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Pr el ude t o v l warI t i s summer i n Ethiopa The bouzou zi nab,the great rai ns, ended i n September and thedays are warmand clear On Fri day morni ng,November 22, sol d ers began pi l i ng out ofj eeps and troop carr i ers i n front of the homof Lieutenant-General Aman Mkael Andom i nthe compound of a hosp tal named after Hai l eSel assi e s daughter, the Pri ncess Tsehai(her name means the sun), who d ed i nchi l dbi rth A l day they stayed there, keeping the 50-year-ol d Eri trean who, unti l a fewdaysbefore, had been thei r commander as wel l asDefense Mni ster and Chairman of the Pro-vi sional Admni strati ve Counci l , underhouse arrest Events were movi ngmorerapidl y and drasti cal l y than they had i nPortugal , but there was a paral l el Andom

unti l he resi gned i n a huff ei ght days before, had headed the 120-man Armed ForcesCommttee (AFC), known as the Dergue Since February he had been di recti ng the creep-i ng revoluti on which sl owy drew a net around the 82-year-old Emperor and fi nal l y impri soned him Wth the Emperor and the country s el i te i n thei r hands, Major Mengi stuHai le Mari amand the young offi cers and non-com of the AFCno l onger needed Andom andi n the l ate afternoon of Saturday, November 23, they sent a messenger to tel l himhehad fi fteenmnutes in whi ch to g ve himel f up Andomknewwhat was awai ti ng him andhad tol d a fri end that when i t came he would go down fi ghting The battl e l asted overtwo hours Recoi l l ess ri fl es mounted on j eeps and l i ght arm on Saracen armored carshad l i ttle effect on the two-foot-thi ck wal l s of Andoms house A tank smashed throughand i n the breech Andomwas ki l l ed by a bul l et through the head THEN THEMASSACRE I t was a typi cal Afri can operati on Fi red by thei r taste of blood,Mengi stu s menwent to the old palace, the Grand Guebi , constructed on the top of thehi l l overl ooking the ci ty by the Emperor Menel i k, who conquered the I tal i ans i n 1896 atthe battl e of Adoua (Mussol i ni s desi re for revenge i s sai d to have stemmed fromthefact that hi s own father was among those castrated after that battl e by Menel i k s tri bemen i n search of souveni rs Some 260 pri soners had been confi ned si nce October 22 i n the damp cel l ars, underneaththe banquet hal l of Menel i k s old guebi , for thei r own sefety I t was getti ng darkwhen 57, i ncl uding Hai l e Sel assi e s grandson, Rear Admral I skender Desta, were hauledout, wth the explanati on that they were being transferred At the pri son near theheadquarters of the Ogani zati on for Afri can Uni ty they found a pol i ce offi cer and anexecuti on squad wai ti ng for them Those who could standwere machine-gunned i n groupsof ten Ras Asrate Kassa, whose father had led an army against the I tal i ans i n 1935and 36, was dragged froma hospi tal bed and shot i n a wheelchair The Emperor s

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Page - 2-treasurer, Bl atta Admassu Retta, dying of cancer, was shot on hi s stretcher The dyinLi eutenant-General I sayas Gebre Sel assie was i n a coma and did not know what was goingon when the bul l ets hi t him Next day the bodi es were thrown i nto a common graveFor I skender Desta, the Emperor s grandson, death came as i t had for hi s father, whomj eeri ng I tal i ans l ed to a fi ri ng squad, on February 24 1937, hi s arm bound behind hiw thout a semblance of a tri al I skender had been desi gnated over the si ck Pri nce AsfWasson as hei r to the throne Pri ncess Tenagne Wrk, I skender s mother and the Emperoonl y survi vi ng daughter, was under guard al ong w th other members of the imperi al fami ncludi ng I skender s sister, Pri ncess Ada, the w fe of Ras Mengeshe Seyoum the rul erof Ti gre of whi ch more l ater . After the el imnati on of Andomand the massacre ofthe 57 members of the country s el i te, the Emperor s daughter and granddaughter weremoved w th a number of others to an army barracks, as a gentl e hi nt of what woul dhappen to themi f the Emperor refused to hand over hi s deposi ts abroad - - the deposi twhich, as much as i deology, were a reason for the revol t On December 1 a UPI di spatch out of Addi s Ababa stated that H s Maj esty had si gned al etter of hi s own f ree w l l , authori zi ng the transfer of hi s personal and faml yfortunes As l ong as Mengestu Hai l e Mari amand the Armed Forces Commttee (AFC) thi nkhe i s not squeezed dry, Hai l e Sel assie and hi s faml y w l l be permtted to l i ve Amonthose impri soned i s Ras AndargachewMessai , the former V ceroy of Eri trea, who was Li jAndarge Messai unti l he marri ed Ras Desta s wdow and became the stepfather of A daand I skender (The Ethi opi an hol y book w th wooden covers, wri tten on goatski n i n theGeez l anguage - the l anguage of the Queen of Sheba - whi ch Andarge Messai gave yourcorrespondent in 1936 is on l oan to a museumi n Tul sa, Okl ahoma.A bl oodbath was i nevi tabl e The country had been hel d together by the sacred f i gure othe Emperor, the power of tradi ti on, and the gri p of pri ests whomthe man on the thronwas forced to pl ay against each other ; now al l three have been destroyed I NTRIGUE AND I SHY-NAGA . I shy-naga means, roughl y, Okay, tomorrow. I t i s a formofpol i teness as each drawn-out tradi ng sessi on ends and the buyer del ays as l ong aspossibl e the paying of any money Constant i n the mnd of the buyer i s suspi ci on, andi n the end i t i s hi s market He can af ford to wai t The sl ow enci rcl ement of Hai l eSel assie by the AFC was cunni ngl y Ethi opi an So natural are conspi racy and subterfugeto the Ethi opi an mnd, even among faml i es words are crowded together i n wri tten mes-sages l est something be i nserted to change the meani ng Si nce there was no one themasses coul d trust among themel ves they were gi ven a f i gure to revere Wth al l thefaul ts of the ol d system what w l l fol l oww l l be worse HAI LE SELASSI E the 223rd descendant of the son of the Queen of Sheba and Solomn, Ki ngof J erusal em was born Ras Tafari , i n Edj ersso, i n hi s father s provi nce of Harrar, onJ ul y 23, 1892, the fi rst day of the sign of the l i on He was the great grandson ofKi ng Sahl e Sel assi e, of Shoa, and hi s father, Ras Mahonnen, was chi ef advi sor toMenel i k I I At the age of 16 Tafari became governor of Si damo and l ater of hi s father f i ef of Harrar, w th a French pri est i n charge of hi s educati on Wen Menel i k di edon December 12, 1911, i t was four years before hi s subj ects knew i t Ras Tafari becameregent, pl otti ng w th the French and Bri ti sh to oust Menel i k s w l d grandson, Li jJ assou The stori es of Li j J assou are l egi on Ri di ng through Addi s Ababa w th hi sguard of Gal l a horsemen, he mght see a strange tri besman of powerful bui l d, f romtheprovi nces, and have the man brought to wrestl e wth him to mai ntai n hi s boast that hecoul d beat any man i n the Empi re Li j J assou s f i nal undoi ng was the donni ng of a turban for hi s marri age wth a Grlf romone of the mosl emprovi nces A photograph of the wedding was ci rcul ated amongthe cl ergy, to get himdeposed by the Abouna (patri arch) of the Ethi opi an Copti cChurch, af ter whi ch Li j J assou f l ed to the Danaki l country, to the great rel i ef ofFrance and Bri tai n, who feared he woul d j oi n the German-Turki sh al l i ance Zaudi tu,Menel i k s daughter, was proclaimed Queen of Ki ngs, wth Ras Tafari , the regent, as her

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Page_ - 3hei r I t was a peri od of i ntri gue Hapta Gorgi s, the war mni ster, i nci ted theclergy agai nst Tafari , because of hi s pl ans for moderni zati on, and Ras Gugsa, Zaudi tu husband, pl otted for hi s wfe Menel i k s name was magi c to Ethi opi ans and i f RasGugsa or the war mni ster coul d bri ng Li j J assou i nto thei r game the country woul d bethei rs Tafari captured J assou in Tigre, in J anuary 1921, and put himi n the custodyof Ras Kassa, the powerful governor of the province For the next fourteen yearsstori es of the whereabouts and treatment of the l ast mal e of Menel i k s l i ne werewhispered i n coffee houses and tukol s An ol d man tol d me, When he was taken throughthe town, we were ordered to close the doors and shutters and stay i nside, but wewatched Li j J assou sat on hi s horse l i ke an eagl e ri des and he wore gol den chai ns .On October 7 1928, Ras Tafari was procl aimed ki ng (Negus) on the death of Hapta GorgZaudi tu di ed on Apri l 2 1930, after a l ast attempt at revol t by her husband, and onNovember 2 Tafari was crowned Ki ng of Ki ngs, wth the t i t le of Hai l e Sel assi e I i nthe octagonal church of ol d Menel i k, i n ri tes whi ch went back to David and Sol omon_ACCESSION TOTHE THRONE di d not stop the conspi raci es On the contrary, i t encouragedthem A year af ter the coronati on, Ras Hai l u, the weal thi est chi ef tai n i n the country,was i nvi ted to the pal ace for di nner, and af ter the l ast course, at a cl ap of the newEmperor s hands, was l ed away i n chai ns As they sat at the tabl e, trucks l oaded wthsi l ver Mari a Theresa thal ers for use i n hi s conspi racy whi ch Hai l e Sel assi e had pa-ti entl y watched devel op, unti l the moment came to stri ke, were bei ng sei zed i n theprovinces THEN CAME MUSSOLI N The clash between I tal i ans and nomads at the wateri ng pl ace ofUal ual , on the Ethi opi an side of the border wth I tal i an Somal i l and, on December 51934, was never anythi ng but a pretext for conquest The League of Nati ons, l i ke UN,was powerl ess, and as I l Duce s columns drove on Addi s Ababa fromEri trea i n the northand I tal i an Somal i l and i n the east, embassy secretari es, ml i tary attaches and warcorrespondents converged on Addi s Ababa fromal l over the worl d J apan sent a mssi onto of fer to save the country i n return for the ri ght to expl oi t i ts resources Si rSi dney Barton, the Bri ti sh ambassador, ri di ng hi gh as Ethi opi a s most trusted f ri end,tol d the Emperor to send the J apanese packi ng He had gi ven Bri tai n s word, and acountry protected by Bri tai n was as good as savedRussi a s chi ef war correspondents, Sardov and Bori sov, to use the names they were goi ngunder at the time, were ml i tary speci al i sts f romthe Russi an embassy i n Berl i nSardov soon struck up an agreement wth the French communi st i n charge of the radi ostati on whi ch enabl ed himto see each day s fi l es There were gaffes The proudAmharas are not negroi d but semti c descendants of i nvaders who crossed the Red SeaThe worst i nsul t to gi ve an Amhara was to i mpl y that there was any rel ati on betweenhimand negroes Captai n Mead, the U S ml i tary attache, on maki ng hi s i ntroductoryvi si t to the pal ace, tol d the di gni f i ed Emperor that hi s grandfather had been a generai n the C vi l War, to f ree the negroes i n Ameri ca A doubl y embarrassi ng statement,si nce sl avery was an I tal i an propaganda i ssue Hai l e Sel assi e s face remai ned impassiTHE WHEELS OF GOVERNMENT STOP The f i rst obj ecti ve of the I tal i ans was to l i berateMenel i k s grandson I f Mussol i ni coul d put Li j J assou on the throne as a puppetbol stered by hi s grandfather s name, he coul d di vi de and subj ugate the country Asthe two-pronged I tal i an advance drove forward i n the wnter of 1935-36, Hai l e Sel assi edi sappeared for three days on a mysteri ous tr ip i n hi s personal Fokker No one knewwhere he went, or why, but af ter hi s return a terse communi que announced that Li jJ assou, the unmanageabl e pri nce, was dead Duri ng the peri od that Hai l e Sel assi e wasaway, there was no government He was Ethi opi a No one doubted the cause of Li jJ assou s death, but nei ther did anyone di spute i ts necessi ty I n the end i t was gasand aeri al bombing that won the war for the I tal i ans On May 1 1936, the D i boutitrai n was f l agged to a hal t on the outski rts of Addi s Ababa and the Emperor boardedi t wth hi s sui te, on the road to exi l e, fi rst i n J erusal emand then i n Bri tai n

