Handbook of Flow Visualization

SECOND EDITION

Edited by

Wen-Jei Yang Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

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Contents

Part 1 Fundamentals

1 Introduction 3 Wen-Jei Yang

2 Fluid Dynamics 9 Tsuyoshi Asanuma and Yoshimichi Tanida

I Introduction 9 II Nature of Fluid 9

III Fundamentals of Fluid Motion 11 IV Boundary Layers 13 V Compressible Flows 17

VI Flows under Buoyancy Effects 24 VII Basic Items Related to Flow Visualization 26

References 29

3 Heat and Mass Transfer Fundamentals for Flow Visualization 31 Wen-Jei Yang

I Introduction 31 II Transport Properties 31

III Transport-Rate Equations 31 IV Energy Balance Equation 32 V Conduction 33

VI Boundary Layers 34 VII Convection 35

VIII Radiation 35 IX Mass Transfer 38

References 39

Part 2 Methods

4 Liquids H. Werle

43

v

vi Contents

5 Gases: Smokes 47 Thomas } . Mueller

I Introduction 47 II Equipment and Techniques 48

III Examples of Smoke Visualization 56 IV Concluding Remarks 64

References 64

6 Spark Tracing and Electric Discharge 67 Y. Nakayama

I Spark-Tracing Method 67 II Electric-Discharge Method 84

References 96

7 Surface Tracing Methods 99 R. Reznicek

I Introduction 99 II The Use of Surface-Tracing Methods for Visualization of Liquid Flow 100

III The Use of Surface-Tracing Methods for Visualization of Gas Flow 102 References 109

8 Liquid Crystals 111 N. Kasagi, R. J. Moffat, and M. Hirata

111 112 114 118 122 128 128

131

131 135 136 165 178 178

10 Streaming Birefringence 181 W. Merzkirch

11 Optical Deflectometry by Speckle Photography 185 W. Merzkirch

185

185

189

190

190

193

I II

III IV V

VI

Introduction Physical and Chemical Properties Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Applications Applications Digital Image Processing Conclusion References

9 Tufts IP.

I II

in IV V

Crowder Introduction History Fundamentals Application Examples Conclusions References

I II II V V

Introduction Experimental Arrangement Laminar Flow Three-Dimensional Flow Turbulent Flow References

Contents vii

12 Showdowgraph and Schlieren Michel Philbert, Jean Surget, and Claude Ve'ret

I Light Propagation in a Heterogeneous Medium II Optical Visualization Methods

III Main Optical Arrangements Used for Flow Visualization in Wind Tunnels

IV Use of Optical Methods in Fluid Mechanics References

195

195 195

203 205 207

13 Interferometry Michel Philbert, Jean Surget, and Claude Veret

I Introduction II Description of Interferometers

III Implementation of Interferometry in Wind Tunnels IV Interferogram Data Processing

References

209

209 209 214 215 215

14 Light Sheet Technique Michel Philbert, Jean Surget, and Claude Veret

I Introduction II Description

III Applications to Flow Visualization IV Slit-Incandescent Light Sheet Technique

References

217

217

217

219

222

223

15 Planar Fluorescence Imaging in Gases Ronald K. Hanson and Jerry M. Seitzman

I Introduction II Laser-Induced Fluorescence

III Trends in Planar Imaging of Gases References

225

225 226 234 236

Part 3 Image Processing and Computer-Assisted Methods

16 Digital Processing of Interferograms Giovanni Maria Carlomagno and Armando Rapillo

I Introduction II Image Acquisition

III Interferogram Evaluation IV Applications

References

241

241

243

248

256

265

17 Optical Image Processing Lambertus Hesselink

I Introduction II Concepts of Modern Optics

III Examples of Fraunhofer Diffraction IV Modern Interpretation of Classical Instruments and

Optical Processors V Principles of Speckle Velocimetry

References

267

267 267 272

274 277 282

viii Contents

18 Ultrasonic Image Processing 283 Michiyoshi Kuwahara, Shigeru Eiho, and Kunihiro Chihara

I Introduction 283 II Automatic Analysis of M-Mode Echocardiograms 283

III Automatic Analysis of 2-D Echocardiograms 284 IV A Microcomputerized Image Processor for 2-D Echocardiography 287 V An Intracardiac Blood-Flow Image 290

References 294

19 Cardiac Image Processing 295 Shigeru Eiho and Michiyoshi Kuwahara

I Introduction 295 II Image Processing of Cineangiocardiograms 295

III Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Left Ventricle 300 References 309

20 Optical Tomography 311 Lambertus Hesselink

I Introduction 311 II Algebraic Reconstruction Technique 313

III Fourier Transform Approach 314 IV Back Projection 314 V Filtered Back Projection 315

VI Implementation 316 VII Evaluation of Optical Tomography in Flow Applications 328

References 330

21 Thermography 333 R. Monti

I Introduction 333 II Basic Principles of Noninvasive Surface Temperature

Measurement Systems 334 III Types of Thermographs 335 IV Modern Systems and Trends 336 V Surface Temperature Measurement 340

VI Flow Visualization 342 VII Other Applications 352

References 354

22 Flow Solutions 355 Robert E. Smith and Robert A. Kudlinski

I Introduction 355 II Computational Fluid Dynamics and Grids 355

III Computer-Generated Imagery and Flow-Field Visualization 356 IV Scalar Variable Presentation 357 V Workstation-Interactive Flow Visualization 359

