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HANDBOOK FOR DISTRICT COLLECTORS ONClimate Resilient - Disaster Risk Reduction
ISBN 978-0-9843616-8-7
Suggested citation Gupta, A. K., Chopde, S., Wajih, S., Kumar, A., Singh. S. (2016). Handbook for District Collectors on Climate Resilient - Disaster Risk Reduction, Published by Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group, India, and Institute for Social and Environmental Transition USA.
Design and print Aspire Design, New Delhi
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What’s in the Handbook?
• Explanationofdriversthatputdistrictsatrisks
• DefinitionofCCA-DRRanditsrelevanceinmaking
disaster resilient districts
• ImportantconsiderationsinintegrationofClimate
ChangeAdaptation(CCA)andDisasterRisk
Reduction(DRR)indevelopmentalactivities
• Overviewofplansandpoliciesthatwillenable
investmentindisasterriskreduction
• CCA-DRRintegrationthroughvariousmitigation
measures
• Self-assessmenttoolforimplementing,
monitoringandupdatingDRRactivities
3
4
WHO SHOULD USE THIS HANDBOOK?•Districtcollectors,Magistrates,Sub-nationallevelofficials,Development/LinedepartmentsandPublicserviceswhoaddressriskfactorswithindevelopmentplanning/activities
•OfficialsofUrbanLocalBodiesandPanchayatiRajInstitutionswhoimplementtheprograms
•Academia,Universities,Researchinstituteswhocanhelpindocumentation,assesspastandpotentialhazardsandrelatedriskscenarios
•Citizengroupsandcivilsocietyasawhole
District Level
Districts
Tehsils/ Talukas (200-600 Villages)
Municipalities & Corporations
Villages
Panchayats
Community Development Blocks(approx 100 villages & 80,000 - 1.2 Lac Pop)
Town Area Commitee (5,000 - 11,000 Population)
Municipal Board(10,000 - 2 Lac Population)
Corporation ( > 2 lac Population)
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WHY CLIMATE RESILIENT DRR?• Indiafacesthechallengeofsustainingitsrapideconomicgrowthwhiledealingwiththeglob¬althreatofclimatechangeandincreasedrateofdisasters
•Someexamplesofrecentclimaterelateddisasters:Chennaifloods(2005,2014,2015,2016),Bengaluruflood(2005and2016),Maharashtra,MP,BiharandAssamin2016,andthemostdevastatingrecentGurugramfloodsof2016,Uttarakhandflashfloodsof2013,Bundelkhanddrought,etc.
• Thus,thereisaneedforanintegratedapproachwithinclusionofpolicymakers,planners,scientificfraternityandcommunitiestoworktogethertodevelopappropriatestrategiestomainstreamClimateChangeAdaptation(CCA)andDisasterRiskReduction(DRR)intodevelopmentplansandprograms
WHY DISTRICT COLLECTORS/MAGISTRATES?• TheDistrictCollectorbeingtheheadofthedistrictcanguidetheallocationofresourcestowardstheprotectionoflifeandassets,restorationofproductivesystemsandlivelihoods,regainingmarketaccess,rebuildingsocialandhumancapitalandphysicalandpsychologicalhealth
•AspertheDisasterManagementAct2005,he/sheistheinstitutionalheadofdisastermanagementanddevelopmentatdistrictlevel
• ThereisatremendouspotentialtoreducevulnerabilityandrisksthroughintegrationofDRRinnationalandstateschemesthroughstructuredframeworksandoperationalmeasureswhichaCollectorcanveryeffectivelyhelpinproperimplementation
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about
60% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various intensities
over
40 MILLION hectares is prone to floods
about
8% of the total area is prone to cyclones
68% of the area is susceptible to drought
Source: www.unisdr.org/2005/mdgs-drr/national-reports/India-report.pdf
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This Handbook
has been developed for authorities at the district
level and other local governments for a practical
guide on the “Essentials of Making Districts
Climate Resilient” and to help and implement
risk reduction initiatives at sub national level
that will further help in achieving the goals of
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals,
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
and targets of Paris Climate Agreement to which
India is also a party and committed to Sustainable
Development. Lessons of CDKN supported studies
implemented by GEAG, ISET and lessons drawn
in technical cooperation with NIDM experts have
been utilized in developing the disaster framework
for district and sub-district/local level to assist
the District Collector-cum- District Magistrate to
guide, oversee and ensure the implementation of
disaster risk management at all levels in a district
area.
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Allovertheworld,thefrequencyandtheseverityofdisasters,causedbyclimaterelatedeventshavebeenincreasing.Indiatooisvulnerabletoalargenumberofnaturalaswellasman-madedisasters,invaryingdegrees,onaccountofitsuniquegeo-climaticandsocio-economicconditions.Whenadistrictishitbyflood,drought,landslide,earthquake,cyclonesandotherrelatedhazards,districtofficialsandplannersneedrightinformation,resourcesandtoolstocombatthedisastrousconsequences.Suchinformation/toolscanonlybearesultofpreparednessinitiatives.Districtofficialsalsoneedtomainstreamtheseclimateresilientinitiativesintovariousdevelopmentalschemesthatareregularlyimplemented.
