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PREPARED BY ROBERT BEVAN FOR THELONDON LEGACY DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
JANUARY 2014
CONSERVATION AREA CONSERVATION AREA APPRAISALAPPRAISAL
& & DRAFT MANAGEMENT DRAFT MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINESGUIDELINES
HACKNEY HACKNEY WICK WICK
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CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 The purpose of conservation areas
1.3 The purpose of this report
2.0 BACKGROUND
2.1 A short history of Hackney Wick
2.2 Status of Hackney Wick conservation area
2.3 Summary of significance and reason for extension
2.4 The new boundary
3.0 CHARACTER APPRAISAL AND INDIVIDUAL ASSETS
3. 1 The context and setting of the conservation area
3.2 The character of the Hackney Wick Conservation Area
3.3 Form, layout, open spaces and views
3.4 The established scale of the conservation area
3.5 Land use and activities
3.6 Individual heritage assets and their significance
4.0 MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Guidance for applicants
4.3 Policies relevant to the conservation area
4.4 Issues and opportunities for enhancement
4.5 Design principles for the conservation area
4.6 Monitoring change and enforcement
FURTHER READING AND CONTACTS
DRAFTDRAFT
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County: LONDON Scale: 1:10,560 Date: 1938© Crown Copyright and Landmark Information Group Limited 2013 all rights reserved. This map may not be reproduced without permission. 676909110
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The Hackney Wick Conservation Area is in the London Borough of Hackney. It was designated by the council in November 2009. A report, the Draft Hackney Wick Conservation Area Appraisal was prepared in October 2009 but remains in draft form.
The duties and powers of the LB Hackney as the local planning authority in the Hackney Wick area transferred to the London Legacy Development Corporation (LLDC)on 1st October 2012 under the Localism Act 2011 and the LLDC (Planning Functions) Order 2012. This is part of a transfer of functions previously vested in the Olympic Delivery Authority, the London Thames Gateway Development Corporation and the surrounding boroughs.
The area to the east of the conservation area underwent rapid recent change with the holding of the 2012 London Olympics. Extensive further changes are expected as part of the legacy phase of the Olympics. Now, Hackney Wick itself, both within Hackney and within Tower Hamlets to the south, is the subject of a number of development proposals including some of substantial scale.
The LLDC commissioned the Hackney Wick and Fish Island Design and Planning Study to help guide and control development proposals and
inform the preparation of its Local Plan. That study (2013) made a number of recommendations in respect of heritage in Hackney Wick including the extension of the existing Hackney Wick conservation area and candidate buildings for local listing.
This new appraisal document should be read in conjunction with a related document Fish Island & Hackney Wick South: Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Guidelines prepared in parallel for the conservation area to the south of the railway line (in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets). These two conservation areas together cover much of the remaining historic environment of the wider Hackney Wick area.
Opposite: Map of the area, 1938
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1.2 THE PURPOSE OF CONSERVATION AREAS
A conservation area is an area of special architectural or historic interest “the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance” (Planning (Listed Building and Conservation Areas) Act of 1990. Section 69).
A conservation area designation helps a planning authority control and direct development to this end. Extra controls operate over matters such as roof extensions or advertisements and there is a presumption against the demolition of structures or the loss of trees that contribute to the area’s character or appearance. Conservation areas are heritage assets in their own right and may contain further heritage assets within them in the form of statutory or locally listed buildings. An area’s significance as a heritage asset may be local, regional or, at times, be of national importance.
It is the area as a whole that is of special interest as well as its individual features. Elements that may make up character and appearance include: the historic layout and materials of roads; paths and boundaries; characteristic buildings; public and private spaces such as gardens, parks and greens; street trees and street furniture. As well as physical form, its character may also be generated, in part, by the uses or mix of uses that happen there. Local views may also be important. It is also
recognized that some elements of a conservation area may not contribute to or could even detract from its special interest. These elements represent opportunities to enhance.
In reaching its decisions regarding proposed developments within a conservation area, the planning authority is required to pay special attention to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character and appearance of the conservation area. It will also seek to protect the setting of individual elements of the conservation area as well as the setting of the area as a whole.
Above: View of farm buildings, Hackney Wick c. 1795
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1.3 THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT
This report provides a detailed analysis of the conservation area’s architectural and historic character in order to define its special interest. It will assist stakeholders in the area in understanding its significance, and explain the desirability of preserving its special interest and of identifying opportunities for its enhancement.
The report follows best practice guidance including the English Heritage’s Understanding Place: Historic Area Assessments: Principles and Practice (2010) and Understanding Place: Conservation Area Designation, Appraisal and Management (March 2011). It also has regard to the National Planning Policy Framework (March 2012) that sets out policy on conserving and enhancing the historic environment.
As part of this process, the opportunity is being taken to slightly extend the conservation area. This is, principally, to take in the waterfront environment; the historic infrastructure that is the area’s raison d’etre. The extension is discussed in more detail below.
The report also incorporates assessments regarding locally listed buildings in the area as well as buildings of townscape merit. The latter may not be of sufficient architectural interest to merit individual local listing but nonetheless contribute positively
to the townscape and to the character and appearance of the conservation area. The report also proposes outline management guidelines to assist in its preservation and enhancement.
At the time of writing, the area is the subject of intense development pressure. This offers many welcome opportunities to enhance the conservation area and its setting but also poses threats to its special interest if its characteristic elements and uses were to be lost.
This introduction is followed by an outline of Hackney Wick’s context and historical development. The areas present state and its key heritage assets are set out and their significance described. The issues affecting the area are then summarized and draft management guidelines set out.
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2.0 BACKGROUND
2.1 A SHORT HISTORY OF HACKNEY WICK
The Hackney Wick and Fish Island Area has a pattern of human settlement that extends back to prehistoric times and includes substantial activity during the Roman period. It has been conjectured that much of the activity related to the crossing point of the River Lea at Old Ford (near today’s Old Ford Lock) and reflected a strategic point on the route between Essex and the London area. Old Ford is first recorded as Eldeford or Oldeford in the 13th century. No standing monuments remain although there may be significant archaeological deposits to be discovered.
Until the 19th century, Hackney Wick, just to the north of Old Ford, was a hamlet in the marshland (Wick derives from a word for farm) reached from Wick Lane. Its principle buildings were Wick Hall, a snuff mill and, from the 1780s, The White Lion public house. Hackney Brook crossed the area west to east to join the River Lea.
