HANDBOOK - caesar · handbook year 2000 handbook cleaning and maintaining fine porcelain stoneware...

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HANDBOOK

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2ad esclusivo uso interno ©

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. page 3

1.0. TYPES OF SURFACE ................................................................................................ page 4

1.1. TABLES (CLASSIFICAZIONE MERCEOLOGICA DELLE SERIE)............................... page 5

2.0. MAIN CLASSES OF GROUTS FOR JOINTS ANDSEALERS FOR EXPANSION JOINTS....................................................................... page 6

2.1. GROUTS................................................................................................................... page 62.1.a. CEMENT-BASED GROUTS ...................................................................................... page 62.1.b. CEMENT-BASED GROUT WIT MINERAL FILLERS ................................................... page 62.1.c. CEMENT-BASED GROUT WITH LATEX.................................................................... page 62.1.d. CEMENT-BASED GROUT WITH PIGMENTS ............................................................ page 72.1.e. EPOXY GROUT........................................................................................................ page 7

2.2. SEALERS................................................................................................................... page 82.2.f. POLYURETHANE SEALER........................................................................................ page 82.2.g. SILICONE SEALER................................................................................................... page 82.2.h. ACRYLIC SEALER (only for wall tiles) ................................................................... page 82.2.i. BUTYL SEALER (only for wall tiles)......................................................................... page 8

2.3. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR JOINTS .................................................................... page 9

3.0. CLEANING AFTER LAYING (REMOVING GROUT RESIDUES)............................... page 103.1. CEMENT-BASED GROUT (2.1.a. - 2.1.b. - 2.1.c - 2.1.d)...................................... page 103.1.a. Types of surface 1.a. - 1.f. .................................................................................... page 103.1.b. Types of surface 1.b. - 1.c. - 1.d. - 1.e. ............................................................... page 113.1.c. Types of surface 1.g. - 1.h. - 1.i ............................................................................ page 13

3.2. EXPOXY GROUT (2.1.e.) ....................................................................................... page 143.2.a. Types of surface (1.a.-1.b.-1.c.-1.d.-1.e.-1.f.-1.g.-1.h.-1.i) ................................ page 143.3. SEALERS (2.2.f. - 2.2.g. - 2.2.h. - 2.2.i.) .................................................................. page 153.3.a. Types of surface (1.a.-1.b.-1.c.-1.d.-1.e.-1.f.-1.g.-1.h.-1.i) ................................ page 15

4.0. ROUTINE CLEANING .............................................................................................. page 16

5.0. HEAVY-DUTY CLEANING....................................................................................... page 17

6.0. PROTECTIVE TREATMENTS ...................................................................................... page 186.1. TREATMENT DIAGRAM ........................................................................................... page 20

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7.0. DETERGENTS ........................................................................................................... page217.1. DETERGENTS TABLE ................................................................................................ page22

INTRODUCTION

The considerable technological progress witnessed over the lastyears in the field of ceramics has widened the range of possibilities forarchitects and end users of tiles. The increased variety of floor and walltiles has created many new possible applications, however choosingthe most suitable tile has certainly become much more difficult: thevarious kinds of surface available today do not all behave in the sameway with respect to their conditions of use, especially in terms ofcleanability and hygiene.

The word “Cleanability” defines how easy and effective it is toremove any kind of substance or element coming into contact withthe surface, such as stains, dust, grout and generally speaking “dirt”and restore the initial appearance of the tile.When we mention hygiene, we are referring to the possibility of usingsuitable means for safeguarding the health of users, especially inpublic environments such as hospitals, schools or the like.

The words “effective” and “easy” define the performance of thetile surface: the more effective the removal of all dirt without leavingmarks or traces, the more the product can be considered cleanableand hygienic. Porcelain stoneware fulfils these requirements very well,since it is particularly compact and has a very low porosity; furthermoreits high mechanical and chemical resistance makes it possible toadopt drastic treatments for restoring the original appearance of thesurface.To make this possible however, it is necessary to carry out a fewelementary procedures after laying and grouting, which will facilitateroutine floor maintenance.

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1.0. TYPES OF SURFACE

The characteristics of tile surfaces are acquiring a greaterimportance as they establish the quality of the product in terms ofperformance and, as a consequence, define which product bests suitseach possible use.

The smoother and more compact a surface, the easier and rapidit is to clean. Smoothness and compactness are the features of aproduct which is neither rough nor porous. A “texture”, even of a minornature, tends to hold back dirt and therefore calls for more care.