Natural HazardKnowledge of Potential Catastrophic and Chronic Physical Events
• Past Recurrence Intervals• Future Probability• Speed of Onset• Magnitude• Duration• Spatial Extent
Vulnerable SystemExposure, Sensitivity and Resilence at:• Population• Economy• Land Use and Development• Infrastructure and Critical Facilities• Cultural Assets• Natural Resources
Ability Resources and/or Willingsness to:• Mitigate• Prepare• Respond• Recover
Risk of
Disaster
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FIGURE 1: Natural hazard and vulnerability
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HAZARD AND DISASTERS: VULNERABILITYANDMAINSTREAMINGMATTERS
Naturalhazardsbythemselvesdonotcausedisaster.Itisthecombinationofanexposed,vulnerableandillpreparedpopulationorcommunitywithahazardeventthatresultsinadisaster.Climatechangeisknowntoaggravatedisasterrisksintwoways;firstlythroughthelikelyincreaseinweatherandclimatehazardsbyalteringclimaticpatternsextremeevents,andsecondlythroughincreaseinthefactorscontributingtocommunityvulnerabilitytonaturalhazards,particularlybyaffectingecosystemstructureandservices,reductionsinwaterandfoodavailability,lossofinfrastructureandchangestolivelihoods;therebyaffectingtheirsocialandeconomicresilience.
ADDRESSING CLIMATE RISKS: WHY?
Overthepastdecades,ithasbeenobservedthatcertainhazardsoccurinafewregions,whichwasnotthecaseinthepast.Oneofthestrikingfeaturesobservedisthatmanyareaswhichwerenotconventionally“floodprone”arenowfacingdevastatingfloods,someexamplesbeingtheChennaifloods(2005,2014,2015,2016),Mumbaifloods(2005onwards),Bengalurufloods(2005and2016),Kashmirflood(2014)andthemorerecentdevastatingGurugramfloodsof2016.ThaneCyclone,ElNinoevents,UttarakhandCloudBurstandflashfloodof2013,recurrentBiharfloods,excessiverainfallinthemonthofMarchinUttarPradeshin2015,Bundelkhanddrought,Heatwaveof2015-16,Forestfire2016;allthesehaveraisedseriousconcernsonthepreparednessandresponse,aswellastheinabilitytoaddressrootcausesofimpactsatlocallevels.RecentstudiesshowtheconcentrationofextremerainfallinIndia,whichisevidentbythechangedrainfallcentralpatterninmanydistrictsofMadhyaPradeshinrecentyears.Suchdisastrouseventsnowoccuralmostregularly,notonlybringmiserytonumerouspeoplemorefrequently,butalsoresultinanoutbreakofseriousepidemicssuchas,malariaandcholera,besidescausingseriousecologicalandeconomicchallenges.Evenasthecommunityatlargeistryingtocopewiththeserecurrentoccurrences,theeconomicandsocialcostscontinuetomountyearafteryear.Thus,thereisanurgentandstrongneedtohaveanintegratedapproachwithinvolvementofpolicymakers,planners,scientificfraternityandcommunitiesto
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worktogethertodevelopappropriatestrategiestomainstreamClimateChangeAdaptation(CCA)andDisasterRiskReduction(DRR)intodevelopmentplanningprocess.
