Handbook of Forensic Services FBI

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HANDBOOK OF FORENSIC SERVICES, 1999 1

U.S. Department of Justice

Federal Bureau of Investigation

Introduction

The purpose of the Handbook of Forensic Services is to provide guidance and

procedures for safe and efficient methods of collecting and preserving evidenceand to describe the forensic examinations performed by the FBI Laboratory.

FBI Laboratory Services

The successful investigation and prosecution of crimes requires, in most cases,the collection, preservation, and forensic analysis of evidence. Forensic analysisof evidence is often crucial to demonstrations of guilt or innocence.

The FBI Laboratory is one of the largest and most comprehensive forensiclaboratories in the world. Services of the Laboratory are available to

FBI Field Offices and Legal Attachés;

U.S. Attorneys, military tribunals, and other federal agencies for civil andcriminal matters; and

All state, county, and municipal law enforcement agencies in the UnitedStates and territorial possessions for criminal matters.

All Laboratory services, including expert witness testimonies, are rendered freeof cost, but the following limitations apply:

No examination will be conducted on evidence that has been previouslysubjected to the same type of examination. Exceptions may be grantedwhen there are reasons for a reexamination. These reasons should beexplained in separate letters from the director of the laboratory that

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conducted the original examination, the prosecuting attorney, and theinvestigating agency.

No request for an examination will be accepted from laboratories having

the capability of conducting the examination. Exceptions may be madeupon approval of the FBI Laboratory's Assistant Director or his designee.

No testimony will be furnished if testimony on the same subject and in thesame case is provided for the prosecution by another expert.

No request for an examination will be accepted from a nonfederal lawenforcement agency in civil matters.

Violent Crime Versus Property CrimeThe FBI Laboratory accepts evidence related to all crimes under investigation byFBI Field Offices. The FBI Laboratory accepts only evidence related to violentcrime investigations from state and local law enforcement agencies. TheLaboratory does not routinely accept evidence in cases involving property crimesfrom state and local law enforcement agencies unless there was personal injuryor intent to cause personal injury. These guidelines help to ensure that the FBILaboratory continues to provide timely forensic assistance to law enforcementagencies investigating crimes of violence or threatened violence. Additionalrestrictions may be imposed on case acceptance to achieve this goal.

At the discretion of the FBI Laboratory's Assistant Director or his designee, theLaboratory may accept evidence from property crime cases. Such exceptions willbe considered on a case-by-case basis and should not be regarded as setting aprecedent for future case acceptance. All accepted cases will be afforded the fullrange of forensic services provided by the FBI Laboratory.

The following are examples of property crimes that are not routinely accepted forexaminations:

Arson of unoccupied residential and commercial buildings and property;

Explosive incidents and hoaxes targeting unoccupied residential andcommercial buildings and property;

Vandalism and malicious mischief directed toward residential orcommercial buildings and property;

Introduction


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Nonfatal traffic accidents involving speedometer and headlightexaminations except in cases involving law enforcement and governmentofficials;

Hit-and-run automobile accidents not involving personal injury;

Auto theft except auto theft rings or carjackings;

Breaking and entering;

Burglary;

Minor theft (under $100,000); and

Minor fraud (under $100,000).

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Introduction


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Evidence Submission

Requesting Evidence Examinations

For guidelines for how to package and ship evidence, see Packaging andShipping Evidence.

All requests for evidence examinations should be in writing, addressed to the FBILaboratory Evidence Control Center, and contain the following information:

The submitting contact person's name, agency, address, and telephonenumber;

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Previous case identification numbers, evidence submissions, andcommunications relating to the case;

Description of the nature and the basic facts concerning the case as theypertain to the Laboratory examinations;

The name or names of and descriptive data about the individual orindividuals involved (subject, suspect, victim, or a combination of thosecategories) and the agency-assigned case identification number; and

A list of the evidence being submitted herewith (enclosed) or underseparate cover.

Herewith is limited to small items of evidence that are notendangered by transmitting in an envelope. Write on the envelopebefore placing evidence inside to avoid damaging or altering theevidence. The written communication should state: Submittedherewith are the following items of evidence.

Separate cover is used to ship numerous or bulky items of evidence

or both. Include a copy of the communication requesting theexaminations. The written communication should state: Submittedunder separate cover by (list the method of shipment) are thefollowing items of evidence.

State what types of examinations are requested.

State where the evidence should be returned and where the Laboratoryreport should be sent.

Attach a statement as to whether the evidence was examined by anotherexpert in the same field, whether there is local controversy, or whetherother law enforcement agencies have an interest in the case.

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State the need and reason or reasons for an expeditious examination. Donot request an expeditious examination routinely.

Submit a separate communication for multiple cases.

Packaging and Shipping Evidence

1. Prior to packaging and shipping evidence, call the pertinent unit of theLaboratory for specific instructions.

2. Take precautions to preserve the evidence.

3. When requesting latent print examinations, place nonporous evidence inindividual protective coverings such as thick transparent envelopes or suspend ina container so that there is minimal surface contact. Place porous evidence inindividual protective coverings such as paper envelopes. Stabilize the evidence toavoid movement or friction during shipment.

4. Wrap and seal each item ofevidence separately to avoidcontamination.

5. Place the evidence in a clean, dry,and previously unused inner container.

6. Seal the inner container with tamper-evident or filament tape.

7. Affix EVIDENCE and appropriate BIOHAZARD orHAZARDOUS MATERIALS labels to the inner container. To viewother hazardous materials labels, click here.

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Evidence Submission

8. If any of the evidence needs to be

examined for latent prints, labelLATENT on the inner container.

9. Affix the evidence examinationrequest and all case informationbetween the inner and outercontainers.

10. Place the sealed inner container ina clean, dry, and previously unusedouter container with clean packingmaterials. Do not use loose

Styrofoam

.

11. Completely seal the outer container so that opening of the container wouldbe evident.

12. Label the outer container with appropriate BIOHAZARD or HAZARDOUSMATERIALS labels.


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Evidence Submission

13. Address the outer container as follows:

FBI LABORATORYATTENTION: EVIDENCE CONTROL CENTER

935 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE NWWASHINGTON DC 20535-0001

14. Ship evidence via U.S. PostalService Registered Mail, United ParcelService, or Federal Express. Recordthe method of shipment and thetracking number or numbers on thechain-of-custody form.

15. Rendered-safe explosive devicesmust be shipped via United ParcelService.

16. Live ammunition must be shipped via Federal Express. The followingguidelines must be followed to comply with U.S. Department of Transportationregulations:

Live ammunition must be packaged and shipped separately from firearms.

Pack ammunition in a cardboard container.

Label invoices FEDERAL EXPRESS.

The shipper's certification for restricted articles must be included.

The outside of the container must be labeled ORM-D AIR, CARTRIDGESSMALL ARMS.

The shipping papers must also include the weight in grams.


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Affix this regulation label to all shipments of etiologic agents.

Place each tube containing a cultureinside a capped container packedwith absorbent materials. Packagethis primary container within a

secondary capped container that islabeled with the specimen record(CDC 3.203). Surround thesecondary container with dry iceand seal it within a capped shippingcontainer marked with thedestination address and theappropriate infectious substance oretiological agent label.

