Haiti Introduction

8/8/2019 Haiti Introduction

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SUBJECT: DISASTER & RISK MANAGEMENT

TEACHER IN CHARGE: Dr. ROHIT JIGYASU

SUBMISSION NO. 1

SUBMITTED BY:

HARISH GUPTA 2nd sem

AMRIT PANWAR 2nd sem

DEEPIKA GANDHI 2nd semRAJIV MEHTA 2nd sem

HAITI

EARTHQUAKE

HAITI


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(I) introduction

About Haiti

Haiti (pronounced /het/; French Hati,pronounced: [a.iti]; Haitian Creole: Ayiti,Haitian Creole pronunciation: [ajiti]),officially the Republic of Haiti (Rpubliqued'Hati ; Repiblik Ayiti) is a Caribbeancountry. Along with the DominicanRepublic, it occupies the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antilleanarchipelago. Ayiti (land of high mountains)was the indigenous Tano or Amerindianname for the mountainous western side ofthe island.It was the first independent nation in LatinAmerica and the first black-led republic inthe world when it gained independence as

part of a successful slave rebellion in 1804.One of the poorest countries in theWestern Hemisphere, Haiti has beenplagued by political violence for most of itshistory. Over three decades of dictatorshipfollowed by military rule ended in 1990when Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE was electedpresident. Most of his term was usurped bya military takeover, but he was able to

return to office in 1994 and oversee theinstallation of a close associate to thepresidency in 1996.

Location: Caribbean, western one-third ofthe island of Hispaniola, between theCaribbean Sea and the North AtlanticOcean, west of the Dominican Republic

Geographic coordinates: 19 00 N, 72 25 W

Map references:Central America and theCaribbean

Area:total: 27,750 sq kmland: 27,560 sq kmwater:190 sq kmArea - comparative: slightly smaller thanMarylandLand boundaries:total: 275 km

border countries: Dominican Republic 275kmCoastline: 1,771 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone: 24 nm

continental shelf: to depth of exploitation


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(I) introduction

About Haiti

exclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm

Climate: tropical; semiarid wheremountains in east cut off trade winds

Terrain: mostly rough and mountainousElevation extremes:lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 mhighest point: Chaine de la Selle 2,680 m

Natural resources: bauxite, copper,calcium carbonate, gold, marble,hydropower

Land use:arable land: 20%permanent crops: 13%permanent pastures: 18%forests and woodland: 5%other: 44% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land: 750 sq km (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:lies in the middle of the hurricane belt andsubject to severe storms from June to October;

occasional flooding and earthquakes; periodicdroughtsEnvironment current issues: extensive deforestation (muchof the remaining forested land is being clearedfor agriculture and used as fuel); soil erosion;inadequate supplies of potable waterEnvironment international agreements:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,Desertification, Law of the Sea, MarineDumping, Marine Life Conservationsigned, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes,Nuclear Test BanGeography note: shares island of Hispaniola withDominican Republic (western one-third isHaiti, eastern two-thirds is the DominicanRepublic)


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(3) PEOPLE

Religions:Roman Catholic 80%, Protestant 16% (Baptist10%, Pentecostal 4%, Adventist 1%, other 1%),none 1%, other 3% (1982)note: roughly one-half of the population alsopractices Voodoo

Languages:French (official), Creole (official)

Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 45%male: 48%female: 42.2% (1995 est.)

Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.93 male's)/female65 years and over: 0.95 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2000est.)Infant mortality rate: 97.1 deaths/1,000 livebirths (2000 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population: 49.21 yearsmale: 47.46 yearsfemale: 51.06 years (2000 est.)Total fertility rate: 4.5 children born/woman(2000 est.)Nationality:noun: Haitian(s)adjective:Haitian


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(4) GOVERNMENT

Country name:

conventional long form: Republic of Haiticonventional short form: Haitilocal long form: Republique d'Haitilocal short form: HaitiData code: HAGovernment type: elected governmentCapital: Port-au-Prince

Administrative divisions: 9 departments(departments, singular - department);

Artibonite, Centre, Grand'Anse, Nord,Nord-Est, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-EstIndependence: 1 January 1804 (fromFrance)

National holiday: Independence Day, 1January (1804)