RECOGNIZING DISASTER-DEVELOPMENT-CLIMATE NEXUS
Inouradministrationsystem,disastermanagementcomesunderRevenueandReliefAdministrationwhereasclimateriskandrelatedsubjectscomesunderthejurisdictionoftheMinistryofEnvironment,ForestandClimateChangeandtheconcernedStateDepartmentofEnvironment.TheDisasterManagementAct,2005andDisasterManagementpolicy2009,envisagesdisasterriskreductioninsteadofconventionalreliefcentricapproach,whichwasfollowedbystatedepartmentsinthepast.Now,itismandatedthateverydepartmentmustprepareadepartmentallevelDMplanandallocateaspecificbudgetforDM(preparednessandriskmitigation,both).CCAandDRRapproachesareintegratedtosomeextentatnationallevel;ThroughIndia’scommitmenttoHyogoFrameworkforAction,2005-15,SendaiFramework2015-2030,theNationalActionPlanonClimateChange(NAPCC,2008),andotherministeriallevelprograms.Furthermore,an
Global Process and Local Changes
GHG Emissions Decrease in SinkDecrease in Assimilation
EnvironmentalModifications
Climate Change
Temperature Profiles
WindPattern
RainfallPattern
GlacialRetreat
Cyclones Storms
Saltwater Illusion
Disease/ epidemics
Flodding
Drought
Desertification
Landslide/avalanche
Warning
Climate
Land Instability
StructuralVulnerability
DamagesLoses
Chemical Storage/Process
Accident
Operabilityerror increase
Spatial Temporal
Higher Low
Fires
FIGURE 2: Environment, climate change and disasters-schematic work (Source: Gupta et al., 2014a)
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arrayofsectoraldepartmentssuchasWaterSupply,Health,Agriculture,RuralDevelopmentandUrbanDevelopment,Housing,Forests,Environment,Irrigation/WaterResources,doundertakeactivitiesthatinfluenceclimateanddisasterresilience.However,whentheoverallimplementationofsuchprojectsandschemesisobservedatthestateordistrictlevel,itisseenthatlowhorizontal&verticalcoordinationexistsbetweendepartments,especiallyonintegrationofDRRandCCAconcernsintotheirsectoralprograms.ThesegapsunderminetheabilitytotranslateconceptsandDRRorCCApoliciesintoexecution/actionontheground.Theyear2015wasalandmarkyearfortheUnitedNationsandGlobalDevelopmentAgenda.Theconvergenceofinterestsandglobalconcernsforsustainabledevelopment,disasterriskreductionandclimatechangehasledtotheformationofanewroadmapforasustainableandsafeworldtogether;TheSendaiframeworkfordisasterriskreduction,TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsandTheParisClimateAgreement.Theseagreementsofglobalsignificanceprovideopportunitiestobuildcoherenceacrossdifferentbutoverlappingpolicyareas.Abriefaboutthegoalsofthesethreesignificantframeworksismentionedbelow:
Environment, disaster and development are inextricably linked and have to be dealt proactively and in an integrated manner to reduce the risk (of disasters or losses) and to harness the maximum benefits of development for society and economy, is the basis of sustainable development. Thus, Disaster Risk Management (DRM) has two major facets – One: The disas-ter reduction which builds on preventive and mitigation actions, largely converges with environmental action and utilizes Climate Change Adaptation as key means, and Two: Proactively planned and tested Disaster Response Coordination Plan. Both the Facets of DRM concern to avoid or minimize environmental compromises, and maximizes resilience of communities and governance to climatic risks.
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TABLE 1: GLOBAL FRAMEWORK AND INDIA’S COMMITMENT
Global framework / Goals/ Agreement
Thrust point India’s Stand
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2015-2030
Itisanon-bindingvoluntaryagreementfor15yearswhichrecognizestheresponsibilityofcountriesforDRRandthesharedresponsibilitywiththeirlocalgovernment,privatesectorandotherstakeholders.SFDRRimprovesonHFAbyidentifyingthegaps,goodlessonslearnedandfuturechallenges.
IndiaisasignatorytoSFDRRandisattemptingtocomplywithitonavoluntarybasis.Therecentlyreleased National Disaster Management Plan of India (NDMP),2016,incorporatestheapproacharticulatedinSendaiFrameworktoachievesubstantialreduction in disaster risk and lossesinlives,livelihoods,andhealthandintheeconomic,physical,social,cultural,andenvironmentalassetsofpersons,businesses,communities,andcountries.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Itincludes17globalSDGswith169targets.TwentyfivetargetsofthenewSDGFrameworkaredirectlyorindirectlyrelatedtoDRRin10ofthese17SDGs.Theagendaidentifiesandassertstheimmediate need to reduce climate &disasterrisk,andemphasizesresiliencebuildingofcommunitiesandnationstoachievetheSDGs.
ExplicitreferencesforDRR,CCAandresiliencecanbeobservedingoalsandtargetsspeciallyrelatedtopoverty,hunger,healthylives,buildingresilientinfrastructure,education,sustainablemanagementofwater,climatechange,resilientandsmartcities.
Paris Climate Agreement, 2015
ParisAgreementislegallybindingtoallthepartiesunlessspecificallyexcluded.Itcontainsallgreenhousegasemissionsfromallsectorsandhumanactivities,sourcesandsinks.Theagreementwillbringaboutaprocessofmaintainingabalancebetweenmitigationandadaptation.Infutureapproachesofclimateadaptation,thelossanddamagecausedbydisasterswillbebetterincorporatedtoaccomplishthegoalofclimateresilience.ThepreambleofagreementmentionsabouttheadoptionofSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction.
Indiaratifiedtheagreementon2nd October,2016.