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Evidence Submission


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Hazardous Materials Labels


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(Source: U.S. Department of Transportation at www.dot.gov )

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Back to Evidence Submissions section


http://www.dot.gov/http://www.dot.gov/


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Use the following links for examinations guidelines:

AbrasivesAdhesives

AnthropologyArsonAudioBank Security DyesBuilding MaterialsComputersControlled SubstancesCordsDNAElectronic DevicesElemental Analysis

ExplosivesExplosives ResidueFBI Disaster SquadFirearmsFibersGlassHairsInks

Latent PrintsMetallurgy

OdontologyPaintsPharmaceuticalsPhotographic ImagesPolygraphsPolymersQuestioned DocumentsRacketeering RecordsRopesSafe InsulationSerial Numbers

ShoeprintsSoilTire TreadsToolmarksToxicologyVideoWood

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Abrasives Examinations

Examinations can determine what type of abrasive material was used tosabotage engines or machinery.

Submitting Abrasives Evidence

Questions concerning abrasives evidence should be directed to 202-324-4344.Follow the Evidence Submission directions including Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence.

Employ personnel familiar with engine and machinery operations andmechanics to recover abrasives.

Abrasives settle in oil and fuel. Submit the oil and fuel from the enginesump and/or filters.

Abrasives embed in bearings and other parts. Submit the bearings andother parts.

Submit abrasives in heat-sealed or resealable plastic bags or paint cans.Avoid using paper or glass containers.


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Recovered human remains compared with a plaster cast.

Anthropology and OdontologyExaminations

Anthropological examinations can determine whether skeletal remains arehuman or animal. Race, sex, approximate height and stature, and approximateage at death can be determined from human skeletal remains.

Personal identifications can be made by comparing teeth with dental records andX-rays.

Submitting Anthropology and Odontology Evidence

Questions concerning anthropology andodontology evidence should be directed to202-324-4344. Follow the EvidenceSubmission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations andPackaging and Shipping Evidence.

Clean and air dry bones and teeth.Pack in paper bags.

Collect insect samples found on theremains. Submit insects in leakproofcontainers such as film canisters orplastic pill bottles.

Submit medical and dental records, ifpossible.


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Audio analog tape recordings.

Audio Examinations

Authenticity

Authenticity examinations are conducted to determine whether audio recordingsare original, continuous, unaltered, and consistent with the stated operation ofthe tape recorder.

Enhancement

Enhancement examinations are conducted to selectively reduce interfering noise

on audio recordings to improve the intelligibility and the understanding of therecordings.

Voice Comparisons


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Audio formats.

Audio Examinations

Signal Analysis

Signal analysis examinations are conducted to identify, compare, and interpretsignals such as gunshots and telephone touch tones.

Damaged Media Repair

Audio recordings can be repaired, restored, or retrieved for playback andexamination, if damage is not too extensive.

Submitting Audio Evidence

Questions concerning evidenceshould be directed to 703-632-6191or 703-632-6222. Follow theEvidence Submission directionsincluding Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging andShipping Evidence.

Submit original audiorecordings.

Identify known and questionedvoice samples.

Label the outer container FRAGILE, SENSITIVE ELECTRONICEQUIPMENT or FRAGILE, SENSITIVE AUDIO/VIDEO MEDIA and KEEPAWAY FROM MAGNETS OR MAGNETIC FIELDS.

Address the outer container as follows:

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

ENGINEERING RESEARCH FACILITYATTENTION: FORENSIC PROGRAMBUILDING 27958AQUANTICO VA 22135

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Bank Security Dyes Examinations

Specific dyes and chemicals used in bank security devices can be identified.Items such as clothing and money can be analyzed for the presence of thesedyes and chemicals.

Submitting Bank Security Dyes Evidence

Questions concerning bank security dyes evidence should be directed to202-324-4318. Follow the Evidence Submission directions including

Requesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence.

Do not submit evidence without visible stains.

Do not submit large stained evidence. Cut a small sample of the stainedarea and submit in a heat-sealed or resealable plastic bag. Collect anunstained control sample, package separately, and submit it with the dye-stained evidence.

Transfer questioned stains by rubbing with a clean (dry or wet withalcohol) cotton swab. Use an unstained swab as a control. Air dry the

swab and pack in a heat-sealed or resealable plastic bag.


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Building Materials Examinations

Examinations can compare building materials such as brick, mortar, plaster,stucco, cement, and concrete.

Submitting Building Materials Evidence

Questions concerning building materials evidence should be directed to202-324-4344. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence.

When building materials are penetrated or damaged, debris can adhere topersons, clothing, tools, bags, and loot and can transfer to vehicles. Ifpossible, submit the evidence to the Laboratory for examiners to removethe debris. Package each item of evidence in separate paper bags. Do notprocess tools for latent prints.

Collect known samples from the penetrated or damaged areas.

Submit known and questioned debris in separate leakproof containerssuch as film canisters or plastic pill bottles. Avoid using paper or glasscontainers. Pack to keep lumps intact.


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Computer Examinations

Content

Examinations can determine what type of data files are in a computer.

Comparison

Examinations can compare data files to known documents and data files.

Transaction

Examinations can determine the time and sequence that data files were created.

Extraction

Data files can be extracted from the computer.

Deleted Data Files

Deleted data files can be recovered from the computer.

Format Conversion

Data files can be converted from one format to another.

Keyword Searching

Data files can be searched for a word or phrase and all occurrences recorded.


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Passwords

Passwords can be recovered and decrypted.

Limited Source Code

Source code can be analyzed and compared.

Storage Media

Storage media used with stand-alone word processors (typewriters) can beexamined.

Requesting a Search or Field Examination

Submit requests for a search or field examination at least one week in advance.

Obtain as much of the following information as possible prior to submitting arequest.

Determine the type of computers and operating systems.

If applicable, determine the type of network software, the location of thenetwork servers, and the number of computers on the network.

Determine whether encryption and/or password protection is used.

Specify whether a seizure of computers and media or an on-siteexamination is required.

Submitting Computer Evidence

Questions concerning computer evidence should be directed to 202-324-9307.Follow the Evidence Submission directions including Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence.

For most examinations, submit only the central processing units and theinternal and external storage media.



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Use a sturdy cardboard container when shipping computer components. Ifpossible, use the original packing case with the fitted padding. Use large,plastic bubble wrap or foam rubber pads as packing. Do not use looseStyrofoam because it lodges inside computers and/or components and

creates static charges that can cause data loss or damage to circuitboards. Seal the container with a strong packing tape.

Pack and ship central processing units in the upright position. Label theoutside container THIS END UP.

Disks, cartridges, tapes, and hard drives should be packed to avoidmovement during shipping.

Label the outer container FRAGILE, SENSITIVE ELECTRONICEQUIPMENT and KEEP AWAY FROM MAGNETS OR MAGNETICFIELDS.

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DNA Examinations

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is analyzed in body fluids, stains, and otherbiological tissues recovered from evidence. The results of DNA analysis ofquestioned biological samples are compared with the results of DNA analysis ofknown samples. This analysis can associate victim(s) and/or suspect(s) witheach other or with a crime scene.

Use the following links for guidelines for collecting and submitting DNAevidence:

Blood Examinations

Collecting Known SamplesBloodSaliva

Documenting, Collecting, Packaging, and Preserving DNA Evidence

Submitting DNA EvidenceBlood on a Person

Blood on Surfaces or in Snow or WaterBloodstainsBlood Examination Request LetterSemen and Semen StainsSeminal Evidence From Sexual Assault Victim(s)Saliva and UrineHairTissues, Bones, and Teeth


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Blood Examinations

Examinations can determine the presence or absence of blood in stains.Examinations can also determine whether blood is human or nonhuman and can

determine the animal species. Blood examinations cannot determine the age orthe race of a person. Conventional serological techniques are not adequatelyinformative to positively identify a person as the source of a stain.

