BIO2203 BIO2203 HAEMATOLOGY HAEMATOLOGY 1.1.

Nicki LawsNicki Laws

lawsn@usq.edu.aulawsn@usq.edu.au

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ObjectivesObjectives

describe the composition & general describe the composition & general characteristics of blood (Chapt 18.1)characteristics of blood (Chapt 18.1)

describe erythrocytes & their life cycle (p669)describe erythrocytes & their life cycle (p669)

Understand blood gas transport (Respiratory Understand blood gas transport (Respiratory lectures and p670)lectures and p670)

explain the anaemias & polycythemiaexplain the anaemias & polycythemia

discuss the blood groups (p674)discuss the blood groups (p674)

Blood CharacteristicsBlood Characteristics

8% body weight (5.5L men)8% body weight (5.5L men)

Connective tissueConnective tissue

pH 7.4 (7.35-7.45)pH 7.4 (7.35-7.45)

Plasma: 90% water, solutesPlasma: 90% water, solutesFormed elements: erythrocytes, Formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, plateletsleukocytes, platelets

PlasmaPlasma

Water (90%)Water (90%)

Proteins: albumin, globulins, Proteins: albumin, globulins, fibrinogenfibrinogen

Waste products: urea and lactic acidWaste products: urea and lactic acid

Nutrients : glucose, lipids, aasNutrients : glucose, lipids, aas

ElectrolytesElectrolytes

Respiratory gasesRespiratory gases

Germann & Stanfield 16.1

HaematopoiesisHaematopoiesis

Bone marrowBone marrow

Derived from type of stem cellDerived from type of stem cell– Pleuripotential haematopoietic stem cellPleuripotential haematopoietic stem cell

Controlled by cytokines / hormonesControlled by cytokines / hormones– Colony stimulating factors for Colony stimulating factors for

leukopoiesisleukopoiesis– Thrombopoietin for thrombopoiesis Thrombopoietin for thrombopoiesis

(platelets)(platelets)– Erythropoietin for erythropoiesisErythropoietin for erythropoiesis

ErythrocytesErythrocytes

7-8 7-8 m m diameterdiameter5 000 000/5 000 000/llBiconcave Biconcave discs, discs, flattened in flattened in centrecentreDeformableDeformableNo nucleus or No nucleus or organellesorganelles

Fig 18.2

Marieb, Fig 17.2

Haemoglobin (Hb)Haemoglobin (Hb)

Globin, haeme Globin, haeme contains ironcontains iron

1 O1 O22 binds to 1 binds to 1 haemehaeme

Approx 280 000 Approx 280 000 000 molecules Hb 000 molecules Hb / erythrocyte/ erythrocyte

Germann & Stanfield Fig 16.3

Hb combinationsHb combinationsOO22 on haeme on haeme

– Oxyhaemoglobin (Hb.[OOxyhaemoglobin (Hb.[O22]]44))

Reduced HbReduced Hb– Deoxyhaemoglobin (HHb)Deoxyhaemoglobin (HHb)

COCO22 on globin on globin

– Carbaminohaemoglobin (HbCOCarbaminohaemoglobin (HbCO22))

Acidic HAcidic H++ from CO from CO22

Nitric oxide (vasodilator )Nitric oxide (vasodilator )CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+

+ HCO3_

carbonic acid

ErythropoiesisErythropoiesis

Pluripotent heamatopoietic stem cell

Committed proerythroblast

Ribosome synthesisHb synthesis

Ejection of nucleus

Reticulocyte

Erythrocyte

Normal 1-2% of RBC

Indicates rate of RBC production

EPO Control of ErythropoiesisEPO Control of Erythropoiesis

Sherwood 2001, Fig 11.4

Dietary Needs for ErythropoiesisDietary Needs for Erythropoiesis

Protein, fats, carbohydratesProtein, fats, carbohydratesIronIron– For Hb synthesisFor Hb synthesis– Transported to liver bound to transferrinTransported to liver bound to transferrin– Excess stored in liver as ferritinExcess stored in liver as ferritin

Vitamin BVitamin B1212

Folic acidFolic acid

DNA SYNTHESIS

Erythrocyte agingErythrocyte aging

Lose deformability, survive 120 daysLose deformability, survive 120 days

Old are removed by spleenOld are removed by spleen

HaemeHaeme– Iron to liver, recycled to bloodstream for use Iron to liver, recycled to bloodstream for use

in new RBCin new RBC– Bilirubin to liver, secreted into intestine in Bilirubin to liver, secreted into intestine in

bile and excreted through faecesbile and excreted through faeces

GlobinGlobin– Amino acids recycled to bloodstreamAmino acids recycled to bloodstream

Marieb Fig 17.7

AnaemiasAnaemias

Low OLow O22 carrying capacity carrying capacity

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

NutritionalNutritional

AplasticAplastic

RenalRenal

HaemorrhagicHaemorrhagic

Haemolytic Haemolytic

PolycythemiaPolycythemia

Excess erythrocytesExcess erythrocytes

Primary: polycythemia veraPrimary: polycythemia vera

Secondary: physiological Secondary: physiological polycythemiapolycythemia

Blood GroupsBlood GroupsErythrocytes have surface Erythrocytes have surface antigens antigens Develop antibodies to Develop antibodies to destroy foreign antigensdestroy foreign antigens– Agglutination: block small Agglutination: block small

blood vesselsblood vessels– Haemolysis of foreign Haemolysis of foreign

erythrocytes: release of erythrocytes: release of Hb & kidney failureHb & kidney failure

Blood groups

Jenkins Fig 18.7

Blood groupsBlood groups

ABO: based on type A & B antigensABO: based on type A & B antigens– AB - type A & B antigens (& neither antibody)AB - type A & B antigens (& neither antibody)– B - type B antigen (& anti-A antibodies)B - type B antigen (& anti-A antibodies)– A - type A antigen (& anti-B antibodies)A - type A antigen (& anti-B antibodies)– O - neither antigen (& both antibodies)O - neither antigen (& both antibodies)

Rhesus (Rh) factor: based on presence or absence of Rh Rhesus (Rh) factor: based on presence or absence of Rh factorfactor– Rh-positive or Rh-negativeRh-positive or Rh-negative