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PARADIGM SHIFT IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT: NEEDANDMAINSTREAMING
InIndia,theDMframeworkattheimplementationlevelstillfocusesprimarilyondisasterpreparednessandresponse.Aspectsofclimatechangemitigation/adaptationaspartofdisastermanagementframeworkarenotrecognizedintheDMAct,althoughtheDMActdefines‘damageorlosstoenvironment’as‘disaster’,layskeyemphasisonprevention-mitigationandcapacitybuilding,andrefersto‘sustainability’,‘land-use’and‘environment’incontextofplanningDMmeasures.However,thereisnospecificprovisionforassessingenvironmentaldamage/restorationofenvironmentafterdisasters,despitethefactthattheenvironmentisalwaysatstakeduringrelief,recoveryandreconstructionprocess.Thisactuallyleadstorebuildingriskandresultsinaggravatedornewdisasterrisksforthefuture.MoEF&CCisthenodalMinistrydesignatedforchemicaldisastersand(nowalsofor)forestfires.TheEnvironmentalProtectionAct1986(EPA)coversissuesandaspectsrelatedtovariousclimaterelatedhazardsandfactorsofenvironmentalvulnerabilityinindirectways,althoughavisibleemphasisintermsofDRRinclimatechangecontextislacking.Disastersandresultantenvironmentaldamagesareaddressedinadequatelyandremainunclearevenintherecentenvironmentallawsinthecountry.However,WetlandsRules,2010andCoastalRegulationZone(CRZ)notificationshavespecificprovisionsforhazardmapping
• Climaterelatedhazards only
• Longtermview• Forwardlooking
perspective• Originsinscience• Highpolitical
interest
• Encompassesallgeophysical risks
• Buildsuponpastexperience and knowledge
• Focusesonextremesonly
• Originsinhumanitarianassistance
• Lowtomoderatepolitical interest
Focus on reducing
vulnerabilities and enhancing
resilience
CCA DRR
FIGURE 3: Diagram showing interaction of CCA and DRR (Source: Gupta et al., 2014b)
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andriskassessment.TheForestPolicyhaseffectivelytouchedupontheissuesrelatedtovarioushydro-climaticdisasters,whereastheNationalEnvironmentalPolicy2006(NEP)clearlyrelateswithotherpoliciesrelatedtonaturalresources,viz.water,agriculture,urbansanitation,forests,etc.andoffersaframeworkformainstreamingDRRandCCAtogetherintovariousactionsofdevelopment,welfareandinfrastructuredevelopment.Managementofclimaterelatedrisks,includingimprovedunderstandingandalleviationofthevulnerabilitiestoextremeevents,isimperativetominimizetheadverseimpactsonhumanhealth,societyandtheenvironmentunderthecurrentandfutureclimates.Itisalsoanareawhereclimatechangeadaptation(CCA)anddisasterriskreduction(DRR)overlap.TheconceptualandpracticalsimilaritiesanddifferencesofDRRandCCAhavebeenthesubjectofseveralstudies.Thesehavefoundthatwhilsttherearesomepoliticalandphysicaldistinctionsbetweenthescopesofeachfield,thereisakeyareaofsimilarity–afocusonvulnerabilityreductionandtheenhancementofresilience.
ROLE OF DISTRICT COLLECTOR IN DISASTER ‘RISK’ MANAGEMENT
AsperSection31oftheDisasterManagementAct2005,itismandatorytohaveaDistrictDisasterManagementPlanwhichshallincludeHazardVulnerabilityCapacityandRiskAssessment(HRVCA)thatincludesprevention,mitigation,preparednessmeasures,responseplansandothermeasuresproposed.Atthedistrictlevel,theDistrictDisasterManagementAuthorityistheapexbodytodealwithallkindsofdisasters,whereastheDistrictCollector(DC)isnominatedastheResponseOfficer(RO).ThefollowingrolesareassignedtotheDCfordisastermanagement:• Ensureprevention,mitigationandpreparednessactivitiesarecarriedoutin
accordancewithappropriateguidelines• ProvideinputstoStateDisasterManagementAuthorityrelatingtovarious
aspectsofdisastermanagementthatincludeearlywarnings,statusofpreparednessetc.
