__ .~t" --

The ~autical

Institute

HANDLING SHIPS IN ICE

A practical guide to handling Class lA and lAS ships

by CaptainJohan Buyssse, Master Mariner,

MSc (Nautical) MNI

CONTENTS page

Chapter 1 - VOYAGE PREPARATION Introduction ........................... ......... ......... .. .......... .. .... ...... ....... ..... ...... ................ ............ ............ .. 1 Hazard and damage identification: ..................... .. .•... .. ... ................... ........ ........ ............... .......... I Means of' gaulering information ......... ................................ .............. ........................ ...... ............ 8 Nautical puLlic.ations ...... ..... ............ ......................................... .. ........................ ........... .. .......... 12 Voyage planning and routeing ............ .................. .......... ........................ ........ .. .............. .. ........ . 12 Vessel 's preparedne" and status of winterisation .................... .... .................................... .. ........ 13

Chapter 2 - IN ICE AT SEA Introduction ........................ ...... ............................................... ...... ... ............... ................ ......... 17 Look-out and radar ..... ............................. ..... ....... ........... ........................... .... ............................ 17 Entering the ice-edge ........... ................. ..... ...... .. ... ...... ... .. .... ....... .................... .. .............. ........... 1 B l:Iy daylight .......................... .. ......... .. .. ........ ........ ... .. .............................. ......... ...... .. ... ... ....... ... .... 22 At night ... ..... .... .. .... .. ........... .... ............................... .. ................. ..................... .... ............ .. .......... 24 When beset ('tuck) ................................................ ............ ... ......... ............................................. 25 Ram ming ........ .................. .................... ......... .................... ..... ........... .. .. .. ..... ......... .......... .......... 29 Breaking out. other ships .. ..... ............. .............. .................... ............... .. ...... .... ................. .......... 29

Chapter 3 - NAVIGATION BY FAIRWAYS AND UNDER PILOTAGE Introduction ..................... ....... .. ........ .. ... .................. .... .. ...... .. ................... .. ....... ....................... 35 piIOl, ... ......... ... .. ..................... ........ .... .. .................. ...... .... ... .... .. ............ ... ...... ........................... .. 35 l:Ioarding and disembarking of' pilot, .... ......... ............. ...... .. .......... .................. ....... ........... ........ . 35 Close quarters situations in fhinvays ........................ .. .............................. ... .... ........ .... .... ........... :~7 \Vhich track to choose ............ ............ ............... ............. ......... ................. .......... ........ .. .. ........... 38 Using tracks along charted fairways .............................................................................. ............ 42 Ice bridges ........................... ................. .......... ...................... .......... .. .... .. ................... ... .............. 46 Lights and shape' ................................................................................. ...... .. ............... .............. . 48

Chapter 4 - ICE-BREAKER ASSISTANCE Introduction ...... ............... ..................... ........... ............... ... .. ........................ .............................. 49 l'rioritisation - ice traffic management (Baltic Sea) ............... ............ .................. ...................... 49 COlllmUllications - SigJlals .. .............. .............. ....... .......................... ................... ...... .. ..... ......... 'I·g Hreaking out... ....... .. ........................................ .. ............... ...... ..... ............................ .... ............... 52 Following ic.e-breaker (pre-break ~scort) ...... ..... .... ............................ ........ .......... ............. ........... ~() In convoy ........................................................ .. .. ................ ..................................................... . 59 Under tow .......................................................... ............ ...... .................. .......... .......................... 62 Important note ........................................................ ................................................................... 67

Chapter 5 - BERTHING AND (UN)MOORING Introduction ........................... ..... .............................................................. ... .............................. 69 Approaci,ing the berth ................... .... ............................. .. ...................................... .. ................. 69 Mooring bow in first ........... .............. ................ ............... ....................... .. ...... ........................... 70 Mooring stern in first ...................... .. ............. ... ............. ... ...................... ....... ......... ....... ............ 74 Ri ver berth, ...................................... ............................... ......................... ............. .................... 75 Alongside in porl.. ............. .. .. .......... .............. .............. .................... ......... .. ...... .... ............. ......... 76 Unmooring/ casting 011' .............. ...... ............ .. .................. ............ ........... ......... ... ........... ........... 7G

ADDENDA AddcndumA Addendum 1:1 Addendum C Addendum U Addendum E

Swedish instrunioTls: winter navigation ............. .. ............. .. .................. .... .......... ........... 79 lee-breakers: particulars ........ ............................................................... .. ..... .......... ....... I II Notch towing arrangements ............. .. ................ .. ........... .... ................... .. .................... 115 Finnish-Swedish ice class rules ............. ................ ........................................................ 119 Sea ice nomenclature ....................... ... ............ .. ....... ........ .......................... .......... ....... 151

: •• TUC t..III.IITIf"'1I.1 1t..ICTITIIT

page Addendum F Danish ice-breaker dues ............................................................................................... 159

References ............................................................................................................................................... 1 61

Index ................................................................................................................................................. 162

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

a Vessels beset ill ice .......................................................................... ................................... .. ... , ..... ii b Assistance to a vessel run aground in ice ............................................................................. _ ....... ii