Collecting Known Samples

Blood

Only qualified medical personnel should collect blood samples from a

person.

Collect at least two 5-mL tubes of blood in purple-top tubes with EDTA asan anticoagulant for DNA analysis. Collect drug or alcohol testing samplesin gray-top tubes with NaF (sodium fluoride).

Identify each tube with the date, time, subject’s name, location, collector’sname, case number, and evidence number.

Refrigerate, do not freeze blood samples. Use cold packs, not dry iceduring shipping.

Pack liquid blood tubes individually in Styrofoam or cylindrical tubecontainers with absorbent material surrounding the tubes.

Label the outer container KEEP IN A COOL DRY PLACE,REFRIGERATE UPON ARRIVAL, and BIOHAZARD. To view hazardousmaterials labels, click here.

Submit to the Laboratory as soon as possible.

Saliva

Use clean cotton swabs to collect saliva samples. Rub the inside surfacesof the cheeks and gums thoroughly. Air dry the swabs and place in cleanpaper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do not use plastic containers.

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Identify each sample with the date, time, subject’s name, location,collector’s name, case number, and evidence number.

Saliva samples do not need to be refrigerated.

Submit to the Laboratory as soon as possible.

Documenting, Collecting, Packaging, andPreserving DNA Evidence

If DNA evidence is not properly documented, collected, packaged, andpreserved, it will not meet the legal and scientific requirements for admissibility ina court of law.

If DNA evidence is not properly documented, its origin can be questioned.

If it is not properly collected, biological activity can be lost.

If it is not properly packaged, contamination can occur.

If it is not properly preserved, decomposition and deterioration can occur.

When DNA evidence is transferred by direct or secondary (indirect) means, itremains on surfaces by absorption or adherence. In general, liquid biological

evidence is absorbed into surfaces, and solid biological evidence adheres tosurfaces. Collecting, packaging, and preserving DNA evidence depends on theliquid or solid state and the condition of the evidence.

The more that evidence retains its original integrity until it reaches theLaboratory, the greater the possibility of conducting useful examinations. It maybe necessary to use a variety of techniques to collect suspected body fluidevidence.

Submitting DNA Evidence

Questions concerning DNA evidence should be directed to 202-324-5436 or202-324-4354. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence.

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Blood on a Person

Absorb suspected liquid blood onto a clean cotton cloth or swab. Leave aportion of the cloth or swab unstained as a control. Air dry the cloth or

swab and pack in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do notuse plastic containers.

Absorb suspected dried blood onto a clean cotton cloth or swabmoistened with distilled water. Leave a portion of the cloth or swabunstained as a control. Air dry the cloth or swab and pack in clean paperor an envelope with sealed corners. Do not use plastic containers.

Blood on Surfaces or in Snow or Water

Absorb suspected liquid blood or blood clots onto a clean cotton clothor swab. Leave a portion of the cloth or swab unstained as a control. Airdry the cloth or swab and pack in clean paper or an envelope with sealedcorners. Do not use plastic containers.

Collect suspected blood in snow or water immediately to avoid furtherdilution. Eliminate as much snow as possible. Place in a clean airtightcontainer. Freeze the evidence and submit as soon as possible to theLaboratory.

Bloodstains

Air dry suspected wet bloodstained garments. Wrap suspected driedbloodstained garments in clean paper. Do not place wet or driedgarments in plastic or airtight containers. Place all debris or residue fromthe garments in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners.

Air dry small suspected wet bloodstained objects and submit the objectsto the Laboratory. Preserve bloodstain patterns. Avoid creating additionalstain patterns during drying and packaging. Pack to prevent stain removalby abrasive action or packaging materials during shipping. Pack in cleanpaper. Do not use plastic containers.

When possible, cut a large sample of suspected bloodstains fromimmovable objects with a clean sharp instrument. Collect an unstainedcontrol sample. Pack to prevent stain removal by abrasive action orpackaging materials during shipping. Pack in clean paper. Do not useplastic containers.

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Absorb suspected dried bloodstains on immovable objects onto aclean cotton cloth or swab moistened with distilled water. Leave a portionof the cloth or swab unstained as a control. Air dry the cloth or swab andpack in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do not use plastic

containers.

Blood Examination Request Letter

A blood examination request letter should contain the following information:

A brief statement of facts relating to the case.

Claims made by the suspect(s) regarding the source of the blood.

Whether animal blood is present.

Whether the stains were laundered or diluted with other body fluids.

Information regarding the victim(s)’ and suspect(s)’ health, such as AIDS,hepatitis, or tuberculosis.

Semen and Semen Stains

Absorb suspected liquid semen onto a clean cotton cloth or swab. Leavea portion of the cloth or swab unstained as a control. Air dry the cloth or

swab and pack in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do notuse plastic containers.

Submit small suspected dry semen-stained objects to the Laboratory.Pack to prevent stain removal by abrasive action or packaging materialsduring shipping. Pack in clean paper. Do not use plastic containers.

When possible, cut a large sample of suspected semen stains fromimmovable objects with a clean sharp instrument. Collect an unstainedcontrol sample. Pack to prevent stain removal by abrasive action orpackaging materials during shipping. Pack in clean paper. Do not useplastic containers.

Absorb suspected dried semen stains on immovable objects onto aclean cotton cloth or swab moistened with distilled water. Leave a portionof the cloth or swab unstained as a control. Air dry the swab or cloth and

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place in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do not useplastic containers.

Seminal Evidence From Sexual Assault Victim(s)

Sexual assault victim(s) should be medically examined in a hospital or aphysician’s office using a standard sexual assault evidence kit to collectvaginal, oral, and anal evidence.

Refrigerate and submit the evidence as soon as possible to theLaboratory.

Saliva and Urine

Absorb suspected liquid saliva or urine onto a clean cotton cloth orswab. Leave a portion of the cloth unstained as a control. Air dry the clothor swab and pack in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Donot use plastic containers.

Submit suspected small, dry saliva- or urine-stained objects to theLaboratory. Pack to prevent stain removal by abrasive action or packagingmaterials during shipping. Pack in clean paper or an envelope with sealedcorners. Do not use plastic containers.

When possible, cut a large sample of suspected saliva or urine stains

from immovable objects with a clean sharp instrument. Collect anunstained control sample. Pack to prevent stain removal by abrasive actionor packaging materials during shipping. Pack in clean paper. Do not useplastic containers.

Pick up cigarette butts with gloved hands or clean forceps. Do not submitashes. Air dry and place the cigarette butts from the same location(ashtray) in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do not submitthe ashtray unless latent print examination is requested. Package theashtray separately. Do not use plastic containers.

Pick up chewing gum with gloved hands or clean forceps. Air dry andplace in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do not useplastic containers.

Pick up envelopes and stamps with gloved hands or clean forceps andplace in a clean envelope. Do not use plastic containers.

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Hair

Pick up hair carefully with clean forceps to prevent damaging the roottissue.

Air dry hair mixed with suspected body fluids.

Package each group of hair separately in clean paper or an envelope withsealed corners. Do not use plastic containers.

Refrigerate and submit as soon as possible to the Laboratory.

Tissues, Bones, and Teeth

Call the Laboratory at 202-324-5436 or 202-324-4354 prior to submittingsuspected tissues, bones, or teeth to ensure that the evidence will beaccepted by the Laboratory. The communication accompanying theevidence must reference the telephone conversation accepting theevidence.

Pick up suspected tissues, bones, and teeth with gloved hands or cleanforceps.

Collect 1-2 cubic inches of red skeletal muscle.

Collect 3-5 inches of long bone such as the fibula or femur.