It was the redevelopment of this snuff mill into a silk works that marked the first stirrings of the area as an industrial district. This intensified following the digging of the Hackney Cut in 1770 (this now forms part of the Lee Navigation); more so following the creation of the Hertford Union Canal in 1830. These waterways together with the navigable River Lea were crucial to the area’s future development although it remained predominantly agricultural until the late 1840s. The coming of the
railways then hastened the area’s transformation.
The North London Railway ran on a north-west, south-east embankment through the area, beginning services in 1847 with a passenger station at Old Ford Road. From 1856 an additional station at Victoria Park served the Hackney Wick area for more than 70 years before the line closed. From 1866, an east-west line ran through the northern part of Hackney Wick on another embankment – testament to the marshy character of the area. Today’s Hackney Wick Station opened on this line in 1980 as part of the reinstatement of services between Camden and Stratford. The Victoria Park station building and the path of the railway line were demolished during construction of the A102 (M) in the 1970s.
In the mid 19th century, it was intended to build a new gas works on 30 acres of railway and marshland to the east and south of the railway embankments. However, a decision to build the gas works elsewhere led instead to the development of a factory town made up of a loose grid of terraced houses and neighbouring factories. Building began c.1878. At the same time, the waterways were upgraded. This led to the development of noxious industries, including oil and coal tar distilleries – especially in the White Post Lane area just south of the railway line. This
was followed in the late 19th and early 20th century by factories producing the consumer goods for which the area became known; printing ink, rubber, dry cleaning, confectionery, plastics and the like.
Hackney Wick reached its peak in respect of an accumulation of what is now regarded as historic fabric in the period immediately preceding the Second World War. The story from then on is (with rare exceptions) of a catastrophic loss of this fabric – due to bombing followed by slum clearance, railway closures, industrial decline and motorway building. The study area’s housing and residential community vanished almost entirely in the post-war period.
Some late 19th/early 20th century factories survived the blitz together with associated structures such as bridges, locks, walls and public houses. The buildings were repaired after the war and remain occupied by either traditional or newer, creative industries. Rarely were buildings of any architectural quality erected in the post-war period. An exception is Oslo House (1955-60) on Felstead Street.
The area also changed in the post-war period as factories were replaced by low employment uses
Opposite: Aerial view, 1921, south east across the railway line towards the Lea Navigation
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The original Hackney Wick Conservation Area centres on Wallis Road. It was designated in November 2009 without a public consultation process. The accompanying conservation area appraisal document produced by LB Hackney was not adopted and remains in draft form. Two sites were added to the local list at the time of the original conservation area designation; namely the Lion Works and the Central Books/George Spill Vulcanised Rubber buildings. Accompanying maps, however, suggest that only part of these two complexes were included on the local list. Further structures on these sites and elsewhere have now been identified as worthy of local listing.
such as warehousing and timber yards. Further housing clearances took place to the north of the area where the Greater London Council built the Trowbridge Estate (1965 - 1970). This also erased road patterns. The high–rise towers of the estate were in turn demolished and made way for low- and medium-rise housing in the 1990s. More recently, there have been further spasmodic losses of historic fabric in and around Hackney Wick through neglect or due to patchwork redevelopment. Historic factories have in places been replaced by storage yards or simple portal sheds. The character of extant historic structures is also being eroded by the loss of original fabric.
Today, the conservation area includes part of a cluster of vital creative industries that are now an established part of its character. These new uses began in the early 1980s in the Tower Hamlets section of Hackney Wick and have spread to the point where the Hackney Wick area as a whole now has the most dense concentration of artist studios in the UK.
2.2 STATUS OF HACKNEY WICK CONSERVATION AREA
Above: View North from Hackney Wick Station
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2.3 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANCE AND REASONS FOR EXTENSION
and south of the railway line at the same time. Individual buildings also changed use on occasion from one innovative use to another (the Central Books complex for example was used for rubber then plastics). Some of the industrialists were also suppliers to other related industries in the area.
This cross-fertilisation is part of Hackney Wick’s special interest as a conservation area and is expressed in the architecture of its buildings. This extends not only to the external form and scale of the buildings, such as extensive roof lights and the use of stock, red and engineering bricks, but also in the innovative structure of some of the buildings that have used ‘transitional’ engineering solutions and which that mark the transition from cast-iron and timber industrial buildings to steel and concrete. Central Books is an important example of this phenomenon that is witnessed even more extensively south of the railway line. The contribution of such transitional structures to British architectural history has only recently been explored.
The morphology of the area – the space between buildings and the scale of the buildings relating to these spaces – is also inherent to its special interest. The series of industrial yards that developed off its principal streets forms part of its character even where the historic buildings fronting these yards have not survived in full. An example is Main Yard. Many
southern edge of the railway embankment and the south side of the railway bridge over the Lee Navigation is the dividing line between the London Borough of Hackney and the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. As pieces of strategically important infrastructure, waterways, railways and sewers are subject to gradual material change. Nonetheless, the canal remains suffi ciently intact to be historically important as an authentic survivor of the past.
The late Victorian and Edwardian periods witnessed the burgeoning of the consumer age with the rapid growth of the middle class as well as technological innovation. Hackney Wick was a nationally important centre for these innovations and for factories that served these new markets and a new society. This included the world’s fi rst plastics, pioneering developments in petrol production, dyes, printing, rubber garments, dry-cleaning and extensive confectionary production.
Many of the buildings involved in these and related processes remain in existence. Alongside these industrial buildings, the conservation area also contains buildings that relate to the social history of industrial life, namely the Carless Institute building and a boat shed that are a physical record of a philanthropic interventions in the poor industrial areas of east London. Some of the industrialists had premises operating both north
As well as its historic buildings and distinctive pattern of streets and yards, Hackney Wick’s special interest derives, in part, from infrastructure such as the Lee Navigation. It is considered vital to include this infrastructure in the extended conservation area in order to preserve and enhance the character and appearance of the historic waterside environment as well the individual buildings within the area.
The development of the canal system is the reason why Hackney Wick’s (including Fish Island’s) industrialisation came about and it and the later railways formed a transportation system that was the catalyst for the emergence of a unique creativity and innovation. The canals are themselves heritage assets that are intrinsic to the waterside character of the area and they are part of the wider canal system within east London that has been protected by heritage designations in a number of other locations.