For sake of clarity and for internal usage, the series currentlyproduced have been classified on the basis of their characteristics andproduction method:

1.a. COSTELLAZIONI, DOLOMITI, ELECTROGRES, GRANIGLIATI,MOSAICO, TECNOLITO, PLAIN COLOURS(MATT FINISH)

1.b. GRANIGLIATI, KRISTAL, LINEA INDUSTRIA, TECNOLITO.(STRUCTURED FINISH)

1.c. ANDALUSIA, ANTICHE PIETRE, LE GROTTE, MAGNA GRECIA,MILLENARIE, TERRE D’INDIA

1.d. GRANIGLIATI, TINTE UNITE (EXTRA THICK),KRISTAL (MATT FINISH)

1.e. PIETRE CELTICHE (MATT FINISH)1.f. RINASCIMENTO1.g. KRISTAL, PIETRE CELTICHE (HONED FINISH)1.h. (SEMIPOLISHED FINISHED)1.i. ALPI, COSTELLAZIONI, DOLOMITI, MOSAICO, KRISTAL,

TECNOLITO, TINTE UNITE (POLISHED FINISH)

The different types mentioned, as confirmed by a series of laboratorytests, behave in different ways with regards to soiling agents.On condition that they are correctly cleaned after laying, our productsare manufactured in such a way as to grant a good standard ofcleanability.Grouts and sealers are among the main soiling agents. These productscall for special precautions, which should be adopted both for the firstcleaning session after laying and for routine care of wall and floor tiles.

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In the next chapter we will deal with different kinds of grout and sealerand describe all specific precautions to adopt in the many surfaceand grouting situations you may have to tackle.Remember that the care taken for the first cleaning session after laying(in particular the removal of all residues of grout) will affect thecleanability of the tile throughout its life.

1.1.TABLES

CLASSIFICATION OF THE SERIES OF FINE PORCELAIN STONEWARE

MANUFACTURED BY CERAMICHE CAESAR

CLASS SERIES FINISH

1.a. COSTELLAZIONI matt

DOLOMITI matt

ELECTROGRES

GRANIGLIATI matt

MOSAICO matt

TECNOLITO matt

TINTE UNITE matt

1.b. GRANIGLIATI textured

KRISTAL textured

LINEA INDUSTRIA

TECNOLITO textured

1.c. ANDALUSIA

ANTICHE PIETRE

LE GROTTE

MAGNA GRECIA

MILLENARIE

TERRE D'INDIA

1.d. GRANIGLIATI extra thick

KRISTAL

TINTE UNITE extra thick

1.e. PIETRE CELTICHE matt

1.f. RINASCIMENTO

1.g. KRISTAL honed

PIETRE CELTICHE honed

1.h. ------------------- semipolished

1.i. ALPI

COSTELLAZIONI polished DOLOMITI polished MOSAICO polished

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KRISTAL polished TECNOLITO polished PLAIN COLOURS polished

2.0 MAIN CLASSES OF GROUTS FOR JOINTS ANDSEALERS FOR EXPANSION JOINTS

“Grouts” are used to fill joints between tiles, whereas “sealers” areused to fill expansion joints.

2.1 GROUTS

Grouts, which are generally used to fill joints between tiles, areoffered with different characteristics to fulfil various technical andaesthetic requirements. In particular, the materials composing themvary and as a consequence the methods and detergents used toeliminate residues, which are the main cause of retention of dirt varytoo. The main kinds of grout used are:

• CEMENT-BASED GROUT• CEMENT-BASED GROUT WITH MINERAL FILLERS• CEMENT-BASED GROUT WITH LATEX• CEMENT-BASED GROUT WITH PIGMENTS• EPOXY GROUT

2.1.a CEMENT-BASED GROUT

This kind is composed of cement and selected aggregates with a finegrain size.It is offered in limited colours, ranging from white to grey.

2.1.b CEMENT-BASED GROUT WITH MINERAL FILLERS

These are cement-based grouts with the addition of marble or quartzpowder, to name but a few. Depending on the kind of filler and on thegrain size, these grouts can be suitable for various size joints.

2.1.c CEMENT-BASED GROUT WITH LATEX

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These are cement-based grouts with the addition of synthetic polymer-based latex dispersed in water that makes the grout more compactand reduces the porosity and absorption. This compound has also anincreased resistance to abrasion, is more elastic and gives betteradhesion on the sides of the tile.