Constitution:approved March 1987;suspended June 1988, with most articlesreinstated March 1989; in October 1991,government claimed to be observing theconstitution; return to constitutional rule,October 1994

Legal system: based on Roman civil lawsystem; accepts compulsory ICJ

jurisdiction

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universalCountry name:

Economy - overview:About 80% of the

population lives in abject poverty. Nearly70% of all Haitians depend on theagriculture sector, which consists mainly of

small-scale subsistence farming andemploys about two-thirds of theeconomically active work force. Thecountry has experienced little job creationFebruary 1996, although the informaleconomy is growing. Failure to reach

agreements with international sponsorshave denied Haiti badly needed budget and

development assistance. Meeting aidconditions in 2000 will be especiallychallenging in the face of mounting popularcriticism of reforms. GDP: purchasing owerparity - $9.2 billion (1999 est.)GDP - real growth rate: 2.4% (1999 est.)GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity -$1,340 (1999 est.)GDP - composition by sector:agriculture: 32%industry: 20%services: 48% (1998 est.)Population below poverty line: 80% (1998est.)Unemployment rate: 70%; widespreadunderemployment; more than two-thirds of

the labor force do not have formal jobs(1999)


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(4) GOVERNMENT

Budget:revenues: $323 millionexpenditures:$363 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY97/98 est.)Industries: sugar refining, flour milling, textiles, cement, tourism, light assembly industries basedon imported partsIndustrial production growth rate: 0.6% (1997 est.)Agriculture - products: coffee, mangoes, sugarcane, rice, corn, sorghum; woodCurrency: 1 gourde (G) = 100 centimesExchange rates: gourdes (G) per US$1 - 18.262 (January 2000), 17.965 (1999), 16.505 (1998),17.311 (1997), 15.093 (1996), 16.160 (1995)

Communication Facilities/ connectivity

Telephones - main lines in use: 60,000 (1995)Telephones - mobile cellular: 0 (1995)Telephone system: domestic facilities barely adequate; international facilities slightly betterdomestic: coaxial cable and microwave radio relay trunk serviceinternational: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 41, FM 26, shortwave 0 (1999)Radios: 415,000 (1997)Television broadcast stations: 2 (plus a cable TV service) (1997)Televisions: 38,000 (1997)Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 6 (1999)


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(4) GOVERNMENT

Military branches: Haitian National Police

(HNP)note: the regular Haitian Army, Navy, and AirForce have been demobilized but Military

manpower - military age: 18 years of agemales age 15-49: 857,666 (2000 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military ageannually:

males: 83,863 (2000 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure: $NA ; note- mainly for police and security activities

Military expenditures - percent of GDP: NA%

Military - note: the Haitian Armed Forces havebeen demobilized and replaced by the HaitianNational Police

Railways:total: 40 km (single track; privately ownedindustrial line) - closed in early 1990snarrow gauge: 40 km 0.760-m gaugeHighways:total: 4,160 kmpaved: 1,011 kmunpaved: 3,149 km (1996 est.)Waterways: NEGL; less than 100 km navigablePorts and harbors: Cap-Haitien, Gonaives,Jacmel, Jeremie, Les Cayes, Miragoane, Port-au-

Prince, Port-de-Paix, Saint-MarcMerchant marine: none (1999 est.) Airports: 13(1999 est.)Airports - with paved runways:total: 32,438 to 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 1914 to 1,523 m: 1 (1999 est.)Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 10914 to 1,523 m: 5under 914 m: 5 (1999 est.)


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(4) Chronological Events

1492 Christopher Columbus lands and names the island Hispaniola.1496 Spanish establish first European settlement in western hemisphere in Santo Domingo, now

capital of Dominican Republic.1697 Spain cedes western part of Hispaniola to France, St Domingue and retains east, Santo

Domingo. The island is prized by European colonists as it rich is in natural resources,including cocoa, cotton and sugar cane. Thousands of slaves are brought in mainlyfrom West Africa to harvest crops.

1801 A former black slave, General Toussaint Louverture, leads a slave rebellion, liberates theisland, abolishes slavery and proclaims himself governor-general of anautonomous government over all Hispaniola.

1802 French forces led by Napoleons brother-in-law, Charles Leclerc, fail to re-conquer the island

of Hispaniola. General Louverture is betrayed by the French and subsequently exiled toFrance where he dies.

