25

Gvaxtang liCeli

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

kulturuli da savaWro urTierTobebi centralur amierkavkasiaSi (grakliani gora)

grakliani goris namosaxlari da samarova­ni mdebareobs centralur amierkavkasiaSi, saqarTveloSi, kaspis raionis sof. igoeTi­sa da samTavisis teritoriaze, md. lexu­ras marj vena napirze wamomarTul goraze, uSualod Tbilisi­senaki­leseliZis gzat­kecilTan. mas gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ukavia da moqceulia or patara mdinares – lexurasa da TorTlas Soris. gzatkecilis gafarToebasTan dakavSirebiT 2008 wels borcvis samxreT ferdobze Catarda gadar­CeniTi arqeologiuri gaTxrebi, romelsac uaRresad saintereso Sedegi mohyva. ker­Zod, gamovlenilia rogorc mravalfeniani namosaxlari, ise sxvadasxva periodis samar­xebi. qveda terasa, romelzec aRniSnuli Zeg­lebi aRmoCnda, zRvis donidan saSualod 680 metrzea ganlagebuli, Tumca zeda gauTx­reli terasebi da goris zedapiri, gaSlili adgili ufro maRlaa da daaxlebiT 720­723 metris farglebSi mdebareobs.

namosaxlarisa da samarovnis (sur. 3, 5) te­ritoriaze mikvleuli Zeglebi sxvadasxva pe­riods ganekuTvneba. amJamad arsebuli masa­la iZleva qvemoT moyvanil stratigrafiul suraTs, romelic axali aRmoCenebis Sesaba­misad SeiZleba kidev ufro dazustdes.

1. paleoliTies xana identificirebulia prof. g. gri­

golias mier da warmodgenilia qvargavaleb­ze damzadebuli didi raodenobis iaraRiT.

2. eneoliTiam xanas ganekuTvneba ZiriTadad qvis

iaraRi – xelculi, kaJis Subispiri, kaJis lamelaze damzadebuli namglis CasarTebi, Zvlis saxvretebi. aRmoCenilia cudad gan­leqili, msxvilminarevebiani, ruxkeciani keramikis ramodenime fragmenti, romel Sic naTlad Cans namjis minarevebi, ris gamoc SesaZloa, isinic eneoliTuri xaniT gani­sazRvros.

3. adre brinjaos xanagrakliani goris samxreTi ferdobis

dasavleT nawilSi gamovlenilia sxvada sxva periodis samarxebi. maT Soris uZvelesia adre brinjaos xanis ormosamarxi.

4. gviani brinjaos/adre rkinis xana

es epoqa Zeglze gacilebiT ukeTaa war­modgenili. igi dadasturebulia rogorc na­mosaxlarze, ise samarovanze. qronologiu­rad esaa periodi Zv. w. XIII saukunidan vidre Zv. w. 900 wlamde (sur. 4).

5. ganviTarebuli rkinis xana (Zv. w. VIII-VII ss.)

dadasturebulia am xanis rogorc sa­kulto da sacxovrebeli nagebobebi, ise sa­marxebi.

6. Zv. w. VI s. am xanas ganekuTvneba erTi sacxovrebe­

li saxli da erTi sakurTxeveli (TaRiani).

7. Zv. w. V-IV ss. am xanas ganekuTvneba `dasavleTi taZa­

ri~ da qveda terasaze mxolod nawilobriv SemorCenili Senobebi.

8. Zv. w. IV-III ss. warmodgenilia mravalricxovani samar­

xebiT.

9. Zv. w. III-II ss. dadasturebulia Aam xanis e. w. samadlos

tipis keramika (sur. 8).

10. Zv. w. II-I ss. am xanaSi graklian goraze adamianis aq­

26

tivobis dasasruli dasturdeba. SemorCeni­

lia zeda taZris, SesaZloa sasimagro kedli­

sa da samarxebis naSTebi.

calkeuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebi-sa da samarxeuli inventaris ganxilva

1. Zv. w. 1100 – 900 wlebs ganekuTvneba

monumenturi sakurTxeveli (sur. 1). igi aR­

moCnda namosaxlaris aRmosavleT seqtorSi.

Senobidan, romelSic igi iyo gamarTuli, ga­

darCenili iyo mxolod CrdiloeTi kedlis

nawili. Senoba jargvaluri tipisa iyo – Se­

morCenilia masiuri xis Zelebis anabeWdebi,

romlebic erTmaneTze mijriT, horizonta­

lurad iyo dalagebuli. kedlebi Signidan da

garedan Tixis sqeli masiT iyo Selesili. ase­

ve Tixis feniT saguldagulod iyo motkep­

nili iataki, romlis qveS dadasturda Tixi­

sa da xreSisagan Semzadebuli substruqcia.

sayuradReboa, rom sxva SenobebSi iatakis

aseTi damuSaveba ar gvxvdeba. sakurTxeveli

warmoadgens e. w. `xovles tipis~ monumentu­

ri Rumelis imitacias. rigiTi Rumelebisagan

mas ganasxvavebs ara mxolod zomebi, aramed

dekoratiuli elementebic. Ppirvel rigSi es

aris sakurTxevlis aRmosavleTi da dasavle­

Ti kuTxeebis Semkoba naxevar­TaRebiT, rac

sruliad ucxoa Cveulebrivi RumelebisaT­

vis. amasTan, sakurTxevels samxreTi mxri­

dan, iatakis donidan 10 sm­is simaRleze gas­

devs 5 sm­is sisqis reliefuri sartyeli. Ees

ori elementi ganasxvavebs am sakurTxevels

Cveulebrivi Rumelisagan. Tumca aRmosav­

leTidan mas sanacre ormo hqonda midgmuli,

romelsac, Tavis mxriv, CrdiloeTi kedlis

gaswvriv gamarTuli baqani uerTdeboda. es

iyo Sewirulobebis dasalageblad gankuTv­

nili platforma. masze ewyo sxvadasxva zomis

Ria feris keciani WurWeli, romlis keci cu­

dadaa ganleqili, uxeSad aris damuSavebuli.

umetesoba am keramikisa mxris areSi Semkulia

iribi naWdevebiT, romlebic rig SemTxvevaSi

Tevzisfxur ornaments qmnis. aseTi keramika

ucxoa Zv. w. II aTaswleulis miwurulisaT­

vis. sayuradReboa, rom am Sewirul formebs

Soris aRmoCnda cilindrultaniani yavis­

ferkeciani pirmoyrili WurWeli, romelsac

ori mcire zomis horizontaluri yuri aqvs.