Collect teeth in the following order:

1. nonrestored molar

2. nonrestored premolar

3. nonrestored canine

4. nonrestored front tooth

5. restored molar

6. restored premolar

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7. restored canine

8. restored front tooth

Place tissue samples in a clean, airtight plastic container without formalinor formaldehyde. Place teeth and bone samples in clean paper or anenvelope with sealed corners.

Freeze the evidence, place in Styrofoam containers, and ship overnighton dry ice.

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DNA Examinations


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Personal digital assistants.

Electronic Devices Examinations

Personal Digital Assistants

Examinations of personal digital assistants (PDA) provide printouts of user-entered information. In some cases, it is necessary to disassemble the PDAsduring examination.

Interception ofCommunication Devices

Interception of communication (IOC) devices areused to unlawfully intercept oral or wirecommunications. IOC devices consist of radiofrequency transmitters and receivers. IOCexaminations are conducted to identify operatingcharacteristics. In some cases, it is necessary todisassemble the IOC devices duringexamination.

Other Electronic Devices

Examinations are conducted on devicescontaining electronic circuitry such as cellulartelephones, pagers, bomb detonators, and stunguns. The examinations can identify operatingcharacteristics and modifications. In some cases,it is necessary to disassemble the devicesduring examination.


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Submitting Personal Digital Assistants, Interception of Communication Devices, and Other Electronic Devices Evidence

Questions concerning evidence should be directed to 703-632-6191 or703-632-6200. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence.

Label the outer container FRAGILE, SENSITIVE ELECTRONICEQUIPMENT and KEEP AWAY FROM MAGNETS OR MAGNETICFIELDS.

Address the outer container as follows:

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

ENGINEERING RESEARCH FACILITYATTENTION: FORENSIC PROGRAMBUILDING 27958AQUANTICO VA 22135

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Electronic Devices Examinations


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Elemental Analysis Examinations

Elemental analysis examinations can identify and compare the chemicalelemental composition of evidence, including firearm projectile lead, bullet jacketalloys, other metals, and unknown substances.

Firearm Projectile Lead

Elemental analysis of the lead component of a firearm projectile is valuable whenthe projectile is too mutilated or lacks sufficient microscopic marks for

identification with a firearm, when no firearm is recovered, or when the firearmcannot be associated with the suspect or suspects.

The concentrations of selected elements in the lead portion of bullets, shotpellets, and other firearm projectiles can chemically characterize the source ofthe lead. Some chemical elements present in leads are intentionally specifiedand/or added by the ammunition manufacturer. Other chemical elements found inleads are unspecified contaminants. Differences in the concentrations ofmanufacturer-controlled elements and uncontrolled trace elements provide ameans of differentiating among the leads of manufacturers, among the leads inindividual manufacturer’s production lines, and among specific batches of lead inthe same production line of a manufacturer.

Bullet Jacket (Copper/Zinc) Alloys

Elemental analysis of the jacket component of firearm projectiles is valuablewhen the projectile has fragmented so that jacket fragments cannot physically beassociated with specific bullets. This analysis is helpful in situations when thereare multiple shooters and multiple types of jacketed ammunition are fired. Theconcentrations of copper and zinc comprising the bullet jacket serve to

characterize the alloy class of the metal. Although there are a limited number ofcopper/zinc alloys used in the manufacture of bullet jackets, alloy classificationcan provide a means of differentiating among bullet jacket alloys of differentmanufacturers and among the bullet jacket alloys in an individual manufacturer’sproduction lines.


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Live ammunition must be shipped via Federal Express. The followingguidelines must be followed to comply with U.S. Department ofTransportation regulations. Pack ammunition in a cardboard container.Label invoices FEDERAL EXPRESS. The shipper’s certification for

restricted articles must be included. The outside of the container must belabeled ORM-D AIR, CARTRIDGES SMALL ARMS. The shipping papersmust also include the weight in grams.

Do not mark bullets, cartridges and cartridge cases, and shotshells andshotshell casings. The date, time, location, collector’s name, case number,and evidence number should be on the container.

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Elemental Analysis Examinations


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Explosives Examinations

Remains of improvised explosive devices, improvised incendiary devices, andhoax bombs are examined to identify the main charge and components such asswitches, batteries, detonators, tapes, wires, and timing mechanisms. Fabricationtechniques, unconsumed explosives, and the construction of bombs are alsoidentified. Examinations can determine whether the device functioned asdesigned.

Submitting Explosives Evidence

Explosives are hazardous materials and should only be handled by qualifiedpolice or bomb disposal personnel. Special packaging is required, and theamount to be shipped is regulated. An FD-861 form is required for shipping bombcomponents. Call the Laboratory each time an explosive device or a relatedexplosive item needs to be shipped. Questions concerning explosivesevidence should be directed to 202-324-4341.


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Explosives Residue Examinations

Instrumental analyses of explosives residue can determine whether substancesare high explosive, low explosive, or explosive or incendiary mixtures; whetherthe composition of the substances is consistent with known explosive’s products;and the type of explosives. Explosives residue can be deposited on metal,plastic, wood, paper, or glass. Residue may be deposited after handling, storing,or initiating an explosive.

Submitting Explosives Residue Evidence

Questions concerning explosives residue evidence should be directed to202-324-4318. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence.

Some explosives residue is water soluble and must be protected frommoisture. Other residue evaporates quickly and must be collected as soonas possible in airtight containers such as metal cans, glass jars, or heat-sealed or resealable plastic bags. Do not fill the containers to the top. Packto prevent breakage.

Collect and preserve control samples from the blast site.

Extreme care should taken to avoid contamination of explosives residueevidence.


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FBI Disaster Squad

Prints the deceased at disaster scenes.

Assists in identifying the deceased.

Requires consent from the ranking law enforcement official at the scene orfrom a representative of the National Transportation Safety Board orFederal Aviation Administration, a coroner or medical examiner, or otherranking official such as a mayor or governor. Requests from other sourcessubmitted through official channels and from the U.S. Department of State

are also considered.

Requests for assistance should be made through the nearest FBI FieldOffice.

See Latent Print Examinations

http://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/fo.htmhttp://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/fo.htmhttp://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/fo.htmhttp://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/fo.htmhttp://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/fo.htm


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Firearms Examinations

Use the following links for guidelines for specific firearms examinations:

FirearmsBulletsCartridge Cases or Shotshell CasingsShot Pellets, Buckshot, or SlugsWaddingUnfired Cartridges or Shotshells

Gunshot ResidueShot PatternSilencersGun PartsSubmitting Firearms Evidence

Firearms

Firearms examinations can determine the general condition of a firearm andwhether the firearm is mechanically functional. Trigger-pull examinations candetermine the amount of pressure necessary to release the hammer or firing pinof a firearm. Examinations can determine whether a firearm was altered to fire inthe full-automatic mode. Obliterated and/or altered firearm serial numbers cansometimes be restored. Firearms can be test fired to obtain known specimens forcomparison to evidence ammunition components such as bullets, cartridgecases, and shotshell casings.

Bullets

Fired bullets can be examined to determine the general rifling characteristicssuch as caliber and physical features of the rifling impressions and themanufacturer of the bullets. The microscopic characteristics on evidence bulletscan be compared to test-fired bullets from a suspect firearm to determinewhether the evidence bullet was fired from that firearm.


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Rifling characteristics on fired bullets.