This was not fully explored in the rapid 2009 designation and, therefore, the LLDC has (following public consultation) extended the Hackney Wick Conservation Area to cover the Lee Navigation (both left and right banks) north of the railway and to encompass Main Yard in its entirety. The boundary has also been adjusted slightly to take in the 19th century cast-iron sewage vent pipe just north of Wallis Road on the east side of Berkshire Road. The
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losses occurred during the war and following post war clearances but a few post-war buildings were erected that are a continuance of its established character, for example Oslo House with its saw-toothed roof and brick panels and the expressed framing of 86 Wallis Road (facing Main Yard). The post war period, after a period of decline, also saw a continuation of Hackney Wick’s history of creativity. Since the early 1980s, artists’ studios have developed that have maintained innovative production in new ways. These now well-established uses are part of a unique continuity in form and related functions.
It is this complex interaction of the social and industrial history, architecture, engineering uses, and the morphology of Hackney Wick that constitute its unique special interest. Regard has been had to all these elements in deciding that it is desirable to protect this interest and to seek to preserve and enhance it holistically by extending the conservation area’s boundaries. The merits of the many individual heritage assets within the conservation area are set out in the next section.In widening the boundaries of the conservation area, to preserve its multi-faceted special interest, it is also recognized that this will mean some buildings and empty sites are included within the conservation area that do not necessarily contribute to its character and appearance.
These represent extensive opportunities for the enhancement of the conservation area in accordance with paragraphs 126, 130,131,137 and 138 of the NPPF while preserving its individual assets, their group value and characteristic uses and the settings of all heritage assets including the setting of the conservation area itself and the canal-side environment. It should also be noted that the various elements of the character and appearance of the area apply across Hackney Wick and Fish Island as an entity – that is the wider area north and south of the railway line. This wider Hackney Wick and Fish Island area should,
therefore, be seen as a totality that further enhances the special interest of the conservation areas on each side of the railway line.
However, because of a desire to avoid an area-based designation that crosses London Borough boundaries for the long term, two separate boundary extensions rather than one larger conservation area is considered to be more practical.
The decision to extend the Hackney Wick Conservation Area has been taken at the same time as the decision to extend the Fish Island Conservation Area south of the line. The latter
Above: Booth’s poverty map of 1889 showing housing along Felstead street occupied by the poorest.
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has been renamed the Fish Island & Hackney Wick South Conservation Area in recognition of the geographical extent of the area.
Conservation areas can be of local, regional or national importance, which renders them of medium or high signifi cance, respectively, as heritage assets. Given Hackney Wick’s special place in the UK’s industrial history and its unique physical record of this history of providing consumer goods and services including innovations such in early plastics and oils, the Hackney Wick area could be regarded as being of high signifi cance.
The boundary of the extended conservation area as expanded follows the canal, adjacent roads and the property boundaries of heritage buildings, and the boundary between the London Boroughs of Hackney and Tower Hamlets.
The northern boundary follows Felstead Street as far as the corner of the Prince Edward Road and then takes in properties on the south side of Felstead Street including the Lion Works and heritage assets on the south side of Wallis Road. It runs along the south side of the railway line embankment (the borough boundary) and takes in the the railway bridge. The boundary crosses to the east bank of the canal where it then turns northward to take in the water body and its setting to the back of the towpath.
The boundary returns west across the canal in a line running along the back of property boundaries on the north side of Wallis Road to Berkshire Road – taking in the Vulcan Rubber Works/Central Books complex and its setting and the historic sewer vent pipe.
2.4 THE NEW BOUNDARY
However, because of the losses to the fabric of the area, the signifi cance of the Hackney Wick Conservation Area (and the Fish Island and Hackney Wick South Conservation Area) as heritage assets should be regarded as medium to high. The signifi cance of each of the conservation area reinforces that of the other, and serves to mutually enhance the special interest of both. This signifi cance assessment should be reviewed upwards if individual items are statutorily listed.
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a
b
a
c
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2
3
4 5
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0m 10 m 50m
Dace Road
Stour Road
Beachy Road
Monier Road
Wyke Road
Trego Road
Rothbury Road
White Post Lane
White Post Lane
Wallis Road
Wal
lis R
oad
Wallis Road
Hepscott Road
Wansbeck Road
Chapman Road
Felstead Street
Trowbridge Road
Berkshire Road
Atlas Wharf
Roach Road
Dace Road
Wick Lane
Smeed Road
Bream Street
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Locally Listed Buildings
1. Sewer vent pipe
2. Oslo House
3. Lion Works
4. Central Books and Rubber Works
5. Eton Mission Rowing Club
6. Former Carless Institute
7. 88 Wallis Road
8. Railway bridge over Lee Navigation
Hackney Wick Conservation Area Boundary
Buildings of Townscape Merit
a. Warehouse at corner of Wallis Road
and Berkshire Road
b. Spegelstein buildings/Daro Works
c. 86 Wallis Road
HACKNEY WICK CONSERVATION AREA
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3.0 CHARACTER APPRAISAL AND INDIVIDUAL ASSETS
3.1 THE CONTEXT AND SETTING OF THE CONSERVATION AREA
Hackney Wick Conservation Area is within the London Borough of Hackney, some five miles north of the River Thames. The eastern boundary of the borough is defined by the River Lea, which follows an approximately north-south direction from Tottenham down to the Thames at Canning Town. Hackney Wick lies west of Stratford and east of central Hackney. To the south are the City of London and Tower Hamlets.
The Hackney Wick Conservation Area sits within the wider Hackney Wick and Old Ford area (the latter within Tower Hamlets). Hackney Wick itself is bound by the East Cross route to its north, rail lines and the A12 to its west, the Lee Navigation to its east and railway lines to its south. The distinct geography of Hackney Wick and
the Old Ford area emerges out of this network of waterways and other transport infrastructure. The area lies close to important green areas including Victoria Park, Hackney Marshes and the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park.
The Hackney Wick Conservation Area itself contains no formal public buildings (with the exception of the former Careless Institute) but the surrounding area contains a number of significant buildings that form part of Hackney Wick’s context and that contribute to the overall setting of the conservation area. These buildings include the mission church of St Mary of Eton, designed and built in 1889-92 by G. F. Bodley (1827-1907). The mission was responding to the worsening economic climate in
the area and associated poverty. The related Gilbert Johnston Boat House is within the Hackney Wick Conservation Area. The statutorily listed Gainsborough School and the Public Baths on Eastway (now the Wick Community Centre) also survive to the north of the conservation area and form part of its hinterland. The area remains unusual in that services such as fire and police stations were never built.
