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HIGH SPEED WIRELESS LANS
Principle of Network Design
University of TehranDept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
By: Dr. Nasser Yazdani Lecturer: Peyman Teymoori
1
TOPICS
IEEE 802.11 Network MAC Format
IEEE 802.11e Paper Review
Performance Analysis and Enhancement for the Current and Future IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocols
Aggregation with Fragment Retransmission for Very High-Speed WLANs
IEEE 802.11n
2
IEEE 802.11 TOPOLOGY Independent basic service set (IBSS) networks (Ad-hoc) Basic service set (BSS), associated node with an AP Extended service set (ESS) BSS networks Distribution system (DS) as an element that interconnects
BSSs within the ESS via APs.
3
IEEE 802.11 TOPOLOGY
4
MEDIUM ACCESS IN WLANS
IEEE 802.11 MAC frame format CSMA/CA RTS/CTS IEEE 802.11e
5
IEEE 802.11 REFERENCE MODEL
6
MAC FRAME FORMAT
7
FRAME CONTROL FIELD (1) Protocol Version (2 bits) –current version of the
standard Type (2 bits) –differentiates among a
management frame (00), control frame (01), or data frame (10)
Subtype (4 bits) –further defines the type of frame
Type 00, subtype 0000 –association request Type 00, subtype 0001 –association response Type 01, subtype 1011 –RTS Type 01, subtype 1100 –CTS Type 01, subtype 1101 –ACK Type 10, subtype 0000 –data Many others…
8
FRAME CONTROL FIELD (2) To/from DS (1 bit each) –flags set when the
frame is sent to/from the distribution system More Fragment (1 bit) –flag set when more
fragments belonging to the same frame are to follow
Retry (1 bit) –indicates that this frame is a retransmission
Power Management (1 bit) –indicates power management mode (active, power saving)
More data (1 bit) –more frames buffered by station for the same destination
WEP (1 bit) –payload encrypted with WEP Order (1 bit) –strictly-ordered service 9
OTHER FIELDS Duration ID (2 bytes) –for data frames, it
contains the duration of the frame Sequence control (2 bytes) –sequence # Frame body (0 to 2312 bytes) FCS (4 bytes) –Frame Check Sequence (32 bit
CRC) Address fields (6 bytes each) –may contain
BSSID, source/destination address, transmitting/receiving station address
Interpretation depends on values of ToDS/FromDSbits
10
ADDRESS FIELDS
11
INDIRECTION BY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
12
PHY
MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) is encapsulated by PLCP
Format of PLCP PDU different for IEEE 802.11 (DSSS, FHSS, IR), IEEE 802.11b (long preamble/short preamble), IEEE 802.11a
PLCP PDU for IEEE 802.11b with long preamble compatible with PLCP PDU for IEEE 802.11 DHSS
In this lecture, we will focus on IEEE 802.11b PLCP PDU
13
802.11B LONG PREAMBLE PLCP PDU
Compatible with legacy IEEE 802.11 systems Preamble (SYNC + Start of Frame Delimiter) allows
receiver to acquire the signal and synchronize itself with the transmitter
Signal identifies the modulation scheme, transmission rate
Length specifies the length of the MPDU (expressed in time to transmit it) 14
802.11B SHORT PREAMBLE PLCP PDU
Not compatible with legacy IEEE 802.11 systems
15
802.11 MEDIUM ACCESS
Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) Stations contend for the medium and transmit when
the medium becomes idle Mandatory in 802.11 standard
Point Coordination Function (PCF) Works in conjunction with DCF Optional Access point polls stations during contention free
periods and grants access to individual station
16
WHY NOT USE CSMA/CD?
In IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet), nodes sense the medium, transmit if the medium is idle, and listen for collisions
If a collision is detected, after a back-off period, the node retransmits the frame
Collision detection is not feasible in WLANs Node cannot know whether the signal was
corrupted due to channel impairments in the vicinity of the receiving node
IEEE 802.11 uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), but adopts collision avoidance, rather than collision detection
17
CSMA
Station waits a random amount of time before transmitting, while still monitoring the medium
Avoids collisions due to multiple stations transmitting immediately after they sense the medium as idle
Loss of throughput due to the waiting period is compensated by fewer retransmissions
No explicit collision detection Retransmissions are triggered if ACK is not
received Exponential backoff similar to IEEE 802.3 Optionally, transmitting and receiving nodes can
exchange control frames to “reserve” the channel
18
NETWORK ALLOCATION VECTOR (NAV)
Counter maintained by each station with amount of time that must elapse until the medium will become free again
Contains the time that the station that currently has the medium will require to transmit its frame
Station cannot transmit until NAV is zero Each station calculates how long it will take to
transmit its frame (based on data rate and frame length); this information is included in the Duration field of the frame header
This information is used by all other stations to set their NAV
19
TIMELINE
20
TIMELINE DISCUSSED DCF = Distributed Coordinated Function
Basic access method for 802.11 (uses CSMA/CA)
DIFS = DCF Inter Frame Space Stations must listen to an idle medium for at least
that amount of time before transmitting
SIFS = Short Inter Frame Space Period between reception of the data frame and
transmission of the ACK
SIFS < DIFS What happens if another station starts listening to
the medium exactly during the idle period between data transmission and acknowledgment?
21
SIFS/DIFS
SIFS makes transmission atomic
Example: Slot Time = 1, CW = 5, DIFS=3, PIFS=2, SIFS=1,
22
HIDDEN NODE PROBLEM
Node A is not aware that node B is currently busy receiving from node C, and therefore may start its own transmission, causing a collision
23
EXPOSED NODE PROBLEM
Node B wants to transmit to node C but mistakenly thinks that this will interfere with A’s transmission to D, so B refrains from transmitting (loss in efficiency)24
RTS/CTS
1. Sender transmits a Request to Send (RTS) indicating how long it wants to hold the medium
2. Receiver replies with Clear to Send (CTS) echoing expected duration of transmission
3. Any node that hears the CTS knows it is near the receiver and should refrain from transmitting for that amount of time
4. Nodes that hear the RTS but not the CTS are free to transmit
5. Receiver sends ACK to sender after successfully receiving a frame. All nodes must wait for the receiver to ACK before attempting to transmit 25
TIMELINE WITH RTS/CTS
26
SPECIAL FRAMES: ACK, RTS, CTS
Acknowledgement
Request To Send
Clear To Send
27
FrameControl
DurationReceiverAddress
CRC
2 2 6 4bytes
ACK
FrameControl
DurationReceiverAddress
TransmitterAddress
CRC
2 2 6 6 4bytes
RTS
FrameControl
DurationReceiverAddress
CRC
2 2 6 4bytes
CTS
AP VS. AD-HOC
28
IEEE 802.11E MAC enhancements to support quality of service
(QoS) in IEEE 802.11a/b/g Defines different categories of traffic Each QoS-enabled station marks its traffic
according to its performance requirements Stations still contend for the medium, but
different traffic types are associated with different inter frame spacing and contention window
Qualitative, comparative QoS(no “guarantees”)
29
802.11 STA VS. 802.11E STA
30
SERVICE DIFFERENTIATION
31
EDCA REVIEW
TXOP (Transmission Opportunity) An interval of time when a particular STA has the right to access
the wireless medium. TID (Traffic identifier)
TID value is specified in the QoS Control field of the 802.11e QoS data’s frame MAC header.
There are 16 possible TID values , where the value from 0-7 specify the user priority value of a frame, and the value from 8-15 specify the traffic stream which the frame belongs to.
Block Ack (BA) During a TXOP, a STA (or AP) can transmit a number of frames
without receiving any Ack. After frame transmissions completed, transmitter sends a control frame (Block Ack request, BAR) . Then the receiver respond with BA.