Ees formac ucxoa am xanisaTvis. Kkompleqsis

TariRs iZleva calyura koWobi, romlis ana­

logiebi qarTlSia cnobili. kerZod, aseTi

formebi Zv. w. 1100­900 wlebiT daTariRebul

Zeglebze gvxvdeba (mag., samTavros #51 sa­

marxi, zemo avWalis samarxi)1. sakurTxeve­

li Senobis Crdilo­dasavleT kuTxeSi iyo

gamarTuli. misi swored aseTi –kuTxeSi –

gamarTva standartuli Cans puris sacxobi

RumelebisaTvis – Sesadareblad SegviZlia

movixmoT Treli gorebis2, narekvavis3, sam­

Tavrosa da xovles goraze gaTxril sax­

lebSi mikvleuli Rumelebi, iseve rogorc

SedarebiT mogviano xanis medaburis saxlSi

ufliscixe – bambebis namosaxlaridan4.

2. TaRiani sakurTxeveli warmoadgens

Ria tipis nagebobas, romlis ZiriTadi

konstruqciuli nawili kedelia. igi war­

moadgens TixiT Selesil Zelebs, romlebic

vertikaluradaa Cadgmuli. es kedeli E-W

mimarTulebisaa. kedlis samxreT mxares

amoyvanilia Tixisave TaRebi. sakurTxeveli

Zlieraa dazianebuli da amis gamo misi sru­

li rekonstruqcia Zneldeba. dabejiTebiT

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aseTi ori TaRi namd­

viladaa SemorCenili. centraluri (?) TaRis

win amokveTilia mcire zomis ormo ( diamet­

ri 0, 2 m.), romelSic Sesawiravad mitanili

mcire zomis WurWeli ido. aseve Sesawira­

vad iyo mitanili kedlis dasavleT nawilSi

dadgmuli dergic (misi fragmenti SemorCa).

amave funqciis matarebelia mcire zomis bi­

konusuri calyura sasmisi. msgavsi formis

1 k. Fficxelauri, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos tomTa istoriis ZiriTadi problemebi (Zv. w. XV­VII ss.), Tb., 1973, gv. 65­68. 2 r. AabramiSvili, didi Tbilisis eqspediciis mu­Saobis ZiriTadi Sedegebi, Tbilisis arqeologi­uri Zeglebi, t. I, Tb., 1978, gv. 12. 3 v. nikolaiSvili, e. gavaSeli, Nnarekvavis arqeo­logiuri Zeglebi, Tb., 2007, gv. 6­28.4 n. xundaZe, elinisturi xanis medaburis saxli ufliscixe­bambebidan, Zeglis megobari, #52, 1979, gv. 50 ­56.

v a x t a n g l i C e l i

27

sasmisebi cnobilia kolxeTidan (magaliTad,

isini aRmoCenilia ergetas III samarovnis I sa­

marxSi, romelic Zv. w. VII saukunis miwuru­

liT an VI s­is dasawyisiT TariRdeba)5. Sesa­

bamisad, TaRiani sakurTxeveli am bikonusu­

ri calyura sasmisiT Zv. w. VII­VI saukuneebis

mijniT unda daTariRdes. Tumca, aqve minda

SevniSno, rom calyura sasmisebi, rogorc

zemoT iyo naCvenebi, Zv. w. 1100­900 wlebSic

gvxvdeba, magram maT ara aqvT bikonusuri

tani, ris gamoc vTvli, rom graklianis biko­

nusurtaniani sasmisi ergetis calTan ufro

met saerTos poulobs da am TariRsac amis

gamo vaniWeb upiratesobas.

3. qveda II terasis dasavleT nawilSi aR­

moCnda xuroTmoZRvruli kompleqsi („das­

avleTi taZari“), romelic Sedgeba sami Zi­

riTadi saTavsosagan. TiToeulSi aris erTi

sakulto da masTan dakavSirebuli erTi

sameurneo nageboba (sur. 2). SemorCenilia

xis svetebis ormoebi, romelic gars uvlis

mTels kompleqss. Sesabamisad, isini er­

Tiani gadaxurvis sistemaSia moqceuli da

sakmaod rTuli dagegmarebisa da gansxva­

vebuli funqciis matarebeli elementebis

erTobliobas warmoadgens. Senobebi gaxs­

nilia samxreTisaken, rac garemo pirobebis

swor gaTvlasa da haerisa da tenianobis

reJimis optimalur gaazrebaze miuTiTebs.

esaa asaTviseblad SerCeul sivrceSi aqam­

de sruliad ucnobi sakulto da sameurneo

SenobaTa daproeqtebisa da Semdgom pro­

eqtis realizaciis iSviaTi SemTxveva Zvel

qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. SemuSavebulia

sakmaod rTuli, mTlian kompleqsSi Semava­

li calkeuli Senobebis gegma, tipi da inte­

rieris organizaciis yvela detali. inter­

ieris mowyobis sqema SemdegSi mdgomareobs:

nagebobis ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens N – S

mimarTulebaze orientirebuli sami seqcia,

romlis Sida sivrce gayofilia or nawilad,

xolo maTSi wina planze wamoweulia umTav­

5 T. Mikeladze, Grosse Kollektive Grabgruben Der Fruhen Eisenzeit in Kolchis, In: Archaologischer Anzeiger, Berlin, New York, 1995, gv. 2-22.

resi funqciuri datvirTvis mqone elemen­

tebi:

1. podiumi;

2. podiumTan midgmuli an masTan axlos

damontaJebuli da TixiT saguldagulod

Selesili oTxkuTxa, bordiurebiani magida;

3. bordiurebiani magidis win gamarTu­

lia gegmaSi wriuli ormo, romelic iatakSia

amoRebuli. ormos fskerze sagangebod Ser­

Ceuli brtyeli, wriuli formis qvaa Casmuli

(ritualuri kera).

4. puris sacxobi Rumeli, romlis zomebi

icvleba Senobis moculobis Sesabamisad.