Chapter 1 lA Navtex gale and ice warning ...................................................................................................... 2 IB Navtex ice breaking service report ............................................................................................. 2 le Navtex ice report ................................... .. .................................................................................. 2 1.1 Icing ............................................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Risk assessmentlor hull ice damage ............................................................................................ 5 1.3 Typical (minor) ice damage .......................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Ice chart baltic sea - by call-fax or internet.. ............................................................................. 6 1.5 German ice map (coloured) ......................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Swedish ice-chart ......................................................................................................................... 9 1.7 Finnish ice-chart (coloured) ....................................................................................................... 10 1.8 Canadian 30-day ice forecast ..................................................................................................... 11 1.9 Satellite picture of the Baltic Sea ............................................................................................... 15 1. I 0 Swedish ice-chart ....................................................................................................................... 16

Chapter 2 2.1 Combined presentation X- and S-band ................................................................................... 17 2.2 Digital processed radar data (X-band signal) ............................................................................. 18 2.3 Approaching the ice limit, downwind ...................................................................... .. ................ 19 2.4 Encountering first ice, downwind, keeping initial speed ............................................................ 19 2.5 Skirting along the ice edge ..................................................................... .. .................................. 20 2.6 Radar picture of above (X-band) .............................................................................................. 20 2.7 Shore lead on ice chart ........................................................................... ................................... 21 2.8 Alternative track between floes (open to close ice) ............................. ........................................ 21 2.9 Open to close raned ice, radar and visual ................................... " .. ... ....................................... 22 2.10 Lead in ice (top and centre), lracture ~)ott()m) ............................. .. ........................................... 23 2. I 1 Track made by a powerful vessel .............................................................................................. 24 2.12 Radar picture of ridged ice fidd ................................................................................................ 24 2.13 Radar picture of open water or lead between ice field ................ .............................................. 25 2.14 Beset in consolidated ice ............................................................................................................ 27 2.15 Beset in a ridged ice-field ................................................................................................. .......... 27 2.16 Getting unstuck .......................................................................................................................... 28 2.17 Getting unstuck by transferring weights .................................................................................... 29 2.18 Ramming a small ridge .............................................................................................................. 30 2.19 Breaking out, no obstructions nearby ......................................................................... .............. 31 2.20 Breaking Qui, beset vessel in frozen consolidated track or narrow fairway ................................ 32 2.21 Typical pilot boat used in ice in the Baltic Sea .......................................................................... 33 2.22 Hydrocopter used in last ice (port of Kemi) .............................................................................. 33

Chapter 3 . 3.1 Pilots using a hovercraft ............................................................................................................. 36 3.2 Finnish ice-breaker Urho in consolidated ice ...................................................................... ........ 36 3.3 Transferring pilot from ice-breaker by cherry-picker ................................................................ 36

ICE NAVIGATION v

page 3.4 Boarding of pilot in ice track ........ ....... .......... .... ........................................................................ 37 3.5 MCeling or overtaking in a narrow track ... ....... ...... ............ ........ ............ ........ .......... ...... ..... .. ... 39 :1.6 Meeting in a ".de track .................. ......... ........................... ...................... ................................. 40 3.7 Wide track in 15-30 cm ice ............... .................. ........... ....... ....................... .............•................ 40 3.8 Meeting in track, safer method .................................................................................................. 41 3.9 Tracks in ice ....................................................................... ... .............. ............ .. ............ ............. 42 3. 10 Steer towards the direction in which cracks appear ..... ... .............. ........•.. ...... .............. ............. 42 3.11 Radar picture when following a straight track ........................................................................... 43 3.12 Engaging a sharp bend .............................................................................................................. 44 3.13 Radar picture when approaching a bend along' a failway ........... ................................. ............. 4.1 3.14 Engaging' a bend in poor visibility ............................................................................ .. ............... 46 3.15 Ice bridge ................................................................................................................................... 47

Chapter 4 4.1 MS Geulburg after collision in iee ................................................................................................ 50 4.2 Head to tail collision in ice track .......... ...................... ... ......................... ................. ............. ..... 50 4.3 Bow damage: aller head-tail collision with ice-breaker', notch .............................. .. .................. 50 4.4 Ice-traffic management desk on board lE Ymer ....................................................... .. ................ 51 4.5 Sternboard mode ................................................................. ..................... .................... ......... .... 51 4.6 Slcrnboard mode (a, b, c, d and e) .................................................... .... .. .................................... 12 4.7 Following close to ice-breaker in ice under pr"ssure ........... .......... ............................. ................ 53 4.B Quarter pass ................ ........ ........................... ....... ............. ............. ................... ............. ....... .... 53 4.9 Fonvard mode ... ........ ......... ................ ... .... .. ........... ...................... ..................... ............ ............. 54 4.10 Sisu heading to own vcssc1 's bow ................................................................................................ 55 4.11 Breaking out, quarter pass ...................................................................................... ... ................ 55 4.12 Breaking out - variant of stcrnboard mode ................................................. ........................... 56 4. 13 Passing a ridge with a strong wind lrom the side ....................................................................... 58 4.14 Follo ...... ng an ice-breaker in iee under pressure ....................... .............. ..................................... 59 4.15 Searchlights ................................................................................................................................ 60 4.16 ~ollowing II3 /(ontill at 15 metres ............................................................................................... 60 4.17 Iee-hreaker closing in ..... ... .................. ........... ........ ...................... ... .. .............................. ........... 61 4.18 In convoy. ice-breaker escorting three vessels in close ice ................... .. ................. ......... .. ......... 61 4.19 Notch towing ............. ........... ......... .................. ............................ .. .. .... ...................................... 62 4.20 Keeping in line ...... ................................... .................................. .. ..................... ........... .............. 63 4.21 Combination changing course ................................................................................................... 63 4.22 Small indents in bow section due to notch to ..... ~ng ........................ .. ................ ..... .......... ....... ..... 63 4.23 Risk ofjaek.knillng .................................................................................................................... 64 4.24 Triouning vessels with a bulbous how ....... ... ........................ .... ... ........ " ........................ .... ..... ".64 4.25 Finnish IB IlflTltio notch towing ill severe ice conditlow; ....... ...... ..... .............. ... .. ...... ...... ............ 65 4.26 Notch towing tackle ........................................................................................................ .......... 65 1-.27 Under tow .................................................................................................................................. 66