32
802.11E TXOP AND BLOCK ACK
33
WIRELESS NETWORKING PROTOCOLS The 802.11 family of radio protocols are commonly referred to as
WiFi
34
• 802.11a supports up to 54 Mbps using the 5 GHz ISM and UNII bands.
• 802.11b supports up to 11 Mbps using the 2.4 GHz ISM band.
• 802.11g supports up to 54 Mbps using the 2.4 GHz ISM band.
• 802.11n supports up to 300 Mbps using the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz ISM and UNII bands.
• 802.16 (WiMAX) is not 802.11 WiFi! It is a much more complex technology that uses a variety of licensed and unlicensed frequencies.
WLAN VS. OTHER SOLUTIONS
35
Wired LAN
High performance WLAN
80
2.1
1a/g
80
2.1
1b
WLAN
Mbps (Tx Rate)1 10 1000.1
Out
door
Fixed
Walk
Vehicle
Indo
or
Fixed/Desktop
Walk
Mobility
UMTS
Wideband Cellular
WAN
GSM
& IS
-95
Bluetooth
80
2.1
1n
PAPER REVIEW
Performance Analysis and Enhancement for the Current and Future IEEE 802.11
MAC Protocols
Yang Xiao, Jon Rosdahl
36
HIGH DATA RATES
The industry is seeking Higher Data Rates (HDR's) over 100Mbps (in 2002)
More data rate intensive applications exist such as Multimedia conferencing, MPEG video streaming, Consumer applications, Network storage, and File transfer; Finally, there is a great demand for higher capacity WLAN
networks in the market such as Hotspots, Service providers, Wireless back haul, and An increasing number of users per access point
37
HIGH DATA RATES We explore the overhead of HDR's to find out
whether the MAC is good enough We prove that a theoretical throughput upper
limit and a theoretical delay lower limit exist for IEEE 802.11 protocols
In order to reduce overhead, we propose a burst transmission and acknowledgement ( BTA ) mechanism
38
PPDU FRAME FORMAT OF IEEE 802.11A
39
IEEE 802.11A Data rates for IEEE 802.11a :
6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps
Some IEEE 802.11a parameters Tslot = 9µs (Slot time),
Tsifs = 16µs (SIFS time),
Tp = 16µs (Physical layer's preamble),
CW0 = CWmin = 16,
Tsim = 4µs (Symbol time),
Tdifs = 34µs (DIFS time),
Tphy = 4µs (PHY header time), and τ = 1µs (Propagation delay).
40
IEEE 802.11A BEST-CASE PERFORMANCE
Ldata: length of the payload
Tdata and Tack: transmission times of a data frame and an ACK, respectively.
MT: Maximum throughput MD: Minimum delay
41
IEEE 802.11A BEST-CASE PERFORMANCE BE: bandwidth efficiency TUL: theoretical throughput upper limit DLL: theoretical delay lower limit
42
IEEE 802.11A BEST-CASE PERFORMANCE
43
BURST TRANSMISSION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A BTA sequence
MAC frame format (FC: Frame Control; DU: Duration; A: Address; QoS: QoS Control; FB: Frame Body) (Size is in bytes)
44
BURST TRANSMISSION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT BurstAckReq frame format (FC: Frame Control; DU: Duration;
RA: Receiver Address; TA: Transmitter Address; BAR: BAR Control; R: Reserved) (Size is in bytes)
BurstAck frame format (FC: Frame Control; DU: Duration; RA: Receiver Address; TA: Transmitter Address; R: Reserved; W: Wait; SC: Sequence Control; BM: Ack Bitmap) (Size is in bytes)
45
BURST TRANSMISSION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Tr : time required to transmit the burst acknowledgement
request frame, Ta : time required to transmit the burst acknowledgement frame
Tpo : time required to transmit the CF-Poll frame
Nb : number of burst
46
BURST TRANSMISSION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
47
BURST TRANSMISSION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
48
BURST TRANSMISSION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
49
PAPER REVIEW
Aggregation with Fragment Retransmission for Very High-Speed WLANs
Tianji Li, Qiang Ni, David Malone, Douglas Leith, Yang Xiao, Thierry Turletti,
50
OUTLINE
Goal: To design a new MAC with high efficiency for very high-speed next-generation WLAN (e.g. 802.11n)
Difficulty: Overhead at MAC and PHY
Solution: aggregation at MAC
51
GOAL
Now:802.11b: PHY rate= 11Mbps, MAC throughput = 70%*11 = 7 Mbps802.11a: PHY rate = 54Mbps, MAC throughput = 50%*54 = 27 Mbps
Future:PHY rate >= 216 Mbps (up to 648 Mbps),
MAC throughput = ???