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Page 4To the end the I tal i an advance was Machi avel l i an A wave of sheef tas (bri gands)preceded the advance col umn of four battal i ons advancing fromEri trea i n a l ong col umnof trucks mostl y Ameri can, though Ameri ca woul d not sel l Hai l e Sel assi e a propel l erfor his Beechcraf t, l est i t i nvol ve us i n war wth I tal y The i dea was to f orce theforei gners i n Addi s Ababa to cal l on the I tal i ans for protecti on, thereby enabl i ng thefomenters of terrori smto make propaganda out of restori ng order As the l i ne oftrucks rol l ed i nto Addi s Ababa the Bri t i sh ambassador, i n a f i t of futi l e rage, sl appedthe face of the Ameri can mni ster, who had gone to the Bri ti sh embassy for safety Afewmonths l ater Hai l e Sel assie' s London bank account was turned over to the Ki ng ofI tal y, who was by then Emperor of I tal y and Ethi opi a Hai l e Sel assi e, i n a speechwhich hi s Ameri can advisor, Everett Colson, had hel ped to wri te, tol d the League ofNati ons on J une 30 1936, I f you al l ow the i nj usti ce whi ch has been done my countryto pass, I tel l you now and I tel l you wthout rancor, the West shal l peri sh OnlyRas Desta and a few scattered chi ef tai ns, fathers of the men executed on November 31974, remained i n the f i el d, unti l February 1937 when Desta was captured and executedWORLDWAR I I and I tal y' s entry i nto the war brought the Emperor hi s chance to return Bri tai n needed a new f ront, an upri si ng agai nst the Duke d' Aosta' s forces i n Ethi opi a,to prevent an I tal i an dri ve on Egypt through the Sudan I t was i n Bri tai n' s i nterestsbut i t was Hai l e Sel assi e' s onl y hope I n the Sudan the Ethi opi ans found the youngEri trean, Aman Andom born i n Khartoumon J ul y 21, 1924, and graduated f romthe Sudan' sSt George Ml i tary Academy The Ethi opi ans were hi s peopl e' s tradi t i onal enemes,but i t was a chance for Andomto start hi s ml i tary career as a second l i eutenant Hej oi ned upAfter the war he rose rapi dl y By 1956 he was a di vi sion commander and i n 1962 a majorgeneral Hai l e Sel assi e l i ked the handsome Eri trean, and i n May 1964 sent himtoWashi ngton as ml i tary attache I t was a fatal mstake I n Washi ngton Andomenteredl i beral Howard Uni versi ty for a B. A degree i n government and came out imbued wth thepopular convi cti on of l ef ti st professors that al l kings are bad, anachroni sm to berepl aced by l ef t- l eani ng democracies IN ETHOPIA ALSO THE TERMTES HADBEENAT WORK I n 1941 when Hai l e Sel assi e returnedwth the Bri ti sh, Ethi opi a had reverted to the chaos of 1930 I t needed roads, school shospi tal s There was no economc or admni strati ve i nfrastructure General Maxwel l ,the Ameri can, gave the Emperor a pl ane so he woul d not be compl etel y dependent on theBri t i sh, and Hai l e Sel assie made the general a present of hi s coronati on sword Out-side aid was slow i n arr i vi ng af ter the war, and i t was then that the Russi ans steppedi n Stri ki ng whi l e the Ameri can-manufactured crusade agai nst col oni al i smwas i n ful lswng, Russi an agents spread over Afri ca Pri est-ri dden Ethi opi a was i deal for pene-trati on through the cl ergy, si nce the Copti c Church i s fi rst cousi n to the Russi anOrthodoxThe Uni ted Nati ons had not yet become an organi zed bl oc agai nst the West, but wth i tsexaggerati on of the vi rt ue of bei ng bl ack, brown or yel l owand i ts concepti on of eter-nal i ndebtedness to the peopl e formerl y col oni zed, i t was wel l on i ts way No l ongercoul d Ethi opi a' s rul i ng Amharas l ook down on negroes Even on the col oni al i st angl ethey were vul nerabl e, wth newy-acqui red Eri trea i n the north and a province ofSomal i -speaki ng subj ects i n the east, to say nothi ng of the tr i bes of Gal l as, Garragi s,Somal i s, Danaki l s and others rul ed by a semti c Amhara mnori ty Only a change of tackcoul d save Ethi opi a f rombei ng l umped wth the enemes of Bl ack Afri ca, and Hai l eSel assi e made i t Overnight he became more Afri can than the poor nati ves of GhanawhomAmeri can l abor' s rovi ng ambassador, I rving Brown, and Lawrence C McQuade, theNewYork l awyer, tol d i n 1958 Uni te You have a conti nent to regai n and nothi ng tol ose but your chai nsI ndustryl ess Ethi opi a was gi ven her Confederati on of Ethi opi an Labor Unions, whi ch werenothi ng but arm for subversi ve regimentati on, and i n 1963 the Organi zati on of Afri can

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Page - 5-Uni ty was formed, wth Addi s Ababa as i ts seat GRADUALLY POWER CHANGEDHANDS Ethi opi a s estimated 26 ml l i on members of di sparatetri bes, l i ke most Afri cans, hol d an i nherent respect for authori ty backed by power Power, rather than the democrati c process, i s what counts, and as the sacred f i gureon the throne aged, power eroded beneath him Duri ng that peri od a f ri endshi p sprangup between Andomthe Eri trean adventurer who got hi s start under General Wngate andwent on to Sandhurst, and Mengi stu Hai l e Mari am ten years hi s j uni or, a member of theGal l a tr i be, born i n Shoa Al l the elements for a bl oody revol uti on were there power-hungry off i cers, i ndoctr i nated students, marxist l abor uni ons, a subverted clergyand, shimmeri ng before the i nsati abl e l ot of them the gol d i n forei gn banks whi ch wasthei rs for the sei zingTHE FORTUTOUS FAMNE There was nothi ng that shoul d have shocked Ethi opi ans aboutthe Emperor s ri ches abroad Theoreti cal l y he was the propri etor of hi s empire I n1935 i t was wth checks drawn on hi s personal accounts that such arm as he coul dpurchase were bought The drought i n Wl l o Provi nce and fai l ure of the government tocope wth i t provi ded the l ong-awai ted opportuni ty Those doi ng the cl amori ng woul dhave handled the cri si s no more ef f i ci entl y nor compassi onately than the government i npower, but they knew that weal th - and the prospect that there mght be some of i t foreveryone - was the argument that woul d bear wei ght Consequentl y, i n February 1974,the campaign to destroy the sacred f i gure of the Emperor started Day after day, overradi o and tel evi sion went stori es of the exi stence of an unbel i evabl e fortune whi chshoul d belong to the peopl e I t reached i ts peak i n August Then Lieut Gen AmanAndomand Maj or Mengistu Hai l e Mari am of Andoms 3rd Dvi si on, began thei r sl owcl osing of the net Andomwas to be Ethi opi a s Spi nol a Bi di ng i ts ti me through the power-stri ppi ng peri od, the vi ol ent f ri nge of the revol u-ti on was always present Afri ca i s cruel , and to the vi ol ent f ri nge no revol uti on i sworthy of i ts name or capabl e of succeeding unl ess i t comes i n wth a wave of bl ood-shed brutal enough to l eave no doubt that i ts l eaders mean busi ness The stages werecl assic Mengistu and the l ower-grade of f i cers and non-corns l et thei r handsome general ,imbued wth the i deas he had brought back fromHoward Uni versi ty, f ront for themPati entl y they wai ted unti l he had destroyed the Emperor to a poi nt where the processcoul d not be reversed and the power of the Emperor resusci tated to save the general When that was reached they ki l l ed Andomand those of the rul i ng class they had putunder arrest for thei r safety That accompl i shed, l eaders of the Confederati on of Ethi opi an Labor Uni ons, who hadbeen usi ng the whi ttl i ng-down by the ml i tary as a ground-cleari ng operati on for themselves, demanded ci vi l i an rule in the formof a peopl e s government, composed ofworkers, peasants, students and i ntel l ectual s The ml i tary i gnored themand proceededto send the students i nto the country to educate the masses Tamed by the massacreof November 23 they went wthout a murmur The rol e of the students i s to whip up ademand for the Emperor s head, so that the new Chief of State, Bri gadi er-GeneralTeferi Benti , behi nd whomMengi stu and the real rul ers of the country are hi di ng, canannounce that the peopl e have made the decisi onI t i s worth nothi ng that when Lieut . -Col Adel a Katew of the Emperor s Guard, wasbrought before a ml i tary court marti al on December 10, i n the pal ace where Hai l eSel assie and about 180 others were then bei ng hel d, the helmeted sol di ers l i ni ng thehal l s were carryi ng Russi an automati c weapons Katew i s a starter i n the tri al swhi ch wl l l ead upward ti l l they reach the Emperor, and probabl y hi s daughter andgranddaughter The fate of the pri soners i n Mengistu s hands i s seal ed The questi oni s What next? The answer i s ci vi l war .THE DAY OF RECKONNGwl l arri ve because of a number of factors Fi rst wl l come thecounter-revol uti on Mengistu, for the moment, i s on top He wants a ml i tary j unta