ChapterS 5.1 Mooring bow in tirst, well fenden:d berth ........ ..................... ............ ............... ......................... 71 5.2 Mooring bow first, landing bow to welllendered berth ....... ..... .... ..... ............... ........................ 7 J

.1.:1 Mooring bow first, douhle spring, must ice removed ................................................................. 72 5.4 Tug between and crane grab pushing ice ............................................................... ........ ..... ...... 73 55 Most ice removed, ready to come alongside .......... ............. ................ ............. ............ ... ......... .. 73 5.6 Mooring bow first in, poorly fendered quay ................................... .... ............. ... ....................... 73 5.7 Use of harbour tug ........................................ ..... .......................... ........ ......................... ... .. ....... 73 5.8 Harbour tug assisting in removing ice ....................................................................................... 74 5.9 River berths ............................ .. ...... ........... .... ......... ......................................... ... .......... .. ........... 75 5.10 Mooring stern first il;, well fendered quay, shore ramp abaft. ................................................... 75 5.11 Unmooring/ casting off ............................................................................................................. 76 5. J 2 Casting oil; no ice pressure, ice pre.broken by tug .................................................................... 77

vi THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE

-page

5.1 3 Getting under way, iee pressure, no obstructions ahead .............. .... ........ .......... ...... ... ............ .. 77

Addendum A Al lee-breaker Sampo in frost smoke .... .................. ................... ........ ...... .. ................... .. ............. ... . 73

AddendumB B.l Bow propellors on TB rllwr .................. ... .. ...... .............. ............ .. ...... .. ...... .... ......... ....... .......... III

AddendumC C.l Diagram of bollard pull through separate leads ................ ............ ... .... ..... ......... ....... ............. . 11.'> C.2 Diagram of both wires through lead centre ...................... ......... .......... .... ........... .. ... " ............. l16 C.3 Photo of both wires through lead centre ....... ... .................................. ....... .............................. 116 C.4 Double split, two wires through each lead ......... ........ .............. .... ..... .... ....... ........... .... ... .. .. ... ... 11 7 C .S Double split, four wires through centre lead ................... ... ....... .......... ....... ........... ... ................ 11 3

AddendumD D.l Example of a Finnish iet: class certificate .. .. ....... ............ .. .. .. ..... .. .... .... ..... ............. .... ............. 119 D.2 MS Transbaltica, classed lA Super ... .. .. ............ .... ....... .. ... .................. .... .......... ....... ........ .......... 149

AddendumE Kl First ice formation: strips of grease ice and slush ........ .... ... ....... ........ ...... ....... ........... ........... ... 151 E.2 Shuga with brash ice and ice cakes ... ...... ... ...................... ... .... .. ..... .... ..... ............. .... ........ ... ..... 15 1 E.3 Boundary of nilas « 10 cm) and grey ice (thickness 10-1 5 cm) with rafting .......................... 1.'>1 £.4 Broken and partly rafted grey ice (10-1 5 cm) with ship track ........... ..... ............ .. ........ ............ 15 1 E.5 Ridg'ed ice with smalllloes of level grey-white ice (15-30 cm) ......... ....... ........... .... ................. 152 E.6 Swedish icebreaker rm£T in thin ridged white ice (30-70 cm) ........... ... ................... ... .............. 152 E.7 Ridge in level grey-white ice (15-30 cm) ..................................... ........ ...... .. ........... ......... ......... 152 F..3 Floes .. .... ......................... .... .... .. ...... ............................... ................... ...... ............ ..... ....... ... .. .... . 152 E.9 Pancake ice .................... ..... .................................... .... ... ................ ... ................ ... ..... ........ ....... 152 E.IO Open ice ..... ..................... .. .................. ... .................... .... ..... ....... ......... .. .... ............... ......... .. ..... 152 K1I Open ice, small floes 30 cm thick ................................. ..... .............. ...... .................................. 153 E.12 Very close ice, snow covered .. .. .. ..................................................... ..... .. ... ..... ... ........ ..... .. ... ... .. 153 E.13 Annex to sea ice nomenclature ............... .. ................. .. .. .. .................................. ............ ... ... .... 1.18

AddendumF F. I Sample Danish certificate ............ .. ............ ............ .. ... .... ......... .......................... .. ......... ........... 159 F.2 Danish government ice-breaker dues ....... .......... .. ... ... ... ..... .......... ....... .......... .... ... ........ .... .. ..... 160

TI "i'

-INDEX

A waters .. , ...... ...... . ', ...... ..... ,', ...... ... . ...... ..... ......... 8