52
DCF: THE CURRENT MAC
Overhead: DIFS, backoff, SIFS, PHY headers, and ACKs.
53
DIFS frame ACK
backoff
SIFSPHYhdr PHYhdr
the real thing
WHAT IF USING DCF IN VERY HIGH-SPEED ?
54MAC throughput < 50 Mbps for ever !
WHY DCF SO SLOW?
55
acksifshdrphybackoffdifs
frame
TTTTT
T
,*2
R while0
Tframe = frame size / R, it scales with 1/R.
Tack = ack size / R, it scales with 1/R.
But, other items in denominator are constant, which leads to
Solution: We need to make all in denominator scale also with 1/R.
PRIOR WORK (1/2)
56
DIFSBurstACK SIFSFramePHYhdr ACKSIFSFramePHYhdr ACK SIFSSIFS
SIFSFramePHYhdrBlockACK FramePHYhdr
backoff
DIFS
backoff
BlockAck
SIFSBlockAckRequest
SIFS
Burst ACK: proposed in early versions of 802.11e
Tdifs and Tbackoff scale with 1/R.
Block ACK: in the current 802.11e
Tdifs , Tbackoff and TACK scale with 1/R.
PRIOR WORK (2/2)
57
Aggregation from [Ji et. al.]
Tdifs , Tbackoff , Tack and Tsifs scale with 1/R.
Aggregation from [Kim et. al.]
All in denominator scale with 1/R, then why I am here…
FramePHYhdrMobicom2004
FrameSub
PHYhdrDIFS
backoff
ACKSIFSFrameSub
PHYhdr
PHYhdrWoWMoM2005 (802.11n)
DIFS
backoff
ACKSIFSFrameMD FrameMD FrameMD
WHAT ARE STILL MISSING?
58
How to have very large frames?
Wait or not if no enough information?
How much time to wait for?
Is there a limit for the frame size? What is the best size?
What is the best size for retransmission?
What the delay will look like?
OUR SAMPLE SCHEME: AFR
59
The Aggregation with Fragment Retransmission (AFR)
MACheader
MAC Layer
LLC Layer
PHY layer
frame
Packet 1 Packet 2 Packet nTCP/IP Layer
FCS
Fragment 1.0Fragment
1.1
fragmentheaders
Fragment n.0 Fragment n.1
Fragment n.0 Fragment n.1
FCSFragment 1.0
Fragment1.1
Fragment2.0
FCS
FCS
FCS
FCS
FCS
ZERO-WAITING
60
Question:how much time should we wait for enough information to aggregate?