The whole of the area to the west of the Lee Navigation is designated an Archaeological Priority Area within Hackney’s Core Strategy. Works by statutory services and other developments have the potential to damage deposits and early consultation with the LLDC as LPA is advised.
Above: St Mary of Eton, designed by G. F. Bodley and built in 1889-92
Opposite: Roofscape of Hackney Wick looking towards Central Books
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3.2 THE CHARACTER OF THE HACKNEY WICK CONSERVATION AREA
The conservation area is located immediately north of Hackney Wick station, and focuses on a group of historic factories that also extends across to the south side of Hackney Wick station within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets.
The area is characterised by small clusters of industrial buildings, which, unlike the large-scale industrial structures of primary industries that have long been recognised as part of the Britain’s heritage, were engaged in the production of goods relating to
the birth of the consumer age. The heritage significance of these factories has been largely overlooked. The factories housed a range of activities such as confectionary manufacture, dye works, rubber, chemical, varnish, ink and printing works, and other such related uses. French entrepreneur Achille Serre, who introduced dry cleaning to England, had industrial premises that fall within the conservation area.
A plaque near the corner of Wallis Road and Berkshire Road
Left: Examples of Parkesine, the first man made plastic, heralded a new age of mass produced affordable luxury.
Above: Spegelstein’s/the Daro Works and Artists studies now occupy these buildings on the south side of Wallis Road. The frontage was rebuilt post-war.
commemorates Alexander Parkes who invented the world’s first true synthetic plastic ‘Parkesine’ in the sheds to the west of what is now the Central Books building.
Just off Wallis Road to the south of the railway line, Eugene Carless established a distilling and oil refining business that later invented the brand name ‘petrol’. The works also supplied Achille Serre’s company with dry cleaning fluids.
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3.3 FORM, LAYOUT, OPEN SPACES AND VIEWS
The conservation area’s extant buildings date from the 1860s onwards with a number of structures from the late 19th and early 20th centuries set amongst some post-war buildings that have replaced earlier factories. The conservation area retains much of its original street pattern and is devoid of purpose-built residential architecture.
The industrial buildings are, for the most part, low-rise and of one, two, or three storeys. The Central Books building is an exception to this and acts as a landmark.
There is a great diversity in architectural language evident in the area – although brick predominates, be it the traditional construction of 19th century buildings or as infill panels at Oslo House. Within the conservation area and in the wider Hackney Wick area, these bricks may be London stocks or hard red or blue engineering bricks. This could be as stock brick walls with blue brick plinths and detailing and segmental arches, iron or steel lintels and metal-framed windows that may be framed in contrasting brick. Collectively, there is a robust, utilitarian aesthetic and scale that when coupled, with the ‘island’ nature of Hackney Wick, results in a particular sense of place.
Wallis Road is the spine of the area with streets and yards opening off it. Its winding form suggests a pre-industrial
existence. The yards can be extensive such as Main Yard on the south side of Wallis Road or more tightly confined such as those seen at the Lion Works. These yards are put to various purposes – simply for parking or loading or for activities related to the creative activities and industrial buildings that surround them.
There are no formal open spaces or parks within the conservation area but the towpath on the east side of the Lee Navigation and spaces to the south of the boathouse and the east of Oslo House act as informal public spaces. The yards are sometimes capable of supporting this function too. These spaces have the potential to be informal amenity spaces with recreational, cultural and leisure uses.
The canals, while a crucial element of the historic character of the conservation area and historic infrastructure in their own right have, as is normal for working infrastructure, had their structures substantially reworked at various periods. Some original fieldstone banks remain on the reaches between the boathouse south past Old Ford Lock, but sheet-piling has replaced this in many areas resulting in the canals being of slightly less significance as heritage assets than they would otherwise have been. This assessment does not diminish their importance to the formation of the character and appearance Above: Maps of Hackney Wick c.
1862 and 1948 showing changes to the patterns of the yards in the area.
of the conservation area.
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3.4 THE ESTABLISHED SCALE OF THE CONSERVATION AREA
3.5 LAND USE AND ACTIVITIES
The scale of the conservation area is an aspect of its character and helps identify it as a distinct entity from the residential area to the north and open spaces further to the east. The buildings are generally two to three-storeys high. The tallest building is the Central Books main warehouse, which is clearly visible from Hackney Wick station and can be glimpsed from the towpath of the Lee Navigation. This is the landmark building within the conservation area, with Oslo House and its recent cut-out signage at roof level being the second most significant landmark.
The prominence of these buildings within the townscape is a positive feature that future development proposals should complement. There is some newer development along Felstead Street that includes a taller, residential block, however, its relationship to Oslo House is only satisfactory.
and the railway line have been demolished, leaving empty sites that contribute negatively to the character of the area.
The area has housed production-related uses since the 1860s, onwards and has grown, been adapted, and re-built to accommodate changing industrial trends throughout its history. Wartime and post-war losses to the fabric have, however, been considerable. Despite this, the buildings and the area today continue to accommodate productive uses such as workshops, warehouses and light industrial activities, as well artists’ and photographers’ studios, art galleries, design ateliers and other creative uses. These represent continuity in the area’s historic employment character. There is also a small amount of retail along Felstead Street with its mix of convenience stores, cafes and more esoteric outlets such as a bicycle repair shop and antiques dealer.
Unfortunately, the buildings that existed between Wallis Road
Above: Clarnico factory workers in 1908. Photo: Newham Arts & Heritage
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3.6 INDIVIDUAL HERITAGE ASSETS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE
The heritage significance of individual assets is set out in brief below. This list does not include all structures that potentially contribute positively to the character and appearance of the conservation area. It should not be interpreted as meaning that only locally listed buildings are worthy of retention. Using broadly standard national measures of significance, locally listed buildings are of low (local) significance, conservation areas of medium (regional) significance and listed buildings of high (national) significance. A medium or medium to high evaluation suggests that a building could be a candidate for statutory listing. There are no statutorily listed buildings in the conservation area at present.
LOCALLY LISTED BUILDINGS
The LDDC has identified a number of buildings worthy of local listing that are both of intrinsic special interest and that contribute to the character and appearance of the conservation area and help make up its special interest. In national planning policy there is a presumption in favour of retaining buildings that contribute to this character and appearance, and to safeguarding their setting.
Using broadly standard significance assessment measures, locally listed buildings are of low (local) significance, conservation area of medium (regional) significance and listed buildings of high (national) significance. A medium or medium to high evaluation suggests the building could be a candidate for statutory listing. There are no statutorily listed buildings in the
conservation area at present but some have the potential to be designated as statutorily listed buildings during the lifetime of this guidance. Applicants proposing works to any locally listed buildings identified in this document should, therefore, also consult the Greater London Historic Environment Record to establish if any structure has been listed since publication.