Senobis danarCeni sivrce aTvisebulia

im praqtikuli amocanebis Sesabamisad, rome­

lic yvela calkeul seqcias aqvs. magaliTad,

aRvwerT #1 seqcias:

misi zomebia 4,70X2,30 m. aq aseve, ro­

gorc wina or oTaxSi, dasavleT kedelTan

gvaqvs podiumi, misi zomebia 1X0,70X0, 3 m.

podiums dasavleT mxares, centralur na­

wilSi, Sesawiravi WurWlis Casadgmeli CaRr­

maveba aqvs (dm. 0, 25 m), romelic qvis baliSiT

mTavrdeba.

bordiurebiani magida, romelic sava­

raudod, Sesawiravi nivTebisaTvis iyo gan­

kuTvnili sakurTxevlis CrdiloeTiTaa Se­

morCenili. saTavsos CrdiloeT kedelTan,

misgan 0, 25 m­is moSorebiT, gamovlenilia sa­

ritualo kera, romlis ZirSic qvis baliSia

Cadgmuli. diametri 0, 30 m­ia, xolo siRrme

ki – 0, 25 m. oTaxis Crdilo­aRmosavleT kuT­

xeSi gamovlenili Rumeli yvelaze kargadaa

Semonaxuli am Zeglze SemorCenil RumelTa

Soris. aRniSnuli Rumelis mixedviT SeiZle­

ba davaskvnaT, rom samive SenobaSi unda yofi­

liyo erTi tipis, e. w. xovluri, oriarusiani

da samganyofilebiani (sacecxle, sanacre

da TviTon Rumelis ganyofileba) Rumeli.

gansxvavebiT sxva Zeglebze aRmoCenili Ru­

melebisagan, aq aRmoCenilebs aqvT tempera­

turis regulirebis meqanizmi – esaa sacxob

da sacecxle ganyofilebaze misafarebeli

gamomwvari Tixis filebi. saTavsos centrSi

v a x t a n g l i C e l i

28

Ggadaxurvis Camoqcevis Sedegad damsxvreu­

li WurWelia gamovlenili.

aRniSnul saTavsos dasavleTi mxridan

zRudavs da am nagebobas meoresagan hyofs

riyis qvis wyoba. misi zomebia 4,30X 0,65 m.

riyis qvis wyobasa da sakurTxevels Soris

sameurneo sivrcea moqceuli. rac Seexeba sa­

Tavsos aRmosavleT mxares, aqac dadasturda

riyis mozrdili qvebisagan Sedgenili wyoba.

SemorCenili wyobis zomebia 2,30 X1 m.

nagebobaTa es kompleqsi amierkavkasii­

saTvis sruliad gansakuTrebul Zegls war­

moadgens. gamovyof or saintereso detals:

rogorc aRiniSna, SesasvlelTan, marcxena

mxares, uSualod dasavleT kedelTan gamar­

Tuli iyo TixiT Selesili podiumi, romel­

sac aseve dasavleT nawilSi, Sua adgilze

hqonda saguldagulod momzadebuli mcire

zomis ( D – 0, 25 m.) wriuli foso. misi sagul­

dagulod momzadeba gamoixateboda ara mxo­

lod mis zust lokalizaciaSi, aramed ima­

Sic, rom mis fskerze Cadgmuli iyo zustad

fosos diametris mqone brtyeli qva. aseTi

_ myari­momzadeba TiTqos konstruqciul

simZimes unda gulisxmobdes, magram II seqcia­

Si aRmoCnda aseTive fosoSi in situ Cadgmuli

amave diametris mqone xelada, rac naTlad

miuTiTebs am podiumis sakulto xasiaTs.

sayuradReboa, rom am tipis podiumebs aqvT

qronologiurad Zalze Soreuli, magram

funqciurad uaxloesi paralelebi eridus

eneoliTur taZrebSi, sadac isini aseve ke­

delzea midgmuli da interieris sivrcis

ganuyofel detals warmoadgens6. yuradRe­

bas iqcevs is faqtic, rom yvela Senoba samx­

reTiTaa orientirebuli. aseTi orientacia

martivad aixsneba bunebrivi pirobebiT – aq

mudmivad uberavs dasavleTisa an aRmosav­

leTis Zlieri qarebi, rac sruliad SeuZle­

bels xdis Senobebis aRmosavleTidan gaxs­

nas. amis gamo, marTalia, sakulto nagebobe­

bis karebi ar uyurebdnen aRmosavleTs, anu

6 The Cambridge ancient History, V. 1, Part 2, 1971. . Ed-wards I. E. S., Gadd C. J., Hammond N. G. L., Cambridge. gv. 334.

dilis mzes, magram, samagierod, mTeli dRis

manZilze mzisaken iyo gaxsnili.

graklian goraze aRmoCenil masalaSi ga­

moiyofa importuli an importulis mibaZviT

damzadebuli nivTebis jgufi. MmaTi gadanawi­

leba damzadebis adgilis mixedviT urTier­

TobaTa Semdeg mimarTulebebs iZleva:

1. samxreTi Mmesopotamia. Ees mimarTuleba

warmodgenilia ori sabeWdaviT (sur. 6). Ppir­

veli maTgani, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, mo­

numentursakurTxevlian taZarSi aRmoCnda.

esaa Ria feris, kargad ganleqili Tixisagan

damzadebuli konusuri sabeWdavi, romlis

zedapiri Tixis gamowvamde saguldagulo­

daa Semkuli faqizad amokawruli xazebiT.

xazebi anabeWdze erT rigad Camwkrivebuli

samkuTxedebis sqematur gamosaxulebas qmnis.

xolo qveda registrSi SeiniSneba kargad

gamoyvanili Sevronebi. sabeWdavis Tavze

jvaria gamosaxuli, xolo Ziri odnav Rrua.

sabeWdavi gaxvretilia SuaSi, sruliad aS­

karad, naxatis datanis Semdeg, rac sabeW­

davebis damzadebis teqnologias ewinaaRm­

degeba. amdenad, cxadia, rom gamWoli naxv­

reti sabeWdavze mogvianebiTaa datanili.

sabeWdavis simaRlea 5, 2 sm, Ziris dm. – 2, 8 sm,

xolo zeda sibrtyis dm. aris 1, 6 sm. prof. n.