A.LS ................................... .. ....................... 19, 22, 24 ahrasivc efTc:cts ........................................................ 1 accommodation lighting ......................................... 1-8 advising pilot ................ ...... .... ........... ................. . .... :18 aft spring ................ .................................................. 69 agent. ................................................................. 8, 76

cargo of speciaJ significance ..... ,',." ............ ", ... , ..... .. . 49 space healing systems ..... ... ,.,",." ................... , ... 14

casling off .... ...................................................... 75 , 76 cathodic protection ................ , ...... ,.", ....... .. . " .......... 14 channel" ..................... , ..... , ............ ,', ................. 56, 57 cha rterer's instructions , .. ,', ........................... ,', ........ 12

air-bubbling system .............. .. .................... , ............ 76 anchor .......................... ................................... . :l6., 64

cherry-picker ........................ ... ............................. .. 35 class and administrarion rules ................................. 1:1

anchoring ......................................................... ", ..... 1 anli-slip ~and .......... ............. ... ............. , ................... 14

clogging ... ........ ..... ............................... . ...... ........ ... 57 close

antifrcczt: additive .................... ,', ............................ 14 archipelago ..... ..... ......... ........ ...... ...... ......... ........ ...... 35 ARPA ...... ... ............. .. . .............. 19, 22, 24

ice ..................................... ,." .................... 22, 154 q uarters ...... ....... ..... ......... ........ ..... .... ..... ...... ...... 37

coast radio stations ... ............... ................................. 9 ass istance ............................. ....... ..... " ............... . 26, ~9 assisting vc::ssel ...... ......... ....... ....... ....... ........ .............. 30

colliding .............................................................. . .. Ill colli':Sions in ice: . ..... ........ ".,', ........ " ..... ........ ... ,., ........ 3

autopilot .... ............. " ............ .. ................ ................. 22 auxi liary

combination .. , ......... .... " ....... ... ................... "",63, 64 commercial

g~ncrator ............................... ,' ........................ 18 ........ . 19 po\'\'er ............... .. ............................ .

loss ....... .. ........... ....... ........ ...... ....... ........ ...... 1 :1, 30 point of view .................................... .. ............... 17

B compacted ice edgt: ................................... "", ....... ISS compact ice ..... ...... .. .. ..... ..... ,', ...... ..... ,', ....... ..... ..... 154

backing .................... ..... ........................................... 26 compacting ........ , .. , ... " ......... ".... . .................. , .... 156

ballast ................................................................ ...... 26 compressed air system .......... " ................. , ............... 14

water ...... ........ ..................... ....... .. ....... ........ ...... 26 conlpressive ice, ....... ....... ............ ".,", ........................ 1

Ballic Pilot............... . .. .... ............ .. ........... 12, 161 concentration ............. ,', .... ................... . .............. 154 bare ice ......................... ...... ................................. 157 boundary ...... .................. .. ............................. 156 be.it ............. ,"', ............. ...... ........ ..................... ...... 155 consolidated

h<ud ....... ... ..... ....... .................... .................... ... .... .42 channel ....... .... ............................... ............. 36, 57

berth ...................... ..................... ..... ...... 2(), 69, 70, 72 icr .................................... ... ..................... 22, 151 berlhing ............................................ ...... ........ ....... 69 ridge ................................................................. 156 beset ............... 22, 25, 26, 30, 42, 46, 57, 58, 64, 157 COIlIClCt. ....... . ................. , ••.•••....... , .......................... 57 bilge .................................................... .. ................... 14 convoy ................................... ... ............. 22, 49, 59, 62

keels ......................................................... 5, 26, 42 cooling wat.er ........... ..... ....... ,".,", ......... ...... .... ....... 18

b itts ............... ......... ........................................... .. ..... 63 intake .... . .......................... .. ................ 57

bollards ................. ................................................. 62 systems ....... "" ... .. ..... " ...... ................ ,.,,."., ..... , ... 14· bosun stores .......................................................... 1 ,1 CPPpumps ..... ....... ........ ...... .. ...... ....... ........ ...... 11,76 bouncing off ....................... .. ...... .... ....... " ............... ~)R crack .............................. , .............. "', ............... ... . 156 bow ...................... .. ............ ............... ... ............ 16, 38 cranes .............. .. ................... .. ,' ............ .. ......... . 14, 26

line .................................................................... 70 current ....... ,", ......... " ...... ....... .... ,",.,'" ....... " ...... . , .... 42 spring ............................. .. .................... .... .......... 09 currents ................................................................. 13

thruster ""'''" ........................................ , .. .. 14, 70 thruSler roon1 ........... " .... 7 ...... ...... ........ ......... ..... 14 D

brasb ice ............................. .... ........... 19, 38, 15 1, 1'i.1 breaking OUl .......... .. .................•.. ..... ........... 29, 49, 52

damage ................................... 1, 3, I:l , 18, 29, 46, 64 identification ...... ,', ................... .... .. ,', ..... " .... "., ... 1

brittleness ..... ....... , ...... .......... . ,"', .... ........ ... ,", .. , " ..... 3 brooms .... .. ................... ..... ....................................... 14

dangerous situation ......................... ,', .................... 30 Danish ice-hITakcr dues ............ ..... , ..... .. .............. 159

bulbous bow ...... ................. .............................. Ill, 64 de-aerators .......... , .............. "", . ............... , ....... ........ 11-bunker deck

