DANA KAREM

Haematological diseases

Revision

Blood is a specialised connective tissue Living cells

RBC WBC Platelets

Non living matrix Plasma

Water Proteins Electrolytes Gases Others

Origin (Revision)

Functions (Revision)

Transport

Gases

Nutrients

Hormones

Drugs

Protection

Immunity

Regulation

Temperature

pH

Blood pressure

Erythropoiesis (Revision)

Erythropoiesis (Revision)

Leukocytes (Revision)

Leukocytes (Revision)

Leukocytes (Revision)

Definitions

Haematology

Biochemistry

Immunology

Phlebotomy

Venipuncture: intravenous access

Anaemia

Polycythemia

Erythrocytosis

Leukocytosis

Leukpenia

Thrombocytosis / thrombocythemia)

Thrombocytopenia

ABO and Blood Transfusion

Blood Disorders

Diseases of the living cells: Erythrocytes

Increased production Erythrocytosis Polycythaemia

Decreased production/destruction/loss Anaemia

Leukocytes Increased production

Leukocytosis Leukaemia

Decreased production leukopenia

Thrombocytes Increased production

Throbocytosis Thrombophlebitis Thrombosis

Decreased production Bleeding disorders

Disorders of the components of the plasma: Water deficit (dehydration) Hypoproteinaemia Electrolyte imbalances Acid-Base imbalance

Manifestations of Blood Disorders

Skin, nails and mucous membrane: Pallor Plethora/plethoric face Jaundice/yellow discoloration of skin and mucous membrane Bleeding : pupura and petechiae and ecchymosis Koilonychia

Tiredness Dizziness Bleeding tendencies

Internal External

Thromboembolic disorders Organomegally:

Splenomegally Hepatomegally Lymphadenopathy

Plethora/Plethoric Face

Koilonychia

spoon nails

Pupura and Petechiae

Blood Tests

Complete Blood Count (C.B.C.) Haemoglobin – grams of Hb per 100mL of bloodPacked cell volume (PCV) – number of blood cells in

whole blood, similar to haematocritMean cell volume (MCV) – size of erythrocytesMean cell haemoglobin (MCH) – amount of Hb in each

cellWhite blood cell (WBC)

Neutrophil segments (Neut seg) Lymphocyte Monocyte Eosinophil Basophil Platelet count

Blood Tests

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)Haematocrit (HCT)Iron Studies

Iron Transferrin Iron saturation Ferritin

Biochemistry

Liver Function Tests Used to assess:

injury to liver cells, the livers ability to synthesise proteins and the excretory functions of the liver

Elevated liver enzymes usually indicate liver injury earlier than other measures of liver function

The key enzymes are: Alanine transferase (ALT) Asparate aminotransferease (AST)

The liver’s synthetic ability is reflected in serum protein levels Liver excretory function is indicated by:

serum bilirubin, γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

Anaemia

Watch the video

References

Bain, B. (2010). Haematology : A core curriculum. London: Imperial College Press.

Craft, J., Gordon, K. L., & Tiziani, A. (2011).

Understanding Pathophysiology. Sydney, Australia: Elsevier-Mosby.

Hoffbrand, A. (2011). Essential haematology. Malden, Mass: Wiley-Blackwell.