Cartridge Cases or Shotshell Casings

Cartridge cases or shotshell casingsexaminations can determine the

caliber or gauge, the manufacturer,and whether there are marks of valuefor comparison. The images ofquestioned cartridge cases andshotshell casings can be scannedinto DRUGFIRE to compare withevidence from other shootingincidents. The microscopiccharacteristics of evidence cartridgecases and shotshell casings can be

examined to determine whether theywere fired in a specific firearm.

Shot Pellets, Buckshot, or Slugs

Examinations of shot pellets, buckshot, or slugs can determine the size of theshot, the gauge of the slug, and the manufacturer.

Wadding

Examinations of wadding components can determine the gauge and themanufacturer.

Unfired Cartridges or Shotshells

Examinations of unfired cartridges or shotshells can determine the caliber orgauge and whether there are marks of value for comparison. Examinations canalso determine whether the ammunition was loaded into and extracted from a

specific firearm. Unfired and fired cartridges or shotshells can be associatedthrough manufacturing marks.



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Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence.

Firearms must be packaged and shipped separately from live ammunition.All firearms must be unloaded.

The firearm should be submitted. If the firearm cannot be submitted, call202-324-4378 for instructions.

The firearm should be minimally handled to avoid loss or destruction ofevidence. Do not allow objects to enter or contact the firearm’s barrel,chamber, or other operating surface.

Firearms and ammunition components such as bullets, cartridge cases, andshotshell casings can be sent via registered mail through the U.S. PostalService. Evidence must be packaged separately and identified by date,time, location, collector’s name, case number, and evidence number.

Live ammunition must be shipped via Federal Express. The followingguidelines must be followed to comply with U.S. Department ofTransportation regulations. Pack ammunition in a cardboard container. Labelinvoices FEDERAL EXPRESS. The shipper’s certification for restrictedarticles must be included. The outside of the container must be labeledORM-D AIR, CARTRIDGES SMALL ARMS. The shipping papers must alsoinclude the weight in grams.

Do not mark the firearm. Firearms should be identified with a tag containingthe caliber, make, model, and serial number. The date, time, owner(s)’name(s), location, collector’s name, case number, and evidence numbershould be on the container.

Do not mark bullets, cartridges and cartridge cases, shotshells andshotshell casings, and other firearms-related evidence. The date, time,location, collector’s name, case number, and evidence number should be onthe container.

Clothing submitted for gunshot residue examination should be carefully

handled, air dried, and wrapped separately in paper. Clothing with bloodmust be air dried and labeled BIOHAZARD on the inner and outer



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Glass Examinations

Glass comparison examinations can determine whether particles of glassoriginated from a broken source of glass. Glass fracture examinations candetermine the direction and type of the breaking force and the sequencing ofshots.

Submitting Glass Evidence

Questions concerning glass evidence should be directed to 202-324-4344.

Follow the Evidence Submission directions including Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence.

Glass Comparison Examinations

Submit samples of glass from each broken window or source in leakproofcontainers such as film canisters or plastic pill bottles. Avoid using paperor glass containers.

Submit samples of laminated glass (such as a windshield) from each side

of the laminate. Label the samples INSIDE and OUTSIDE and packageseparately in leakproof containers such as film canisters or plastic pillbottles. Avoid using paper or glass containers.

Submit the victim(s)' and suspect(s)' air-dried clothing. Each clothing itemshould be packaged separately in a paper bag.

Search for particles in the victim(s)' and suspect(s)' hair, skin, and wounds.Submit particles in leakproof containers such as film canisters or plasticpill bottles. Avoid using paper or glass containers.

Search for particles in vehicles by vacuuming each section of the vehicleseparately. Do not use tape for recovering glass particles. Submit vacuumsweepings in leakproof containers. Avoid using paper or glass containers.

Do not process evidence for latent prints.


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Glass fractures produced by a low-speed impact such as a rock (left; 1 = radial crack,2 = concentric crack) and by a high-speed projectile such as a bullet (right).

Glass Examinations

Glass Fracture Examinations

Label the sides of the glass in the frame INSIDE and OUTSIDE. Label theglass where it was removed in the frame such as TOP, BOTTOM, LEFT,

and RIGHT.

Submit all glass pieces so that the pieces can be fitted together to identifythe radial cracks near and at the point(s) of impact and to increase theprobability of matching edges. Pack all glass separately and securely toavoid shifting and breaking during transport.

Submit the entire piece of laminated glass, if possible. Secure the glassbetween plywood or sturdy cardboard. Do not place any objects into theimpact area.

Do not process evidence for latent prints.

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When possible, submit the entire garment or textile. Submit fibers in cleanpaper or an envelope with sealed corners.

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Hairs and Fibers Examinations


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Ink Examinations

Examinations can compare the formulation of known and questioned inkincluding typewriter ribbon ink and stamp pad ink. When ink formulations are thesame, it is not possible to determine whether the ink originated from the samesource to the exclusion of others. Examinations cannot determine how long inkhas been on a document.

Submitting Ink Evidence

Questions concerning ink evidence should be directed to 202-324-4318. Followthe Evidence Submission directions including Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence.

Pack ink evidence separately from any document or surface with inkmarks.


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Preparing specimens for cyanoacrylate processing.

Fluorescence examination with a filter.

Latent Print Examinations

Developing Latent Prints at Crime Scenes

The Laboratory is the best place to developlatent prints; however, it is sometimesnecessary to develop latent prints at crimescenes.

Caution should be taken to preventdestroying latent prints.

Examine all evidence for visible latentprints before using any latent printdevelopment processes.

Photograph visible latent prints first.

Examine evidence with a laser or analternate light source to find latent prints.

When using latent print developmentprocesses, refer to the manufacturer’sinstructions and the safety data sheets.Use protective equipment.

Caution should be taken when usingcyanoacrylate processes. Cyanoacrylateglue fumes should not be applied to wetsurfaces.

Use print powders to develop prints. Use

black and gray powders because othercolors are difficult to photograph. Useblack powders on evidence with a lightbackground. Use gray powders on dark or reflective evidence. Do notapply powders to greasy, bloody, dusty, or putty-covered evidence. Allowwet evidence to dry before applying powders.


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Fingerprint card.

Submitting Latent Print Evidence

Questions concerning latent print evidenceshould be directed to 202-324-2163. Follow

the Evidence Submission directionsincluding Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging and ShippingEvidence.

Place nonporous evidence in separate protective coverings such as thicktransparent envelopes or suspend in a container so that there is minimalsurface contact. Place porous evidence in separate protective coveringssuch as paper envelopes. Stabilize the evidence to avoid movement orfriction during shipment.

Submit the fingerprints and palm prints of all personnel who handled theevidence and of all individuals who are suspects in the investigation withthe evidence. All fingerprint cards must include pertinent information.

Palm prints should be taken on a separate card, not on the reverse side ofa fingerprint card.

When fingerprint cards or major case prints are submitted for comparisonswith evidence, the criminal/suspect or noncriminal/elimination nature of theprints should be stated in the communication.

When inked prints are submitted separately, a communication should besent with the prints referencing previous communications and pertinentnumbers.

Fingerprints from decomposed bodies are often not classifiable, whichprecludes a search of the FBI’s fingerprint files. An individual fingerprintmay, however, be suitable for identification purposes. If less than tenlegible fingerprints are obtained, submit the available fingerprints and acomplete physical description of the unknown deceased.

Legible, unknown deceased, ten-print fingerprint cards should besubmitted for identification purposes to the FBI’s Criminal JusticeInformation Services Division at the following address:



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Deceased finger preparation.

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATIONCRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION SERVICES DIVISION1000 CUSTER HOLLOW ROADCLARKSBURG WV 26306

Questions concerning ten-print fingerprint card submissions should bedirected to 304-625-2360.