samsonia am nivTis dekoris pirdapir analo­

gias jemdeT­nasris IV jgufis sabeWdavebTan

xedavs. am jgufis pirveli nawilis sabeWda­

vebisaTvis swored analogiuri Sevronebia

damaxasiaTebeli7. amdenad, TiTqos am sabeW­

davis mesopotamiuri warmomavloba da misi

adreuli TariRi (Zv. w. 3000­2800 ww.; domenik

koloni iZleva Zv. w. 3000­2334 wlebs) eWvs ar

unda iwvevdes. Tumca, igi Semdgom specia­

lur Seswavlas saWiroebs. rac Seexeba mis

gviandel, anu Zv. w. 1100­900 wlebis taZarSi

moxvedris faqts, igi advilad aixsneba _

7 Nn. samsonia, Suamdinaruli gliptika, Tb., 2008, gv. 37; D. Colloon, First Impressions. Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East, British Museum Press, 1987, gv. 13-22; Corpus of Ancient Near Eastern Seals in North Ameri-can Collections, the Bollingen Series XIV, Pantheon Book, 1949; pl. 35.

v a x t a n g l i C e l i

29

gviandel taZrebSi adreuli sabeWdavebis

aRmoCena am xanisaTvis tipuri movlenaa. ra

Tqma unda, Zalze mniSvnelovania imis dadge­

na, Tu rodis moxvda es sabeWdavi mesopota­

miidan Tanamedrove qarTlis teritoriaze

– Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis bolosa Tu Semdeg, Zv.

w. II aTaswleulis miwuruls. am etapze dabe­

jiTebiT raimes Tqma Znelia, magram TiTqmis

sinqronuli mtkvar­araqsis kulturis arna­

xulad vrceli masStabebi yovelgvari daSve­

bis saSualebas iZleva. amave TvalsazrisiT

sruliad gansakuTrebulia meore sabeWdavi,

romlis wriuli maryuJi marTkuTxa dafa­

zea amoyvanili. nivTi Ria feris, moTeTro

qviSaqvisagan zedmiwevniT daxvewili teqni­

kiTaa damzadebuli. misi zedapiri imdenad

kargadaa aTvisebuli, rom eWvs ar iwvevs misi

damamzadebeli xelosnis ostatobis maRa­

li done. kveTa Rrmaa, anabeWdze kargad Cans

gasxivosnebuli `RmerTis saxli~8. sabeWda­

vis simaRlea 3, 2 sm, maryuJis simaRle – 2, 2

sm, sasuraTe sibrtyis farTobi – 3,6X3,4 sm­

ze. es sabeWdavi nayar, dazianebul fenaSi

aRmoCnda. amdenad, igi mxolod analogiebis

saSualebiT SeiZleba daTariRdes. aseTi ana­

logiebi ki mas isev jemdeT­nasris periodis

masalebSi moepoveba da Sesabamisad, Zv. w.

3000­2800 wlebs unda miekuTvnebodes. Tum­

ca, aqac SevniSnav, rom es nivTic calke kvle­

vis sagania. sayuradReboa, rom namosaxlarze

didi raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili gviani brin­

jaos xanis adgilobrivi sabeWdavebic, ro­

melTa zedapiri sxvadasxva saxeebiTaa Semku­

li. maT Sorisaa nacrisferkeciani sabeWdavi

(mas yuradReba miaqcia prof. n. samsoniam,

romelmac daamuSava aseve mesopotamiuri

sabeWdavebic), romelzedac centridan oTx

mxares gasuli xazebi/sxivebi iSleba. igi

zusti analogiaa im arqauli sabeWdavebi­

sa, romlebic didi raodenobiTaa cnobili

mesopotamiidan. araa gamoricxuli, rom es

8 P. Amiet, La Gliptique Mesopotamienne Archaique, Paris, 1980, n. 386-390; Corpus of Ancient Near Eastern Seals in North American Collections, the Bollingen Series XIV, Pan-theon Book, 1949; pl. 22-25.

sabeWdavic swored mesopotamiurebis yve­

laze adreuli adgilobrivi replikaa.

2. urTierTobebis qronologiurad mom­

devno safexuri da sxva mimarTuleba gane­

kuTvneba Zv. w. VIII­VII ss­s. kolxeTTan SesaZ­

lo analogiis TvalsazrisiT sruliad gan­

sakuTrebulia Zv. w. VII saukunis fenaSi aRmo­

Cenili terakotis figuris nawili – proto­

ma, ufro zustad, cxovelis Tavi. misi zusti

identificireba rTulia, magram vfiqrob,

rom esaa cxenis Tavi, romelsac ramdenadme

stilizebuli forma aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT

yuradRebas iqcevs misi sruli identuro­

ba kolxeTSi gaTxril koleqtiur samarxSi

aRmoCenil mcire plastikis erT­erT ni­

muSTan. esaa cxeni, romelzec qalRvTaeba

zis9. cxenebis qandakebebs saerTo aqvT ara

mxolod stili, aramed aRviris mimaniSne­

beli rgolic, romelic cxvirze, zemodanaa

gadmotarebuli. swored am atributis gamo

vTvli am figuras cxenis gamosaxulebad. mi­

maCnia, rom graklianze aRmoCenili cxenis

figura kolxuri cxenosani qalis qandakebis

erTaderTi terakotis replikaa. aqve minda

aRvniSno, rom cxenosani qalRvTaebebis ga­

mosaxulebaTa genezisi didi xania, rac dis­

kusiis sagania10. magaliTad, kunZul samosze

aRmoCenili mxedari qalis brinjaos qanda­

kebis SesaZlo damzadebis adgilad Tavidan­

ve miCneulia kolxuri areali11, marTlac,

kolxeTis sazRvrebs miRma, aRmosavleTiT

da samxreTiT – anatoliis olqSi, mxedari

qalis arc erTi figura ar dadasturebula,

rac SesaZloa marTlac imaze miuTiTebs, rom

am figuris kunZul samosze arseboba kol­

xeTTan urTierTobis Sedegia (Tumca, aseve

SesaZloa, rom am urTierTobebs sistemati­

uri xasiaTi jer kidev ar hqonoda). Mmagram

9 T. Mikeladse, Grosse Kollektive Grabgruben Der Fruhen Eisenzeit in Kolchis, In: Archaologischer Anzeiger, Berlin, New York, 1995, gv. 20. 10 Sead. o. lorTqifaniZe, Zveli qarTuli civili­zaciis saTaveebTan, Tb., 2002, gv. 184 da Semd. 11 M. Vojatzis, : Votive Riders Seated Side-Saddle at Early Greek Sanctuaries, Annual of the British School of Archae-ology at Athens, 1992, N 87, gv. 259-279.