Answer:Zero-waiting: transmit immediately
Why:In heavily loaded networks, aggregation happens automaticallyIn slightly loaded networks, AFR degenerates to the legacy DCFZero-waiting is proven to be stable where feasible
MAXIMUM FRAME SIZE
61
Constant throughput is possible with increasing frame sizes
Maximum frame size: 65536 bytes
FRAGMENT SIZES (1/2)
62Fragmentation is necessary with large frame in bad channels
FRAGMENT SIZES (2/2)
63A single fragment size can be found for near-optimal efficiency
MAC DELAY
64CSMA/CA delay for a ‘frame’ is worse than in DCF
MAC + QUEUE DELAY
65Total delay is much better due to ‘pipeline-like’ ability
AFR VS DCF
66
HDTV (SIMULATION)
67
802.11N
The latest approach toward High-Speed WLANs
What we review: Some New MAC Concepts 802.11n Features Performance Evaluation
68
MAC DEFINITIONS MPDU stands for MAC Protocol data unit. MPDUs are messages (
Protocol data units) exchanged between MAC entities in a communication system based on the layered OSI model.
In systems where the MPDU may be larger than the MSDUs, then the MPDU may include multiple MSDUs as a result of Packet aggregation.
In systems where the MPDU is smaller than the MSDU, then one MSDU may generate multiple MPDUs as a result of Packet segmentation.
69
MAC DEFINITIONS Packet aggregation is the process of joining multiple
packets together into a single transmission unit, in order to reduce the overhead associated with each transmission A-MPDU A-MSDU
70
A-MSDU AGGREGATION FRAME STRUCTURE
71A structure containing multiple MSDUs, transported within a single (unfragmented) data MPDU
A-MPDU AGGREGATION FRAME STRUCTURE
72A structure containing multiple MPDUs, transported as a single PSDU by the PHY
IEEE 802.11N FEATURES
MIMO-OFDM physical layer Aggregation Block ACK Reverse direction
73
MIMO-OFDM The most commonly used method is to increase the raw data
rate in the PHY layer MIMO can effectively enhance spectral efficiency with
simultaneously multiple data stream transmissions Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
transmission scheme has been used to increase PHY layer transmission rate
With this enhancement in the PHY layer, the peak PHY rate can be boosted up to 600 Mbps
74
TX
TX
RX
RX
MIMO
Processor
Input Output
MIMO Channel
AGGREGATION The key feature to improve the 802.11 MAC
transmission efficiency designed as two-level aggregation scheme
A-MSDU A-MPDU
The maximum length of an A-MSDU, 3839 or 7935 These MSDUs must be in the same traffic flow (same
TID) with the same destination and source The TID of each MPDU in the same AMPDU might be
different. The maximum size limit of A-MPDU is 65535 bytes
75
TWO-LEVEL AGGREGATION IN IEEE 802.11N
76
BLOCK ACK Problem: frame error rate is higher as the size of the frame
increases! Large frames in high bit-error-rate (BER) wireless environment
have a higher error probability and may need more retransmission
To overcome this drawback in aggregation, the block ACK mechanism in 802.11n is modified to support multiple MPDUs in an A-MPDU. When an A-MPDU from one station is received and errors are found in some of the aggregated MPDUs, the receiving node sends a block ACK only acknowledging those correct MPDUs. The sender only needs to retransmit those non-acknowledged MPDUs.
Note, block ACK mechanism only applies to AMPDU, but not A-MSDU!
The maximum number of MPDUs in an A-MPDU is limited to 64 as one block ACK bitmap can only acknowledge at most 64
77
BLOCK ACK WITH AGGREGATION
78
REVERSE DIRECTION
Reverse direction mechanism allows the holder of TXOP to allocate the unused TXOP time to its receivers to enhance the channel utilization and performance of reverse direction traffic flows
The major enhancement in reverse direction mechanism is the delay time reduction in reverse link traffic
This feature can benefit a delay-sensitive service like VoIP
79
REVERSE DIRECTION
80
802.11N MAC FRAME FORMAT
HT Control field
81
Data Frame
802.11N MAC FRAME FORMAT BlockAckReq frame
BA Information field (BlockAck)
82
802.11N MAC FRAME FORMAT A-MSDU structure
A-MSDU subframe structure
83
802.11N MAC FRAME FORMAT A-MPDU format
A-MPDU subframe format
84
BLOCK ACK PERFORMANCE
85
Thanks for you attentionAny question?
86