BUILDINGS OF TOWNSCAPE MERIT
Buildings of townscape merit are identified that are not of sufficient architectural merit in themselves to warrant local or statutory listing but which nevertheless contribute positively to the character and appearance of the conservation area and have a degree of significance. Proposals to replace or comprehensively alter such buildings should result in development of equal merit in terms of its ability to preserve or enhance the character and appearance of the conservation area.
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George Spill’s Vulcanised Rubber George Spill’s Vulcanised Rubber Works buildings (1861) and the Works buildings (1861) and the Central Books building (c1910), 99 Central Books building (c1910), 99 Wallis Road.Wallis Road.
Locally listed
Four-storey warehouse of Central Books with north and south parapeted gables on an engineering brick plinth with shallow arched segmental window heads, beveled blue brick cills and original wooden window frames.
Built c.1910 as a printworks and cardboard box factory. Interiors have concrete upper floors supported by partially exposed I-section girders on I-section steel stanchions to centre line. Three-storey back addition.
The buildings set back from Wallis Road and west of the tall Central Books warehouse, are the surviving elements of George Spill’s Vulcanised Rubber Works (1861). In stock brick with arched detailing they form a group with Central Books.
The three-storey back addition to the back of Central Books adjoins the former rubber works which occupied buildings immediately to the west including a stock brick building with white brick round-headed arches and key stones and, to the west of that, a shed with three white segmental window
arches.
Between 1864 and 1874, Spill’s works were used for the manufacture of the world’s first plastic – Parkesine. Sheds, c.1866, running parallel to Wallis Road (behind later frontage sheds and a garage) contain attractive timber roof structures. These were part of Alexander Parke’s Parkesine Co Ltd – the world’s first purpose-built plastics factory. The last, most westerly bay, where the roof structure is in steel dates from the mid 20th century.
These are possibly the oldest surviving rubber works building in London and the world’s first plastics factory. During the early 20th century these buildings formed part of the Clarnico (Clarke, Nickolls & Coombs Ltd) confectionary works that extended
south of the railway line and east across the Lee Navigation.
The locally listed buildings are of medium to high significance for their architectural and historic interest and every effort should be made to preserve them. They contribute positively to the character and appearance of the conservation area.
The simple, stock brick warehouse at the corner of Wallis and Berkshire Roads is in poor condition but, to some degree, has townscape merit and contributes positively to the character and appearance of the conservation area.
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Sewer Vent Pipe, Berkshire RoadSewer Vent Pipe, Berkshire Road
Locally listed
A columnar, decorative late 19th century/early 20th century sewer vent-pipe with reeded pedestal at the south end, east side of the road. A panel on its pedestal records it as being manufactured by Frederick Bird & Co, Engineers.
The structure is of low significance for its architectural and historic interest. It contributes positively to the character and appearance of the conservation area.
88 Wallis Road, (Late 19th century/88 Wallis Road, (Late 19th century/early 20th century with later early 20th century with later additions)additions)
Locally listed (corner building to Main Yard)
Two-storey corner building with canted façade to Main Yard. A single-story wing to the west with a steeply pitched, partially glazed, saw-tooth roof was added at a later date. There is also an extension to the south facing Main Yard that is of no historic or architectural interest.
The corner building is of low significance for its architectural and historic interest. It contributes positively to the character and appearance of the conservation area.
The saw-tooth roofed wing is of townscape merit as is the adjacent the neighbouring Spegelstein & Son/Daro Works, 80-84 Wallis Road.
.
Oslo House East and Oslo House Oslo House East and Oslo House West (1955-6), 62-67 and 20-28 West (1955-6), 62-67 and 20-28 Felstead StreetFelstead Street
Locally listed
These buildings replace a vulcanized rubber factory on the site and were once used, in part at least, for clothing manufacture and/or wallpaper printing. The strong steel-framing with red brick and glazed Crittal infill panels together with its saw tooth roof and north-facing metal roof lights suggest a post-war industrial confidence. They are of a once commonplace type that is now more rare. The building has recently been decorated externally and cut-out letters spelling out ‘Hackney Wick’ erected at roof level. These have rapidly become a local landmark.
Of low significance for their architectural and historic interest and every effort should be made to preserve them. They contribute positively to the character and appearance of the conservation area.
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Gilbert Johnstone Boat House Gilbert Johnstone Boat House (1934), 127 Wallis Road(1934), 127 Wallis Road
Locally listed
While modest in scale and appearance, this red brick building has important historical associations with nearby St Mary of Eton and the social history of the university and Eton College missions working in the poor East End of London. It is gabled to its river frontage with rendered quoins and Crittal windows. It closes views east along Wallls Road. The Eton Mission Rowing Club was established here in 1885 by old Etonians. The present boathouse replaced an early structure built on the Hackney Marsh side of the waterway and its opening is commemorated with a plaque.
The building is of low to medium significance for its historic interest and every effort should be made to preserve it. It contributes positively to the character and appearance of the conservation
Former Carless Institute (1926, Former Carless Institute (1926, extended after 1937), 68 Wallis extended after 1937), 68 Wallis RoadRoad
Locally listed
A two-storey corner building in red brick with flattened classical detailing that shades into Art Nouveau. Although not architecturally distinguished, the entrance door at its canted corner with moulded architrave and its cornice give it a presence on a prominent site. It was built as a social centre for local workers and was established by William Leonard, owner of the nearby Carless, Capel and Leonard chemical works.
The building is of low significance for its architectural and historic interest. It contributes positively to the character and appearance of the conservation area.
Rail bridge over the Lee Rail bridge over the Lee NavigationNavigation
Locally listed
A steel-plate girder bridge. A panel on the west bank abutment records: LNER, 924.
The structure is of low significance for its architectural and historic interest. It contributes positively to the character and appearance of the conservation area.
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Lion Works (c.1880), 55 Wallis Lion Works (c.1880), 55 Wallis RoadRoad
Locally listed
Formerly an iron foundry and later a glassworks , the buildings were part of Achille Serre’s dry-cleaning complex from 1903-1927. During this period the factory was extended to the east and the west and is now arranged as a series of wings with intervening courtyards.