v a x t a n g l i C e l i

30

aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cemi azriT, mniSvnelova­

nia kavkasiasa da kontinentur saberZneTSi

aRmoCenili erTi da imave tipis figurebis

konceptualuri identuroba. amave dros,

absoluturad cxadia is garemoeba, rom

cxenosani qalis figura iwarmoeboda sxva­

dasxva regionebis saxelosnoebSi. am sakiTx­

Tan dakavSirebiT aucileblad unda aRiniS­

nos cxenosani qalis moxatuli terakotis

figura herakleas muzeumidan (Zv. w. 1450­

1100 ww., X darbazi), romelic, rogorc Cans,

yvelaze adreulia msgavs nimuSebs Soris

da am qandakebaTaA genezisis TvalsazrisiT

uaRresad mniSvnelovanic. Ooriod sityviT

minda Sevexo am sakiTxs: egeosur – kolxuri

urTierTobebi Zveli samyaros kardinalur

samecniero problemaTa rigs ganekuTvneba

da, amdenad, yvela aRmoCenasa da interpret­

sacias garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs. am Temas­

Tan dakavSirebuli erT­erTi aRmoCena SeiZ­

leba iyos agreTve mzeTamzis samarovanze

mopovebuli doqi, romelic morfologiuri

niSnebiT imeorebs Zv. w. VIII­VII saukuneebis

aRmosavleT qarTul keramikas, Tumca misi

dekori am xanis kolxeTisa da aRmosavleT

saqarTvelosaTvis sruliad unikaluria da

paralelebs ufro saberZneTis geometriu­

li xanis keramikasa da kolxur culebTan am­

JRavnebs. me mxedvelobaSi maqvs meandris ga­

mosaxuleba, romelic J. Whitley­s gamokvle­

vebis mixedviT, im horizontalur meandrTaA

rigs ganekuTvneba, romelic gvxvdeba WurW­

lis yuris zonaSi da Cndeba Zv. w. IX saukuni­

dan12, Tumca zustad igivea gviangeometriul

II periodSic (VIII s­is bolo, Zv. w. 770­40 ww).

amave TvalsazrisiT uaRresad sainteresoa

kidev erTi WurWeli mzeTamzis samarovnidan

– sasmisi, romlis tani frizebadaa dayofi­

li, rac sruliad ucxoa rogorc kolxuri,

ise aRmosavleT qarTuli keramikisaTvis da

sruliad bunebrivia geometriuli xanis sa­

berZneTisaTvis. sainteresoa, rom am sasmiss

12 J. Whitley, Style and Society in Dark Age Greece, Cam-bridge, 1991, kodi _ MOT 01.

aqvs frizebSi Casmuli samkuTxedebi, rac

gansakuTrebiT farTod vrceldeba swored

amave xanis – Zv. w. VIII saukunis berZnul kera­

mikul warmoebaSi. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom

meandri swored am xanaSi Cndeba aRmosavleT

anatoliaSi (konias areali), saidanac ufro

advilad SeiZleboda moxvedriliyo kavka­

siaSi. magram es varaudi miuRebeli Cans im

martivi mizezis gamo, rom mzeTamzis sama­

rovanze orive nivTi, iseve rogorc aq mikv­

leuli `skviTuri~ isrispirebi, mkveTrad

kolxuri artefaqtebis kompleqsSia aRmo­

Cenili. amis gamo, vfiqrob, rom isini dasav­

luri gziT unda moxvedriliyvnen samcxeSi.

Tu konteqstebis mixedviT vimsjelebT (da

es, albaT, marTebuli gzaa), SesaZloa amave

mosazrebis dasturia isic, rom Treli go­

rebze aRmoCenili zoomorfuli WurWeli,

romelsac analogiebi aqvs rogorc berZnul

samyaroSi (mag., gvianeladuri C periodis

WurWeli atikidan, peratidan, rodosidan

da sxva), ise aRmosavleTSi, ganxiluli unda

iqnas ara berZnul, aramed aRmosavlur gav­

lenad imis gamo, rom isini aranair dasavlur

konteqsts ar Seicavs da mTlianad lokalur

da aRmosavlur garemoSi eqceva.

amave konteqstSi yuradRebas iqcevs

isic, rom miuxedavad kolxuri elementebis

momZlavrebisa Zv. w. VIII­VII ss­Si, kolxeTis

teritoriis aRmosavleTiTa da samxreTiT

ar SeiniSneba iseTi prestiJuli kolxuri

nivTebis gavrceleba, rogoric, magaliTad,

mxedari qalRmerTebis qandakebebia. aseve ar

Cans amave xanis kolxeTis sakulto Zegle­

bisaTvis ukve tipiuri terakotis figurebi

kolxeTis uSualod momijnave teritorieb­

ze13. amitom, bunebrivad Cndeba garkveuli

skefsisi Zlieri kolxuri iniciativis sxva­

dasxva mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebul gaaq­

tiurebasTan dakavSirebiT. swored amitom,

mec vfiqrob, rom es aRmoCenebi jer­jero­

13 H. Nasidze., V, Licheli, L’aire de diffusion de la culture colchidienne, In: Le Pont-Euxin vu par les Grecs, Sympo-sium de Vani (Colchide) – septembre-octobre 1987, Paris 1990.

v a x t a n g l i C e l i

31

biT berZnul­kolxuri adreuli urTierTo­

bebis sporaduli xasiaTis maniSneblad unda

miviCnioT14. vfiqrob, rom swored am kon­

teqstSi unda iqnas ganxiluli is aRmoCene­

bi, romelic kunZul samoszea gakeTebuli

da kolxur samyarosTanaa dakavSirebuli.

kerZod, Cemi azriT, dasazustebelia am niv­

Tebis kunZul samosze moxvedris logika da

kanonzomiereba, anu sxva sityvebiT, aris Tu

ara isini am mimarTulebiT Zlieri kolxuri

impulsis maCvenebeli.

Cemi azriT, es sakiTxi martivad wydeba

kunZul samosze ukanaskneli wlebis manZil­

ze Catarebuli samuSaoebis Sedegebis gaT­

valsiwinebiT.