statu..- ... ...... ... , ..... , .... , ....... ................. " ................ 1 :) tank ........................................................... .. ..... 14

equipmcnt.., ........ , ....... " ................. .. ....... , ......... 14· houses "", .. , ........ ,', ............ . ,", ......... ... " ........... , .. 14

buoys ....... ...... ....... ........ ...... ......... ...... .... 1:J, 17,42,69 lighting ....... ........ ...... ....... ....... ........ ....... ...... I 7, 48

c Inachinery .................. " .... ,., ..... ,', ..... . ............... 14 deformed irr ...... ..... .......................... ... ............ ..... 156

call-fax-service ...... ...... ......... . " ................. ,", ..... ... .... 8 drnts ................................................................... ...... :J Canadian difficult. area .................................. , ..... ................. 157

ice-brt.'.akers ...... " .. , ......... ,", ... ,", ...................... 11 3 difficulties in manoeuvring ....................................... 1

-4a"l TU~ ~IJ\IITI,...I\I 11\1~TITIITI=

diffuse ice edge ..... .............. ... .............................. 155 floeberg ............................ ................ ..... ........ .... ... 155 di~placcment ........................................................ 18 ftoebit .................................................................. 155 di,tance ................................................. 52, 56, .19, 67 flooded ice ........... .. ...... .................... "" ........ 157 diverging ............. ................. .................. .............. 156 floodlight ......................................................... " ...... 17 diverting ................. . " ........................................ "" .. 30 fog .............. ......................... , ................................. ".45 downwind ................................................................ 19 follo\ving ................................................................. 56 draught... ........... .... ...................... 3, 13,29,30, :;8, 57 fore spring ...................... ... ................... ""',.,',.,, ...... 70 dried ice........ ................ . ........................... 157 forward modc ...................... " .......................... .. 52, 60 drift ice .................................................................... 7.5 fracture .......... ...... ........................................... ,,3, 156 drifting ice ................................................... ... ....... 22 zone .............................................................. 156

E frac.turing ........................................................... .... 156 frazil ................................................................ "".".18

easy area ............................................................... 157 echo sounder ......... ...... ............................................ 1 I:(.;ho trails .............................................................. 22 edge...... . ......................................................... 35 electronic radar maps ............................................ 17

freezing ................................................. ", ........... 3, 13 r.onctitions ......................................................... 14

fi'csh water generator ............................................. 18 frost smoke ............................................ "" ...... 78, 157 frozen track ................................... .......................... 38 fuel.............................................. . ........................ 26

t:mergency fire punlp room ............................................... , .. 14 G full ahead ...... . .......................................... 59 generator ......... ........ ........................................ 14 gangway ................................................................. 70

engine Google ............................................ ,'" ..................... 8 performance ..................................................... GO (;l'S ... .... " ............................................................... 25 room ........................................................... 17, 18 grease ice ............................................................. 151

space heating .............................................. 14 grounded ventilaLion ..................... .................. ............. 14 hummock." ..................................................... 154

engiBt:ers ............... .... ................................... .......... 14 ice .................................................................... 154 t:xhaust gas temperatures ................................. 22, 57 grounding ....................... " ...... ................ " .... " .... 3, 29

F gro,""lcrs .......................................................... ....... 17 gyro ............................. .......... ................................ 26

facsinlilc .... ............................................................... 8 compass rose ........ ...... ................................. 25, 26

fairlead, ................. ...... ........................................... 62 H fairway .................. ....... ................... 30, 35, 3H, 42, 46 fast harhour .......................... .................................... ... 76

ferry .............. ................... ................... ............... 19 tug .................................................... 69, 71,72,76 vessel ................ , ............................. .......... ........ 19 harsh

fast-ice ................................................................. 151 ice conditioIls ............ ... ..................................... 64 boundary ........... .... . ........................... 156 \-vinteTs ........................... . .......... .. 35 edge ............. ........ .................. ........................ .. 155 hatch covers ............................................................ 35

fendered ................ ", ....................................... 70, n ha7.ard ................................................................... I , :1 fenders .............. .......................................... 38, 69, 70 hcad·tail <.:ollision ...... .............. .......................... 5 7, 59 ferries ................................. ................... .............. ... 22 head line ..................................................... 70, 72, 75 finger h~ating systems ............ , ....................................... ... 14

rafted ict: .. , ........................................... ,., ....... 156 heavyiee ................ , ........................................... 13,58 rdfiing ............ ..... ............................. . .. .... ISb helicopter ...................... .. ........ " ................................. 8

Finnish helmslnall ....................... ................................... 22, 45 icc-bn:.akers ................................. ................... 11 2 Helsinki Commission icebreakers ...................................................... 161 ice expert ad hoc working group ..................... 161 ice class ccrtificaLe ............................ ............... 119 hugging .................................................................... :;5 ice service ............................................................ 8 hull and machinery ................................................. 13 Illstitute of ~1arine Research ...................... 8, 152 hummock .................. ...................... ................... .. ,157 .l'vlaritimc Administration ................................. 67 hummocking ..................................................... .... 1.56 Swedish Ice Cl .. " Rules ...... ....... .. , ................. 161 hydraulic

fire 1l1ain .............. ....... .... ... ..................... .............. ... 3 oil ...................................................................... 1 ~ first po,"ver packs ...................................................... 14