The main buildings are of stock brick with engineering brick quoins to their corners and windows and a brick cornice to one of two original, parallel wings. Other wings are built in a variety of bricks and varying detailing. Many parts of the complex are in poor condition with repairs in alien materials and unsympathetic replacement windows. Other parts facing Wallis Road have been
demolished. The local listing has been extended to include the whole of the complex including 5 Prince Edward Road.
The buildings are of medium to high significance for their architectural and historic interest and every effort should be made to preserve them. They contribute positively to the character and appearance of the conservation area.
On the street frontage of the Lion Works is a shop with residential above. This building is of little inherent architectural merit, is in poor repair, and is of minimal significance. However, as the last remaining fragment of the 19th century housing in the conservation area, its importance is enhanced. Ideally it should be retained as a reminder of the area’s contrasting domestic and industrial architecture.
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Warehouse at the corner of Wallis Warehouse at the corner of Wallis Road and Berkshire RoadRoad and Berkshire Road
Building of Townscape Merit
This plain, stock brick warehouse has interest as a later part of the historic Central Books complex of buildings. It is in on a key corner and prominent within the conservation area. The form and materials of its utilitarian architecture are consistent and harmonious with the established character and appearance of the area.
86 Wallis Road86 Wallis Road
Building of Townscape Merit
The expressed structural frame, brick in-fi ll panels and windows with a horizontal emphasis form a strong architectural composition that has an affi nity with the post-war architecture of Oslo House. It forms part of the enclosure to Main Yard.
Spegelstein & Son/Daro Works at Spegelstein & Son/Daro Works at 80-84 Wallis Road and 88 Wallis 80-84 Wallis Road and 88 Wallis Road Road (to the west of the locally listed corner building)
Building of Townscape Merit
These buildings form much of the south side of Wallis Road opposite Central Books. Their scale, saw-toothed roofs, brickwork and fenestration pattern are consistent and harmonious with the established character and appearance of the conservation area. In part, they contain artists’ studios that form part of the characteristic uses of the area. The frontage building to 80-84 Wallis Road was re-faced in the post-war period in an attractive ‘modern’ style that includes an integral projecting canopy. The space between these two buildings acts as a small yard.
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4.0 MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 GUIDANCE ON APPLICATIONS
The purpose of these Management Guidelines is to present proposals to achieve the preservation and enhancement of the conservation area’s special character through restoration and refurbishment, redevelopment and management.
The document provides landowners, businesses, residents and developers within the area with guidance on how to protect the special architectural and historic character while encouraging high quality new development and sensitive restoration and refurbishments that respond sensitively to the historic context.
The conservation area will be regularly reviewed to consider any further amendments to its boundaries or the designation of heritage assets within it
Within a conservation area, planning permission may be required for what might otherwise be considered permitted development or minor works. The demolition of any building or structures within a conservation area require consent and controls exist over certain works to trees. All works to trees in the conservation area should be notified in advance to the planning authority if they have a stem more than 7.5cm wide and are more than 1.5 m high.
The entire conservation area is within an Archaeological Priority Area and developers and statutory undertakers are encouraged to consult with the planning authority prior to undertaking any groundworks.
When deciding the merits of applications in the conservation area, the planning authority will pay special attention to whether the character and appearance of the area and its setting is preserved or enhanced.
The planning authority may consider the use of an Article 4 Direction within the conservation area. Under 4(1) this can be used to vary permitted development rights on non-residential buildings. This could, for example, be used to control the painting of brickwork (a combination of yellow stock with red and blue engineering brick is a recurring motif in the conservation area) or prevent the removal of original windows.
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Above: New Art Signage at Oslo House
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a requirement that existing yards and historic buildings should be used to help define the scale and form of new development. It also states that development should enhance and respond to the character, setting, scale and urban grain of areas that are defined by warehouses and other examples of industrial heritage.
At local planning level, the London Borough of Hackney’s Core Strategy will be superseded by the
4.3 POLICIES RELEVANT TO THE CONSERVATION AREA
All development within a conservation area should have regard to national, regional and local planning policy.
The National Planning Policy Framework (2012) sets out the Government’s planning policies for England. It contains national policies relating to the conservation of heritage assets.
The London Plan (2011, as amended to comply with the NPPF 2012) is the relevant regional planning policy for the area. Policy 7.8 + 7.9 of the London Plan seek to ensure the preservation of heritage assets and their setting and notes that conservation areas make a significant contribution to local character and should be protected from inappropriate development. Substantial harm to or loss of an asset should be exceptional.
The Olympic Legacy Supplementary Planning Guidance (OLSPG, 2012) sets out policies and guidance for the Olympic Park and surrounding area with section 3.5 focusing on Hackney Wick. The guidance aims to support the development of a vibrant community that builds on the area’s heritage and waterside character to provide new homes and employment opportunities. Development principles include
LLDC local plan. At present, the Hackney Wick Area Action Plan (2012) articulates the borough’s policies for the protection of heritage assets including conservation areas.
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4.4 ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENHANCEMENT
Hackney Wick is a geographical area that straddles independent conservation areas and London borough boundaries. There is an opportunity for new development to preserve and enhance the character and appearance of Hackney Wick and Fish Island by taking into account this wider context. There is sufficient diversity in the existing heritage assets to allow new, complementary development to be both innovative and contextually sensitive. However,
the sensitivity of each individual site also varies considerably and an acknowledgment and response to the immediate context of a proposal is the starting point.
Retained heritage assets can act as a catalyst for regeneration and positively influence the urban design and architectural quality of new development which, together, can enhance the character and appearance of the conservation area. Promoting regeneration
whilst protecting and enhancing the character of the area is both an issue and an opportunity.
The regeneration of the area provides an opportunity to introduce a genuine mix of uses that grows and complements the small scale productive employment uses that occupy the buildings and yards that characterise the area.
The conservation area would be substantially enhanced by the redevelopment of its empty sites and other buildings that do not contribute positively to its character and appearance. This includes the buildings on the east side of Main Yard facing the canal and on the north side of Wallis Road, east of Central Books. Redevelopment of these sites with structures of an appropriate scale, form and character that respond to heritage assets, yards and to the waterways are welcomed.
A number of heritage assets, most notably Lion Works and George Spill’s Vulcanised Rubber Works (part of the Central Books complex) are in poor repair. Their restoration would contribute positively to the character and appearance of the area.
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Above: Central Books Yard Area
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4.5 DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR THE CONSERVATION AREA
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
In determining applications for planning permission relating to any land or buildings in a conservation area, the planning authority is required to pay special attention to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of that area. Policies in respect to the preservation and enhancement of heritage assets and their special interest are contained within the adopted core strategy and emerging Local Plan.