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PaFe -6-Al l i ed wth himunti l the throne and Andomwere destroyed were the l abor l eaders,students, part of the ai rf orce and the arm engi neers They want to execute theEmperor and al l of hi s associ ates and rel ati ves and forma mrxi st popul ar governmnt A thi rd group, of whi ch Andomwas the l eader, i s fractured but capabl e of j oi ni ngMengi stu' s enemes FIRST : SOMALI LAND The enemes are powerful General Sai d Barre heads the ml i taryregim i n Soml i l and He covets the neighbori ng Ogaden regi on of Ethi opi a, and i sbacked by Russi a I n J ul y 1974, Presi dent Nkol ai Podgorny fl ew to Mogadishu to vi si tBarre, who had al ready accorded Russi a a base i n Berbera 2,500 Russi an i nstructorsand a f l owof Russi an equi pmnt have gi ven Soml i l and one of the mst powerful stri k-i ng forces i n Afri ca The bui l d-up started wth Russi a' s growng i nterest i n theI ndi an Ocean and Defense Mni ster Marshal Gretchko' s four-day vi si t to Soml i l and i n1972 When the Amri can company Tenneco di scovered natural gas i n the area Soml i l andi s claimng, Russi an i nterest i ncreased I n md-1973 Hai l e Sel assi e tri ed to get armf romthe U S . Bri tai n, France and I srael and fai l ed Amri ca' s expl anati on was thatWshi ngton di d not want to i ncrease tensi on i n Afri ca The rej ecti on by the fourpowers contri buted to the weakening of Hai l e Sel assi e at hom and served as a greenl i ght for Russi a FOR 3 YEARS H T-ANDRUNWAR HAS BEEN WAGED BY THE ERI TREANS As wth the Portuguesei n Afri ca, war-weari ness spread i n the Ethi opi an forces I n February 1974 troops i nEri trea went on a stri ke for mre pay and were gi ven a rai se of 50% I t was too easy Ofi cers l i ke Andomand Mengi stu saw that the mn i n the palace was hel pl ess AsEthi opi an mral e dropped, Russi a, Soml i l and, Libya, South Yemn and I raq i ncreasedthei r ai d for the rebel Eri trean Li berati on Front (FLE) Outside i nterventi on i scertai n when the f i ghti ng munts Wdged between Eri trea and Soml i l and i s France' sTerri tory of the Afars and I ssas, wth i ts strategi c port of Di bouti commndi ng theentrance to the Red Sea and the rai lway to Addi s Ababa Occupati on of Di bouti wl lgi ve Russi a commnd of the Red Sea A change i n the balance of power i n the enti reregi on appears i nevi tabl e as Russi ans and Arabs fuel revol ts and the Chi nese watchand wai t WTH THS FORMDABLE LINE-UP AGAINST THEM the hot-heads i n Addi s Ababa threw the wfeand mother- i n- l awof Ras Mengesha Seyoum the rul er of Ti gre province, i n pri sonThreats to execute themdid not deter himfor a mnute Ti gre borders on Eri trea, sohe formd a Ti gre Li berati on Front, mde an al l i ance wth the Eri treans and startedprepari ng to f i ght Som three ml l i on Ethi opi ai tri besmn hol d f i rearm These arethe mn Mengi stu and the Armd Forces Commttee sent students i nto the country toeducate, whi ch i s to say, subvert A l ot of themwl l opt for the ol d order, andj oi n SeyoumThe resul t of ci vi l war i n Ethi opi a wl l be tragi c, whether treasonabl e offi cers, thered-domnated coal i ti on of l abor l eaders and students, or the forces of Ras Seyoumcomout on top Eri trea and Soml i l and' s horn of Afri ca, j utti ng i nto the I ndi an Ocean,wl l be swarmng wth Russians Kenya and the Sudan wl l be next i n l i ne I t coul dseal the fate of I srael as wel l

To our subscri bers : Address domsti c business to H du B REPORTS, P Box 786,St George, Utah 84770 Address forei gn correspondence to H l ai re du Berri er, 20B vd Pri ncesse Charl otte, Monte Carl o, Pri nci pal i ty of MONACOStudents 10 per year Supporti ng subscri bers 15 per year Extra copi es 30G each

H l ai re du Berri er, Correspondent Leda P Rutherford, Managing Edi tor

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PARI SIrrAM

VOLUME XI I LETTER 9 FEBRUARY, 1975

A FOREIGNAFFAI RS LETTER REPORTSThe CIA Probe

Sad i s what you have to feel about the bl ue ri bbon panel establ i shed by President Ford to l ook i nto the l atest charges agai nsthe C A, wote J oseph Kraft on J anuary 9 1975 And sad Mr Kraft undoubtedl y was, burni ng to j oi n the pack and hel p getthe foes they real l y wanted the FBI and the House I nternalSecuri ty Commttee (HSC) On the other hand there were thel abor organi zati ons, the Newspaper Gui l d, Nati onal StudentsNati onal Educati on Associati on, publ i shi ng houses and dozens of newspapeol d CIA fri ends i nAssociati on,and organi zati ons who had helped Kraft gl ori fy terrori sts i n Al geri a, Bl ack Afri ca,V etnam Cambodi a, Laos and everywhere el se where Ameri ca and her al l i es were underf i re Onl y i n the overworked words bl ue ri bbon to descri be the stacked panelsel ected to turn the NewYork Times story of December 22 1974, by Mr Kraft s fel l owl efti st, Seymour M Hersh, i nto an onsl aught on al l branches l i kel y to i nvesti gatesubversi on, was there no di vi si on of l oyal ti es An honest pi cture of the agencySeymour Hersh and his i l k were attacki ng i n thei r fei nt to get the FBI and the HouseI nternal Securi ty Commttee woul d surpri se a l ot of Ameri cans THE OFFICE OF STRATEGC SERV CES (OSS) was the grandfather of CA, as most Ameri cansknow I t was the offspri ng of CO, the Coordi nati on Of i ce for I nformati on whi chPresi dent Roosevel t founded fi ve months before Pearl Harbor to be headed by Wl l i amJ oseph (Wld Bi l l ) Donovan, the NewYork l awyer Si x months after Pearl Harbor thepropaganda side of CO was turned over to the Of i ce of Wr I nformati on (OW), formedfor that purpose, and the Of i ce of Strategi c Servi ces, Ameri ca s fi rst central i n-tel l i gence agency, was born Wth Herbert Marcuse anal yzing German social structuresand Cora Du Boi s prepari ng the ground for postwar operati ons agai nst European col oni ai smi n Asi a, OSS s port l i st was pronounced f romthe start By V-J Day a hard-core group of l efti sts who knewwhere they were going had OSS f i rmyi n hand The unorgani zed patri ots wthout experi enced di recti on were bei ng weeded outl ong before Presi dent Truman signed the order on September 20, 1945, whi ch off i ci al l yended the exi stence of OSS STRATEGC SERVCES UNT (SSU fol l owed, but not unti l February 1946 di d the effects ofthe change make thei r appearance abroad Phi l i p Horton, who l ater became edi tor ofMax Ascol i s far- l eft weekl y, The Reporter, headed the SSU off i ce i n France, whereFrench reds, usi ng l abor uni ons as shock troops, were prepari ng to hamper the suppl yof muni ti ons for French troops f i ghti ng a red army i n I ndo-Chi na whi ch OSS had armedand trai ned Ri chard Helm was stati on boss for the newand reduced versi on of OSSi n Germany, where the i nstal l ati on of soci al i st Wl l y Brandt, f i rst as Mayor of Berl i nand then i n the chancel l orshi p, was to become a CIA goal I n I tal y Ofice of Wr I nformati on sound trucks and Ameri can agents openl y campai gnedto destroy the monarchy and wth i t the barri er provided by tradi ti on agai nst the redsOur man i n charge there was one J ames Angl eton

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e -3-headquarters weari ng bl ack armbands, a symbol of protest agai nst the war Accused of amassi ng fi l es on Ameri cans gui l ty onl y of di ssent, but permtti ng i tsanal ysts to demonstrate sympathy for the enemy, i n the mddl e of a war - to saythe l east i s contradi ctory Even KimPhi l by woul d never have dared mai ntai n thatHanoi control and support of the Vi et Cong was a myth.The great vi ctory of the C A l i beral facti on, M Smth wote on page 368, was theoperati onal brai nchi l d of another Dul l es recrui t, 32-year-ol d Thomas Braden, an OSSveteran who accepted Dul l es' of fer to j oi n C A i n 1951 as Assi stant Drector AtBraden' s suggesti on and wth the support of Al l en Dul l es and Frank Wsener, the C Abegan i ts covert support of the non-communist pol i ti cal l ef t around the worl d - tradeuni ons, pol i ti cal parti es and i nternati onal organi zati ons of students and j ournal i stsWhat M Smth i s saying i s that f romthe earl y 1950' s on CI A recrui ted at home andworked abroad onl y wth l ef ti st men and organi zati ons who sai d they were not commun-i st Thi s i s the non-communist l eft which, when i t has no voi ce, cl amors for theri ght of al l facti ons to be heard I t i s a l ef t whose i deol ogi cal terrai n mergesconstantl y wth that of the enemy whose strength i s about to surpass Ameri ca' s Yet,the l ef ti sts who establ i shed a monopol y on the agency whi ch was supposed to providei ntel l i gence on whi ch Ameri ca' s pol i cy deci si ons woul d be based closed the door athome and abroad to any reports f romthe sector of the pol i ti cal spectrumwhose i nteres

never merge wth the enemy' s The Agency' s declarati ons were anti -communi st There was no denying the fact thatworl d domnati on under the red fl ag i s Moscows aimand that Ameri ca i s the primetarget The catch was that soci al i smwas the onl y al ternati ve offered as a sol uti on,and C A was as anti -anyone to the ri ght of what l ef ti sts consi der center as i t wasanti -red And Thomas Braden, M Smth boasts, was the archi tect of this pol i cy Now to i nvesti gate charges that CIA compi l ed fi l es on some 10,000 Ameri cans who wereagainst the war i n Vi etnamand conducted covert acti ons agai nst l i beral - readcommunist - governments and l eaders, a panel headed by Vi ce Presi dent Rockefel l er anddescri bed by every l ef t-wng wi ter on the press as bl ue ri bbon has been set upYet the head of that True Bl ue R bbon Panel (Newsweek, J anuary 20 1975), Vi cePresi dent Rocefel l er, has testi f i ed that i n 1954 he gave Thomas Braden $125,000 tobuy a newspaper The Rockefel l er gi ft to the man R Harri s Smth credi ts wth responsi bi l i ty for thegreat vi ctory of the CIA l i beral facti on, bri ngs up the matter of the Counci l OnForei gn Rel ati ons (CFR), one of the l eaders of whi ch i s M Davi d Rockefel l er, thehead of Chase Manhattan Bank and brother of the Vi ce Presi dent I t i s no secret thatthe goal toward whi ch the CFRhas worked by every means f romsowng revol ts i n col oni eto advanci ng UN and propagandi zi ng the European Common Market, i s a soci al i st, one-worlstate i n whi ch Ameri ca and Sovi et Russi a wl l be mergedCFRAND THE CI A Sometime i n the l ast fewyears i t appears that a group of facel essmen i n the CFR deci ded that Ameri ca and the West had been brought to a state where thedreamof the one-worl ders and the anti -patri ots was ready for a move forward C A,wth i ts Bradens and wde-rovi ng l abor l eaders and l ef ti st wi ters, had hel ped bri ngthi s state about, but CI Awas no l onger needed I f , by sacri f i ci ng the agency whi chhad not hindered communi sms advance but i nstead had strengthened the l ef t whi ch al lover the worl d i s nowformng popul ar f ronts wth communi sts, i t woul d be possibl e todi smantl e the FBI and the House Internal Securi ty Commttee, the step had to be taken To f i x a precise date for the peri od when thi s decision was taken i s di f f i cul t, butthe date at whi ch i t fi rst mani fested i tsel f was J anuary 8 1968, four months afterthe London SUNDAY TELEGRAPH (conservati ve-where Bri ti sh af fai rs are concerned) hai l edNel son Rockefel l er as an enigma of the R ght . The body taki ng the l ead was themost powerful group i n Ameri ca, wth l i nes l eading into the Royal I nsti tute of I nter-nati onal Af fai rs i n London and simlar organi zati ons around the worl d