VI Hard-Copy Devices 360 VII Conclusions 361

References 361

Contents ix

23 Flow-Field Survey Data 363 Allen E. Winkelmann

I Introduction 363 II Description of Technique 364

III Typical Applications 368 References 373

24 Computer-Aided Flow Visualization 375 C. R. Smith

375 375 383 386 389

I II

III IV

Part 4

Introduction Image Enhancement Image Reconstruction Image Synthesis References

Applications

25 Aerospace and Wind Tunnel G. S. Settles

I Introduction II Wind Tunnel Testing

III Other Aerospace Testing References

Testing 395

395 395 401 404

26 Smoke Flow Visualization in Large Wind Tunnels and Flight Testing Using the Flying-Strut Traverser 409 James P. Crowder

I Introduction 409 II Flying-Strut Traverser 409

III Smoke Generator 411 IV Visibility 413 V Application Examples 414

VI Concluding Remarks 415 References 415

27 Infrared Cameras for Boundary Layer Transition Visualization in Industrial Wind Tunnel and Flight Testing 417 James P. Crowder

I Introduction 417 II Fundamentals 418

III Application Examples 421 IV Concluding Remarks 422

References 422

28 Water Tunnel Testing 423 H. Werle

I Types of Water Tunnel Setups 423 II Examples of Applications 423

References 427

29 Internal Flows 429 K. C. Cheng

I Introduction 429 II Historical Perspective 429

x Contents

III Flow Phenomena in Internal Flows and Flow Visualization Techniques 435 IV Examples of Applications 445 V Concluding Remarks 459

References 463

30 Vortices 473 Peter Freymuth

I Introduction 473 II Conceptual Roots of Vortex Structures 473

III Vortex Interactions 476 IV The Choreographic Organization of Vortex Patterns 481 V Tapestries of Vortex Patterns 491

VI Three-Dimensional Vortices 492 VII Conclusion 492

References 492

31 Explosive Flows: Shock Tubes and Blast Waves 495 John M. Dewey

I Introduction 495 II Shock Tubes 495

III Blast Waves 501 IV Cameras and Light Sources 506 V Analysis 506

VI Future Developments 509 References 509

32 Interferometry in Heat and Mass Transfer on Earth and in Space 515 /. Koster and R. Owen

I Background 515 II Conventional Earth-Based Applications 517

III Low-Gravity Research Applications 520 References 525

33 Double-Diffusive Convection 529 Josef Tanny and A. B. Tsinober

I Introduction 529 II Optical Methods 530

III Marker Methods 536 IV Particle Methods 538 V Summary 542

References 544

34 Infrared Thermography in Convective Heat Transfer 547 Giovanni Maria Carlomagno and Luigi de Luca

I Basic Principles of Infrared Thermography 547 II The Computerized IR Imaging System 551

III The Use of IRSR to Measure Convective Heat Fluxes 552 IV Frequency Response of One-Dimensional Heat-Flux Sensors 554 V Application of IRSR to Quasisteady Techniques 556

VI Application of IRSR to Transient Techniques 557 VII Measuring Heat Transfer in Wind Tunnels 558

VIII Flow Visualizations and Heat Transfer Measurements 569 Nomenclature 570 References 573

Contents xi

35 Multiphase Flow and Pulsed-Light Velocimetry 577 Wen-Jet Yang

I Introduction 577 II Pulsed-Light Velocimetry 577

III Multiphase Flow 577 References 582

36 Gas Turbine Disk Cooling Flows 583 /. R. Pincombe

I Introduction 583 II Experimental Apparatus 585

III The Flow Around an Air-Cooled Turbine Disk 587 IV The Flow Around Air-Cooled, Co-Rotating Compressor Disks 590 V The Flow Around Air-Cooled, Co-Rotating Turbine Disks 593

VI The Flow in a Rotating Tube 597 References 603

37 Coronary Arteries 605 Hani N. Sabbah, Fareed Khaja, James F. Brymer, Thomas M. McFarland, and Paul D. Stein

I Introduction 605 II Method of Visualization 605

III Studies of the Right Coronary Artery 605 IV Studies of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery 607 V Evidence of Flow Separation in the Left and Right Coronary Arteries 608

VI Construction of the Coronary Mold 609 VII Flow in the Sinuses of Valsalva 609

VIII Flow Patterns in the Coronary Arteries 613 References 613

38 Cardiovascular Systems 615 Ajit P. Yoganathan, H.-W. Sung, E. F. Philpot, Y.-R. Woo, S. T. McMillan, A. Jimoh, and A. J. Ridgway

I Introduction 615 II Apparatus and Methodology 615

III Results and Discussion 620 References 628

39 Medicine and Biology 629 Wen-Jet Yang

I Introduction 629 II Conventional Flow Visualization Techniques 630

III Computer-Assisted Flow Visualization Techniques 635 References 643

40 Indoor Environments 645 G. S. Settles

I Introduction 645 II Model Testing and Scaling 645

III Room Ventilation 646 IV Solar Heating 646 V Industrial Ventilation 647

VI Clean-Room Technology 647 VII Large-Field Optical Visualization 648

References 649

xii Contents

41 Agriculture 651 Junta Doi

I Introduction 651 II Boundary Layer around Plant Leaves 651

III Flow around a Fish 653 IV Agricultural Meteorology 654 V Windbreaks 655

VI Flow outside Agricultural Buildings 655 VII Flow inside Agricultural Buildings 655

VIII Sprayers and Sprinklers 656 IX Food Technology 657 X Soil and Water 657

XI Soil and Grain 658 XII Concluding Remarks 659

References 659

42 Building Aerodynamics 661 W. Frank

I Introduction 661 II Experimental Arrangements 661

III Results 662 References 666

43 Land Vehicles 667 A. Cogotti

I The Main Characteristics of Flow Visualization Techniques for Land Vehicles 667

II Types of Land Vehicles Tested in Wind Tunnels 667 III Examples of the Main Techniques Used on Land Vehicles 668 IV Conclusions 682

References 682

Index 683

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