©xi wPšÍb-`ÿZv weKv‡k wmsnfvM mgq Ges Rbej e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| wkÿv_©xi `ÿZv I `„wófw½ weKvk I Dbœqb eive‡ii g‡ZvB Ae‡nwjZ i‡q †M‡Q| mgxÿvq wkÿK, wkÿv_©x, AwffveK mevB MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb‡K iæZ¡mnKv‡i ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ mycvwik K‡i‡Q| Zviv cvewjK cixÿvq MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb‡K AšÍf©y³ Kivi mycvwik K‡i‡Q|
Dcmsnviwkÿv_x© i mvweK© weKvk wbwðZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ ïay wjwLZ cixÿv wbfi© wkÿve¨e¯v’ n‡Z `æª Z †ei nevi D‡`¨vM MnÖ Y Kiv c‡Ö qvRb| wjwLZ cixÿv wkÿv_x© i mKj †hvM¨Zv cwigvc Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GKRb wkÿv_x© gvbly wn‡m‡e †Kgb Ges wewfbœ wel‡q †m KZUv `ÿZv ARb© K‡i‡Q Zv gj~ ¨vq‡bi m‡y hvM †bB| wkÿv_x© i mKj †hvM¨Zv gj~ ¨vq‡bi AvIZvq Avbv c‡Ö qvRb Ges Zvi xKw… Z cÖ vb Kiv Riæwi| ZvB wkÿv_x© i AšwÍ bw© nZ mKj ÿZvi cwicY~ © weKvk I xN© v’ qx BwZevPK AvPiwYK cwieZ‡© bi v‡_© MVbKvjxb gj~ ¨vqb‡K cvewjK cixÿvq KvhK© i Kivi Rb¨ wkÿv gšY¿ vjq‡K wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡e|
Z_¨m~Î
Ÿ GbwmwUwe (1995): gva¨wgK wkÿvµg wjj; 1g LÐ, 2q LÐ Ges 3q LÐ|
Ÿ SESIP (2004): Proposals for Reform of the Secondary School Certificate Examination.
Ÿ SESIP (2005): Feasibility Study on Introducing SBA in Classes IX and X as a Component of the SSC Examination.
Ÿ GbwmwUwe (2005): lô †_‡K Aóg †kÖwY ch©šÍ cixÿvg~jK we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb ev¯Íevqb|
Ÿ wkÿv gš¿Yvjq(2005): cÖÁvcb;bs-wkg/kv-11/wewea-6 (†mwmc)/2005/961;ZvwiLt12/7/2005
Ÿ GbwmwUwe(2006): wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv; lô †_‡K beg †kÖwYi we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb|
Ÿ GbwmwUwe(2006): wkÿK cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj; lô †_‡K beg †kÖwYi we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb|
Ÿ †mwmc (2007): cÖavb wkÿK cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj; we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb (lô-beg †kÖwY) Ges GmGmwm cixÿv ms¯‹vi Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb|
Ÿ GmBGmwWwc (2008): gvV ch©v‡q Kg©iZ Kg©KZ©v cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj; we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb I m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ|
Ÿ GmBGmwWwc (2010): gva¨wgK ͇ii wkÿvµg g~j¨vqb I Pvwn`v wbiƒcY mgxÿv|
Ÿ GmBGmwWwc (2012): we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’vi mgxÿv cÖwZ‡e`b|
Ÿ GbwmwUwe (2012): RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012; lô †_‡K Øv`k †kÖwY|
evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 49
mvims‡ÿc
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