O im votivebis arqeologiuri konteqsti,

romlis nawilic mxedari qalis qandakebaa,

aris Semdegnairi (gamoyenebulia h. kirilai­

sis xelmZRvanelobiT Catarebuli gaTxre­

bis Sedegebi)15. Sewiruli Sinauri cxovele­

bis naSTebi (romelTa Soris Warbobs xaris,

Semdeg – Zroxisa da cxvris, Txisa da Roris

Zvlebi); unikaluri gareuli cxovelebis

naSTebi ( egvipturi niangis Tavis fragmenti,

afrikuli antilopas Tavi da rqa); gasaocrad

bevri terakotis figurebi _ broweulisa da

yayaCos Reroebi, iseve rogorc maTi kurkebi

da fiWvis girCebi (romelic aq ar izrdeba);

spilos Zvlisagan damzadebuli lomis egvip­

turi qandakeba; mamakacis ori babilonuri

figura; xomaldebis stilizebuli modele­

bi (romlebic garkveul rols TamaSobdnen

herasadmi miZRvnil dResaswaulebSi) da mra­

vali sxva. amdenad, aq saubaria importul

nivTebze, romlebic modioda babilonidan,

finikiidan, iranidan, asureTidan, urartu­

dan da kviprosidan. magram am SemTxvevaSi

xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos agreTve: xis skami

cxenebis gamosaxulebiT; cxenis trapeciis

formis aRmosavluri warmoSobis saSublee­

bi; saocari raodenobis cxenis brinjaos

14 o. lorTqifaniZe, Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan, Tb., 2002, gv. 190. 15 H. Kyrieleis, The heraion at Samos, In: Greek Sanctuaries. New approaches, N-Y, . 1993, gv. 125 – 153.

aRkazmuloba, romelsac analogia ara aqvs

arcerT berZnul taZarSi, ris safuZvelzec

aRiarebulia, rom arqaul xanaSi heras aqvs

specifikuri niSani – igi aris swored cxe­

nebisa da mxedrebis (sic!) mfarveli RvTaeba.

am fonze, kolxuri qandakebis aqve aRmoCenis

faqti sruliad Cveulebrivi movlenaa – igi,

iseve rogorc sxva nivTebi, kolxuri kultu­

ris arealSi moxvedrili romelime mogzau­

ris/vaWris mier iqna Sewiruli herasadmi. Mma­

gram, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT erT niSandobliv

faqts, rom egeosidan aRmosavleTiT, kol­

xeTis gareT – anatoliis arealSi _ analo­

giuri mxedari qalis arcerTi brinjaos qan­

dakeba ar aRmoCenila, mainc unda vifiqroT,

rom misi aq gamoCena uSualod kolxeTTan Se­

xebis (SesaZloa, sulac erTjeradi) Sedegia.

amasTan, misi erTeuli xasiaTi imisi mauwye­

belia, rom am dros raime regularul ur­

TierTobaze saubari egeosur samyarosa da

kolxeTs Soris jer kidev naadrevia. magram

am SemTxvevaSi asaxsneli rCeba is aSkara Te­

maturi identuroba, romelic kontinentur

saberZneTsa da kolxeTSi aRmoCenil qanda­

kebebTan arsebobs. Tumca aSkaraa isic, rom

– rogorc specialur literaturaSia ukve

miRebuli – am saerTo koncefciis Sesabamis­

ad, mxedari qalebis figurebi iwarmoeboda

sxvadasxva regionalur saxelosnoSi. amg­

varad, kunZul samosze kolxuri qandakebis

aRmoCena kolxur­egeosur urTierTobaTa

TvalsazrisiT SemTxveviTi Cans (Tumca ukve

garkveuli saerTo interesebis mimaniSnebe­

lia), xolo heraionis funqciis Tvalsazri­

siT ki­ sruliad logikuri.

ufro aqtiuri urTierToba kolxeTTan

Cans adreantikur da elinistur epoqaSi. mo­

viyvan mxolod ramdenime magaliTs graklia­

ni goris gaTxrebidan: pirvel rigSi esaa

vercxlis sxivana sayureebi/sakidebi. msgavsi

tipis masala tipuria Zv. w. V­III ss­is kolxu­

ri samarxeuli inventarisTvis, Tumca, kol­

xurTan SedarebiT mcire zomis, ramdenime

vercxlis nimuSi samcxisa da qvemo qarTlis

v a x t a n g l i C e l i

32

teritoriazec aRmoCnda. Aam „dakninebuli“

formebisagan gansxvavebiT, graklianis nimu­

Sebi masiuria da TiTqmis imave zomisaa, rac

kolxuri. amasTan, graklian goraze Senar­

Cunebuli Cans sxivana sayureebis/sasafeTq­

leebis maincadamainc qonebrivad gamorCeul

konteqstSi Cadeba. Tumca teqnologiuri

TvalsazrisiT aris sxvaoba – graklian go­

raze aRmoCenili calebi vercxlis grexili

mavTulisaganaa nakeTebi da arc Citebisa da

vardulis gamosaxulebebi amkobs. Aaseve kol­

xuri oqros replikad mimaCnia mcire zomis

yelsabamis vercxlis diskosebri sakidebi,

romelsac analogiebi aqvs sairxeSi.