New development offers the opportunity to enhance the conservation area. High quality contemporary architecture that is sensitive to the existing heritage assets is encouraged.
New designs are encouraged that respect the scale, form, materials, setting, and relationships between buildings and established spatial typologies – for example, the scale and form of yards and the relationship between buildings and the canals. This does not preclude the sensitive juxtaposition of forms and materials.
Hackney Wick has a distinctive sense of place that is due, in part, to its island character. This character is created by the strong edges formed by surrounding infrastructure including the
Northern Outfall Sewer/Greenway, waterways and elevated road and railway. While allowing for improvements to pedestrian and cycle friendly routes in and out of the area, new developments should have regard to this enclave character.
The following pages show the variety of historic building forms and architectural details that are evident across the wider Hackney Wick and Fish Island area and can be used to inform the design of new developments. These building forms and architectural details are presented alongside examples of contemporary designs to demonstrate how these design principles could be applied to new development within the conservation area.
PRESUMPTION AGAINST DEMOLITION
There is a presumption in national planning policy against the demolition or partial-demolition of any heritage asset or of any structure identified as contributing positively to the character and appearance of a conservation area or its setting.
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DRAF
TFORM OF NEW DEVELOPMENT
GRAIN AND PLOT SIZE
The existing street pattern, yard typologies and plot sizes reveal the historic grain and morphology of the area. There is an opportunity for new development to respond to this pattern and strengthen it where past demolitions or more recent buildings that contribute negatively to the area have eroded it. The amalgamation of plots to form single block developments with large floor plates may detract from the opportunity to re-establish historic plot sizes, yards and streets. Incremental change with multiple architecture practices involved is often preferable to large-scale uniformly designed proposals.
STREETS AND YARDS
Wallis Road is the principal street of the conservation area with yards connecting to it . These vary from the many small yards within the Lion Works to the larger Main Yard. New development provides an opportunity to protect and extend the yard typology. There is a particular opportunity to link Wallis Road to the station via new pedestrian routes and yards.
Where existing yards are protected and new yards are created, the opportunity exists to ensure they remain, or become, visually and physically permeable and connected to the public realm. The yards provide an opportunity for day and evening time activities related to the ground floor use of adjacent buildings if car parking and servicing is carefully managed.
HEIGHT AND SCALE
New development that responds positively to the characteristic height, scale and massing of the locally listed buildings and to the buildings of townscape merit, and which successfully relates to the area’s streets, yards, waterways and human scale will enhance the overall character of the area.
LANDMARKS, VIEWS AND LEGIBILITY
The character of the area is generally characterised by low- to medium- rise buildings that adopt one, two and three-storeys. The exceptions include Central Books, whose relative height gives it presence within the street and across the roofscape, and Oslo House, whose cut out lettering creates a distinctive landmark. These buildings can be viewed from street level, from across the canal and from the elevated railway line. New developments can preserve and enhance the character of the area by respecting the role these landmarks play in the legibility of the area, by not blocking views to them and by not diminish their landmark status through the inappropriate location, bulk or form of the new development.
Above: Wallis Road Corner
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ACTIVE FRONTAGES AND PERMEABILITY
There is an opportunity for new developments to promote active frontages to streets, yards and the waterfront, including where possible by creating at ground floor doorways, windows and views into yards as well as by a mix of uses operating at different times of the day.
The creation of additional access to and activation along the waterside would enhance the character of the conservation area while taking into account the extent to which managing flood risk will influence the form and uses of ground floors within buildings.
Public spaces have the potential to accommodate active frontages facing them where possible and appropriate. As part of this, moorings for the canal boats that are a feature of the area could be retained.
5 Price Edward Road with
undeveloped site adjacent
Grote Koppel, Holland, FAT : the
overall scale and rythm of the new
building respects its neighbour
On Smeed Road in nearby Fish
Island, the consistent use of brick
links buildings of different heights to
form a continuous edge along the
back of the pavement.
Timber Yard Housing, Dublin, O’Donnel Twomey: Brick facades
hug the street to provide a strong
frontage that then allows deep
modeling and cut outs
Hackney Wick Contemporary Examples
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PUBLIC SPACES
The area is not characterised by formal public spaces such as parks and gardens. Such public spaces as there are, are informal.
There is an opportunity for new public spaces to retain any historic materials and structures including granite kerbs and cobbles wherever possible. These may remain under later road surfaces. There is the opportunity to improve the waterside environment and, possibly, to improve connectivity along the west side of the waterfront.
Main Yard, for example, would benefit from new surfacing. Work by statutory undertakers should not diminish what remains of traditional street surfaces or any buried archaeology.
A layered approach to the re-integration of Hackney Wick’s ‘fragments’ is welcomed. Walled gardens, the planting of ‘found spaces’ would complement the existing character of the area.
88 Wallis Rd Yard: An ensemble of
buildings sit behind a high brick wall
and visually permeable gate
Newhall Be, Essex, Alison Brooks Architects: Is inspired by the
local vernacular but uses crisp,
contemporary detailing.
Lion Works, Wallis Road: Open
vehicular access through the building
and into the yard of the Yearning Glass
Co
Peabody Avenue, Pimlico, London, Haworth Tompkins: The internal yard
is connected to the street by a double
height opening through the building
Hackney Wick Contemporary Examples
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BUILDING FORM
In the best preserved areas of Hackney Wick there is a coherence achieved through a strong building line at the back of pavement. Maintaining this in new developments and reintroducing it where it has been lost will reinforce the architectural coherence of the area. The stronger a frontage reads and the greater the continuity with the existing context, the more scope there is for roof forms of new developments to vary.
There is a particular opportunity to improve the definition of the north side of Wallis Road with a height and massing of new buildings that respect the width of the street, and the scale of Central Books and the Gilbert Johnstone Boat House. There is also the opportunity to improve the definition of Main Yard and Wallis Road/Prince Edward Road through the redevelopment of land and buildings.
Unlike many historic residential areas, uniformity in matters such as parapet line and form is not a characteristic of Hackney Wick. Variations in eaves lines, building widths, massing and materials can contribute to a diverse urban landscape, with the proviso that these are informed by the precedents established by heritage assets within Hackney Wick. Saw tooth roofs and
MIXED USES
The strong character of the area is reinforced by the small scale productive employment uses that occupy the area (traditional industry and creative industries). The regeneration of the area provides an opportunity to introduce a genuine mix of uses that grows and complements the small scale productive employment uses that occupy the buildings and yards that characterise the area.
