Date post: | 17-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | isabella-lloyd |
View: | 224 times |
Download: | 0 times |
HAMAS – Islamic Resistance Movement – Harakat Al-Muqawama Al-Islamiya
• Formed in 1987 from Palestinian branch of Muslim Brotherhood
• December 14, 1987 HAMAS anniversary
• Liberation of Palestine • Operate in Gaza Strip, West
Bank; have offices in Amman Jordan; fundraising worldwide
• Loosely structured group – cellular structure
Hizballah – Party of God
• Formed in 1982 by Iranian military intelligence following Israeli invasion of Lebanon
• Liberation of Lebanon as revolutionary Shiite Islamic state
• Operate in Lebanon, Beirut and Bekaa Valley; also found in Iran; fundraising worldwide
• Collective leadership, loose confederation of militant groups and clerical leadership
Al Qaeda
• Formed around 1988. The organization was formed after Bin Laden was already running the Services Office, a clearinghouse for the Muslim brigade opposing Soviet invasion in Afghanistan. Al Qaeda grew out of the Services Office
• Expel unbelievers from Middle East
• Operate worldwide• Decentralized; many
autonomous cells worldwide
Definitions• Terrorism:
– The term "terrorism" means premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.
– The term "international terrorism" means terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than one country.
– The term "terrorist group" means any group practicing, or that has significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism. (U.S State Dept.)
• Organized Crime– “any group having some manner of a formalized structure and
whose primary objective is to obtain money through illegal activities. Such groups maintain their position through the use of actual or threatened violence, corrupt public officials, graft, or extortion, and generally have a significant impact on the people in their locales, region, or the country as a whole.” (FBI)
• Decrease in State Sponsored Terrorism
• Crackdown on charities
• Use of organized crime as means to fund– Drug Trafficking– Arms Trafficking– Contraband Smuggling (Cigarettes, Diamonds and
Gems, Fuel, etc.)– Human Trafficking
• Sex Trade, Immigration, Work
– Counterfeit Goods
• Legitimate business
Introduction
* History of Suicide Bombings
* Modern Suicide Bombings
* Use as coercive measure
Suicide Attacks
* Suicide not allowed by Qur’an
* Suicide Bombings / Martyrdom Operations
* Organizational Reasons for Suicide Attacks
* Personal Reasons for Suicide Attacks
Personal Reasons
* Religious Fanatic
* Nationalistic Fanatic
* Avenger
* Exploited
Methodology
* 51 cases suicide bombings by females
* 5 cases attacks not carried out
* Total 56 cases
* Open Source data
* Personal Info: Age, Occupation, Family background, Reason for attack
* Attack Info: Where, When, Target Deaths and Injuries, Terror Group
Limitations
* Small number cases
* Information not complete
* Open Source data
* Women’s Role in Islam* Qur’an v. Cultural
* Women as suicide bombers?* Qur’an* Fatwa’s issued* Community support
Findings
Average Age 22.35
Median Age 20.5
Oldest 37
Youngest 15
Targets
8%12%
33%
37%
10%
Not carried out
Checkpoint
Commercial -Civilian
Police/Govt
Not known
AGE – 26 cases had age data
7
14
24
8
14
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Car/TruckBomb
Explosiveson person
Grenadeson person
Carried(suitcaseor bag)
Bomb(placement
unclear)
Unknow n
Bomb Placement
Countries
1
10
1 1
12
7
1
4
2
11
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Bangla
desh
Chechen
/Gro
zny
India Ira
qIsr
ael
Leba
non
Pakist
an
Russia
Sri La
nka
Turke
y
Data available for 38 bombings
Deaths Injuries
Total Number 337 942
Average per Attack 8.87 24.79
Median 4 12
Casualties
050
100150200250300350400450
1985
1986
1987
1991
1996
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Killed
Wounded
Year Average Deaths Average Injured
1985 0.5 2
1986 0 7
1987 6.5 46.5
1991 1 0
1996 4.67 14
1998 6.5 10.75
1999 5.75 7.75
2000 27 0
2001 12 55.5
2002 2.5 28
2003 14.08 29.46
2004 4 0