2.1.d CEMENT-BASED GROUT WITH PIGMENTS

This kind of grout falls within the class of cement-based grouts butfeatures special polymers and pigments to fulfil particular aestheticrequirements. These grouts may also feature latex additives.The presence of particularly fine inorganic oxides tends to adverselyaffect the cleanability of the product.

2.1.e EPOXY GROUT

These are divided into the TWO-COMPONENT type, which comprisesepoxy resin, silica sand and special additives, and the THREE-COMPONENT type, which comprises liquid epoxy resin, a liquid aminohardener and mineral additives.These grouts may also feature pigments.The components are pre-mixed by the manufacturer to prevent anydosing errors, which are on the other hand rather common whendealing with cement-based grouts and generally involve the use oftoo much water.These grouts have a high chemical resistance and a low porosity andare ideal for grouting acid-resistant floors, for the foodstuffs industry,etc.

NB: unlike cement-based grouts, once hardened, these productscannot be cleaned unless mechanical systems are adopted. The lattermay damage the surface of the tiles.Residues must be removed within a few minutes from application andabove all before the product hardens, this is best achieved with theuse of electrically operated scrubbing machine and floor clothsmoistened with alcohol; the cloths must be frequently replaced.

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2.2. SEALERS

As far as sealers for expansion joints or tiles subject to movement areconcerned, the following types are available:

2.2.f. POLYURETHANE SEALER

These are generally of the twin-pack (two-component) type andcomprise a polyurethane polymer and a hardener.

2.2.g. SILICONE SEALER

These are single component, flexible sealers that resist any climaticcondition, as well as chemical attack.

2.2.h. ACRYLIC SEALER

These are used for wall tiles only.

2.2.i. BUTYL SEALER

These are used for wall tiles only.

As far as resin-based sealers having a high bonding strength areconcerned, this application requires edge protection prior to grouting,utilising adhesive tape. In fact, after it has hardened, the product mayonly be removed with mechanical means.

NB: irrespective of the kind of grout chosen, it is essential toscrupulously follow the instructions of the manufacturer in terms of useand dosing of the components.

This document describes all the procedures to adopt in order toeliminate any residue of grout after grouting.

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2.3 SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR JOINTS

Irrespective of the kind of grout chosen, it is essential to carefully readand follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer, in terms ofUSE, COMPONENT DOSING, MIXING, TIME, etc.As a general rule, choose a grout with a colour resembling that of thetiles laid.

Other general rules to observe when grouting are provided below:

a) It is a good idea to grout just a small portion of your surface in orderto assess whether the product you have chosen, in particular thepigments it may contain, stain the tiles. The rule applies in particularwhen you wish to obtain a strong contrast by using a dark grout onlight tiles or vice versa.

b) Work over one small section at a time and remove any residues atonce.

c) Let the grout dry as long as is necessary in order to enable it to timedepends on the kind of grout: it can range from 24 to 72 hours.Porcelain stoneware must be treated in the same way as any othermaterial for floor or wall covering; for this reason, it is highlyrecommended that the laid floor be protected from damage bymaterials from other building work.The use of plastic sheets is not recommended since these do not allowair to circulate and therefore lengthen the grout setting time.

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3.0. CLEANING AFTER LAYING(REMOVING GROUT RESIDUES)

3.1. CEMENT-BASED GROUT (grout classes 2.1.a. – 2.1.b. – 2.1.c. – 2.1.d.)

3.1.a. Types of surface 1.a. – 1.f.

Residential buildings

Recommended products: acid or acid/solvent solution (CAESAR 1),water.

Cleaning equipment: broom, mop, bucket.

Procedure: 1) within a few hours from laying, as soon as the groutstarts drying (it will become opaque), sweep the floor;

2) within 4 days from grouting and in any case beforethe curing process ends and the grout has definitivelyset, wet the floor, dilute the acid in water inaccordance to the instructions given on the label,spread the acid solution onto the floor and spreadwith a mop; allow the product to stand for a fewminutes;

3) rinse with a clean cloth soaked in water. Repeatseveral times;

4) dry.

Commercial and industrial uses


Cleaning equipment: broom, rotating brush with medium bristles, liquidvacuum equipment.

Procedure: 1) within a few hours from laying, as soon as the groutstarts setting (it will become opaque), sweep the floor;

2) within 4 days from grouting and in any case beforethe curing process ends and the grout has definitively

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hardened, wet the floor, dilute the acid in water inaccordance to the instructions given on the label,spread the acid solution onto the floor and scrub withthe brush; allow the product to stand for a fewminutes;

3) repeat several times;4) Dry the surface with a liquid vacuum equipment.