Independence1804 Hispaniola is declared an independent republic, the second in the western hemisphere. It is

renamed Haiti, land of the mountains. Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares himselfemperor.

1806 Dessalines is assassinated and Haiti is divided into a black-controlled north, with HenriChristophe and a mulatto-ruled south, with Alexandre Petion.

1818-43 Pierre Boyer takes control and unifies Haiti.1915 US Marines occupy Haiti.1934 US withdraws troops from Haiti, but maintains fiscal control until 1947.1937 Thousands of Haitians massacred within Dominican Republic and along the border under

President General Trujillo.1956 Physician Franois Papa Doc Duvalier seizes power in a military coup and is elected

president a year later.1964 Duvalier declares himself president-for-life and establishes a dictatorship with the help of

Tontons Macoute. Tens of thousands are murdered or exiled.1971 Duvalier dies and is succeeded by his 19-year-old son, Jean-Claude, or Baby Doc who

retains his fathers regime.


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1986 Baby Doc flees to France, in the wake of mounting popular discontent and protests.Lieutenant-General Henri Namphy is placed as head of a governing council.

1988 Leslie Manigat becomes president, but is ousted in a coup led by General Namphy.General Namphy is then expelled by Brigadier- General Prosper Avril

1990 General Avril resigns and a civilian government, lead by Supreme Court Justice ErthaPascal-Trouillot is installed.

Democracy, Coup and Intervention1990 Former Roman Catholic priest Jean-Bertrand Aristide is the first democratically elected

president.1991 Aristide is ousted in a coup led by Brigadier-General Raoul Cedras, triggering sanctions by t

he US and the Organization of American States (OAS). Over 40,000 Haitians are

rescued by US Coast Guards fleeing the coup regime by boat.1993 UN imposes sanctions after the military regime rejects an accord facilitating Aristides r

eturn.1994 Military regime relinquishes power in the face of an imminent US invasion; US forces

oversee a transition to a civilian government; Aristide returns. Aristide dismantles themilitary, a civilian police force is created.

1995 UN peacekeepers begin to replace US troops; Aristide supporters win parliamentaryelections; Rene Prval elected in December to replace Aristide as president.

1996 Prval sworn in as president.

1997-99 Serious political deadlock; new government named.1999 Prval declares that parliaments term has expired and begins ruling by decree following a

series of disagreements with deputies.

Aristide's Second Term2000 November Aristide elected president for a second non-consecutive term, amid allegations

of irregularities.2001 July Presidential spokesman accuses former army officers of trying to overthrow the

government after armed men attack three locations, killing four police officers.2001 December 30 armed men try to seize the National Palace in an apparent coup attempt; 12

people are killed in the raid, which the government blames on former armymembers.

2002 July Haiti is approved as a full member of the Caribbean Community (Caricom) trade bloc.2003 April Voodou is recognized as an official religion.


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2004 January-February Celebrations marking 200 years of independence are marred by violentuprising against President Aristide. Rebels seize towns and cities; dozens are

killed. Mr. Aristide is forced into exile in South Africa; an interim government,ead by Boniface Alexandre, is established.

2004 May Severe floods in south, and in parts of neighboring DominicanRepublic, leave more than 2,000 dead.

2004 June UN peacekeepers arrive, to take over security duties from US-l ed force and to helpflood survivors.

Late 2004 Rising levels of deadly political and gang violence in the capital2005 July Hurricane Dennis kills at least 45 people.2006 February General elections, the first since former President Aristide was overthrown in 2004.

Rne Prval is declared the winner of the presidential vote after a deal is reached overspoiled ballot papers.2006 June A democratically-elected government headed by Prime Minister Jacques-Edouard

Alexis takes office.2006 October US partially lifts an arms embargo, imposed in 1991.2008 April Food riots. Government announces emergency plan to cut price of rice in bid to halt

unrest. Parliament dismisses Prime Minister Alexis.2008 May US and World Bank announce extra food aid totaling $30m.