Ice ............................................. : ................. ,17,19 unit stations ................ ....................................... 14 signs of ice ........................................................ 18 hypotht·TInia .............. ........... .................................... 3

fleet rnanual ............................................................. 13 floating ice .................................................... 151·, 155 fioe................... .. .... 1, 18, 69,70,76, 1.12, 155

.,....,... ~11I\/1~"TI,.....tl.1 1C"]

I

Ice accumulation ............................................ 1 belt ...................................................... 13, 18,29 boundary ..................... " ............................... 1.16 bridge ............................................................... 46 cake ................... . . ......... 151, 155 condition ................ . . ............... 56, 62 convoy .............................................................. 56 cover ... .................. . ............ , ...... 15'1 edge ................................................... 13, 19, 1.0.1 field....................... .. .............................. 19, 155 glossary ............... . ....................... 17 in1pact ......... " .................................................... 1 knife .............. ........................... .. .......... 26 limit. ....................... . limits.

...19,155 ..13

managernenL ......... . ............. 49 1l1ap ................................................................... 8 photographs ........ " """"''''',.,,'''''''' .................. 17 pressure, ................ . ............... I~, IlJ. ~:;, 26, 77 rind .... . . ............. . ..... 154 rubble ...... .. .. ....... 70 searchlights ........................ ". .. ................... 38 servICcs ..... ........................................ 12

situatioll """" .......... . .. .................. :,0,49

thickness ........ . . ...................... " ............... ",52 under pressure "'''''''" ....... ",.,.""",,57, 157 \vaypoint ................. ,. ", .............. . .. ............ 8

ice-bound ......................................... ,. ,,157 ports ....................... "", ............. "', ............... " .. 35

ice-breaker ............ ," "",.............. . ....... :1.1, :)b

assistance ......... """ .............. "" ...... 17, ~b. ~9, 49 escort .................................... "................ .,,56

operations ." ................. ,. parking .....

ice-breakers particulars ice-breaking

.. ............ .49

.. ............. """.45 ....................... 111

capabilities """"'''" ....................................... 1, 49 servlcF ........................................ ""'" ......... ,8, 12

tug .................... , .. , "",.,................ . ....... G9 ice-class ............................................... " ........... 19, 29

restrictions .................. """ ........... ", """',., ........ ,8 ice-classed vessel"" ......... ", """", ... , ........ " ............. 62 ice-experienced helmsman.. . ..................... 42 ice-free ............................ ". " ................ """, ........ 155 ice-heeling system ................ """" .............. 2G, ,'is, 64 ice-infested v/aters ................................ , ... , ............. 17 Ice Expert \"Vorking Group. """ ............. """"""" ... 1 lee Seamanship................. . ............ ,', ......... 1 61 ICIng ... "", """""" ............................. :1, I:), 14, 6~ TFO/HFO ............................................................ 18 imminent collision .. ,.,............. . .............. :18 irnpacl ......... ,................ . ................... " .. 18.29 initial speed ......................... "" .................. "', ....... 19 Inlnarsat link ......................... ,. ""., ......... , ..... " ......... 8 Instructions for ~lerchatlt Vessels ............. .. . ....... 1 (i 1 r nternationa.l Code of Signals ............... ,,"" ...... 12 Internet .. ", ................... "., .. """',.............. . .... 8 Internet v\iebsites .......................................... . ...1 b I

F T

TSM/SMS's fleet manllal ........ 12

J jack-knifing ........... .. .. ................................ Gl jammed brash barrier "" ...... " .............. "" ........... 155

K

Kiel (:anal ........................... , .............. ,', ................... ,8

L

landmark ............................................................... 17 large ice field " ........ ,'''" ........ ,'" ............................ 155 Jashingpods .............. "" ................ 14 lead........................ .. ......... 13, 19,22,24, 15G leading lights ......... .. ............................ 35, '12 leeward .. ",........... . ...................... :10,.12 k"\·d

grey-while ice """" ....... "" .......... "" .............. ,,152 Ire ................................................ 17, 26, 38,156

lifeboat .................................................................... 1 4 life saving equiprnent. ....... " ............ " .. " ........... " .... ,,3 light ice ... "........... . ................................ 58 linesmen .... , ............ ,', ............ " ............ "', .............. 71 lisl........................................... . ................... 26 load linlit .............................................. , ............... 18 10adInaster, ............ " ............ " ............ ",., .............. 26 look-out... ............... .. ................... 17, 22, '15 T.umiaro, Riku... . ............................................. 1.11

M

machinery cooling systcm ...... ", ............ """, ........... 3 maIn engIne" ............ ", ......... ,"', ............ , "",." ....... 18

perforrnance ........ ,' ............ ," ............................. 5 7 manoeuvring characteristics ...... , ............... ",.,., ...... 56 ~lariner's Handbook .... ", ........... "" ................ , .. 17., 56 maritime administrations ............................. 1 ~ medium ice field ............................................. , .. " 155 nlccting ......... ,', ............ " ............ ", .............. , .. ,35,38 :\1GO/DO ........................................................... 18 mid ships section .................... 13 moisture condensing ..... "", ............ "", .................... 3 mool'lng............. ......... .. ..................... 69, 70

ropes .............................. ................... .. .. 14 motion.,., .............. , ............... " .............. . .. .. I