3.1.b. Types of surface 1.b. – 1.c. – 1.d. – 1.e.



Cleaning equipment: broom, mop, brush with medium bristles, bucket.

Procedure: 1) let the mortar dry until the product has lost its plasticity(the time varies depending on the kind of productand the climate).You will in any case notice it is time to clean when thegrout’s surface film becomes opaque;

2) rub the surface to clean with a moistened scouringpad;

3) when the joints have definitively hardened, rub with asoft and clean cloth to remove any residues;

4) remove stains with a mop within a few days. Use anacid detergent or preferably a solvent/aciddetergent, following the instructions of use;

5) do not leave wet grout on the tile surface for too long,especially if it is spread thick: the binder will eventuallycause it to set and adhere to the tile;

6) rinse with a clean cloth soaked in water;7) dry.

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Cleaning equipment: broom, rotating brush with medium bristles, liquidvacuum equipment.

Procedure: 1) let the mortar dry until the product has lost its plasticity(the time varies depending on the kind of productand the climate).You will in any case notice it is time to clean when thegrout’s surface film becomes opaque;

2) rub the surface to clean with a rotating brushfeaturing abrasive felt disks (for instance Scotch-Brite);

3) when the joints have definitively hardened, rub with asoft and clean cloth to remove any residues.Remove stains with a rotating brush within a few days.Use an acid detergent or preferably a solvent/acidcleaning solution, following the instructions of use;

4) do not leave wet grout on the tile surface for too long,especially if it is spread thick: the binder will eventuallycause it to set and adhere to the tile;

5) rinse with a clean cloth soaked in water;6) dry.

NB: irrespective of the use expected for the product, the pre-packed cement-based mortar must be mixed following the instructions provided by themanufacturer. In particular, do not use too much water, as an excessive fluidity willfacilitate penetration of the mortar into the microcavities of the tile. Oncehardened, it will no longer be possible to remove the mortar.

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3.1.c. Types of surface 1.g. - 1.h. - 1.i.



Cleaning equipment: broom, mop, brush with medium bristles, bucket.


2) within 2 days from grouting and in any case beforethe curing process ends and the grout has definitivelyhardened, wet the floor, dilute the acid in water inaccordance to the instructions given on the label,spread the acid solution onto the floor and spreadwith a mop; allow the product to stand for a fewminutes;

3) rinse with plenty of clean water;4) dry;5) repeat the operation several times and lengthen the

standing time of the acid/solvent until the rinsingwater is perfectly clean.



Cleaning equipment: broom, mechanical floor scrubber with mediumbristles, liquid vacuum equipment.


2) within 2 days from grouting and in any case beforethe curing process ends and the grout has definitivelyhardened, wet the floor, dilute the acid in water inaccordance to the instructions given on the label,

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spread the acid solution onto the floor and spreadwith a mop; allow the product to stand for a fewminutes;

3) rinse with plenty of clean water;4) dry;5) repeat the operation several times and lengthen the

standing time of the acid/solvent until the rinsingwater is perfectly clean.

3.2. EPOXY GROUT (grout class 2.1.e.)

3.2.a. Types of surface (1.a.-1.b.-1.c.-1.d.-1.e.-1.f.-1.g.-1.h.-1.i.)

Commercial, industrial and residential uses

Recommended products: water, alcohol.

Cleaning equipment: mechanical floor scrubber with abrasive felt disk,scraper, liquid vacuum equipment.

Procedure: concerning the time and method for grout application,scrupulously follow the instructions given by the makeron the label.As far as contrast grouting (for instance black on white)is concerned, it is a good idea to carry out a fewpreliminary tests.The floor must be cleaned immediately after groutingwith water and a mechanical floor scrubber featuringan abrasive felt disk. Use plenty of water.Residual liquid will be moved away with a soft rubberscraper and drawn up from the floor with a liquidvacuum.Avoid the grout sticking to the disk. If necessary,replace the disk.If too much time has passed since the floor wasgrouted and the grout has already started hardening,add 10% of alcohol to the water.

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IMPORTANT!!: Epoxy grout cannot be removed after it has hardened,unless mechanical means are used. The latter mayhowever damage the surface of the tiles.