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Page - 4On the eveni ng of J anuary 8 1968, approximately a year before V ctor Marchetti re-si gned fromCIA wth the sui tcases of tri vi a which the Ameri can Ci vi l Li bert i es Uni onwas to hel p himpubl i sh, and at approximately the same time Phi l i p Agee, at hi s CIApost i n Mexi co Ci ty, began squi rrel i ng away documentati on which French and Cuban redswoul d hel p himbri ng out i n pri nt on the heel s of Marchetti s book, members of thei nner ci rcl e of the Counci l on Forei gn Rel ati ons met i n the Harol d Pratt House, at58 East 68th Street, NewYork I t i s possibl e that Marchetti was at the meeti ng, forhe wote i n CI A and the Cul t of I ntel l i gence, which was the fi rst sal vo i n thecurrent of fensi ve, I t was in an atmosphere of resti veness and doubt, on a J anuaryeveni ng i n 1968, that a smal l group of former i ntel l i gence professi onal s and severalother members of the cul t of i ntel l i gence met to di scuss the rol e of the CIA i n U S forei gn pol i cy.I t was j ust before Hanoi l aunched the Tet offensi ve which was desi gned to breakAmeri ca s wl l to conti nue the f i ght, and the speaker who addressed the CFR deci si on-makers was R chard Bi ssel l , the CI A consul tant who formerl y headed the agency sCl andesti ne Servi ces Douglas Dl l on was present, the man who as Secretary of theTreasury wasted Ameri ca s gol d reserves i n forei gn ai d to no-pay countri es such asI ndi a who f l ooded Ameri ca wth pri nti ng-press mney unbacked by si l ver and i ntroducedthe practi ce of putti ng ol d dates on coi ns i n the mnt Frank Al tschul , the weal thyCFR of f i ci al bent on bri ngi ng Ameri ca i nto a soci al i st, neutral i st super-state vi a theEuropean Commn Market was there So was Meyer Bernstei n who i n the post-war . years,when CIA was f i nanci ng l abor uni ons, descended on Dusseldorf wth the fervor of anevangel i st and set up the l abor machi ne which hel ped carry Wl l y Brandt i nto power,and wth himthe red spi es who enj oyed immuni ty because soci al i sts do not i nvesti gatesoci al i sts, as Egon Bahr put i t when red spy Gunter Gui l l aume was caught Present and taking notes was Nel son Rockefel l er s former assi stant, George S Frankl i nexecuti ve di rector of the CFR and secretary of the Atl anti c Counci l of the U S Thomas L Hughes, whomOSS veteran Roger H l sman pushed i nto the j ob of Drector ofI ntel l i gence and Research i n State Department, which he sti l l hel d, was present Notto be overl ooked was J oe Kraft, the NewYork Times man who ten years before had beena propagandi st for the Al geri ans when CI A and the CFR were backi ng them Wth Al gi ersfi rmy establ i shed as the revol uti on capi tal of the worl d, the i nternati onal l ef tturned i ts bi g guns on Ameri ca over V etnam Agai n, Kraf t pl eaded the cause of theenemy I n hi s col umn of J ul y 1 1971, Kraft tol d howhe had seen something of theV etnamese communi sts and had gone to see El l sberg (the Pentagon Papers trai tor) i nthe Defense Department, back i n the earl y si xti es Thi s ti me Kraf t was a sel f -appoi ntpeace negoti ator, worki ng for Ameri can defeat i n the name of peace He wanted Amerito toppl e the Sai gon Government and repl ace i t wth a teamwl l i ng to negoti ate peacei . e . surrender to Hanoi Kraf t met El l sberg agai n, i n Sai gon, i n 1965, and l ater i nSenator Edward Kennedy s home i n Washi ngton immedi atel y af ter CIA consul tant R chardBi ssel l l ai d out the l i nes of attack on the CI A before the CFR on J anuary 8 1968The fol l owng year Kraf t was i n Pari s, exchanging i deas wth hi s f ri ends i n the Hanoidel egati on, and i n earl y 1971 he sawEl l sberg, j ust before the stol en papers werepubl i shed So much for the NewYork Times columni st who was a member of the CFR byi nvi tati on, on the basi s of busi ness, professi onal or off i ci al posi ti on af fordi ng thepossi bi l i ty of i nf l uenci ng opi ni on i n matters of forei gn pol i cy, as the organi zati on membershi p rul i ng puts i t MEMBERS OF THS SAME CFR on May 11 1957, deci ded i n the home of J ohn D Rockefel l er,I I I , i n Tarrytown, NewYork, to drag Ameri ca deeper i nto V etnam Nel son Rockefel l er brother Davi d was at the meeti ng, al ong wth Dean Rusk, J ohn J McCloy, Ogden R Rei dand J oseph E J ohnson, Presi dent of the Carnegie Endowment for I nternati onal PeaceDr Henry T Heal d, Presi dent of Ford Foundati on, Paul J Sherbert, Executi ve Drectorof the Asi a Soci ety, and J ames J Rorimer, Presi dent of the Metropol i tan MuseumofArt, were wth them So were Howard C Shepherd, Chai rman of the Board of Fi rstNati onal Ci ty Bank, and State Department s Drector of Southeast Asi an Af fai rs,

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Page 5-Kenneth T Young Exponents of the conspi racy theory who hol d that Ameri ca was drawni nto a protracted V etnamwar for the purpose of imposi ng a defeat whi ch woul d pul ldown l eaders, i nsti tuti ons and i deal s i n i ts wake and pave the way for surrender ofsoverei gnty to a one-worl d soci al i st state woul d be i ntri gued by the f requency wthwhi ch certai n names appear i n the chai n of events whi ch have shaken Ameri ca Amongthe V etnamese at the May 11, 1957, CFR l uncheon at J ohn D Rockefel l er I I I s homewere Tran Le Quange, Ho chi Mnh s former student l eader i n Pari s, and hi s associ ate,Vu van Thai , another former Ho chi Mnh l i eutenant Vu van Thai was the f ri end towhomEl l sberg gave a set of the Pentagon Papers before he gave themto the NewYorkTimes, and Thai was brought f romhi s UN post i n Dakar, Afri ca, to appear as a wtnessat the tri al of those chargedwth breaking i nto the of f i ce of El l sberg s psychi atri sti n Los Angel es For some reason Thai , who had sent hi s set of the papers to Hanoi ,was never put i n the wtness box, as he surel y woul d have been by an honest defenseTHE HATCHET JOB After the CFR bri ef i ng by Robert B ssel l i n J anuary 1968, the f i ghtmoved f romstrategy to tacti cs and V ctor Marchetti and John D Marks started the bookwhi ch was to appear as the Watergate of fensi ve prepared to move agai nst the FB and thHouse I nternal Securi ty Commttee, wth a new teami n the Whi te House and Congress But i n the book by Marchetti and Marks the agency whi ch CA anal yst R Harris Smthadmts supported onl y the non-communi st l eft, around the worl d, i s pi ctured as bl i ndedby fear and di strust of communi sm I n thei r 398 dul l pages, Marchetti and Marks returagai n and agai n to the Bay of Pi gs operati on as an example of CA hatred of communi smWhat the authors are most out to prove i s that C A i s ri ghti st, wasteful and i nef f i ci ewth the Bay of Pi gs as an example There i s no suggesti on that, had the i nvaders beesent ashore wth the ai r umbrel l a they had been promsed, the operati on coul d have beesuccessf ul Nei ther i s there any hi nt that there may have been shocking reasons whythe ai r support was cal l ed off, and no Rockefel l er panel i s l i kel y to bri ng the matterup SEYMOUR HERSHS CHARGES INTHE NEWYORK TIMES that CA snooped i nto the pri vate l i vof di ssenters duri ng the war i n V etnamwe shal l go i nto l ater For the moment i t i si nteresti ng to poi nt out that the campai gn agai nst the Ameri can army i n V etnamwhi chgave M Hersh hi s start was f i nanced by Phi l i p Stern, whose uncl e, as we have menti onwas A fred K Stern, the Sovi et spy But Seymour Hersh s backer hel ped staf f theKennedy State Department and, as Deputy Assi stant Secretary of State, sat on the boardwhi ch pl anned the Bay of Pi gs Phi l i p Stern s top ai de duri ng that peri od was Carl T Rowan, whomStern got appoi nted Drector of the U S I nformati on Agency, j ust as hepushed Seymour Hersh i nto the NewYork Times Thi s l eads to another l i nk between Sterand the dri ves to destroy the arm, the presidency, the bal ance i n House and Senate anthe two val i d securi ty arm of the country, the FB and the-House Internal Securi tyCommttee In J une 1973 the extremely rel i abl e Pari s monthl y, SPECTACLE DU MONDEreported that two days after the Watergate af fai r Ms Cynthi a Helm, wfe of thedi rector of CA, attended a premere i n Washi ngtonwhere she was seated next to CarlT Rowan Woul d you bel i eve i t? the woman, who must have been dri l l ed on what tosay and what not to say, tol d Rowan, They woke my husband up at three i n the morningto tel l himabout a burgl ary. Rowan was smart enough to know that the head of CAwoul d never be routed out of bed over an ordi nary burgl ary i n crime-ri dden WashingtonFromthat moment the machi ne whi ch was to destroy the presi dency by getti ng apresi dent and, i n the aftermath, pack the Senate and House wth f reshmen l i beral s,was i n moti on, wth the resul ts you know The ful l story would f i l l a book Let usfol l ow another trai l whi ch Marchetti and Marks l eave unexpl ored whi l e dwel l i ng on theexamples of dupl i cati on and waste whi ch Marchetti had amassed for hi s expose Marchetexclaim, Then there was Encounter, the magazi ne publ i shed i n Engl and and dedi cated tthe proposi ti on that cul tural achi evement and pol i ti cal f reedomwere i nterdependent Money for both the orchestra s tour (the Boston Symphony i n Pari s) and the magazi ne spubl i cati on came fromthe CA and fewoutsi de of the CAknewabout i t Counti ngon the publ i c s i gnorance, Marchetti boasted, We had pl aced one agent i n a Europe-based organi zati on of i ntel l ectual s cal l ed the Congress of Cul tural Freedom Anotheragent became the edi tor of Encounter The agents coul d not onl y propose anti -communi s