When printing the deceased, obtain inkedfingerprints and palm prints forcomparison with latent prints. If legibleprints are not obtainable, amputate thehands or the fingers with authority from acoroner or a medical examiner and submitthe evidence to the Laboratory.

Pack each finger in a separate container,labeled RIGHT THUMB, RIGHT INDEX,and so on. Pack the hands or fingers inunbreakable, watertight, and airtightcontainers with a 70 percent solution ofalcohol. All human remains will bereturned to the contributor.

See FBI Disaster Squad

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Metallurgy Examinations

Use the following links for guidelines for specific metallurgy examinations:

ComparisonBroken or Mechanically Damaged MetalBurned, Heated, or Melted MetalCut or Severed MetalMetal Fragments

Watches, Clocks, and TimersLamp BulbsObjects Unidentified as to Use or SourceObjects With Questioned Internal ComponentsSubmitting Metallurgy Evidence

Comparison

Comparison examinations can determine whether two metals or metallic objectscame from the same source or from each other. Metal comparisons can identifysurface and microstructural characteristics such as fractured areas andaccidental, damage, and fabrication marks to determine whether the object wascast, forged, hot- or cold-rolled, extruded, drawn, swaged, milled, spun, orblanked. Examinations can determine mechanical properties such as theresponse of a metal to an applied force or load. Examinations can also determinechemical composition including alloying and trace elements.

Broken or Mechanically Damaged Metal

The causes of failure or damage such as stress exceeding the strength or yieldlimit of the metal, a material or manufacturing defect, corrosion, cracking, orexcessive service usage (fatigue) can be determined. The magnitude of the forceor load that caused the failure, how the force or load was transmitted to themetal, and the direction it was transmitted can also be determined.


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Radiograph of cog made of cocaine-

containing polymer.

The possible identification of the manufacturer and specific fabricating equipmentused to form the object can be determined. Identification of the source of theobject if an unusual metal or alloy is involved can be determined.

Objects With Questioned Internal Components

X-ray radiography can nondestructively reveal the interiorconstruction and the presence or absence of defects,cavities, or foreign materials.

Submitting Metallurgy Evidence

Questions concerning metallurgy evidence should be directed to 202-324-4341.Follow the Evidence Submission directions including Requesting EvidenceExaminations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence.

Different metals and alloys require specific methods of restoration. Objectscan be too large or heavy to submit. Call the Laboratory for specificinstructions.

Submit information about environmental conditions when the metal wasrecovered.

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Metallurgy Examinations


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Paints, Polymers, andAdhesives Examinations

The color, year, make, and model of an automobile can be determined bycomparing questioned paint with known sources.

Paint on safes, vaults, window sills, and door frames can be transferred to andfrom tools. A comparison can be made between the paint on an object and thepaint on a tool.

The source, use, or manufacturer of plastic evidence usually cannot be identifiedby composition analysis.

Automobile trim can be compared with plastic remaining on the property struck ina hit-and-run case. The year, make, and model of an automobile can bedetermined if a manufacturer’s part number is on the trim.

Plastics in wire insulation and miscellaneous plastics such as buttons can becompared with known sources.

Identifications can be made with the torn or cut end of tape and a roll of suspect

tape. Tape composition, construction, and color can be compared with knownsources.

Caulks, sealants, and adhesives can be compared by color and composition withknown sources.

Submitting Paints, Polymers, and Adhesives Evidence

Questions concerning paints, polymers, and adhesives evidence should be

directed to 202-324-4318. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence.

Chip paint from the surface to the foundation or substrate rather thanscrape it off. When paint is chipped, its layer structure remains intact. Eachlayer can be a point of comparison.


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Search the accident or crime scene and the victim(s)’ personal effects tolocate paint fragments. Paint fragments are often found in the clothing of ahit-and-run victim(s). Submit the clothing. Paints can be transferred fromone car to another, from car to object, or from object to car during an

accident or a crime. Submit an entire component such as a fender orbumper if paint transfer is minimal. Car or car parts dealers may haveappropriate containers to ship car components.

Pack particles in leakproof containers such as pillboxes or envelopes withsealed corners. Do not stick particles on adhesive tape. Do not putparticles in cotton.

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Pharmaceutical Examinations

Pharmaceutical examinations can identify constituents, active ingredients,quantity, and weight.

Submitting Pharmaceutical Evidence

Questions concerning pharmaceutical evidence should be directed to202-324-4318. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence.

List the names of the pharmaceuticals and data on use.

If possible, submit pharmaceuticals in original containers.


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Photographic Examinations

Use the following links for guidelines for specific photographic examinations:

Bank Robbery and Other Surveillance Films and VideotapesPhotographic ComparisonsPhotogrammetryField Office InstructionsLocation, Time, and Date

AuthenticitySource and AgeCamerasVideosAutomobile Make and Model IdentificationChild Pornography ExaminationsSubmitting Photographic Evidence

Bank Robbery and Other Surveillance Filmsand Videotapes

(See Photographic Comparisons and Photogrammetry)

Photographic Comparisons

Examinations of bank surveillance films, videotapes, and photographs involvecomparisons of subject(s) depicted in the surveillance images with knownphotographs of suspect(s). Similar comparisons can be conducted between thesubject(s)’ clothing and clothing seized from suspect(s). Comparisons can alsobe conducted of firearms, vehicles, and other objects depicted in surveillanceimages.


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Unique characteristics such as tattoos can be used to identify suspects. On the top left is an image from a surveillance videotape depicting an unknown individual’s left arm. An enlargement of the unknown individual’s arm is shown at lower left. A confirmed photograph of the suspect is shown on the

top right, with an enlargement of that arm shown right bottom.

Photogrammetry

Dimensions can be derived from photographic images through the use ofgeometric formulae or on-site comparison. Examples of photogrammetry includedetermining the height of bank robbery subject(s) and the length of theweapon(s) used by the subject(s) depicted in the surveillance films. The form

used to collect information needed to perform a photogrammetric examination isshown on the next page. For more information about FBI Laboratoryphotogrammetry, contact the Special Photographic Unit, 202-324-4483.



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Photogrammetric analysis (height determination) of a bank robber

can be conducted analytically using vanishing points.

Location, Time, and Date

Examinations of photographic evidence can determine the location, time, anddate that an image was taken.

Authenticity

Photographic evidence, including film, video, and digital images, can beexamined to determine whether the image is the result of a composite, analteration, or a copy.



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Process all film, including bank surveillance film, prior to submission.

When requesting forensic examinations based on video images, queuethe original videotape to the approximate time of the questioned

sequence. State in a communication the date and time of the relevantsequence and use the date-time stamp on the images or the counterindicator (set from the beginning of the tape at 000). If prints from therelevant frames are available, submit them to the Laboratory.

Always remove the record tab on the back edge of the videocassette.Never use the pause operation when viewing original videotapes. If avideotape must be viewed, use a copy.

Arrest or known photographs of suspect(s) for comparison with questionedimages should depict the suspect(s) from many angles, specifically anglessimilar to the questioned images. If a facial comparison is requested,ensure that the suspect(s)’ face/head fills more than half of the frame. Ifquestioned images show tattoos or marks on a suspect(s)’ body, includephotographs depicting tattoos or marks on the known body.

When taking known photographs for comparison with questioned images,use 35-mm black-and-white film. If color film is used, include a color chartin the photographs.

When submitting clothing, firearms, or other items for comparison, do not

mark the exteriors of the items or parts that may be visible in thequestioned images.