3.3. SEALERS (grout classes 2.1.f. – 2.1.g. – 2.1.h. – 2.1.i.)

3.3.a. Types of surface (1.a.-1.b.-1.c.-1.d.-1.e.-1.f.-1.g.-1.h.-1.i.)

As far as resin-based sealers with high bonding strength areconcerned, application is subject to the prior protection of the edgesof the joint with adhesive tape. In fact, after it has hardened, theproduct may only be removed with mechanical means.

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4.0 ROUTINE CLEANING

On condition that all rules for cleaning after laying have beenscrupulously observed, routine cleaning – i.e. daily cleaning to removedirt caused by traffic and use of the tiled surface – will be extremelysimple.

Surfaces 1.a. - 1.f. - 1.g. - 1.h. - 1.i. can be cleaned with cleanwater or a solution containing up to 50% of alcohol.

Periodic cleaning with a basic product, such as CAESAR 2, or witha basic microfoam product, such as CHESTERTON 815, followed bycareful rinsing and drying, must also be effected.

Surfaces 1.b. - 1.c. - 1.d.- 1.e. call for daily cleaning with a basicmicrofoam product, such as CHESTERTON 815, followed by rinsing withplenty of water and drying.

Mechanical floor scrubbers are recommended for large areas.

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5.0. HEAVY-DUTY CLEANING

Any marks or stains can be removed quite easily, since porcelainstoneware has a very low absorption and also resists acids and bases,even of a strong nature. You can use an ACID product for instance totackle INORGANIC stains or a BASIC product for ORGANIC stains, or aSOLVENT for stains of a SYNTHETIC nature.For example: use an acid for rust deposits, use a base for animal orvegetal fat, use a solvent for rubber, paint and the like.For an extensive list of commercial products, which are easy to find,see the table attached.

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6.0. PROTECTIVE TREATMENTS

Treatments can be adopted on the tiles both, before laying (this is therecommended option, since it will impart protection of the tile surfaceagainst grout adhesion, thus facilitating cleaning) or after, (the floormust be perfectly clean).

There are four classes of commercially available protective treatments:

6.1. treatment with an oil-repellent, stain-proof and film-proof product6.1.a.oils6.1.b.fluoropolymer solution (New M3 Caesar – see table)

6.2. treatment with an oil-water-repellent, film-proof which confer aslight sheen to the floor, (wet effect), given by liquid dispersions ofwax resins in solvents.

6.3. treatment with filler wax

6.4. treatment with film-forming varnish

- See the Porcelain Stoneware treatment after laying diagram on page34 -

Treatments 6.1.a. – 6.3. – 6.4. are not recommended for PorcelainStoneware.

Treatments of type 6.2. are suitable in special cases to add a hint ofcolour and give a slightly glossy appearance to the floor.Preliminary tests on small portions of floor are in any caserecommended.

Let us now direct our attention to treatment 6.1.b., that is composed ofa solution of fluoropolymer, recommended for surfaces of types:1.a. – 1.b. – 1.c. – 1.e. – 1.g. – 1.h.The application of these polymers does not lead to the formation of afilm (non-film forming). These substances are held within themicrocavities, pores and rough texture of the tile surface, thus

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conferring stain resisting properties, since they are oil and waterrepellent.When it comes to very aggressive staining agents, polymers act as“sacrificial product” and absorb the stain. It is therefore sufficient toremove the treatment to remove the stain.The treatment can be kept in good condition by adding 3-5% ofpolymer to the water used for the last rinsing operation.These products must in any case be applied in accordance to theinstructions of the manufacturer, which can be summarised as follows.

Recommended product: New M3 Caesar, water.

Cleaning equipment: rotating brush with a soft felt disk, roller, sprayingnozzle or paintbrush, liquid vacuum equipment (for large surfaces).

PROCEDURE: 1) Sweep and remove any deposits from the floor.2) Clean with an acid product, rinse and if

necessary degrease with an alkaline product.Rinse with care and dry.

3) Apply the sealer on the clean and dry surfacewith a roller, spraying nozzle or paintbrush.

4) Remove any excess 4 or 5 minutes before it dries,using a clean and dry cloth.

5) Wait at least 24 hours and remove any residueswith a mechanical rotating floor scrubber beforewalking on the floor.

Surfaces of type 1.i. are factory treated.As far as this kind of product is concerned, during the first two yearsfrom laying, periodically add about 3-5% of polymer to the water usedfor the last rinsing session.This periodic treatment will maintain the product’s cleanability.