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Page - 6-program to the off i ci al l eaders of the organi zati ons but they coul d al so suggest waysand means to sol ve the i nevi tabl e budgetary probl em . Marchetti and Marks knew thathad they tol d the truth they woul d have destroyed thei r thesis The ENCOUNTER edi torthey were hai l i ng was Mel vin J Lasky, a l eft i st wth a Leni n beard who had workedfor the NEWLEADER the pol i ti cal organ of the Ameri can Federati on of Labor-Congressof I ndustri al Organi zati ons (AFL-CO when Ameri can l abor bosses were usi ng the moneyand power CA gave themto organi ze uni ons abroad whi ch men of thei r choosi ng woul duse as l eft i st parti es George Meany, the boss of AFL-CO wl l himel f admt todaythat the monster uni on of uni ons he and hi s l i eutenants bui l t up in Brussel s i s worsethan a dead l oss Today i t i s i n the red camp As was to be expected, CA used l aboruni ons as i ntel l i gence l i nes and they fed i n propaganda to advance themel ves Marksand Marchetti knewwhat they were doi ng when they gave no detai l s on CA' s London edi twho had moved f romthe AFL-COpol i ti cal organ i n Ameri ca to DERMONAT, the publ i cati oformed to keep the German Chri sti an Democrats out and Wl l y Brandt' s soci al i sts i n i nGermany Fromthere Lasky went to London FromENCOUNTER hi s edi torshi p spread to thpubl i shi ng house, Al cove Press, among whose wi tei rl i s Arnol d Bei chman, the Ameri cantrotskyi st who provided pro-Al geri an ammuni ti on i n the l ate ' 50s for uni ons the communi sts were regimenti ng i n France The cl aimthat Lasky and hi s magazi ne proposed anti -communi st program di storts the facts What they di d propose and support were soci al iprogram whi ch went communi st when they were successful The anti -communi smof Laskyand ENCOUNTER can be j udged by the fact that one of the most vi cious and di shonestattacks on the J ohn B rch Society ever pri nted abroad was publ i shed by Lasky i nENCOUNTER of March 1962 Usi ng materi al taken froma hatchet- j ob book, Inside theJ ohn Bi rch Society, by Gene Grove, ENCOUNTER pi ctured the JBS to Bri ti shers as a neo-Nazi organi zati on wth i ts own Horst Wssel The Congress of Cul tural Freedomi n whi cMarchetti boasted that CA had pl aced an agent to f i ght communi smat cul tural l evel waheaded by M Murray Mndl i n, the edi tor of Pal l Mal l Press, the London subsidi ary ofFrederi ck Praeger, I nc . which publ i shed CA-funded books i n the U S I f a Wshi ngtocommttee were to go down the l i st of books publ i shed by Praeger or i ts London subsi diand determne which had been funded by CA; i t woul d fi nd that not one was to the ri ghof the Soci al i st I nternati onal or i n support of a man or thesi s not bei ng backed by thCFR and the CA Whether the game of the moment was support for a presi dent- for- l i feand hi s one-party systemi n Afri ca, a revol t in an al l y' s col ony or more power for theI nternati onal Confederati on of Free Trade Unions (I CFTU) i n Brussel s, i n the endMoscowprof i ted by i t n excel l ent exampl e of how l ef ti sts, such as Marchetti prai sesmeddl ed i n the affai rs of other countri es and paved the way for communi sm whi l e maki nanti -communi st speeches and working for soci al i sm i s to be found i n the story ofLeo CherneR LEOCHERNE i s a member of CA' s 11-man Forei gn I ntel l i gence Advisory Board anda di rector of such CA fronts as the I nternati onal Rescue Commttee and the sub-frontwhich i t set up in the ' 50s, the Ameri can Fri ends of V etnam Whether as a vocati on oa cover, he is the di rector of the Research Insti tute of Ameri ca and a member ofFreedomHouse M Cherne's constant companion i n the CA fronts he helped to run wasM J oseph Butti nger, the Austri an soci al i st l eader natural i zed Ameri can, whose Praegepubl i shed books never woul d have pai d thei r own way but whi ch M Cherne revi ewed i nthe AFL-COs NEWLEADER i n gl owng term Cherne and Butti nger tal ked, wrote andl obbi ed to sel l moves whi ch anyone but a soci al i st bent on testi ng hi s theori es woul dhave known woul d be di sastrous to V etnam And always i n the name of f i ghti ng commun-i sm Then i n 1958 the game took a new turn, CA' s Forei gn I ntel l i gence advisor, underhi s Research I nsti tute of Ameri ca Drector i denti ty, ran a campaign to get Ameri cani nvestors to put thei r money i n South V etnam On J une 13 1969, a year and a hal fafter the sel ect group of CA professional s and CFRmembers got together at the Harol dPratt House i n NewYork to pl an Ameri ca' s defeat and the di smantl i ng of CA, M ChernResearch I nsti tute of Ameri ca report stated, The Uni ted States sti l l wants a freeSouth V etnamafter the war i s over, but nobody i nWashi ngton tal ks of keepi ng the redout forever, and the message i s bei ng conveyed to North V etnamal ong these l i nes .(To be conti nued)Students 10per year Supporti ng subscri bers 15 per year Extra copi es 30C each H l ai re du Berri er, Correspondent Leda P Rutherford, Managing Edi tor20 B1vd.Pri ncesse Charl otte, Monte Carl o, MONACO P 0 Box 786, St George, Utah 847

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The CIA ProbePart w

By coi nci dence or desi gn, the pattern of attacks on the CIA i sexactl y what i t woul d be were i t the resul t of a master scheme,M Ml es Copel and, the author of The Real Spy Wrl d and othebooks on the CA, decl ared i n the TIMES of London on February25, 1975 Comment i ng on Seymur Hersh, Copel and observed, Agency of f i ci al s concedethat the NewYork Times Seymur Hersh i s mti vated by nothi ng more sini ster than adesi re to get ahead of the Washi ngton Post and wn himel f a Pul i tzer Pri ze, but theythi nk he and others may have been caught up in that master scheme they wl l be tel l i ngthe bl ue ri bbon commssi on and the Congressi onal commttees about .THE MASTER SCHEME Let us take V etnamal one as an example How can one deny thatthere was a master scheme when i n 1954 CA sent i ts man (Colonel Edward Lansdal e) toSai gon to purge the V etnamese arm of experi enced off i cers, destroy the pri vate armewhi ch protected Saigon, Tay Nnh Province and the Mekong del ta and toppl e the throne,the sol e catal yst of stabi l i ty i n the country wth the gl i b assurance that there wasno threat f romthe north, but onl y f romcol oni al i sts hopi ng to stage a comeback (H s Maj esty Bao Dai , speaking of the ki l l i ng of anti -communi st s and the sabotagi ngof every nati ve anti -communi st force i n South V etnamwhen the enem was gatheri ngstrength for the next phase, tol d your correspondent, I f your country had gi ven mea thousandth of what i t spent to depose me, I coul d have won that war .How can one doubt for a mnute that there was a master scheme, when Senator MkeMansf i el d urged the ground-clearers for communi smto go further and mve, faster whenthey were pul l i ng out the underpi nni ngs? (See Mansf i el d s art i cl e i n HARPER S ofJ anuary 1956. Then, i n February 1975, when Southeast Asia was about to fal l becausethe props that were there when Ameri ca went i n had been remved, the beni gn-appeari ngSenate maj ori ty l eader sai d, I am si ck and ti red of seei ng pi ctures of Cambodi an andV etnamese women and chi l dren bei ng sl aughtered by Ameri can guns and Ameri can ammuni -ti on The more aid we gi ve the more ki l l i ngs there wl l be.What el se but a master scheme coul d have put Angi er Bi ddl e Duke, Leo Cherne and J osephButti nger of the Soci al i st I nternati onal at the head of Ameri can Fri ends of V etnamthe CIA l obby whi ch hoodwnked Ameri ca by saying vi ctory was thei r ai m , whi l e every-thi ng they di d made communi st vi ctory i nevi tabl e? Then, when South V etnamwas doomedbeyond hope, we see Angi er Bi ddl e Duke appointed ambassador to Spai n, where destruc-ti on of the Franco government and Caetano i n Portugal was the next obj ecti ve of CIAand i ts l abor uni on fronts We see C A s Leo Cherne announci ng i n hi s Conf i denti alreport of J une 13 1969, that nobody tal ks of keepi ng the reds out forever I nstead,of f i ci al s say Sai gon must be i ndependent for three to fi ve years The message i sbei ng conveyed to North V etnamal ong these l i nes .Coul d anythi ng but a master scheme have put the whol e i ntel l i gence setup of Ameri ca i nHenry Ki ssi nger s hands and gi ven himthe j ob of concl udi ng the sel l out when, accord-

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i e -2-i ng to hi s fri end and fel l owCFR member, J oseph C Harsch, ( i n hi s syndi cated col umnof December 5 1968) Ki ssi nger was one of the fi rst among top experts to concludethat ml i tary vi ctory i n V etnami s nei ther possibl e nor desi rabl e? (Emphasi s ours)When di d K ssi nger deci de that vi ctory was nei ther possi bl e nor desi rabl e? Was i taround 1960, when Vu van Thai , the Hanoi i nf i l trator to whomEl l sberg gave a set of

admt that fromthe day i n October 1969 when Seymour Hersh s spy i n the Pentagonl eaked him the story of the wpi ng out of the ci vi l i an screen which the 48th V etcongBattal i on had l eft i n My Lai , Hersh s i ntenti ons were never anythi ng but si ni ster They were : To destroy the army, the Presi dent, the system conservati ve congressmen,agencies that i nvesti gate subversi on and eventual l y Ameri ca, i n that order Hershdi d not need the Pul i tzer Pri ze He al ready had i t for hi s My Lai campai gn agai nstthe army Forget M Copel and s i ndul gence towards M Hersh and that l ef t whi ch theFrench wi ter Charl es Sai nt-Prot descri bed as the fi rst echel on of subversi on, al eft whi ch enabl es subversi on to gai n ground and hasten the paral l el decomposi ti onof nati ons . The i mportant thi ng i s that Copeland uses the word master scheme, whi chi s to say conspi racyMLES COPELAND 58 YEARS OLDAND A NATI VE OF BIRMNGHAM ALABAMA was i n OSS duri ngWorl d War I I When Ameri can agents l aunched the anti -col oni al i st dri ve agai nst Francei n Syri a, Copeland was there as a U S vi ce consul By 1950 Copeland was an advi sorto CIA, and after the fal l of K ng Farouk he gave Nasser 3 ml l i on i n unvoucheredfunds Nasser showed hi s contempt by usi ng the taxpayers money to bui l d a usel esstower Between J ul y 1955 when the CIA-encouraged revol t was gai ni ng momentum i nA geri a and l ate 1956 when Ameri ca l i ned up wth the Russi ans at the ti me of Suez,Copeland was i n Washi ngton, advi si ng CIA and the government on North Afri ca and theMddl e East Hs work unti l 1957, he says, was wth the CIA consul tant f i rmof Booz,Al l en and Haml ton, whose empl oyees were sti l l i n Al geri an government off i ces andstate-run companies fourteen years l ater Thi rty-some revol uti onary groups and anunknown number of wanted hi j ackers were bei ng supported by the government Copel and sol d f i rmwas maki ng ef f i ci ent whi l e Al geri ans whomCIA educated i n Ameri ca duri ngthe 50s and 60s provided l i ai son between government and terrori sts By then Copel and and former CIA agent Kermt Roosevel t, of whommore l ater, had formeda consul tant f i rm i n London There Copel and, through hi s books and l etters to theTIMES, establ i shed a reputati on as an authori ty on CIA and thi ngs Ameri can When thepresent Wnston Churchi l l , member of Parl i ament for Stretford, descri bed hi mi n wordswhi ch meant and were understood to mean that the pl ai nti f f was, or had been employedby the Central I ntel l i gence Agency as a spy, Copeland sued hi mfor l i bel However,i n The Real Spy Worl d, Copel and descri bes himel f as a founder of the CIA and oneof the ori gi nal experts on recrui ti ng and organi zi ng sp es Copeland gave hi s reasonsi n the London TIMES of February 25 Why the CIA wl l Tel l the Truth to V ce-Presi dentRockefel l er s Commssi on .THE PRESIDENT S BLUE RIBBONCOMMSSIONwl l be unabl e to provi de f i ndi ngs acceptabl e

to the Congressmen and crusadi ng j ournal i sts who are attacki ng the CIA, Copelanddecl ared, because by hi s standards, sai d commssi on has on i t no champion of ci vi ll i berti es and i s composed exclusi vel y of seni or ci ti zens whose di screti on and i n-tegri ty are above questi on Agency members and al umni wl l tel l the truth. Headi ngthi s reposi tory of i ntegri ty, wth no bi as towards ci vi l l i berti es, was NelsonRockefel l er, whose pol i ti cal career to date has been based on apol ogi zi ng for wealthby courti ng have-nots Braden, the man who made CIA a champion of l efti sm wasRockefel l er s protege, si nce Rockefel l er hel ped hi macqui re a paper The Counci l on

the Pentagon Papers, was at Harvard? But we are getti ng ahead of the matter at hand Let us go back to Ml es Copel and Certai nl y, there i s a master scheme, but i t i s not the one Copeland and hi s f ri endsi n Langl ey are l i kel y to be tel l i ng the bl ue ri bbon commssi on and the Congressi onalcommttees about . Copeland and hi s f ri ends are st i l l too commtted to the myth thatthe f i ght agai nst communi smmust be fought by the non-communi st l ef t They cannot