3. saintereso movlenebi ganviTarda I aTas­

wleulis Sua xanebis kavkasiaSi, rac aqemeni­

duri iranis gaaqtiurebas gulisxmobs. aRar

gavimeoreb cnobil mosazrebebs satrapieb­

Si da aqemenidur armiaSi qarTvelur tom­

Ta gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb (kavkasiaSi da mis

samxreTiT)16. aqemeniduri aqtivoba aSkaraa

iseTi sayrdeni administraciuli centrebis

aRmoCenebiT, rogorebicaa: gumbaTi17, yara­

jamirli18, sari­Tefe, draxs ha nakerti, arin­

berdi, ervandaSati19. arsebobs mosazreba

imis Sesaxeb, rom gumbaTisa da sxva aqemeni­

duri sasaxleebis mSeneblebi mowveulni iyv­

nen iranidan an anatoliidan20, rac sruliad

16 Herodotus, III, 94. 17 F. Knauss, Persian Rule in the North. Achaemenid Pa-laces on the Periphery of the Empire, In:The Royal Palace Institution in the First Millennium BC. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, 2001, Vol. 4. 18 I. Babaiev, I. Gagoshidze, F. Knaus, An Achaemenid “Pa-lace~ at Qarajamirli (Azerbaijan), Preliminary Report on the Excavations in 2006, In: Achaemenid Culture and Local Tra-ditions in Anatolia, Southern Caucasus and Iran. New Disco-veries, Brill, 2007. 19 F. Ter-Martirossov, The Typology of the Colomnar Struc-tures in Armenia in the Achaemenid Perod, In: The Royal Palace Institution in the First Millennium BC. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, 2001, Vol. 4, gv. ?; A. Ka-netsyan, Urartian and Early Achaemenid Palaces in Arme-nia, In: The Royal Palace Institution in the First Millennium B. C. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, 2001, Vol. 4.20 F. Knauss, Persian Rule in the North. Achaemenid Palaces on the Periphery of the Empire, In:The Royal Palace Institu-tion in the First Millennium BC. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, 2001, Vol. 4.

logikuri Cans, radgan Kkargadaa cnobili is,

Tu ramdenad mdidari da mravalferovania

centraluri kavkasia aqemeniduri iranis

produqciiT21. pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia

yoveldRiuri moxmarebis moxatuli kera­

mika (sur. 7) da samkauli. Ggrakliani goris

aqemeniduri aRmoCenebidan aRsaniSnavia mi­

nis kol­tubi. rogorc cnobilia, minis kol­

tubebi kavkasiaSi iSviaTia. saqarTveloSi

mopovebul Tagan fiWvnaris kol­tubis Tari­

Ri (I jgufi D. Barag-is mixedviT) miekuTvneba

Zv. w. V s­is II meoTxeds22. igive tipis WurWeli

aRmoCenilia vanSi, igi Zv. w. V s­iT TariRde­

ba23. D. Barag-is klasifikaciis mixedviT, igi

agreTve Zv. w. V an IV ss­iT TariRdeba. aseTive

TariRebi mogvca m. Ffircxalavam24. saqarTve­

los teritoriaze aRmoCenili sxva WurWle­

bi (mag., enageTi, taxtiZiri) ZiriTadad Zv. w.

V an IV s­is dasawyisiT TariRdeba. Ggraklia­

ni goris kol­tubic D. Barag – is klasifi­

kaciis I jgufs ganekuTvneba da TariRdeba

Zv. w. V s­is meore naxevriT25. Kkargadaa cnobi­

li, rom ufro mkveTri aqemeniduri gavle­

na dafiqsirebulia qarTlis iseT Zeglebze

rogoric aris cixia­gora da samadlo, xolo

kolxeTSi – vani. Aam ukanasknelSi aqemenidu­

ri gavlenis Sesaxeb Zv. w. IV – III ss­is arqi­

teqturaSi me jer kidev 1991 wels vwerdi26.

am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani iyo vanSi

aRmoCenili kirqvis frizis fragmenti, ro­

melzec SemorCenilia etlisa da meetlis

21 O. Lortkipanidze: The “Akhalgori Hoard~-Attempt at da-ting and Historical interpretation. In: Dziebani (The Journal of the Centre for Archaeological Studies), #11, Tb., 2001, gv. 28­71. 22 A. Kakhidze Iranian Glass Perfume Vessel from the Pichv-nari Greek Cemetery of the Fifth Century BC. In: Achaeme-nid Culture and Local Traditions in Anatolia, Southern Cau-casus and Iran. New Discoveries, Brill, 2007, gv. 109-117.23 R. Phuturidze, N. Khoshtaria, D. Chkonia, Results of the excavations carried out in the north-eastern part of the Vani Settlement, In: Vani I, Tbilisi., 1972, gv. 111-135. 24 m. Ffircxalava, minis WurWeli, vani VII, Tb., 1983, gv. 79­86 25 D. P. Barag, Rod-formed Kohl-tubes of the Mid – first Millen-nium BC, Journal of Glass Studies, #17, 1975, gv. 26-28. 26 v. liCeli, Zveli saqarTvelo elinisturi sam­yaros sistemaSi, Tb., 1991, sadoqtoro diser­taciis referati.

v a x t a n g l i C e l i

33

reliefuri gamosaxuleba. Aam arqiteqturul

detalze aqemeniduria etlis gamosaxule­

ba, romelsac „kopebiani“ borblebi aqvs. Mms­

gavsi borblebis mqone etlis gamosaxuleba

amokveTilia dariosis sabeWdavze27, analo­

giuria britaneTis muzeumSi daculi oqros

etlis borblebi28; identuri borblebi aqvs

apadanas reliefze gamosaxul etls ori po­

niT29. es arqiteqturuli detali, romelic

SeiZleba miviCnioT monumenturi struqtu­

ris frizis nawilad (SemorCenili saRebavis

kvali migvaniSnebs, rom frizi moxatuli

iyo), imis damadasturebelia, rom, vanSi, ro­

melic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iyo kolxu­

ri religiuri da administraciuli centri,

aqemeniduri gavlena SemorCa elinistur

xanamde. frizis es nawili aris berZnuli

da aqemeniduri elementebis iseTi sinTezi,

rogoric elinisturi xanis dasawyisSi unda

arsebobdes (es frizi interpretirebulia

eosis gamosaxulebad)30. amasTanave, frizi da

centralur terasaze gamovlenili monumen­

turi kedeli vanSi, Zv. w. IV­III ss­Si aqemenidu­

ri tradiciebis arsebobaze unda miuTiTeb­

des. vanis centralur terasaze ormagpro­

tomiani kapitelis aRmoCenam daadastura

Cems mier gamoTqmuli varaudi31.

Aaqemenidur kulturasTan urTierTo­

bis TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa agreTve

grakliani goris samarxebSi aRmoCenili oq­

ros, vercxlis da brinjaos diskoebi aqemeni­

duri tipis ornamentiT, romelic identuria

aqemeniduri Tasebis Zirebis im ornamentu­

li saxisa, romelic gavrcelebuli Cans Zvel

saqarTvelos (mag., axalgoris ganZis Tasebi

27 Ch. G. Starr, Greek and Persians in the fourth Century BC., Iranica Antiqua, vol. XII, 1977, gv. 231. 28 J. Boardman, Die Perser und Der Western. Mainz am Rhein. In Kulturgeschichte Der Antike Welt, Band 96, 2003, gv. 191-238. 29 M. A. Littauer, J. H. Crouwel, Wheeled vehicles and ridden animals in the Ancient Near East, Leiden/Koln, Brill, 1979, gv. 144-149. 30 o. lorTqifaniZe, Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan, Tb., 2002, gv. 232­23. 31 v. liCeli, kolxeTisa da iberiis kulturis sa­kiTxebi, Tb., 2001, gv. 39.