If photogrammetry is requested, include the dimensions of the scene tothe nearest 1/8 inch and include a diagram or print from the surveillancefilm indicating the location of the measurements. Include one diagram orprint for every angle used in the scene. Do not touch or move surveillancecameras except to remove the film.

Submissions for comparison with the Child Exploitation and ObscenityReference File should be limited to no more than 30 images. Call

202-324-4483 for specific instructions.

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Polygraph Examinations

The Polygraph Unit (PU) conducts polygraph examinations in all areas of FBIinvestigative responsibility including criminal and personnel matters. The PUcoordinates and manages all FBI polygraph activities including the selection,training, certification, and supervision of FBI Field Office examiners, theprocurement and maintenance of equipment, test standardization, and caseassignments.

Questions concerning polygraph examinations should be directed to

202-324-2985.


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Questioned DocumentsExaminations

Use the following links for guidelines for specific questioned documents examinations:

Handwriting and Hand PrintingProcedures for Obtaining Known Writing ExemplarsCommon Types of Nongenuine Signatures

TypewritingProcedures for Obtaining Known Typewriting ExemplarsPhotocopiesProcedures for Obtaining Known Photocopy ExemplarsGraphic Arts (Printing)Altered or Obliterated WritingPaperBurned or Charred PaperAge of a DocumentCarbon Paper or Carbon Film RibbonCheckwriters

Embossings and SealsRubber StampsSubmitting Questioned Documents Evidence

Handwriting and Hand Printing

Although not all handwriting is identifiable to a specific writer, the examination ofhandwriting characteristics can sometimes determine the origin or authenticity ofquestioned writing. Traits such as age, sex, personality, or intent cannot be

determined from handwriting examinations. Some reasons for inconclusiveresults include the following:

Limited questioned and/or known writing.

Lack of contemporaneous writing or lapse of time between execution ofquestioned and known writing.


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Various handwriting and hand printing analysis techniques are used to examine

different forms of obliterated writing.

Distortion or disguise in the questionedand/or known writing.

Lack of sufficient identifying

characteristics.

Submission of photocopied evidenceinstead of original evidence.

Procedures for Obtaining KnownWriting Exemplars

The text, size of paper, space available

for writing, writing instrument, andwriting style (handwriting or handprinting) should be as close to theoriginal writing as possible.

Give verbal or typewritten instructions concerning the text to be written. Donot give instructions in spelling, punctuation, or arrangement of writing.

All exemplars should be on separate pieces of paper.

The writer and witness should initial and date each page of writing.

Do not allow the writer to see the previous exemplars or the questionedwriting. Remove exemplars from the writer’s sight as soon as completed.

Obtain exemplars from dictation until normal writing has been produced.Normal handwriting is assessed by determining whether the writing is tooquickly or slowly executed and whether the handwriting is consistent.

Obtain exemplars from the right and left hands.

Obtain hand printing exemplars in uppercase and lowercase letters.

Obtain exemplars written rapidly, slowly, and at varied slants.

Obtain a sufficient quantity of exemplars to account for natural variation inthe writing.

Questioned Documents Examinations


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Obtain undictated writing such as business records, personalcorrespondence, and canceled checks.

Common Types of Nongenuine Signatures

Traced signatures are prepared by using a genuine signature as atemplate or pattern.

Simulated signatures are prepared by copying or drawing a genuinesignature.

Freehand signatures are written in the forger’s normal handwriting with noattempt to copy another’s writing style.

Typewriting

Questioned typewriting can occasionally be identified with the typewriter thatproduced it. This is most common when the typewriter is a typebar machine. Theidentification can sometimes be based on individual characteristics that developduring the manufacturing process and through use and abuse of the typewriter.

Typewriters with interchangeable elements (ball, printwheel, or thimble) are lesslikely to be associated with questioned typewriting. However, these elements and

carbon film or correction ribbons can sometimes be associated with specific textsby examining individual characteristics of the elements and by correlating the textand ribbons.

Comparison of questioned typewriting with reference standards can sometimesdetermine a possible make and model of the typewriter and/or the typewriterelements.

Carbon film typewriter ribbons can sometimes be read for content or specificwording of questioned material. Carbon film ribbons can sometimes be identifiedwith questioned typewritten impressions. Fabric ribbons cannot be read.



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Graphic Arts (Printing)

Printed documents can sometimes be associated as originating from a commonsource or identified with known printing paraphernalia such as art work,

negatives, and plates.

Altered or Obliterated Writing

The presence of alterations or obliterated writing can sometimes be determined,and the writing can sometimes be deciphered.

Paper

Torn edges can sometimes be positively matched. The manufacturer cansometimes be determined if a watermark is present. Paper can be examined forindented writing. Do not rub the indentations with a pencil. Do not addindentations by writing on top of the evidence.

Burned or Charred Paper

Information on burned or charred documents can sometimes be deciphered. Thedocument should be minimally handled. The document should be shipped in thecontainer in which it was burned, in polyester film encapsulation, or betweenlayers of cotton in a rigid container.

Age of a Document

The earliest date a document could have been prepared can sometimes bedetermined by examining watermarks, indented writing, printing, and typewriting.

Carbon Paper or Carbon Film Ribbon

Examination of used carbon paper or carbon film ribbon can sometimes disclosethe content of the text.



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Checkwriters

A checkwriter impression can sometimes be identified with the checkwriter thatproduced it. Examination of a checkwriter impression can sometimes determine

the brand of the checkwriter.

Embossings and Seals

An embossed or seal impression can sometimes be identified with the instrumentthat produced it.

Rubber Stamps

A rubber stamp impression can sometimes be identified with the rubber stampthat produced it. Submit the rubber stamp to the Laboratory uncleaned.

Submitting Questioned Documents Evidence

Questions concerning documentary evidence should be directed to202-324-4454. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence.

Documentary evidence should be preserved in the condition in which itwas found. It should not be folded, torn, marked, soiled, stamped, writtenon, or handled unnecessarily. Protect the evidence from inadvertentindented writing. Mark documents unobtrusively by writing the collector’sinitials, date, and other information with a pencil.

Whenever possible, submit the original evidence to the Laboratory. Thelack of detail in photocopies makes examinations difficult. Copies aresufficient for reference file searches.

Flash paper is a hazardous material. Do not store flash paper nearcombustible materials. Seal flash paper in polyethylene envelopes andrefrigerate. Questions concerning flash paper should be directed to202-324-4454.



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Do not store or ship photocopies in plastic envelopes.

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Prostitution records.

Money laundering records.

Loansharking

Loansharking records are examined todetermine the amounts of the loans, amounts

paid in interest and principal, number of loans,and interest rates.

Money Laundering

Money laundering records are examined todetermine the scope of the operations, theamounts laundered, how the funds werelaundered, and any other illegal activities.

Prostitution

Prostitution records are examined to determinethe scope of the businesses, including thenumber of employees, their roles, gross and netrevenues, and other financial and organizationalinformation.

Racketeering

Racketeering records are examined to determine the roles of the suspect(s); theirsalaries, commissions, or shares of the operation’s profit; the dates and amountsof wagers, loans, and percentage rates; and income from video gamblingoperations.

Submitting Racketeering Records Evidence

Questions concerning racketeering records evidence should be directed to202-324-2500. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence.

Documentary evidence should be preserved in the same condition it wasfound. It should not be folded, torn, marked, soiled, stamped, written on, or

Racketeering Records Examinations


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handled unnecessarily. Documents should be marked unobtrusively byplacing the collector’s initials, date, and other information with a pencil.