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Page - 3-Forei gn Rel ati ons, whi ch was a decidi ng factor i n drawng Ameri ca i nto Vi etnam i sdomnated by Davi d Rockefel l er and hi s faml y Therefore the vi ce presi dent i s nodi si nterested thi rd party i n a sensati onal sequel to Watergate deci ded upon at a CFRmeeti ng as far back as J anuary 1968, wth R chard Bi ssel l , the CA man who pl annedthe Bay of Pi gs f i asco, doi ng the tal ki ng Before the i nvesti gati on got started, theNewYork Times of J anuary 27 quoted Rockefel l er as saying he bel i eved the i nvesti -gati ve commssi on woul d fi nd the C A had vi ol ated i ts charter by undertaking acti vi ti eswthi n the U S . Newsweek of February 10 reported that Rockefel l er had tol d TV i nter-viewers, I thi nk we are goi ng to f i nd the answer i s yes to charges that the C Aexceeded i ts authori ty by conducti ng domesti c survei l l ance. I t was a heaven-sentopportuni ty for pol i ti ci ans, and Rocky was putti ng himel f on record as f i ndi ng thecul pri t gui l ty i n advance Such a verdi ct automati cal l y paves the way for throwngout any evi dence l i nki ng anti -war di ssenters i n Ameri ca wth KGB-di rected organi za-ti ons abroad, on grounds that i t never shoul d have been compi l edSi nce the pri nci pal charge was that C A had conducted a massi ve, i l l egal domesti ci ntel l i gence operati on, accordi ng to Newsweek of J anuary 6, agai nst the anti -Vi etnamwar movement and other di ssi dent groups wthi n the U S. , any pol i ti ci an whogot on the bandwagon had an i nstant arm behi nd him On a pl atter for any demagoguewas a force that had been powerful enough to di srupt uni versi ti es and run LBJ out ofbusi ness Even the three non-CFR members of the ei ght-man panel coul d not fai l tosee what such support was worth i n a pre-el ecti on year Ronald Reagan' s presence wasa sop to Republ i cans and non-l efti sts wthout representi ng a threat to the sevenstacked agai nst him After Reagan came General Lyman L Lemnitzer (CFR) and C Dougl asDl l on, the CFR member who was at the Pratt House i n NewYork on J anuary 8, 1968, whenRobert Bi ssel l , of CA, started the creepi ng campai gn whi ch was to l ead to the commssion on whi ch D l l on was si tt i ng H du B Report, February 1975)J oseph Lane Ki rkl and, CFRmember and secretary of the AFL-C O was i n the l i neup,embarrassed not at al l by the fact that he would be mouthing a pi ous opi ni on onwhether C A had meddled i n the i nternal affai rs of other nati ons He, whose monsterconfederati on had sent money and agents al l over the worl d, undermning governmentsand sowng revol ts when l abor l eaders were usi ng thei r connecti on wth CA to hel pl eaders i nto pol i ti cal power FromPortugal to Bl ack Afri ca communi sts had reaped thefrui t Erwn N Gri swol d, the Harvard professor and former Department of J usti ceoff i ci al was there, the man who taught subversi ves the use of the Fi fth Amendment whencornered by congressi onal commttees Representi ng the uni versi ty l eft was Edgar F Shannon, J r . formerl y of the Uni versi ty of Vi rgi ni a fol l owed by panel member No 8 CFR man J ohn T OConnor Every campus ri oter and pro-Hanoi TV commentator i n thecountry coul d be counted upon to campai gn for pol i ti ci ans wl l i ng to hound any agencyaccused of watchi ng them and the House and Senate l ost no time i n j oi ni ng the chaseI t i s i nteresti ng, however, that no one charged the C A wth domesti c survei l l ancepri or to the l ate 60' s CA SURVEI LLANCE WTHNTHE U S J oe Kraft wote on J anuary 10 Hard as i t may befor Nxon-haters to bel i eve, i t seem to have been the admni strati on of Lyndon J ohnsonwhi ch i ni ti ated the CA impropri eti es now i n questi on. The London Sunday Tel egraph' sWashington correspondent wote of domesti c survei l l ance on J anuary 5 I t was be-l i eved to have started when vi ol ent anti -war groups and other di ssi dents such as theBl ack Panther organi zati on were suspected of havi ng connecti ons wth forei gn i ntel -l i gence organi zati ons . ---suspected of havi ng connecti ons Every i nvesti gati veagent l oyal to the West knew that the anti -war groups i n Ameri ca were worked by themost effi ci ent subversi on machine the worl d has ever seen When SamBrown boasted atthe time of hi s Vi etnamMoratori umthat al l he had to do was pi ck up the telephoneand hi s l i eutenants woul d knowwhat to do, i t was because Sams l i eutenants had ex-pert guidance (other than Ameri can) behi nd them The same i s true of al l the movementsthat worked for Hanoi vi ctory i n the name of peace For the moment l et us sti ck to the matter of the date whi ch pol i ti cal demagogues, the

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Page 4-press, and CIA i tsel f consi dered safe We don t want a gestapo, Newsweek of J anuary6 quoted a congressman as sayi ng when i t became clear that watchi ng pro-Hanoi sub-versi ves was to be consi dered a crime The Associated Press on J anuary 16 reportedR chard Helm statement that The CA became i nvol ved i n domesti c counter- i ntel -l i gence duri ng the 1960s . I f the CA watched and compi l ed fi l es on the anti -wardi ssenters boosti ng Hanoi moral e, there i s no evi dence that any effecti ve measureswere taken agai nst them On the other hand, since the md-50s, CA had hounded,f ramed and attempted to bar fromtravel those who opposed CIAmoves which cleared theway for communi st vi ctori es and massacres THE TESTING GROUNDWAS CALLEDA SHOWCASE FOR DEMOCRACY, when CA was destroyi ng evernati ve barri er to communi smi n South V etnam whether through i nfatuati on wth l eft -i smor as part of a master scheme For the moment l et us consi der the si l enci ngoperati on phase i n Ameri ca I n 1956 a Vi etnamese named Huynh sanh Thong was teachi ngi n the Forei gn Servi ce I nsti tute s School of Languages i n Washi ngton Thong wrotel etters to the Chri sti an Sci ence Moni tor and the Washi ngton Post, tel l i ng howand whyAmeri ca was headi ng for a blowup i n South Vi etnam CA got himf i red Thong thengot a j ob wth News of the Day, i n NewYork, not knowng that i t had a ti e-i n wthCA He was di smssed a fewdays before Chri stmas Thong gave themno more troubl eHs wfe had come i nto the country as a student and i f he di d any more wri ti ng, outshe woul d go Bernard Fal l , the author of Street wthout J oy, who was ki l l ed i n Vi etnami nFebruary 1967, was working i n Washi ngton as an advisor on Cambodi a, wth the I nter-nati onal Cooperati on Admni strati on, i n the l ate 50 s Fal l wanted vi ctory i n Vi etnamand began wri ti ng art i cl es on red subversi on there, wth the warni ng that Ameri ca wasremoving the barri ers that hel d back the reds CA retal i ated by getti ng himdi s-mssed Letters on Ameri can Fri ends of Vi etnamstati onery, paper of the sub-f rontset up by the CA s I nternati onal Rescue Commttee, whi ch Angi er B ddl e Duke, LeoCherne and the i nternati onal soci al i st, J oseph Butti nger, were runni ng, began pouri ngi nto government off i ces cal l i ng for Fal l s expul si on f romthe country None of thesemen has ever cal l ed for the deportati on of an al i en red The orchestrated l etterscharged that Fal l had been a col oni al sol di er and shot V etnamese, whi ch shoul d havemade hima hero, si nce the Vi etnamese shot by col oni al sol di ers were enemes of theVi etnamwhi ch Duke, Cherne and Butti nger were supposed to be befri endi ngFal l had not been a sol di er he had been i n I ndo-Chi na as a Ph. D candi date on a fundf roman Ameri can uni versi ty In 1959 Fal l l anded an assi gnment to do a report on redsubversi on i n South V etnam Laos, Thai l and and Mal aya for SEATO Once more CIA gothimsacked By that time he was desperate and ready for the l eft s hel pi ng hand I n1961 Rockefel l er Foundati on gave hima grant and sent himto North Vi etnamand Cambodifor a year Ho chi Mnh and Phamvan Dong recei ved him and he never agai n cal l ed forvi ctory i n South Vi etnam Nor di d CA gi ve himany more troubl e Fal l was on hi s wayup, thanks to the master scheme the exi stence of whi ch Ml es Copeland i s begi nni ng toaccept After Fal l was ki l l ed, hi s post-1961 wri ti ngs became arguments for what theenemy wanted, whether bombi ng hal ts or safe havens for the enemy i n Cambodi a What hewrote pri or to 1961 was conveni entl y forgotten Huynh sanh Thong was a Vi etnamese andFal l was French, but both were ci vi l i ans and thei r harassment by CA was domesti c,over warnings whi ch time was to prove val i d And Fal l became a recogni zed authori tyof the uni versi ty l ef t and the medi a after he became pro-Hanoi My own experi ence wth CA s i l l egal acti vi ti es i n Ameri ca started i n February, 1957,and over the next thi rteen years woul d f i l l a book A f ri end named Sam who had aj ob wth CA i nvi ted me to stay at hi s pl ace whi l e I was i n Washi ngton Samwas al i keabl e fel l ow hi red not because of previ ous experi ence but because he had none andcoul d be formed by the Agency Though sti l l opposi ng CA s di smantl i ng of the tradi -ti onal anti -communi st props and barri ers i n V etnam I was i nterested at the time i nwri ti ng a report on a huge arm deal bei ng negoti ated i n NewYork between a Brooklyn

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Page 5-deal er named Al Boyle and the Al geri ans, wth Hubert J ul i an, the Bl ack Eagl e ofHarl em tryi ng to edge i n No one had ever turned the spotl i ght on where the Al geri anwere getti ng thei r money and howarm purchased i n Ameri ca were del i vered to terrori stmurderi ng ci vi l i ans and Ameri ca s NATOal l i es Consequentl y, I made several tel ephonecal l s to a NewYork busi nesswoman who was an associate u Boyl e s, to f i nd out how theAl geri an deal was progressi ng Years l ater I l earned that Samhad l et me use hi sapartment so C A coul d bug the tel ephone and - i n pl ai n l anguage try to f rame me byf i l i ng reports that H du had been phoni ng NewYork in an attempt to buy arm forAmeri ca s enemes i n South V etnam At the time no organi zed opposi ti on exi sted i nV etnam and such opponents whomthe CIA-supported l eaders had not ki l l ed or dri venabroad coul d not have bought enough guns for a ti ger-hunt No one l i steni ng to thetwo tel ephone cal l s f romSams Georgetown apartment coul d possibl y have mstakenqueri es on the Al geri an deal for a request for arm for an opposi ti on party i n SouthVi etnam These are three exampl es of CI A harassment i n Ameri ca whi l e CI A s Lansdal ewas bei ng made a general , Deputy-Assi stant Secretary of Defense and recipi ent of theDsti ngui shed Servi ce Medal for destroyi ng the bulwarks agai nst communi smi n Vi etnamThere were others, for C A was never more a pri vate cl ub than i n the manner i n whichi ts members cl osed ranks to si l ence cri ti cs I f l ater C A was to operate i l l egal l yby goi ng through the moti ons of domesti c survei l l ance, the Agency s l ack of sur-vei l l ance and acti on abroad bordered on treason