– Zv. w. IV s.)32, sazogadod Savi zRvis auzsa da

dasavleT anatoliis sxvadasxva olqSi33.

4. gare samyarosTan urTierTobebis

meoTxe mimarTuleba grakliani goris aR­

moCenebis mixedviT vlindeba berZnul sa­

myarosTan/anatoliasTan, romelic kavkasia­

Si jer kidev brinjaos fibulebis gamoCeniT

daiwyo34 da „samadlos tipis“ keramikiT gag­

rZelda. graklian goraze gaiTxara samarxi,

romelSic aRmoCnda farakiani beWedi (tab.

IX, 1) figuris gamosaxulebiT (safiqrebelia,

„pani­musikosis“, rac, SesaZloa, gacilebiT

axlos aris WeSmaritebasTan, radgan silu­

eturad Cans Txis fexebi. Tumca ramdenadme

msgavsi marsiasis figuracaa cnobili).

5. aseve sayuradReboa, ieroglifurwar­

weriani egvipturi skarabeoidis aRmoCena

grakliani goris #217 samarxSi, radgan am

periodSi (Zv. w. V­IV ss.) isini, rogorc Cans,

farTod vrceldeba dasavleT saqarTve­

loSi da gvxvdeba samxreTSic (mag., awyuris

#04­4 samarxSi mopovebuli nivTebi). Aam dros

skarabeoidebs mZivebad iyenebdnen – amas

adasturebs maTi aRmoCenebi gardacvlilTa

gul­mkerdis areSi, mZivebTan erTad. buneb­

rivia, rom es nivTi, iseve rogorc aqve aRmo­

Cenili Tvaladi mZivebi, kavkasiaSi berZeni

vaWrebis aqtiuri saqmianobis Sedegadaa Se­

mosuli. Aam urTierTobaTa Sedegia sxvadas­

xva dros sxvadasxva da Tanac sakmaod daS­

orebul regionebSi damzadebuli nivTebis

graklian goraze moxvedris faqti.

Aamgvarad, grakliani goris aRmoCenebi

naTeli dasturia imisa, rom amierkavkasiis

32 O. Lortkipanidze: The “Akhalgori Hoard~-Attempt at da-ting and Historical interpretation. In: Dziebani (The Jour-nal of the Centre for Archaeological Studies), #11, Tb., 2001, gv. 28-71. 33 M. Yu. Treister, The Toreutics of Colchis in the 5th – 4th cc BC Local Traditions, Outside Influence, Innovations, In : Achaemenid Culture and Local Traditions in Anato-lia, Southern Caucasus and Iran. New Discoveries, Brill, 2007, gv. 84-91. 34 V. Licheli, Phrigian fibulae in Transcaucasia: their diffu-sion route, In: Proceedings of the First International Con-ference on the Archaeology and History of the Black Sea, Amsterdam, 1999.

v a x t a n g l i C e l i

34

centralur monakveTze – misi SedarebiT

martivi da moxerxebuli, amasTan sameurneo

saqmianobisaTvis gamosadegi fizikur­geo­

grafiuli pirobebis gamo – koncentrirebu­

li iyo savaWro aqtivobis ZiriTadi mimarTu­

leba, rasac axlda urTierTSeqcevadi pro­

cesi: aseTi garemo ganapirobebda sakmaod

aqtiuri ekonomikuri balansis mqone dasa­

xlebis arsebobas, rasac axlda gzis am sa­

mosaxlosTan moaxloebis tendencia, xolo

meore mxriv, am samosaxlos arsebobisaTvis

garkveul qronologiur monakveTebSi pri­

oritetuli xdeboda amave gzis arseboba. ar

SeiZleba, rom mesopotamiuri sabeWdavebis

aRmoCena graklian goraze SemTxveviTi iyos;

Aarc is SeiZleba, rom gvian­brinjao – adre

rkinis xanis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebu­

li sataZro kompleqsebi aq SemTxveviT iyos

Tavmoyrili;D da albaT, arc qveda terasis

unikaluri sataZro („dasavleTi taZari“)

kompleqsia aq SemTxveviT agebuli; sruliad

aSkaraa samosaxlos araerTgzis dakninebisa

da kvlav aRzevebis faqtic, rac am adgilis

mniSvnelobas usvams xazs. iyo yvelaferi ze­

moTqmuli mxolod geografiuli mdebareo­

biT gamowveuli Tu am goras raime sakralu­

ri mniSvneloba hqonda, amaze pasuxs mxolod

momavali gaTxrebis Sedegebi gascems. Nnebis­

mier SemTxvevaSi, samosaxlos did qronolo­

giur monakveTSi arsebobisa da aq mikvleu­

li artefaqtebis xasiaTis gamo, grakliani

goris samosaxlo da samarovani centralu­

ri amierkavkasiis etalonur ZeglTa Soris

unda iqnas ganxiluli.

v a x t a n g l i C e l i

35

sur. 2. grakliani gora. taZris gegma, Wrili, Zv. w. V-IV ss.

sur. 1. grakliani gora. monumenturi sakurTxeveli, Zv. w. 1100-900 ww.

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36

sur. 4. grakliani gora. brinjaos xanis samarxeuli inventari, Zv. w. XII – X ss.

sur. 3. grakliani gora. samarovani, Zv. w. XIII s. _900 ww. gegma, nakveTi III

sur. 5. grakliani gora. samarxi #217, Zv. w. V s-is II nax., gegma

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37sur. 6. grakliani gora. samxreT mesopotamiuri sabeWdavebi, Zv. w. IV – III aTaswleuli

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38

sur. 8. grakliani gora. `samadlos tipis~ moxatuli keramika, Zv. w. III-II ss.

sur. 7. grakliani gora. aqemeniduri tipis moxatuli keramika, Zv. w. IV- III s-is II nax.

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