Flash paper is a hazardous material. Do not store flash paper near

combustible materials. Seal flash paper in polyethylene envelopes andrefrigerate. Questions concerning flash paper should be directed to202-324-4454.

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Racketeering Records Examinations


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Ropes and Cords Examinations

A piece of rope or cord can be compared with a questioned rope or cord. Thecomposition, construction, color, and diameter can be determined. If a tracer ispresent, the manufacturer can be determined.

Submitting Ropes and Cords Evidence

Questions concerning ropes and cords evidence should be directed to202-324-4344. Follow the Evidence Submission directions including

Requesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence.

Submit the entire rope or cord. If the rope or cord must be cut, specifywhich end was cut during evidence collection.

Label the known and questioned samples.

Handle the sections of rope or cord carefully to prevent loss of tracematerial or contamination.

Submit in heat-sealed or resealable plastic or paper bags.


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Safe insulation exposed by peeling a safe door.

Safe Insulation Examinations

Safe insulation can be compared to a known source. Examinations of safeinsulation can sometimes determine the manufacturer.

Submitting Safe Insulation Evidence

Questions concerning safe insulation evidenceshould be directed to 202-324-4344. Follow theEvidence Submission directions including

Requesting Evidence Examinations andPackaging and Shipping Evidence.

Collect safe insulation samples fromdamaged areas.

Safe insulation can adhere to persons, clothing, tools, bags, and loot andcan transfer to vehicles. If possible, submit the evidence to the Laboratoryfor examiners to remove the debris. Package each item of evidence inseparate paper bags. Do not process tools for latent prints.

Submit known and questioned debris in leakproof containers such as filmcanisters or plastic pill bottles. Avoid using paper or glass containers. Packto keep lumps intact.


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Serial Number Examinations

Obliterated serial or identification numbers are often restorable, includingmarkings on metal, wood, plastic, and fiberglass.

Casting Stamped Numbers

Make a cast before number restoration. Use an acrylic surface replica castkit. Different formulas are used in different temperatures. If possible, movethe evidence to a warm area.

Casts will duplicate foreign material in the stamped characters. Clean thearea before proceeding. Remove paint and dirt with a solvent such asacetone, gasoline, or paint remover. Use a soft brush. Do not use a wirebrush. Use Naval Jelly to remove rust.

Build a dam around the stampedcharacters to retain the acrylic liquid whileit hardens. The dam material should besoft and pliable such as modeling clay.Ensure there are no voids in the dam.

Following instructions in the kit, mix theliquid and powder for one minute andpour it into the dam.

The acrylic liquid will take thirty minutes toharden. Remove the cast when it is hard.If paint and rust are on the cast, makeadditional casts and submit the cleanestcast to the Laboratory.

Submitting Serial Number Evidence

Questions concerning serial number evidence should be directed to202-324-4374. Follow the Evidence Submission directions includingRequesting Evidence Examinations and Packaging and Shipping Evidence.

Preparation for casting stamped numbers.


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If possible, remove the piece of frame rail containing the serial number,indicate where on the vehicle the cut was taken, and submit it to theLaboratory.

Indicate where on the vehicle the cast was taken. Pack the cast to preventbreakage.

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Serial Number Examinations


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Shoeprint and Tire TreadExaminations

Shoeprint or tire tread impressions are routinely left at crime scenes. Theseimpressions are retained on surfaces in two-dimensional and three-dimensionalforms. Almost all impressions, including partial impressions, have value forforensic comparisons. The examination of detailed shoeprint and tire treadimpressions often results in the positive identification of the suspect(s)’ shoe(s) ortire(s) from the suspect(s)’ vehicle(s).

Use the following links for guidelines for collecting and submitting shoeprint and tire tread evidence:

Photographing Shoeprint and Tire Tread ImpressionsGeneral Crime Scene PhotographsExamination-Quality PhotographsPhotographing Impressions in Snow

Recovering the Original EvidenceCasting Three-Dimensional Impressions

Mixing Dental Stone in a Bag

Mixing Dental Stone in a Bucket or BowlPouring Dental Stone

Lifting Two-Dimensional ImpressionsElectrostatic LiftsStorage of Electrostatic Lifting FilmGelatin and Adhesive Lifts

Lifting MaterialsShoeprint and Tire Tread FilesSubmitting Shoeprint and Tire Tread Evidence


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Photographing Shoeprint and Tire Tread Impressions

General crime scene photographs should be taken to relate the impressions tothe crime scene. Examination-quality photographs should then be taken to obtain

maximum detail for forensic examination. All impressions should bephotographed using both methods.

General Crime Scene Photographs

General crime scene photographs of shoeprint or tire tread impressions shouldinclude close-range and long-range photographs. ISO 400 color film should beused. The photographs should show the relationship of the impressions to thesurrounding area. General crime scene photographs are not suitable for footwearor tire examinations.

Examination-Quality Photographs

Examination-quality photographs should be taken directly over the impressionsusing a tripod and lighting. A scale should be in every photograph. The purposeof these photographs is to produce a detailed negative that can be enlarged tonatural size. These photographs should be taken as follows:

1. Place a linear scale such as a ruler next to and on the same plane as theimpression. Place a label in the picture to correlate the impression withcrime scene notes and general photographs.

2. Images should be taken using a 35-mm or medium-format film camera.Low cost digital cameras do not provide sufficient image detail forexamination-quality photographs. Use a manual focus camera and black-and-white film with an ISO 400 or less.

3. Place the camera on a tripod and position it directly over the impression.Adjust the height of the camera or adjust the zoom lens so the frame isfilled with the impression and scale. Position the camera so the film planeis parallel to the impression.

4. Set the f-stop on f/16 or f/22 for a greater depth of field.

5. Attach an electronic flash with a long extension cord to the camera.

6. Block out bright ambient light with a sunscreen to maximize the light fromthe flash.

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Shoe impressions in snow: Shoeprint examiners have difficulty analyzing low-contrast photographs such as the one on the left. The shoeprint on the right has been sprayed with colored paint to increase contrast, which

produces a more detailed photograph.

7. Focus on the bottom of the impression, not on the scale. Take an existingor reflected light photograph.

8. Position the flash at a very low angle (10 to 15 degrees) to the impression.

This will enhance the detail of the impression. For consistent exposure,hold the flash at least five to seven feet from the impression. Shoot severalexposures, bracketing toward overexposure to obtain maximum imagedetail.

9. Take the exposures, move the light to another position, adjust the sunscreen, and repeat Steps 7 and 8.

Photographing Impressionsin Snow

Impressions in snow are difficult tophotograph because of lack ofcontrast. To increase the contrast,snow impressions can be lightlysprayed with Snow Print Wax, amaterial used for casting snowimpressions, or with other coloredspray paint. The spray can should beheld at least two to three feet from theimpression so the force of the aerosol

does not damage the impression. Alight application of spray should bedirected at an angle of about 30 to 45degrees so the colored paint onlystrikes the high points of theimpression. Highlighted impressionswill absorb heat from the sun andshould be shielded until photographedand cast to prevent melting.

Recovering the Original Evidence

Submit the evidence bearing the original impression to the Laboratory, if possible.If the evidence cannot be submitted to the Laboratory, use the followingtechniques to recover the evidence.

Shoeprint and Tire Tread Examinations


87/120


88/120


Shoeprint collected using an electrostatic lifting device.

Pouring Dental Stone

Casting material has sufficient weight and volume to erode and destroy detail if itis poured directly on top of the impression. The casting material should be

poured on the ground next to the impression, allowing it to flow into theimpression. The impression should be filled with casting material until it hasoverflowed.

If the mixture is too viscous to flow into the i

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