THE CRUSADE AGAINST LOYALTY TONATION A European i ntel l i gence anal yst once wonderedi f CI A s crusade agai nst western col oni al i smi nstead of Russi an, wth agents operati ngi n nati ons and thei r col oni es through l abor uni ons and students, mght not be part ofa l arger conspi racy Stri pped of thei r col oni es the four key-nati ons of NATO Bri taiFrance, Bel gi umand Hol l and woul d no l onger be vi abl e Thi s woul d l eave thei rpol i ti ci ans no al ternati ve but to rel i nqui sh nati onal soverei gnty to the super-statewhich the CFR, Pri nce Bernhard s Bi l derberg group, Henry Cabot Lodge s Atl anti cI nsti tute and others were pushi ng, i f they wanted to retai n a vesti ge of l ocal power Si nce the super state desi gned to repl ace nati ons wl l be soci al i st and neutral i st,the theory i s advanced that France s acceptance of defeat i n Al geri a and Ameri ca i nVi etnamwas necessary for the removal of nati onal l oyal ti es Wthi n weeks of theoutbreak of the Al geri an war, C A sent a Yal e graduate named David Thoenen to Lei den,Hol l and, on a schol arshi p to work wth the I nternati onal Students Conference (ISC)which had become a central of f i ce for students uni ons i n the West Students were tobe the newprol etari at which woul d shake governments i n the streets (I n 1964 an I SCdel egate was at West Poi nt, sponsored by Pri nce Bernhard and Averel l Harriman, for aStudent Conference on U S affai rs at a time when anti -ml i tari smwas bei ngmade astudent theme i n Ameri ca Af ter sendi ng Thoenen to Hol l and, C A sel ected a pro-red f romLafayette, I ndi ana, nameRobert Backoff to represent the Uni ted States Nati onal Students Associati on (USNSA)i n Pari s and serve as l i ai son between the Ameri can Associati on and the communist-di rected Nati onal Uni on of French Students Af ter the war i n Al geri a the next targetbecame Ameri ca A fewneworgani zati ons were born and some of the others changed theinames but the l i nes to Ameri ca were al ready i n pl aceI T WAS OPERATION SALAM AMONGNATI ONS wth Ameri ca to be the fi nal sl i ce The samestudent organi zati ons and l abor uni ons i nto whicn C A had poured money i n the 50s forthe defeat of France i n Al geri a took up the cause of Hanoi i n the 60s By that timeThoenen, whomCI A had sent to the ISC i n Lei den, had been transferred to Sai gon Outof the secretari at of the WORLD CONGRESS OF PEACE (WCP) i n V enna poured di recti veswhich the I nternati onal I nsti tute of Peace (I I P), a psychol ogi cal warfare armof theSoviet Union, beamed to a veri tabl e spi ders web of movements working agai nst Ameri caI n the of f i ces of the Ameri can Fri ends Servi ce Commttee, i n Pari s, a man who cal l edhimel f M Cook ran a dri ve which netted himsome 300 deserters fromthe Ameri canArmy I n 1957, under the name of Thomas Schwaetzer, the name he took when he natural -

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Page 6-i zed himel f Ameri can, Cook was spreadi ng deserti on and i nsubordi nati on i n the FrenchArmy Cal l i ng himel f Wl l i amRoy Cook, Poncho Peterson, Max Wtts, Tommy Stevens orJ oseph Lei bowtz, wth a passport for each name, Schwaetzer and hi s teamof Germanand Ameri can reds have pl anted cel l s i n Ameri ca's bases i n Germany CIA shoul d not onlhave organi zed couAter-movements against these agents and organi zati ons whi ch wthCI A' s unl imted funds would have been simpl e, but the f l ock of young revol uti onari escarryi ng i nstructi ons back and forth across the Atl anti c on youth fare ti ckets shoul dhave been watched Thi s was CI A' s busi ness Had they been watched and thei r acti vi ti eestabl i shed as agents, consci ous or otherwse, of an enemy psychologi cal warfare opera-ti on, newspaper after newspaper woul d not have been abl e to report i n February 1975that CIA survei l l ance of Ameri cans had been set up to determne whether peace movementsi n Ameri ca had ti es wth Sovi et-di rected movements abroad and that no such l i nks hadbeen di scovered Paral l el wth the furor over CIA survei l l ance of Ameri cans at home,which, i f i t exi sted, had no posi ti ve effects, charges were l aunched that the FBI hadexceeded i ts bounds by del vi ng i n i ntel l i gence abroad THE FBI OUTSI DE AMERICA The best way to expl ai n howsuch charges came about i s to goi nto the story of Roger Hol ei ndre as an exampl e Hol ei ndre had fought reds for ni neyears i n I ndo-Chi na i n the French Army Outraged by the campai gn against Ameri ca heorgani zed TheFrench Associati on For the Support of South V etnam whi ch at thesame time was an associ ati on to support Ameri ca When a l eft i st mob smashed up thecenter he had rented and broke the f i lmproj ector, Hol ei ndre went to the Ameri canembassy wth i nformati on on the anti -Ameri can movement and a request for the l oan ofa proj ector After some evasi on he was passed on t o a CIA offi cer who i nformed himthat hi s orderswere to hve nothi ng to do wth organi zati ons on the ri ght I n other words, CIA re-cei ved i nformati on fromand worked onl y wth organi zati ons fromwhi ch the anti -warmovements drew thei r recrui ts I n time onl y the FBI came to have securi ty cl earance i n the mnds of those concernedwth the fate of Ameri ca and the Wst Si nce CI Awoul d not wel come i nformants whowere above suspi cion, the al ternati ve was to go to the l egal offi cer i n the Ameri canembassy Usual l y, he was fromthe FBI FBI men abroad di d not seek i ntel l i genceacti vi ty such acti vi ty was forced upon thembecause CIAwoul d not do i ts j ob I fthe FBI agent di d not accept i nformati on, every European wel l -pl aced enough to havei nformati on worth recordi ng knewthat no one el se was goi ng to Some mght cal l i t part of a master scheme No one can deny i t i s why the FBI , whi chAmeri ca knew i s bei ng destroyed

To our subscri bers : Address domesti c busi ness to H du REPORTS, P 0 Box 786,St George, Utah 84770 Address forei gn correspondence to H l ai re du Berri er, 20Bl vd Pri ncesse Charl otte, Monte Carl o, Pri nci pal i ty of MONACOStudents 10per year Supporti ng subscri bers 15 per year Extra copi es 30 each

H l ai re du Berri er, Correspondent Leda P Rutherford, Managing Edi tor

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f I E R RPARIS VOLUME XI I I - LETTER 1 - APRI L, 1975

FOREIGNAFFAI RS LETTER uREPORTSThe : I A ProbePart Thr ee

The Al l ende regime di ed of i ts own errors, of i ts i ncapaci ti es,of i ts l oud tal k and not because of any bl ack conspi racy of theC A The peopl e had l ost fai th and that was al l , J ean-EdernHal l i er, the di si l l usi oned French communist, wrote af ter a vi si tto Chi l e Nevertheless Ameri ca s l ef ti st medi a and the newRepresentati ves whomVal eurs Actuel l es the Pari s economc weekl y, descri bed as havi ng come strai ght f romthe anti -war-i n-Vi etnambarri cades to the benches of Congress, screamed that CA hadworked agai nst Al l ende i n Chi l e and had meddled i n Iran by f rustrati ng Mossadegh i n1953 Chi l e and I ran, where the l osers were marxi sts, were the examples the bai tersharped on In the case of I ran, General Hassan Arfa, author of the book, Under Fi veShahs, states that C A s agent, KimRoosevel t, had nothi ng to do wth savi ng thethrone ; that Mossadegh was toppl ed by l oyal uni ts of the I rani an army, after whi ch thevi ctory was turned i nto a vast publ i ci ty campaign to convi nce Ameri cans that the agencywhi ch shoul d have been secret, was on the j ob i n the worl d s far corners, and wnni ng Had i deol ogy, not oi l , been the deci di ng factor, there would have been no pretense ofsupport for the Shah, for throughout i ts three decades of hi story, f romOSS to thepresent, CA has been anti -monarchi st The destructi on of monarchi es i n the name ofdemocracy and anti -communi st governments under charges of bei ng extremst has beenthe l ei tmoti f of CA meddl i ng i n the i nternal af fai rs of col oni es and nati ons, wth noword of di sapproval f romthe Washington Post and the NewYork Times MEDDLINGTO ADVANCE THE LEFT WAS ALWAYS APPROVED In hi s memoi rs deal i ng wth I tal y swthdrawal f romthe Axi s, Wnston Churchi l l wrote of the struggl e agai nst Roosevel t sobsti nate determnati on to sweep the I tal i an tabl e cl ean and oust the K ng at once,wth no l eader or government on hand to repl ace him and the war far f romwon R HarrSmth, i n OSS - The Secret Hstory of Ameri ca s Fi rst Central I ntel l i gence Agency,tel l s howOSS agents were pl ott i ng wth reds to undermne the governments of Spai n andPortugal as wel l as I tal y l ong before the arrest of Mussol i ni on Jul y 23 1943 Hequotes an Ofi ce of War I nformati on broadcast announci ng the formati on of a new govern-ment i n I tal y by the moroni c l i t t le K ng. To OSS, as wth CA, no crowned head wasgood, and the onl y use of a monarchy was as a provi ng ground for l efti st i deas sol d asdemocrati c .On June 2 1946, as a resul t of a referendumi n whi ch I tal i an-speaki ng Ameri cans hadbeen sent to I tal y to campai gn agai nst the Ki ng and Ameri can Of i ce of War I nformati onsound-trucks bl ared propaganda agai nst the throne, I tal y was proclaimed a republ i c OSS and I tal i an reds arranged for the voti ng to take pl ace before the I tal i an Army,whi ch was l argel y monarchi st , was demobi l i zed The army had no vote Wth the destructi on of the tradi ti onal formof government I tal y sl i d progressi vel y l ef tward OSS andl ater CA j usti f i ed Ameri can meddl i ng i n a purel y i nternal I tal i anmatter on groundsthat K ng V ctor Emmanuel I I I bowed supi nel y to Mussol i ni Had he not yi el ded beforethe B ack Shi rt march on Rome, Ameri can l i beral s at the ti me would have denounced himfor opposi ng the wl l of the peopl e