In response to plea from President Prval for more police to help combat wave of

kidnappings-for-ransom, Brazil agrees to boost its peacekeeping force.Tropical Storms2008 August/September Nearly 800 people are killed and hundreds are left injured as Haiti is hit

by a series of devastating storms and hurricanes.2008 September Michele Pierre-Louis succeeds Jacques-Edouard Alexis as Prime Minister.2008 November A school in Port-au-Prince collapses with approximately 500 pupils and teachers

inside. The authorities blame poor construction methods.2009 May Former US President Bill Clinton appointed UN Special Envoy for Haiti.2009 July World Bank and International Monetary Fund cancel $1.2bn of Haitis debt 80% of

the total after judging it to have fulfilled economic reform and poverty reductionconditions.


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2009 October-November Jean-Max Bellerive becomes Prime Minister after the Senate passescensure motion against his predecessor, Michelle Pierre-Louis.

2010 January An estimated 200,000 people are killed when a magnitude 7.0 earthquake hitsthe capital Port-au-Prince and neighboring towns, Jacmel and Leogane the worstin Haiti in over 200 years. Most of the capital city is left in ruins.

Seismic SettingHaiti shares the island of Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic Haiti occupies roughly thewestern third of the island. The northern shore of Hispaniola lies near the boundary separatingthe Caribbean plate and the North American plate. This plate boundary is dominated byleft"lateral strike slip motion and compression, and accommodates about 20 mm slip with theCaribbean plate moving eastward with respect to the North American plate. The island is crossedby several strike slip faults including those which make up the Enriquillo Plantain Garden FaultZone on the south. This fault zone starts offshore to the west of Haiti, bisects the Haitianpeninsula, and then extends eastward towards Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic(seeFigure1).Althoughthere have been no recent significant earthquakes in Haiti,several earthquakes wererecorded by French historian Moreau de Saint"Mry(17501819) during the French colonialperiod.He wrote that in Port"au"Prince, "only one masonry building had not collapsed" in the

earthquake of 1751 andthatthe"wholecitycollapsed"intheearthquakeof1770(Wikipedia).Atthe18thCaribbeanGeologicalConference in 2008, Paul Mann et al. stated that the fault had been locked for over 200 years andthe periodofinactivitywaslikelyatanend(Mann,2008).


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Figure1:HistoricalSeismicityinHispaniolapriorto1960.LastmajorearthquakenearPort"au"Princewasin1770.

Ground Motion EstimatesThe USGS has published Shake map instrumental intensity estimates (Figure 2) and estimatedpeak Ground accelerations (PGA)(Figure3).Note that the bluedots in Figure3 indicateinstrument locations; The one instrument located in Haiti is along the north coast, far from theepicenter.Figure3 shows a Maximum PGA of 0.30g.Based on the observed damage, Mr.Fierroestimates the PGA was more likely 0.45g in Port-au-Prince and possibly higher west of theepicenter in the direction of the rupture due to Forward directivity. Structures in Leogane andother communities west of Carrefour suffered a higher Level of damage than similarconstruction in Port-au-Prince.


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Owner-built new construction Owner-built construction represents 80 to 90% of the construction within Haiti, and thus building

back better in Haiti requires improvements to the owner-built construction process. Use better building materials The construction materials and practices currently used in Haiti(i.e., reinforced concrete and concrete blocks) can be improved to build structures that are resistantto both earthquakes and hurricanes.Improve construction methods Specific improvements to construction methods should beidentified (e.g., tamping of concrete to remove voids), as well as appropriate features of thestructural details (e.g., reinforcement locations). Provide examples of home designs Five to ten standard prescriptive designs should bedeveloped, each of which includes engineering drawings and building instructions, so that owners

do not need to develop specific building plans that incorporate appropriate detailing. Provide training and demonstration projects Improvements to construction practice will requirehands-on training sessions and demonstration projects at vocational schools (e.g., masons school)and local communities, as well as follow up visits to ensure that the improvements are beingimplemented. Provide incentives for proper implementation Incentives for implementing the developedimprovements must be identified. Study improved designs for future development In the long term, considerations should begiven to alternative types of structures and more sustainable solutions, using partnerships of Haitianand foreign designers. New engineered infrastructureInfra structure represents a wide range of facilities, including civic buildings (e.g. schools, hospitals,government buildings), bridges, ports, water distribution systems, power generation anddistribution systems, drainage systems, waste-water collections systems, and solid wastemanagement systems.