The retention of historic buildings and the introduction of new development offers the opportunity to create a tightly knit mix of workshops, studios, offices and light industry to reinforce the character of the area. Nurturing creative industries has the potential to assist in the regeneration of the conservation area and its setting.
Residential uses in new buildings could complement these productive uses (and was for many years a feature of the area) and where they do not displace the productive uses will help preserve the area’s established character and appearance.
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Above: Gilbert Johnstone Boat House
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ridgeline lanterns are a feature of Hackney Wick.
Frontages are encouraged to exploit the opportunity for varied compositions at both the individual building scale and at the collective scale of a canal frontage or yard.
There is value in juxtaposition, generating excitement and confidence in the new, as long as changes in scale and materials are proportionate and sensitive foils to heritage buildings, Extensions to existing buildings should also have regard to this principle.
The remnants of many demolished buildings and yards sometimes remain in the form of walls, doorways and gateposts. The incorporation of such objects into new developments in a layered or collaged way could be an effective way of preserving and enhancing the area’s particular character in a contemporary way that is distinctively Hackney Wick.
Laban Centre, Creekside, Herzog & de Meuron: the solid water edge
is juxtaposed with a more ethereal
architecture.
Lee Navigation edge looking north
from Wallis Road Bridge
Hackney Wick Contemporary Examples
White Cube, Hoxton, MRJ Rundell + Associates: The scale and form
of the extension mirrors that of the
existing building.
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OPENINGS, MATERIALS AND DETAILING
The established architectural vocabulary of the area is industrial and utilitarian. Where decoration appears this is largely through the use and elaboration of functional elements of the facade.
The predominant traditional material within Hackney Wick is brick with original window frames formed in either timber or cast-iron and, later, steel. This includes the use of brick piers/pilasters (sometimes running the full height of a building) and contrasting brick trims and plinths – often in blue engineering brick. New development provides an opportunity to apply this simple and robust palette of materials in a contextually successful yet contemporary way.
There is a range of fenestration precedents to draw upon, from traditional openings of vertical proportions under segmental brick arches or iron and steel lintels, to framed structures with horizontal “strip’ windows. Windows set within shallow, recessed bays are also a feature of Hackney Wick as on the south side of the Lion Works.
New development provides an opportunity to adopt window to wall proportions that respond to the established and visually coherent relationship between solid and void. Windows are at
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Above: Lion Works, Wallis Road
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approximately 700mm above finished floor level.
Where original timber or metal windows and doors exist there is an opportunity to retain and repair them in situ with external joinery painted with stained or varnished finishes.
Replacement doors, windows and to heritage assets should normally match or reinstate the materials and details of the originals. The use of framing materials such as aluminium or UPVC, and stick-on glazing bars and trickle vents, are likely to detract from the character and appearance of the heritage assets.
Where existing original roofing materials or external details such as lettering, lamps etc survive there is an opportunity for retention and refurbishment. Oslo House: An articulated
structure frames brick infill panels
and strip windows
Clarnico Works: Windows align
vertically within engineering brick
piers
FRAC Nord-Pas de Calais, Dunkirk, Lacaton + Vassal Robust
vertical scale and repetition
Swan Wharf: In nearby Fish
Island, the interest of the facade is
achieved through the repitition of the
evenly spaced openings with their
blue brick reveals; modest in scale
but generous in number.
Iniva, Rivington Place, London, Adjaye Associates : the
deep reveals add drama to the
asymmetrical grid of window
openings which pattern the facade
as a whole
Hackney Wick Contemporary Examples
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SIGNAGE
The character of conservation area can be seriously eroded through the installation of inappropriate signs. When designing signs, it is important to consider the building as a whole, using colours, materials, scale, locations and form that complement buildings and that respect the character, appearance and setting of heritage assets. Innovative signage may be appropriate in some circumstances and the area’s creative experiments in painted and other typography is part of the Hackney Wick’s distinctiveness.
Standard solutions such as applied vinyl lettering and internally illuminated box signs will not normally be acceptable on buildings that contribute positively to the character or appearance of the conservation area.
CLUTTER
Bin stores, electricity substations, ventilation ducts etc should be contained within the building envelope.
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4.7 MONITORING CHANGE AND ENFORCEMENT
A record of changes within the area will be kept including the use of dated photographic surveys of street frontages and of significant buildings and views, taken every five years.
The contribution of the local community in managing conservation areas is recognised and the opportunity to work collaboratively is welcomed.
Appropriate enforcement action will be taken against any unauthorized works to heritage assets within the conservation area. It should be noted that the conservation area as an entity is a heritage asset.
The demolition of an unlisted building in a conservation area, without the consent of the local planning authority is a criminal offence.DR
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Above: Oslo House, Price Edward Rd
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DISCUSSIONS
If you are intending to submit a planning application to the LLDC, you are encouraged to discuss your planning proposals with a member of the Corporation’s Planning Policy and Decisions Team (PPDT) before doing so. This is particularly important for large and more complex planning schemes. Please contact the Planning Policy and Decisions Team on 020 388 8820 for further information or to discuss your planning proposal
IN PERSON
By prior arrangement only. Please call us on 020 3288 8820
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES
Bird Edmund, Hackney Wick Heritage Scoping Report for the London Development Agency, November 2009.
Brazier Roy, Achille Serre Ltd., Cleaners & Dyers: 1870-1970, 100 years of service, Publisher R. Brazier, 2006.
Pevsner, N, and Cherry, B. ;The Buildings of England: London 4: North, 1998 N. Pevsner, B. Cherry and C. O’Brien, The Buildings of England: London 5: East, 2005
Ridge Tom, Industrial Buildings Historic & Architectural Interest in Old Ford and Part of Hackney Wick, 2003.
Unpublished report: Architectural History Practice Ltd, Characterisation Study and Assessment of Key Buildings -Hackney Wick and the Old Ford Area, 2008, Compiled for EDAW Ltd.
The University of Michigan Online: The Booth Poverty Map Digitalisation Project
FURTHER READING AND CONTACTS
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Prepared by:
T: +44 (0) 7963 319352E: [email protected]: www.robert-bevan.com
T: +44 (0) 20 7803 0777E: [email protected]: www.drmm.co.uk
T: +44 (0) 20 7251 4004E: [email protected]: www.muf.co.uk
Photography by:
Gareth Gardner and Robert Bevan
muf
