HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGISTS

AP PSYCH

CHARLES DARWIN-HISTORY (EVOLUTIONARY)

Theory of natural

selection influences the

modern evolutionary perspective

WILHELM WUNDT-HISTORY (STRUCTURALISM)

First psych research

laboratory in GERMANY;

pioneered the term introspection; where

subjects reported what was happening

to them

WILLIAM JAMES-HISTORY (FUNCTIONALISM)

Prominent in establishing

psychology in the US. He

emphasized studying the purpose or function of

behavior and mental

processes

G STANLEY HALL-HISTORY

First psych research lab in the US; first president of the

American Psychological

Association (APA); taught by William

James

MARY WHITON CALKINS-HISTORY

Taught by William James as well;

Denied a PhD at Harvard due to

sexism; established a psych lab at Wellesley and

serves as the first female president

of the APA

MARGARET FLOY WASHBURN-HISTORY (ANIMAL BEHAVIOR)

First American woman to get a

PhD in psychology;

best known for her experimental work in animal

behavior

SIGMUND FREUD-HISTORY

Founded the psychoanalytical

school of thought and developed the theory

of defense mechanisms,

particularly repression; believed childhood

experiences influence adult personality; believed dreams

provided a particular important insight into

unconscious motives

JOHN B. WATSON-HISTORY (BEHAVIORISM)

Behaviorist who believed the only thing worth studying is observable

behavior

PAUL BROCA-BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR

Discovered speech production is

located in the lower left frontal lobe; coined Broca’s

area which revolutionized the understanding of

speech production

CARL WERNICKE-BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR

Discovered that damage to the left

temporal lobe caused deficits in

language comprehension;

coined Wernicke’s area

ROGER SPERRY-BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR

Best known for work on split

brain patients; particularly that the right and

left hemisphere have

specialized functions

MICHAEL GAZZANIGA-BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR

Continued Sperry’s work on split brain

patients

ERNST WEBER-SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

Discovered just noticeable

difference and Weber’s law

GUSTAV FECHNER-SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

Demonstrated that mental

processes can be quantified

DAVID HUBEL-SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

Discovered feature

detectors-specialized

neurons in the occipital lobe that have the ability to respond to

specific features of an image

TORTON WIESEL-SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

Teamed with Hubel to

expand the knowledge of

sensory processing

and perception

ERNEST HILGARD-STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Renowned for his research on

hypnosis and pain control,

created the term disassociation when it came to

hypnosis

IVAN PAVLOV-LEARNING

Originally studied digestion and is famous for his

pioneering work on classical

conditioning

JOHN GARCIA-LEARNING

Famous for pioneering work on taste aversion; his

perspective supports the evolutionary

perspective that being biologically

prepared to quickly associate nausea

with food or drink is adaptive

ROBERT RESCORLA-LEARNING

Research indicated that the

CS must be a reliable signal that predicts

the UCS; furthered

Pavlov’s research

EDWARD THORNDIKE-LEARNING

Conducted the first systematic

investigation of animal behavior and

coined the term “law of effect”

which simply stated that satisfying

behaviors are more likely to be repeated

and vice versa

BF SKINNER-LEARNING

Like Watson, believed in observable

behavior and came up with

Operant Conditioning

EDWARD TOLMAN-LEARNING

Known for his work on

cognitive maps and mental

representations; realized learning is more complex

than Skinner believed

WOLFGANG KOHLER-LEARNING

Studies included a Chimp named

sultan who had a banana outside of cage and a stick inside, realized

that animal gains insight; and

realized that that it the “aha” moment

ALBERT BANDURA-LEARNING

Famous bobo doll experiment;

monkey see-monkey do;

father of observation

learning

GEORGE A MILLER-COGNITION

Magical 7 plus or minus 2 in STM (working

memory)

HERMAN EBBINGHAUS-COGNITION

Father of memory

research, known for the forgetting

curve

ELIZABETH LOFTUS-COGNITION

Known for misinformation

effect, key in noting the

weakness in eye witness

testimony

NOAH CHOMSKY-COGNITION

Renowned linguist that noted that

children have an innate capacity to learn and produce speech; coined the

term language acquisition device

ABRAHAM MASLOW-MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

Humanist who is known for his hierarchy of

needs; believed highest level is

“self actualization”

STANLEY SCHACTER-MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

Known for the two-factor theory of

emotion where emotion;

depends on physical arousal

and then cognitively

labeling that arousal

HANS SELYE-MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

Studied stress and coined “general adaption

syndrome” (alarm reaction,

resistance, exhaustion)