• Ensurethatrelevantofficialsinthedistrictpossesstheknowledgetodealwithdisastermanagementissues
• Developanappropriatereliefimplementationstrategyforthedistrict,takingintoaccounttheuniquecircumstancesofthedistrictandprevailinggapsinitsinstitutionalcapacityandresources
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• Facilitateandcoordinatewiththelocalgovt.bodiestoensurepredisastermanagementactivitiesinthedistrictarecarriedoutoptimally
• Facilitatecommunitytraining,awarenessprogramsandtheinstallationofemergencyfacilitieswiththesupportoflocaladministration,NGOsandtheprivatesector
• Establishadequateinterdepartmentalcoordination on issues related to disastermanagement
• Involvecommunityintheplanninganddevelopmentprocess
• Ensurethatlocalauthoritiesincludingmunicipalcorporation,grampanchayatsetc.inthedistrictareinvolvedindevelopingtheirownmitigationstrategies
• Revisitorreassesscontingencyplansrelatedtodisastermanagement• Ensurethatpropercommunicationsystemsareinplaceandcontingencyplans
maximizetheinvolvementoflocalagencies
Prime Minister’s Agenda 10 on Disaster Risk Management• Alldevelopmentsectorsmust
imbibetheprinciplesofdisasterriskmanagement
• Worktowardsriskcoverageforall• Encouragegreaterparticipationand
leadershipofwomenindisasterriskmanagement
• Investinriskmappingglobally• Leveragetechnologytoenhancethe
efficiencyofdisasterriskmanagementefforts
• DevelopanetworkofUniversitiestoworkondisasterissues
• Utilizetheopportunitiesprovidedbysocialmediaandmobiletechnologies
• Builtlocalcapacitiesandinitiatives• Ensuretheopportunitytolearnfroma
disasterisnotwasted• Bringaboutgreatercohesionin
internationaldisasterresponse
FIGURE 4: Disaster Resilience based planning framework in a district and at sub-district / local level
City DM Plan
Village DMPlan District
Planning
DDMP
Departmental• DM Plan• DRR Strategy
Sectpral Plans
Block/Tehsil/TalukaDM Plan
• District Environment Action Plan• Climate Change Adaptation
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PATHWAYS AND APPROACHES: LESSONSFROMPIONEERDISTRICTSOFINDIA
ThereareseveraltoolsandmethodsthroughwhichDRRandCCAmeasurescanbeintegratedtoreducetheriskofnaturaldisasters.Thesearelegalandpolicyframework,developmentalplansandschemes,environmentalandnaturalresourceslaws,policyplanninginstrumentslikeStrategicEnvironmentAssessment,EnvironmentImpactAssessment,LifeCycleAssessment,EnvironmentalAuditingetc.Gorakhpur(UttarPradesh),Puri(Odisha)andAlmora(Uttarakhand)areamongthefewdistrictsinIndiathathaveinitiatedtheprocessofIntegratingCCAintoDRRthroughvariousdevelopmentschemesandplans;andhavedevelopedtheirClimateResilientDistrictDisasterManagementPlan.
TABLE 2: Approach for Integration of DRR and CCA issue in Development Planning at Sub-National level: A Comparative analysis
State Uttar Pradesh Odisha Uttarakhand
District Gorakhpur Puri(Coastal) Almora(Hills)
Hazards Riverineflood Multi-hazards:Deltaicfloods,drought,cyclones,stormsurges
Multi-hazard:Flashfloods,landslides,waterscarcity,hailstorm,forestfiresetc
LeadAgency DDMA-Gorakhpur OSDMA-Odisha DDMA-Almora
NodalOfficer ADM-FR Collector and District Magistrate
DistrictMagistrate
ResearchInstitutes/agencies
GEAG-ISET-NIDM GoI-UNDP,GEAG-ISET-NIDM
GEAG-ISET-NIDM
Institutionalanalysisprocess
Sharedlearningdialogues(SLD),workshops,policyroundtables,interactivelearningsessions,mappingofkeysystems(departments/themes)
Sharedlearningdialogues(SLD),CommunityConsultation,workshops,policyroundtables,interactivelearningsessions
Sharedlearningdialogues(SLD),workshops,policyroundtables,interactivelearningsessions
Climate changecomponent
Trendanalysis,Futureclimatescenario,HazardsAnalysisofmajorpasthazards
Historicalanalysisofrainfallandcyclones
Trendanalysis,Futureclimatescenario,HazardsAnalysisofmajorpasthazards
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State Uttar Pradesh Odisha Uttarakhand
DRR componentasperSendaiFramework
Includedthefourprioritiesofactions:Understandingrisks,strengtheninggovernance,investingandenhancingdisasterpreparedness
Includedthefourprioritiesofactions:Understandingrisks,strengtheninggovernance,investingandenhancingdisasterpreparedness
Pointofintegration
Schemes for DRR and CCA:• Schemesfrom
central and state governmentwithDRRlinkagesarementioned
• Possibleactionsundereachschemeare mentioned
Risk Reduction Plan of DDMP-Climate change action plan: • Climate induced
disasters are listed withdepartmentspecificimpactsandexistingcopingmechanisms
Schemes for DRR and CCA: • SchemesfromcentralandstategovernmentwithDRRlinkagesarementioned
• Possibleactionsundereachschemeare mentioned
Schemes for DRR and CCA:• Schemesfrom
central and state governmentwithDRRlinkagesarementioned
• Possibleactionsundereachschemearementioned
FIGURE 5: Essential steps for Integration of CCA and DRR issue into developmental plans and schemes at sub-national level
Identify the Focal Point for the Exercise
Creation of Institutional Setup
Sensitize the Representatives of the other Departments
Department-wise Specific Dialogues (Shared learning Dialogues) and Information Collection
Integration of Department-Wise Plans into State Level DM Planning
Mainstreaming of DRR and CCA issues into Development Planning
Finalization of the documents
Final Outcomes
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DDMP AS A TOOL FOR NAPCC AND SAPCC IMPLEMENTATION
AccordingtotheNAPCCguidelines,Statesshouldhavedisasterspecificvulnerabilityassessmentandsectoralassessmentatstate&districtlevelforpreparingcontingencyplans.TheHRVAofaDDMPisthemostusefulsectioninthiscontext.Thissectionbasedontheanalysisof“situation”inadistricthelpstoprioritizehazards&risksanddefinesthetraining,equipment&exerciserequirements.Itdetermineswhathazardscanoccurinadistrict,howvulnerableisthedistricttoeachhazardandallotheressentialinformationatdistrictlevel.Theriskanalysisquantifiestheriskandenablesadistricttofocusonthosehazardsthatposeahigherthreattolife,propertyandenvironment.