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Page - 2-One week after the vi ctory of OSS l eft i sts i n I tal y, the ki ng of Thai l and was assas-si nated by Pri di Panomyang, a Thai OSS agent whose code name i n the Donovan organi za-ti on was Ruth. OSS off i cers f l ew to Washi ngton to seek support for Pri di ' s sei zureof power, but fai l ed, and Pri di took refuge i n red Chi na C A ACTION I N MOROCCO Labor uni ons were the favori te armfor C Ameddl i ng i n thei nternal affai rs of nati ons i n Afri ca and Europe, and as determned a teamof spoi l ersas ever encouragedmassacres i f they woul d sweep statesmen out of power and l aboragi tators i n,were the agents I t was the worl d' s msfortune that the weight of themost powerful i ntel l i gence body on earth - - money-wse -- was behi nd them I rvi ngBrown and hi s teammate, J ay Lovestone, were abl e to weak the havoc they di d becauseC A had been conned i nto thi nki ng that l abor l eaders woul d hel p C A and Ameri ca I nstead, they used C A to hel p l abor i nto pol i ti cal power abroad Unti l March 1962Brown was Ameri can l abor' s i ti nerant troubl e-maker whi l e Lovestone regimented votesi n UN On March 29 1962, Brown became Ameri can l abor' s representati ve to theI nternati onal Confederati on of Free Trade Unions (I CFTU) i n Brussel s, and the I CFTU srepresentati ve i n UN and Lovestone took over the forei gn affai rs department of theAmeri can Federati on of Labor-Congress of I ndustri al Organi zati ons (AFL-CO Wth one hand Brown l i ned up the have-nots i n UNand wth the other strengthened thegri p of the monster uni on-of-uni ons i n Brussel s - which today i s i n the red camp Hereached i nto France' s i nternal aff ai rs through the uni on, Force Ouvri ere (FO, whichin turn cal l ed on other uni ons for labor sol i dari ty, whi l e the combi nati on l obbyand pamphleteeri ng organi zati on,FRANCE-USA, funded by Ameri can l abor and the U S embassy, ran a personal i tycul t campaign i n prai se of Brown which ri val ed Stal i n' s The man Brown and C A pi cked to head the Moroccan Republ i c they were goi ng to createwas a shoddy character named Mehdi Ben Barka, who woul d never have been more than acoffee-house pol i ti ci an on hi s own By wafti ng himto Washi ngton for newsworthymeeti ngs wth Eisenhower, and usi ng TIME-LIFE as publ i ci ty organs, the bui l d-up ofBen Barka grew I n August 1953, however, an opportuni ty presented i tsel f to use theMoroccan throne to weaken the government i n France, condemned by l efti st standards ascol oni al i st France had exi l ed the Sul tan Mohammed, fi rst to Corsi ca and then toMadagascar, and put Sul tan Ben Arafa on hi s throne Uni oni zed workers regimented bythe uni on C A and Brown had set up were thrown i nto Moroccan streets, carryi ng Sul tanMohammed' s pi cture and clamori ng for hi s return I t cost a l ot of money to get the brother- i n- l awof the French PrimeMni ster, EdgarFaure, to become the ex-Sul tan' s l awyer and arrange for Mohammed to come back andBen Arafa to be deposed Communicati ons wth Mohammed were passed through I ndi a' srepresentati ve i n Madagascar and, since the exi l ed Sul tan di d not have l arge sum onhand, funds were advanced by the weal thy Margaret Bddl e, i n Pari s I n creati ngtroubl ed waters i nto which to fi sh i n other countri es, C A often used weal thy peopl e,or those who coul d be made to appear weal thy, as pay-masters. When the Europeanend of the campaign to undermne Hs Maj esty Bao Dai i n V etnamwas underway, KennethTabor Ri pl ey' s cover, whi l e taki ng the l i cense numbers of al l cars arri vi ng at theEmperor' s home i n Cannes and subverti ng the Emperor' s couri ers, was that he wasmarri edto a weal thy wfe. Ms B ddl e had other reasons for securi ng Sul tanMohammed' s grati tude 24 of the capi tal of Zel i dj a mne i n Morocco, the ri chest zincmne i n the worl d, belonged to Newown Mni ng Corporati on, and Newown belonged to MsB ddl e When the wave of confi scati ons started, Zel i dj a was never touched Everythi nwent as pl anned Sul tan Ben Arafa abdi cated on October 30 1955, i n favor of Sul tanMohammed A convenient l ul l fol l owed before the C A-l abor orchestrated dri ve startedagai nst feudal i sm at the top of whi ch was the throne Onl y the timel y assassinati oof C A' s pawn, Ben Barka, i n Pari s on October 29, 1965, as he was about to l eave forHavana to set up the communi st terrori st organi zati on, the Tri conti nental , savedMorocco for the time bei ng

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Page - 3-EMPEROR-TOPPLING INVIETNAM I n The CIA and the Cul t of I ntel l i gence, V ctorMarchetti and J ohn D Marks boast of howEdward Lansdal e ri gged the referendumwhichdeposed the Emperor Bao Dai i n 1955 I t was an unpardonabl e act of hi gh-handedness,but CA Senator Mke Mansf i el d, Ameri can l abor and a handful of Counci l on Forei gnRel ati ons (CFR) acti vi sts were determned that they woul d deci de who was going to runSouth V etnamunti l i t was tim to l et the reds take over through a war which Ameri caconstantl y assured the enem she di d not i ntend to wn Awave of anti -Bao Dai propaganda f l ooded Ameri ca, pi cturi ng destructi on of the throne as a vi ctory for demcracyCol l i ers Magazi ne of September 30 1955, carri ed a feature story by Davi d Schoenbrun,CBS tel evi si on s bureau chi ef i n Pari s, warning that the V etmnh had been i n touchwth the Emperor and that i f he were not deposed he mght hel p the reds Beati ng hi schest wth mck anti -communi st fervor, Schoenbrun decl ared that Bao Dai not onl y hadto be remved but must be remved i n such a way that he no l onger has any useful nessas a symbol of V etnamese uni tyA l the usual names were i n on the act CA s Margaret B ddl e, busi l y weakeni ng thegovernments of France and Morocco by toppl i ng one sul tan and i nstal l i ng another whi l eCA s l abor f ront was groomng a President, was runni ng Col l i ers Pari s of f i ce Schoenbrun, whose CBS documentari es l ater extol l ed the A geri an FLN was amng thepri nci pal TV and press commentators consi dered l i nked to CA Less than a mnth af terSchoenbrun s hatchet- j ob was publ i shed i n Col l i ers, Bao Dai was deposed, and a weekl ater Sul tan Ben Arafa was forced to abdi cate i n Morocco Secretl y Schoenbrun musthave hel d hi s sides wth l aughter as he conned the yokel s i nto thi nki ng that destroi ng the Emperor Ho chi Mnh wanted remved was a step ahead for demcracy Twel veyears l ater, i n 1967, Ho chi Mnh gave Schoenbrun and his wfe a trip to Hanoi , afterwhi ch Dave threwof f the mask and, i n hi s book V etnam - Howwe got i n How to getout, tol d howHo chi Mnh had been hi s cl ose fri end si nce 1946, i n Pari s, when hei nvi ted Ho to hi s home for di nner Nei ther side can wn a ml i tary vi ctor, Schoenbrun wote for the edi f i cati on of theanti -war demnstrators he was to harangue i n uni versi ti es and col l eges No l i ne wasmre di shonest than the CIA-CFR theme which l ef ti st professors passed on as educati onnamel y, that nei ther side coul d wn a ml i tary vi ctory By maki ng no-wni sma pol i cythey imposed defeat on the arm that coul d have won, and assured vi ctory for Hanoi

South V etnamese mral e was destroyed and when the debacl e cam, our Schoenbruns andMke Mansfi el ds and Edward Lansdales had won By a strange coi nci dence, at the verymment when South V etnamcol l apsed, a book by a French l i eutenant named Erwan Bergot,who had been a pri soner at Den B en Phu, appeared i n France I n The Forgotten HeroeBergot cal l ed Lansdal e Ho chi Mnh s Pygmal i on . The Ameri can press had never broughup the fact that CA s evi l genius i n V etnamgot hi s start wth Ho chi Mnh, or thatthe French had barred himf romIndo-Chi na i n l ate 1950 Agai nst the background ofthose years and at the mment of South V etnams retreat i n pani c wth mass ki l l i ngsof ci vi l i ans by advancing reds, Bergot tol d howLansdal e had purged the V etnamesearm of experi enced of f i cers, destroyed the anti -communi st nati ve ml i ti as and pri vateprovi ncial armes, and toppl ed the Emperor to whomSai gon of f i ci al s appeal ed for hel pi n Apri l 1975, when i t was too l ate By that ti m, A l en Dul l es personal representati ve to Sai gon was far away, andAmeri cans had forgotten that f rom1954 onward he j usti f i ed every step of hi s di smantl iof South V etnamby sayi ng there was no threat f romthe north, that the menace was f rothe di rty col oni al i sts tryi ng to stage a comeback statement no i ntel l i gent orhonest edi tor woul d have repeatedINTUNSIA as i n Morocco, the revol uti onary sel ected to repl ace the heredi tary Beywas l abor s man Tuni si a was i n I rvi ng Brown s terri tory and Habi b Bourgui ba was thef i nd he and CAwafted to San Francisco to an AFL-CO conventi on i n September 1951,for a l ef ti st press to sel l to Ameri ca Labor and CIA having deci ded that Tuni sia was

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Page - 4-goi ng to have Bourgui ba, come tophet or hi gh water, I rvi ng Brown and J ay Lovestoneappl i ed pressure through French uni ons, and on J ul y 30, 1954, Pi erre Mendes-France,the soci al i st, granted Tuni si a i nternal autonomy A fewweeks earl i er Mendes-Francehad betrayed the Montagnard al l i es who control l ed four- f i fths of the area cl aimed byHo chi Mnh and l eft them to be massacred as soon as Ho and Vo nguyen Gap coul d re-pl ace the army they had l ost at Den B en Phu (LES HEROES OUBLI ES, by Erwan Bergot)I n a sense, Tuni sia was a precursor of V etnam On Apri l 10, 1957, the Bey waspressured i nto appoi nti ng Bourguiba, CIA s and Wal ter Reuther' s man, Prime Mni ster When the word was g ven, Bourgui ba deposed the Bey The usual bl ah fol l owed aboutBourguiba i ntroducing democracy The onl y opposi ti on l eader i n the country wasBourgui ba' s l ongtime fri end, Sal ah Ben Youssef He was dri ven i nto exi l e and onAugust 11, 1961, Bourgui ba' s pri vate secretary, Zergai oum and a hi red ki l l er namedA i Aourok ki l l ed him i n room53 of the Royal Hotel i n Frankfurt H du B Reports,Aug 1961, Sept 1961) and calmy fl ew homeWth never a word about Sal ah Ben Youssef or the Bey, sti l l impri soned and preventedfrom l eavi ng Bourgui ba' s one-party country, V ctor R esel wrote on November 1, 1962 Away back i n 1951 some AFL l eaders brought thi s chap over He was a l onel y man, weari ng a tarboosh, tal ki ng to those who woul d l i sten I remember himsighi ng overtea about howwonderful i t woul d be i f hi s l and were as peaceful and prosperous as your country . H s name was Habi b Bourguiba, nowPresi dent of Tuni si a, a democral and, a fri end of freedom Thi s of the bl oody tyrant who suppressed al l opposi ti onand made himsel f President for l i fe . Some AFL l eaders brought himover - asthough R esel di d not knowwho and whyINFEBRUARY 1959 ITWAS CAMBODA S TURN Pri nce NorodomSihanouk recei ved hi s fi rstshove toward Peki ng i n J une 1958, when South V etnamese uni ts pursued survi vors of thanti -communi st pri vate armes Lansdal e had crushed i n 1955 over the Cambodi an border At some poi nts they moved the border markers i nl and several mles I n Ameri ca thepress reported that Cambodi a had i nvaded South V etnam When J ohn Foster Dul l es re-fused to ask hi s proteges to pul l out, Peki ng offered to guarantee Cambodia' s terri tori al i ntegri ty, and Cambodia' s f i rst step i nto the Peki ng orbi t was taken By Februa1959 the CIA pl ot to toppl e the monarchy i n Cambodi a was ready to rol l Dop Cchuan,the Si emReap ml i tary commander, was ki l l ed wth the papers i mpl i cati ng CIA on hi sperson Four hundred pounds of gol d f l own i nto the country to bri be the army wascaptured, al ong wth Ameri can communi cati pg s equipment and South V etnamese operatorsThe London OBSERVERof February 22, 1959, expl ai ned, The Ameri cans prefer the i dea oi nternal revol uti on rather than pressure fromthe outside . Fi rst to hear of DopCchuan' s defeat and capture of the papers whi ch l ed to confessi ons by the l eadi ng conspi rators was the French embassy Fromthere a translator worki ng for the Ameri cansrushed to the U S I nformati on Ofi ce The I nformati on Ofi ce chi ef appeared stunnefor a second, then excl aimed to hi s assi stant, Everythi ng i s l ost Strangel y enoughthe NewYork Times and the Washi ngton Post, so ready to make an i ssue of the wl destcharges of Ameri can pl otti ng agai nst marxi st di ctators, remai ned si l ent FromCambodl et us take a l ook at M Braden' s doctri ne of support for the non-communist l efti n Europe CIA INWST GERMANY El ecti ons were due i n