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4/22/12
GYPSUM – “ASPIRIN” FORTHE SOILIts Use in the United States
Malcolm E. SumnerRegents’ Professor of Environmental SoilScience EmeritusUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, GA
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INTRODUCTION
• Ancient history of gypsum use
• Gypsum use in the 20th and 21st
Centuries – Mined vs Industrial gypsum
– Agricultural benefits
• Amendment for sodicity & crusting – Promotes infiltration and permeability
• Nutrient source
–
Ca and S•
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WHAT IS FGD GYPSUM?
Scrubber
Dewateringpond
PowerPlant
CaCO3 + SO2 + H2O + O2CaSO4.2H2O
FGDGypsum
Limestone
Sulfurdioxide
Water
Oxygen
FGDGypsum
FGD = Flue gasdesulfurization
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Mined vs By-productGypsum
PURITYFGD 95.3%MINED 77.8%
P u r e
g y p s u m
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Crust Formation, Infiltration,Runoff & Erosion
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Raindrop energy
CRUST FORMATIONRequires
Dispersible clay
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CRUST FORMATION
“Washed-in”
layer”
“Washed-out”layer
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CLOSEUP
Seal 1-2 mmthick
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GYPSUM
• Promotes clay flocculation
• Increases infiltration
•
Increases percolation• Reduces crusting
• Decreases runoff and erosion
• Promotes seedling emergence
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I n
f i l
t r
a t
i o
n
r a
t e
(
m
m
/ h
r )
S
o i
l
l o
s s ( T
/ h
a )
Increases infiltration
Decreases soil loss
Promotes flocculation
Reduces runoff
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Gypsum Promotes Water
Percolation
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GYPSUM PROMOTES
SEEDLING EMERGENCE
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Poor emergence due to crust
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SEEDLING EMERGENCE
•
Drying of crust• Increases strength• Germinating seedlings unable to emerge• Poor crop stand• Reduced yield
• Gypsum over row reducescrusting
• Allows seedlings to emerge
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CRUSTING ANDSEEDLING EMERGENCE
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Dispersible clay (%)
DispersibleClay
Penetrationresistance
Seedlingemergence
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GYPSUM AND SEEDLINGEMERGENCE
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Days after planting
Seedlin g
emergenc
e(%)
Gypsum promotes•
Seedlingemergence
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SUBSOIL HARDPANS
• Many soils have natural ortillage-induced hardpans
– Limit root penetration into subsoil
– Restrict crop’s ability to obtainwater
• Penetration resistance
– Measured by cone penetrometer
• Expressed as cone index
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Effect of Compaction on SoilPorosity
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Effect of Compactionon Root and
Top Growth of Corn
LOW MED HIG
HG
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ConePenetrometer
Effect of Gypsum on Cone
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Effect of Gypsum on ConeIndex
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
2
4
6
8
10
12
Cone index (MPa)
Depth
(cm)
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GYPSUM, CONE INDEX &COTTON ROOT GROWTH
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Effect of Subsoiling and
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Effect of Subsoiling andGypsum on Infiltration
0
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
Year
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GYPSUM AS NUTRIENT
SOURCE
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Peanu
ts
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PEANUTS
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Yield(T
/ha)
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Tomatoe
s
GYPSUM AND TOMATOES
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GYPSUM AND TOMATOES- ALABAMA
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Year
Y
ield(T
/ha)
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Shelf Life of Tomatoes(Stored at Room Temperature for 2 Weeks -
Mississippi)
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4/22/12 GYPSUM CONTROL
B l o s s o m e
n d
r o t
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Cantaloupes
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NoGypsum
1 TGypsum/ha
2 TGypsum/
ha
3 TGypsum/
ha
GYPSUM AND
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GYPSUM ANDCANTALOUPES
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Yield(T
/ha)
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Cantalou
pesstored at4°C for 4
weeks
NoGypsu
m
2 T
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SQUASH
Contr Gypsu
Squash Yield Response
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Squash Yield Responseto Gypsum
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Site #
Increas
ein
y ieldduetog
ypsum
(%)
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Cucumber
C b Yi ld
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Cucumber YieldResponse to Gypsum
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BELLPEPPERS
Eff t f G B ll
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Effect of Gypsum on BellPepper Yield
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
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Watermelon
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Gyps
um
Contr
ol
Effect of Gypsum on
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Effect of Gypsum onWatermelon Yields - Florida
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Yield(T
/ha)
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Sunn Hemp
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4/22/12 GYPSUM
CONTROL
Effect of Gypsum on Sunn
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Effect of Gypsum on SunnHemp Yield & N Uptake
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
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GYPSUM
CONTROL
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Potato
Effect of Gypsum on Potato -
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Effect of Gypsum on Potato -Florida
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Yield(T
/ha)
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CONTROL
GYPSUM
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GYPSUM & SUBSOILACIDITY
Requirements for Good
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Requirements for GoodRoot Growth
• Absence of soluble Al3+
• High levels of soluble Ca2+
Gypsum & Reduction of
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4/22/12 A l 3
+
A l 3+
A l 3+
Al3+Al3+Al3+
Al3+ Al3
Al 3 + Al 3 + Al 3 +
GypsumApplication
Al3+
Al 3 + A
Ca2+ Ca2+Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca2+ Ca2+
Crop
Gypsum & Reduction of Subsoil Acidity
• Increases subsoil calcium•
Reduces subsoil aluminum(toxic)• Allows roots to penetrate
subsoils• Increases potentially available
water
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Roots pruned
High Al and Low Ca Cause
Root Pruning
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Effect of Gypsumon Exchangeable
Al and Ca in theSoil Profile
Effect of Gypsum on
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Effect of Gypsum onExchangeable Al
Effect of Gypsum on
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Effect of Gypsum onExchangeable Ca
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Alfalfa
Effect of Gypsum on Alfalfa
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Effect of Gypsum on Alfalfa Yields
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Control
Gypsum
0 2 4 6 8 10 12Walk McCallu
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Increase in root growth due to gypsum (%
Depth (in)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Increase in root growth due to gypsum (
Depth (in)
er m
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Cotton
Root De elopment
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Contortedtap roots dueto Al toxicity
Straighttap rootsin
absence
Root Development -Mississippi
Effect of Gypsum on
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Effect of Gypsum onCotton Yield
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Year
Lintyie
ld(kg/ h
a)
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Pastur
es
Effect of Gypsum on
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ec o Gypsu oBermuda Nutrient Content
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Nut
rien
tconte
nt(%
)
B d d F
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Bermuda and Fescue -Georgia
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Yield(T
/ha)
i t th d t 0 50 100
Bermuda
Fescue
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12
e in root growth due to gyps
Depth
(in)
0 50 100
crease in root growth due to
Depth (in)
a e
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Turf
East LakeCC
Lane Creek GC
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12
ase in root growth due to gyp
Dep
th(cm)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Increase in root growth due to g
Depth (in)
CC GC
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CONCLUSIONS
• Gypsum
– Reclaims sodic soils
– Promotes clay flocculation &infiltration
– Promotes percolation & drainage
– Reduces crusting, runoff & erosion
– Ameliorates subsoil acidity
– Softens subsoil hardpans
–
Provides a source of Ca and S for