FIGURE 6: Planning and Review Intervention Units for Climate Resilience and Disaster Risk Management under an Administrative District and linkage with State Level Planning Process and National Policies
Direct Linkage:-TheobjectiveofDDMP-“Tomitigateimpactofnatural,human-inducedandman-madedisastersthrougheffectiveandplannedcoordinationofprevention,riskmitigation,preparednessanddealingwithdisastersituationsatDistrict,Block,Panchayat,VillageandUrbanLocalBodies”isdirectlyrelatedtothemitigationmeasuresinSAPCC.WehaveobservedthattheSAPCCsgenerallymaintainabalancebetweenproposedadaptation(toimpactofclimatechange)
Govenment of India
Administrative structure of India
State Government(s)
Division(s)
District(s)(Zill-Parishad)
Municipal Corporation(s)(Mahanagar- Palika)
Municipality(s)(Nagar- Palika)
City Council(s)(Nagar Panchayat)
Wards
Block(s)(Tehsils)
Village(s)Gram Panchayat
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andmitigation(i.e.,reductioninGHGemissionandenhancingGHGsinkpotential)measures.IfalltheloweradministrativelevelsofastatehaveplanslikethePuriDDMP,withanobjectivetomitigatedisasters,man-made,naturalorclimate–induced,thenitwilldirectlycatertotheimplementationofvarioussectoralneedspertainingtomitigationofclimatechange&relateddisasters.
Indirect Linkage:-Thepost-disasterstrategy“Assessment&EnumerationofDamageorLosses”willindirectlycatertoenvisagingvariousadaptationmeasureswhichareproposedinSAPCC.Duringtheprocessofdamage-lossassessmentfollowingadisaster,notonlyisthestructuraldamageanalyzed,butthegapsinpreparednessarealsoassessed.Alotofinformationisgeneratedleadingtoknowledgeonvulnerabilityattributesandweaknesses.Thisensuresthatpeoplewillbepreparedforfurtherfuturesituationsandlikelyincidencesbytakingproperadaptationmeasures.
FIGURE 7: Diagram showing process for inclusion of DRR in SAPCC
Knowhowdevelopmentis
affectedbyclimateinduced disasters
KnowhowtolinkDRR-CCAwithdevelopmentprogrammes
SchemesfromCentral&StateGovernmentwithDRRlinkages&
possibleactionsarementioned
ClimateInducedDisasters are listed withdepartmentspecificimpacts&existingcoping
practices
Risk Reduction Plan
“Climate Change Action
Plan”
Risk Reduction Plan
“Schemes for DRR & CCA
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MODEL FOR INTEGRATION
MainstreamingDisasterRiskReductionconcernsindevelopmentplanningcanguideallocationofresourcestowardstheprotectionoflifeandassets,restorationofproductivesystemsandlivelihoods,regainingmarketaccess,rebuildingsocialandhumancapitalandphysicalandpsychologicalhealth.Developmentplansthereforetakeonacriticalroleindisasterriskmanagement.TheprocessofmainstreamingDRRintodevelopmentplanningneedstohaveappropriatetoolsandmethodologiesalongwithpoliticalcommitment,publicunderstanding,scientificknowledgeandexpertise.Nationalandstateleveldevelopmentschemesplayacrucialroleforthesocio-economicdevelopmentofthecommunity.Theseschemestargethugepopulationeveryyearwithlargeamountoffundsfortheirimplementation.Thus,thereisatremendouspotentialforreducingvulnerability&risksthroughintegrationofDRRinnationalandstateschemesthroughstructuredframeworkandoperationalmeasures.Somekeymeasuresatpolicylevelanddeliverymechanismthatcanbeincorporatedinthesenationalandstateschemesaretabulatedbelow:
TABLE 3: Sector wise National and State Schemes (Indicative List, not exhaustive)
Sector National/ state schemes Point of integration
Housing IndiraAwaasYojna
RajivAwasYojna
• Safetyauditofexistinghousingstock• EstablishTechnologyDemonstrationUnitsfor
publiceducationandawareness• Certificationofmasonsandcreatingdatabaseof
master trainers• Strengthencomplianceandenforcement
proceduresoflocalbuildinglawsinhazardproneareas
• Addconstructionelementsforspecialneedsgroupsindesignandplanningofallpublicbuildingsandmasshousingprojects
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Sector National/ state schemes Point of integration
Agriculture NationalMissionforSustainableAgriculture
NationalWaterMission
MGNREGA
NationalRuralLivelihoodProject
SpecialPackageforDroughtMitigationStrategies
NationalWatershedDevelopmentProjectforRain-fedAreas
PradhanMantriFasalBimaSinchaiYojna
SoilHealthCardScheme
RashtriyaKrishiVikasYojna
TraditionalFarmingImprovementScheme
• Constructionofirrigationchannels,minorandmajorirrigationsystems
• Improveefficiencyofirrigationsystembyintroducingsprinkleranddripirrigationsystems.