N

nautical publications. ".............. .. ....... 12 navigation lights ......... , .................. , .. , ..................... 26 T\~avtex ...... , ................ " ................. " ........................ 8 ne\v Ice ..... "', ............... " ............... "" .................. 15/1 nilas .................... ........................... ...151.154 notch ........... "', .............. ", .................. "",,52,57,64

toV'v,ing ...... , .............. . .. ........................... 02 tmving arrangements ................ 11:')

.=\otices to ~Iariners ....... "...................... """ 13 not under cornrnand

lights ................................................................ l4 not under command lights.:. " .......................... 26, 48

Iblack balls ....................................................... 26

o Ice .................................................... 19, 29.156

old channels ........................ . . ........... 42 rafting ... , ...................................................... 1.51, ISh ramrnlng ................................................................ 29

open drift ice ..... . . ................................. 18

.......... 13, 19, 152, 155

reduced visibility .................................................... 45 rcnl0vlng Ice ........................................................... 1 --1 restrictions of IllovernenL... .............. .. ............. 1

\vater........................... . ...... l:1, 22, 29, 57,155 operational instructions .......................................... 12 OVfTpov..rcrcd ship .................................................. 13

ridge. .. .................................... ~y, 64,152,156 ridged

...................... 1:), 152, Ij7 Ice .......... .. overtaken , ............................................................... 38 zone .......................................................... 157 uvertaking ........................................................ 35, 38 ridging ......................................... , ....................... 156

p risk assessrnent .......................................................... 5 river berth.. . .......................................... 75.76

paint damage ......... ",. ...................... . ....... 5 Ro-Ro .......................................................... 19, 22, H

pancake ice.............. . ................. 1:;2,154, 155 rotaLing red Vliarning lights .. ......................... :;H

passage plan ........................................................... 1 rotten ice ......................... .. .................. . ..... 157

pilot ................................................ 37, 38, -1-5 .. 69, 76 route ............................................................ , ......... 13

boarding ,.,', ...................................................... 35 rubble field .......................................................... 157

boat ......................................... , ................... 35 ruddel ................................... :1, 14, 19, 22, 25, 38, 52

disembarking .................................................... :):) angle

fatigue ................................................................ 35 indicators ................................................... 1 :1

station ........................................................... 9, 30 limits.......... . ..................................... 57

pilotage.. . ....................... , .............................. 35 point of entry ........................................................ 19

blade ...................................................... 5, 26, 76 limit. . ............... 22

into th~ ice ....................................................... 13 stock ................................................................ 13

poor visibility ................... , ...... ,"', .......................... 4:') Russian

port ice-breakers ......................................... . ...1 1:,

authorily ............... . . .................................. 76 tug.. . ................... .................................... 6q s

pO\ver black-ouL.................. .. ............. 19 safe distance ............................ ........................ ..57 pOYlierful

ship. .......................... ...................... .. ... 22,:>H sailing unassisted ..................... " ........................... 17 salt ...................................................................... 14

vessel ............................................................... 26 satellite pre-break escort. ......................................... 49, 56, 62 pre-heating on lifeboat motors, ............................... 14 pressure ....... ".................. .. ......... 22, 25, 56, 57

phone ............................................. . .. ......... 8 .. ... H picture ...... , ........................ .

sea pressurised ice ...................................... , ............... 57 duttcr. .......................................................... 17, 24 propellor ................................................... 1, 3, I'+', 70 = ................................................................. 151

blades ................................................................ 76 nomenclalure ............................... 1.11. 161 tip ... " ........................ . .. ................... 5 sll10ke .......................................................... 3, 45 \vash ..................................................... 25, 59, 72 sea-chest ........................................................... 1 t, 18

pudding fender ....... . ..................................... 52, 57 pudcUe ................................................................. 157

seamanship....... .. ............................. :')6, 59 searchlight ................................ 1+, 24, 2,), 26, 42, 48

Q seawatcr cooling recirculation syslem ..................... 1-1 shaft generalor.. ................ . .................... 18. 1 q

quarter pass ................ .................... .. .................... 5:>, 60

shallO\\r draught vessels.. .. ............................... 38

raInp ................................................................ 74 waters............... . .............................. 13

quay ...................................... , ................................. 70 shearing .............................................................. 156 shell plating ....................................................... 5, 13

R shelter ..................................... . .......................... 46

radaL................ .. ..................... 1, 14, ~1:'), 42, 45, 57 IQ-cm ............................................................... 17 3-cm ............................ . .. ............................ 17

........... :, range................ ............... . ...... 24 S-band ............................................................. 17

........... 17

hased information ......... , ....................... .

scanner ..................................... .

rafted grey Ice ........................................................... 151

ship's specific manual ............................................ 13 ship owner ................ .. .......................... . .. 12 shore leads ................. . ..... 1:) shoreline .................................................................. 1 shore ranlp ............................................................ 72 shuga ..................................................... 18, I,) I, 154 signals ..................................................................... 56 skirting the edge ....... ,"", ....................................... 19 slush............................................ .. ................... 1.14