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ACID WASHING TREATMENT(DELIMING AND CLEANING CEMENT GROUT, PAINT, CEMENT)

6.1. TREATMENT DIAGRAMFOR PORCELAIN STONEWARE, AFTER LAYING

NEUTRAL WASHING TREATMENT (WITH WATER OR ANALCOHOL-BASED SANITISING DETERGENT)

ALKALINE WASHING, IF NECESSARY(DEGREASING, REMOVAL OF OIL,

MILDEW, ETC.).

SOLVENT WASHING, IF NECESSARY(TO REMOVE SYNTHETIC POLYMERS,PAINT, COLOURED CEMENT GROUT)

6.1.TREATMENT

WITH AN OIL-REPELLENT,

STAIN-PROOF,NON-FILMFORMING

6.2.TREATMENT

WITH AN OIL-REPELLENT,NON-FILMFORMING

PRODUCT WITHA TINGEING

ACTION (WETEFFECT)

6.3.TREATMENT

WITH A FILLERWAX

6.4.TREATMENT

WITH A FILM-FORMINGVARNISH

6.1.a.

*OILS

6.1.b.WATERY

SOLUTION OF

FLUORO-POLYMER

* LIQUIDDISPERSIONOF RESIN INA SOLVENT

THESE TREATMENTS CAN BE REPEATEDON MATERIAL WHICH HAS BEEN

FACTORY TREATED

IF THE TREATMENT IS DAMAGED, IT CANBE REMOVED AND RESTORED

WHENEVER NECESSARY (“SACRIFICIAL”

POLYURETHANEPAINT

EPOXYPAINT

* THIS TREATMENT CAN BE MAINTAINED BYADDING SPECIFIC PRODUCTS TO THE WASHING

WATER

NB: TREATMENTS THAT MUST NOT BEUSED ON PORCELAIN STONEWARE

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7.0. DETERGENTS

For sake of clarity, the table on page 37 provides a list of commerciallyavailable detergents with the kind of dirt they tackle.This information cannot in any case is subordinate to the instructionsprovided in the previous pages.

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7.1. DETERGENTS TABLE

TYPE OF DIRT SOLUTION DETERGENT DETERGENT MAKER

INORGANIC STAINS

Cement* coal calcareousefflorescence

chalk CAESAR1 Ceramiche Caesar S.p.a. - Spezzano di Fiorano MO - tel.0536.817111

metal residues FILADEK Fila - Via Garibaldi 32, 35137 Padova - Tel. 049.5952004 rust acid KERANET (liquid) Mapei - Via Cafiero 22 - 20158 Milano - Tel. 02.39320283

cement-base grout* SERVICE SOLVACID Geal Chimica - Via Settala 21, 51031 Agliana (PT) -Tel.0571.750385

coloured grout* distemper for walls

ORGANIC STAINS

coca cola CAESAR 2 Ceramiche Caesar S.p.a. - Spezzano di Fiorano MO - tel.0536.817111

ice-cream,coffee,wine,beer CHESTERTON 815 SCATI s.r.l. via Radici in Piano Sassuolo (MO) tel. 0536.804239

animal fat N/124 Kimax - Via Crema 67, Bagnolo Cremasco (CR) - Tel.0373.648610

vegetable fat alkaline PS87 Fila - Via Garibaldi 32, 35137 Padova - Tel. 049.5952004 mustard, mayonnaise and neutral FILACLEANER Fila - Via Garibaldi 32, 35137 Padova - Tel. 049.5952004

ketchup, jam SERVICE ALCALE Geal Chimica - Via Settala 21, 51031 Agliana (PT) -Tel.0571.750385

linseed oil, lipstick, wax AMMONIA Universal

RESIDUAL STAINSsaline

solutionSodium

hypochlorite Universal(bleach)

silicone oil SERVICE SOLVENTE Geal Chimica – Via Settala 21, 51031 Agliana (PT) –Tel.0571.750385

machine grease FILASOLV Fila – Via Garibaldi 32, 35137 Padova – Tel. 049.5952004 resin and enamel solvent ACETONE Universal tar and rubber THINNER Universal ink and felt tip pens TURPENTINE Universal

TRICHLOROETHYLENE Universal

DETERGUM Ceramiche Caesar S.pa. – Spezzano di Fiorano MO – tel.0536.817111

tyre rubber CIF AMMONIACAL Universal

silicone - chewing gum ice+spatula

* see the methods described in chapter 3.0 onpage 10

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