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Consideration of geophysical drivers of natural hazards Scientific observations and analysis areinherently regional in scope; natural hazards know no borders. Targeted investment in a regional

capability that incorporates and builds upon capacity developed in Haiti will improve thesustainability of monitoring activities. This is an important consideration for hazards that have longrecurrence intervals in any one location but have devastating impacts when they strike. Theregional approach should leverage existing networks, infrastructures, organizations and socialcapacity to the extent possible and should facilitate access to the information generated.


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(4) C E


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Conclusions and Recommendations

It would be easy for those in the developed world to look at this tragedy and think that this cannothappen here. Unfortunately for all of us, there are many locations in the world that build todaywithout appropriate seismic detailing; there are many vintage structures throughout both thedeveloped and Developing world without appropriate seismic detailing; there are many locationswhere the current generation has no memory of seismic activity and earthquake preparedness isnot on the list of priorities. As the world population grows and urban areas become more denselypopulated, the worldwide earthquake hazard is increasing rather than decreasing. Nevertheless,successful seismic resistant schools, hospitals, commercial structures, and residences can be builtutilizing the same concrete, steel, and concrete block used in Haiti. Other countries such as Peru

and Turkey share many of the Problems seen in Haiti, and use confined masonry for the majorityof their building structures. Since1999,schools in Peru have been built following a standard designthat has been shown to resist ground motion on the order of 0.50g without any damage. Thegovernment of Peru also sponsored the production and dissemination of a handbook for propertyowners and laborers showing cartoon "style how to build a confined masonry home, includingstep by step instructions for Digging footings, mixing concrete, arranging the bars, etc. (Blondet).Several pages from the Spanish Language emersion of this booklet are shown in Figure32. Thepeople of Haiti need to rebuild quickly; on January 19th Mr. Fierro saw masons reconstructingcollapsed walls using the exact technology that caused them to fall. The international aid andengineering communities need to help educate Haitians regarding the earthquake hazards andprovide basic, easy to understand guidance on how to rebuild their society in a more earthquakeresilient fashion. This should not involve reinventing the wheel; most of Haitis problems havepreviously been addressed else where. Some ideas might include:



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Provide immediate assistance to the government of Haiti to develop and adopt a provisionalBuilding code that includes seismic provisions. Countries such as the Dominican RepublicanPeru have codes that might be readily adapted for Haiti.Provide immediate assistance to existing Haitian architecture, engineering, and constructionprofessionals to educate them on the principles of seismic design and construction; sucheducational seminars should be organized as soon as possible, sincere construction is alreadyunder way.

Translate the Peruvian booklet on confined masonry construction into Kreyol or French andmake it Available for free; provide training and demonstrations in public parks, schools, orlocations that sell building supplies, to show proper construction techniques.Use international aid money to sponsor the construction of one great school in each affectedtown following the plans developed in Peru; these plans are readily available and show aproven technology that utilizes confined masonry.Devise a mechanism to tie aid money for reconstruction t o the use of seismic detailing andseismic resistant construction.Create an avenue for engineers and inspectors from developed countries to help with design,

plan review, and construction inspection during the initial reconstruction period. We havereceived a number of requests from American professionals asking how they can volunteer.

,



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Provide scholarships to existing Haitian students studying architecture and engineering to go abroadto finish their studies, since many Haitian universities are not currently able to function and do not

Have the appropriate curriculum in seismic design. This could involve both short and long term"Scholarship arrangements.In closing, here are photos of school construction in Peru (Figures 33"34). The school shown at left(Figure 33) and the school in the background in Figure 34 both experienced ground motion of 0.5gduring the 2007 Pisco, Peru Earthquake. This was a magnitude 7.9 event; 80,000 structures collapsedin Pisco, but these schools were undamaged. The wing in the foreground (Figure 34) was underconstruction during July 2008 .At that time, we met a woman who identified herself as the Engineerof Record and had designed the school; she was in the field personally tying all the bars for thecolumn cages because she said no one else could be trusted with such an important task. May

engineer every where take a lesson from her.

,

School in Pisco,Peru survived 7.9M2007Pisco earthquake withoutdamage(PGA0.5g).Peruvian Governmentdeveloped standard plans for schoolconstructionin1999



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,

School under construction, Pisco, PeruJuly 2008.Building has 1m T"shaped

longitudinal wall at location of eachtransverse wall; rest of transverse wall Issolid unreinforced concrete blockmasonry in fill.

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Haiti Introduction

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