• Renovatetraditionalwatermanagementsystems• Promoterainwaterharvestingstructure• Strengthen/constructembankments,floodwalls
andfloodlevees• Drainageimprovement/managementinorderto
avoidcongestion.• Cropimprovement• Microirrigationtechnology• Croprisktransferthroughinsurancebased
measures• Applicationoffertilizerbasedonsoiltestvalues,
thusincreasingfertilizeruseefficiencyanddecreasingsoilandgroundwaterpollution
• Encouragetraditionalpracticesandlocalknowledgeforriskmitigation.
Urban Development
SwatchBharatMission(Urban)
AtalMissionforRejuvenationofUrbanTransformation
Urbanandregionaldevelopmentplansformulation and implementationguidelines
NationalMissiononSustainableHabitat
SmartCitiesMission
• Cleanstreets,roadsandotherinfrastructureofcitiesandtowns
• Improvethebasicservicestothehouseholdincludingwatersupply
• Rainwaterharvesting,conservationofurbanwaterbodies,greenandopenspaces,watersupplysystem,wastewatermanagementsystem
• Improveenergyefficiency,strategicplanfornewandrenewableenergy,alternatesourcesofenergytomeetthecitydemand
• Smartgridtocheckelectricitylossesandothersustainabilityissues
• Improveabilityofhabitatstoadapttoclimatechangebyimprovingresilienceofinfrastructure,communitybaseddisastermanagementandmeasuresforimprovingadvancewarningsystemsforextremeweatherevents
• Maintainperi-urbanspacesandrelatedecosystems.
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Sector National/ state schemes Point of integration
Waterandsanitation
NationalRuralDrinkingWaterProgram
• Floodmitigation-retainingwall,strengtheningembankmentsetc.
• Groundwatermanagement,raisinghandpumps,waterback-upsetc.
TotalSanitationcampaign
• RainwaterHarvesting• Waterrechargeandconservation• Safedrinkingwater• Drainagesystem• Construction of toilets
Employment PradhanMantriGramodayaYojna
• Prioritizingandtakingupworksforfloodcontrol&droughtproofing
MahatmaGandhiNational Rural EmploymentGuaranteeScheme
• Landdevelopmentincludingplantation• Renovationofwaterbodies
Natural Resources Management
IntegratedwatershedManagementProgram
• Revivaloftraditionalwaterharvestingstructuresincludingtreatmentofcatchmentareas
Health NationalRuralHealthMission
• Developemergencyplansandconductmockdrillinhospitals
NationalFoodSecurityMission
• Developprojectsoncommunitymonitoringandreportinginmajorhealthandfoodsecurityschemes
Education SarvaShikshaAbhiyan • UpgradationofinfrastructureforDRR• Specialneedsofvulnerablegroupsincluding
disabledchildrenindesignofschoolbuilding,amenitiesandlearningprocesses
• Developmentanddisseminationoflearningmaterialonriskawareness,preparednessandpreventivemeasuresinschool
• CurriculaandintegrationofDRRmodulesintheregulartrainingcourseofthe“TeachersTrainingInstitutes”
• Traininginlifesavingskillssuchasfirstaid,searchandrescue,swimmingtoschoolchildren,teachersandeducationadministrators
• PreparedisasterpreparednessplansandconductsmockdrillsthroughSchoolManagementCommittees(SMC)
Mid-daymealScheme • Providefoodatthetimeofdisaster
Energy NationalSolarMission
PromotionofCFL
Wastetoenergyprogram
• Promoterenewableenergyprograminthedistrict
• Promotionofsolarlights&otherrenewablebasedenergyproducts
• Encourageuseofsolarpumps,solarheaters,smart-gridmeteringsystem
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FIGURE 8: District level disaster risk management capacity building institutional framework suggested by the National HR Plan 2012.
IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND UPDATING OF DRR ACTIVITIES
TheDistrictCommissionermustensuretheplanning,coordination,monitoringandimplementationofDRRactivities.Itcanbedoneintheformofachecklistprovidedbelow:
TABLE 4: Checklist for planning, implementation and coordination
SFDRR priorities
Activities Details Y/N Remarks
Under-standing the disas-ter risks
Planning (Mitigation and pre-paredness)
Plan and prepare in close consultation with various line departments at district level
Maintain coordination and prepare depart-ment wise plan
Establish regular communication and share information between research team and district level departments
Define roles and responsibilities of line de-partments during various facets of disasters as per Incident Response System
01
0208
0307
04
05
06
DM & RR Committee
NGO NGC
Paryavaran
Vahini
University/ College
KVK
Industry Association
ULB DRDA
DDMA
District DRMO
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SFDRR priorities
Activities Details Y/N Remarks
Strength-ening disaster risk gover-nance
Implemen-tation
Identify & implement schemes of Central/State Government based on the parameters of mitigation, relief and rehabilitation
All departmental heads at the district level identify the suitable and relevant schemes which can be used in disaster risk
Investing in disaster risk re-duction for resilience
Monitoring Monitor the functioning and adequacy of the resources present in the district, every six months
Monitor the training of officers of the frontline departments as per their requirements; For example training on Ecosystem based disas-ter risk reduction
Audit reports of various departments such as Environment, Irrigation (regarding canals) and Labor (Industrial Safety & Health) De-partments
Enhancing disaster prepared-ness for effective response
Review and update
Valuable inputs from actual disasters
Lessons learnt from trainings
Changes in disaster profile of district Increase in intensities, types and patterns of disasters
Changes in regulatory requirements
Updation of databases using GIS
Technological developments/ innovations in identifying potential hazards or mitigating them
Understanding the bottlenecks for addressing the impacts/damages/losses
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
ThishandbookforDistrictCollectors–cum-DistrictMagistratesisbasedonlessonsdrawnfromCDKNsupportedstudiesundertakenbytheGorakhpurEnvironmentalActionGroup(GEAG)andInstituteforSocialandEnvironmentalTransition(ISET)atStateandDistrictLevel(UttarPradesh–Gorakhpur,Odisha–Puri,andUttarakhand–Almora,coveringfloodspecific,multi-hazardmountainenvironment,andmulti-hazardcoastalenvironments,respectively).ThelessonsofthesestudiesweredrawnintechnicalcooperationwiththeNationalInstituteofDisasterManagementexpertstoenhancecapacitybuildingresourcesandsupportthepolicyenvironment,forwhichatrainingmanualhasalsobeendevelopedtoguidetheprocessofclimatesmartdisastermanagementplanningalongwiththeDelhiDeclarationRisktoResilience2014.
ContributionsofMs.NiveditaMani(GEAGDelhiOffice),DilipSingh(ISET),Ms.AditiPaul,Mr.MihirBhatt(CDKN)andProf.VKSehgal(PrincipalScientist,IARI,NewDelhi)havebeensignificantandaregratefullyacknowledged.
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Authors:
Dr.AnilKGupta,Head,DivisionofPolicyPlanning,NIDMNewDelhi.
ShashikantChopde,Sr.ResearchAssociate,InstituteforSocialandEnvironmentTransition,USA(IndiaOffice).
Dr.ShirazA.Wajih,President,GorakhpurEnvironmentalActionGroup,Gorakhpur,UP,India.
AmitKumar,ProjectOfficer,GorakhpurEnvironmentalActionGroup,LucknowOffice,India.
SwatiSingh(ResearchConsultant),TERIUniversity,NewDelhi.
References:
Chopde,S.,Singh,D.,Gupta,A.K.,Kumar,A.andWajih,S.(2016).UnpackingMainstreamingDRR-CCAinthesub-nationallevelDevelopmentPlanning:InsightsfromthreestatesinIndia.GEAG,Gorakhpur(UP,India)andISET,Colorado(US).
Gupta,A.K.,Chopde,S.,Katyal,S.,Wajih,S.,Kumar,A.,Singh,D.(2016).DistrictDisasterManagementPlanasaneffectivetoolforimplementationofStateActionPlanonClimateChangeinIndia.GEAG,Gorakhpur(UP,India)andISET,Colorado(US).
Gupta,A.K.,Nair,S.S.,Wajih,S.A.,Chopde,S.,Gupta,G.andAggrawal,G.(2014a).MainstreamingClimateChangeAdaptationandDisasterRiskReductionintoDistrictLevelDevelopmentPlans.NIDMNewDelhi(India),GEAGGorakhpur(UP,India)andISET,Colorado(US),P114.
Gupta,A.K.,Nair,S.S.,Singh,S.,Chaturvedi,A.,Arora,R.,Saluja,S.,Mundra,N.,andMewes,H.(2014b).StrengtheningClimateResiliencethroughDisasterRiskReduction:ApproachinAndhraPradeshandTamilNaduinIndia–ExperienceandLessons.SpecialTechnicalPaper,GIZ-IGEPandNIDM,NewDelhi,P36.
Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group (GEAG)No.224,Purdilpur,MGCollegeRoad, Gorakhpur-273001(U.P)Phone:+915512230004; Fax:+915512230005Email:[email protected],[email protected]