ALFRED KINSEY-MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

Pioneering researcher on

human sexuality

MARY AINSWORTH-DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS

Did research on the “strange

situation” (relationship

between infant and mothers) and came up with the

terms secure attachment and

insecure attachment

HARRY HARLOW-DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS

Famous for experiment on

rhesus monkeys and found that

touch plays a key role in developing healthy physical

growth and normal socialization

KONRAD LORENZ-DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS

Studying animals and is known for his study on imprinting which is defined as learning

occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage that is rapid and

apparently independent of the consequences of

behavior. It was first used to describe situations in

which an animal or person learns the characteristics of

some stimulus, which is therefore said to be “imprinted” onto the

subject

JEAN PIAGET-DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS

Focused on cognitive

development differs throughout infancy, childhood, and adolescence to understand the

world (small people can’t fight)

LEV VYGOTSKY-DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS

Famous for his belief that children learn their cultures

habits of mind through a process

called internalization or inner speech

DIANA BAUMRIND-DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS

Known for her work on

parenting styles

(permissive, authoritative, authoritarian)

ERIK ERIKSON-DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS

Coined the term psychosocial

stages of development and was interested in

how adolescence go through role

confusion to form identity

LAWRENCE KOHLBERG-DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS

Used hypothetical moral dilemmas to study moral reasoning (Pre conventional-

Conventional-Post Conventional)

CAROL GILLIGAN-DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS

Best known for critiquing

Kohlberg’s theory since all

participant were male-argued

women tend to focus on caring

and compassion-

tend and befriend

ALFRED ADLER-PERSONALITY

Neo-Freudian; who pioneered the use of

psychiatry in both social work and early childhood education- urged patients to

through words such as self-

determination and courage to alter

their interpretations of

life events

CARL JUNG-PERSONALITYNeo Freudian who

developed the concept of the

collective unconscious;

believed that the collective

unconscious includes shared

human experiences that are embodied

in myths and cultural

archetypes

CARL ROGERS-PERSONALITY

Went against Freud’s pessimistic

view of human nature and believed people are innately

good and are motivated to

achieve their full potential or self

actualize

PAUL COSTA AND ROBERT MCCREA-PERSONALITY

Came up with the Five Factor Model

of Personality Conscientiousness,

agreeableness, neuroticism,

extroversion, and openness

FRANCIS GALTON-TESTING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

Developed the statistical concept of correlation and was

the first to demonstrate that

the “normal distribution” could

be applied to intelligence

CHARLES SPEARMAN-TESTING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

Proposed that intelligence is a

single, underlying factor, which he coined general

intelligence of the g factor

ROGER STERNBERG-TESTING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

Known for the triachic model that

distinguishes analytic, practical,

and creative intelligences

HOWARD GARDNER-TESTING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

Disagreed with Spearman, and

proposed multiple intelligences that include linguistic,

logic-mathematical, musical, spatial,

bodily kinesthetic, naturalist,

interpersonal, and intrapersonal.

ALFRED BINET-TESTING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

Invented first usable

intelligence test that noted the

distinction between a child’s mental and

chronological age

LEWIS TERMAN-TESTING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

Best known as the inventor of the

Stanford- Binet IQ test; simply divided

mental age by chronological age

and multiplied by a 100

mental age____________x100

Chronological age

DAVID WECHSLER-TESTING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

Instead of Terman’s approach, Wechsler determined how far

a person’s score deviates from a bell

shaped normal distribution of

scores. Most intelligence tests use this system

DOROTHEA DIX-TREATMENT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

Reformer who documented how

poor and deplorable

conditions were for the insane poor. Helped persuade

state legislatures to create the first generation of

American mental hospitals.

ALBERT ELLIS-TREATMENT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

Known for rational- emotive therapy

where he helped his client’s dispute

irrational beliefs and replace them with

rational interpretations of

events.

AARON BECK-TREATMENT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

Father of cognitive

therapy- his theories are used to treat clinical

depression

MARY COVER JONES-TREATMENT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

Conducted pioneering research

in applying behavioral

techniques to therapy “known as

the mother of behavior therapy”

JOSEPH WOLPE-TREATMENT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

Furthered Jone’s work by inventing systematic

desensitization- where he taught his

patients to relax deeply and he then

created situations that would cause anxiety

by working with minor ones and then with

more top level anxiety producing situations.

LEON FESTINGER-SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Best known for his work on cognitive

dissonance- realized most people

change attitude when their attitudes

and actions are inconsistent

PHILLIP ZIMBARDO-SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Known for the Stanford Prison

study- showed the power of

deindividuation

SOLOMON ASCH-SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Known for line experiment that

showed the powers of normative

social influence

STANLEY MILGRAM-SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Famous for “shock study” that showed that humans tend to be very obedient

to authority