.,mall LO\",ri ng .......... .... ....................................... ...... .... 49, 62 Aoe"' .............................................................. 153 gear ......... . ........................................................ 56 ice field ........ ....... ..................... ........ ........ ...... ... 1.15 line .. .... .......................... .... ........... ..................... 02

snow ............................................... , ........ ..... ............. 3 notch ...................... ... .......... ...... .......... ... ............ 63 covered .................. ... ........................ ... ............... 24 track ............................................... 22, ~1.1, ~18, 42, 57 ~ ....... ........ ....... ...... ........ ....... ....... ...... ........ .... 38 track's shovels .................. .... ......................................... 14 edges ...................... .... .......... ...... ......... .... ........... 42 showers ......... .................................................... 45 side ....................................... .. ............. ............... 38

sno\v-cat ....... " ............................. ....... .................... 35 traffic sepa ration zunes ..... ........................ ...... ......... l :-1 sno\v-covc.::red ice ...... .................... ..... ...... ,', ......... 157 Traflshaltica .......... ...................... .... .......... .... ........ 149 snoVl.'-s<.,;ooter. ...........•..•. . .................•.•.............. 35 trim ................ .. ........................................... 13, 14,29 sno\vdrif't .... ........ ... .......... ......... ... , ................... ... .... 15 7 true-motion presentation ..... ....... .. ............ ... ,' ... ... .... 22 solid ice ....................... ... ....................... ....... ......... .. 30 true vectors .... ...... ........ .... .......... .. , ................. ..... .... 22 sound/ light signals .. " ........ .............. ............. ........ .. 5 1 'furku ra<lio ............................................................ 13 sound signals ....... .... ...... ................ ........ ...... .......... .. 51 speed ................................ I , 18, 19, n, 24, 35, 42, 56 u

limits ..................... .. .......................................... 57 log ............................... ........................... ...... .... 25 105iS ......... .... .......... ..... .... ..... .... .......... ....... ....... ..... 1

under-powered ship...... .. ..... . ................ , ....... .. 38 uIllllooring .... ..................... ........ ........ ...... ...... ......... . 76 unstuck .................................................... ... .. ,', ...... 53

spring ................................................................ 72, 75 stability .... ........................ .... ........................ 3, 13, 26 v starling air compressors ............ " ............................ 18 steam-heating system ............................................. 14 steering

gear ........ " ................................. ..... ......... " ...... ... 76 pumps ......................................................... . 22 rOOll1 ....................... .... ...................... ..... 13, 14

very close ice .... ........ ................................. 22, 1,,~1 , l54 open ict: .......... ..... ............ , ............. .. ................ 155

vessel's draught ........ , .... ... .... . ...... ........... " ................ 13 VHF ...... ...... ...................... ........ ...................... .. 19, 51

sterrl ................................. ... ............................. 18, 59 voyage planning .............................................. .. ... ,12

ste rn ........................... ....................................... 38, 42 yTS .................... ........ ..................... ........ ......... 12, 35

rarrlp ..... .... ......... , ......... .... ........ , ....................... 74 Cenll'~ ...... ............. ... ..... ...... ....................... ........ 49

thru5iter ................................................... ",11·, 70 sternhoard mode ......... .. .............................. 52, 60, 62 w st.~rnv,lay ........... ...... ....................................... ....... .. 75 wat.er hallast ....................................... , .... ...... .... .... 13 stevedores ........................ .... ...................... 49, 69, 71 heating systems .. ............ ,' ............ .... ........ , ......... 13 Slones ........................ ............................................... 3 lanks .......... .............................. ... ........................ 13 stopping........ ................ .. ...................... 38 waypoints ...... .... ...... . ................................... . 8

distance ....... ," , .... ........ ... ........... ....... ........ ....... ... 38 widening of the cha-nnd ...... ..... ............ .......... ..... . 45 stra nded ice ... . . ............................................. 1.14 winches .................. , ............ ...... ....................... ........ 62 st rip .................... ....... ......................................... 1 ;)5 wind................... .... ............................ .. ..... 35, 42 stuck .... ...... ......... ..... .......... .... ........ ...... ....... 25, 26, 30 direction .......... .... ......................... .... ................. 22 Suez-canal searchlight. .................... ........ ................ 17 windlasses.. ...................... . ............................... 14 Suez lighl ................................ . ..... ..... .............. 24 \vindov./ heating .......................... ..... ...................... 11-Swedish w'ind\vard ...... ...... ...... ........ ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... . 19

Ice-breakin!!; Sen.; .. e ................................. " .... 161 \vinter Maritime Administration .................... " ............ 67 overalls ............. .. ...................................... 14 state ke-breakers ........ : ..... ....... .. ............. .... .... 11 2 season ............. ...... .......... .... ...... ......... ........ ....... 13

T spars .......... .................... ....... ...................... ....... 13

winterisation ............ . ................................. . 13

tenlperature ..... , ..................... , ....... ........ ....... , ...... ..... 3 thaw holes ............................................................. 157

Winter N avigation 2006-2007 ... ...... ........ ....... ...... 161 \vouuen halllmcrs .................................................... 14

The Mariner's Handbook ............................. 12, 16 1 wriggle .................................................................. 25

thernIal strains ...... ..... ........ . , ............ ....... ........ .. .... ..... :1 thickness ..... .................... " .................. " ... ... ............. 24

y

of ice ...................... .... ........................................ 17 rmer .................. .......... ........ ..... ........ .... ....... 111 , 152 thrust ..... .... ........................ ... ................................... 70 thruster ...... ............. .. ............................ .. . 70,74,76

tunnel. ..................................... : ........ ........ ... 3 low ........ ...... ..................... ... ............ ...... ........ ......... 62

lines ....... ......... ....... ...................... . 6~1, 64 t.owage .................................................................... 62

_ •• - • • _ . . ......... _ . ,. , ............... , ''T'f"'