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7/30/2019 Handout of Atomic Structure
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Definition:
Atom of same element with same proton number
but different nucleon numbers.
@ atom of an element with different number ofneutrons (text book).
Eg: questions 2 in page 21
Characteristic:
Isotope of an element have same chemical properties
but different physical prop (eg: densities & melting point).
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Isotope Proton
number
Nucleon
number
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
16
Oxygen-16 O8
8 16 8 8
17
Oxygen-16 O8
8 17 8 9
18
Oxygen-16 O8
8 18 8 10
35
Chlorine-35 Cl17
17 35 17 18
37
Chlorine-35 Cl17
17 37 17 20
Element
Oxygen
Chlorine
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Isotope Proton
number
Nucleon
number
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
1
Hydrogen-1 H1
1 1 1 0
2
Hydrogen-2 H1
1 2 1 1
3
Hydrogen-3 H1
1 3 1 2
80
Bromine-80 Br35
35 80 35 45
81
Bromine-81 Br35
35 81 35 46
Element
Hydrogen
Bromine
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Isotope Proton
number
Nucleon
number
Number
of
protons
Number
of
neutrons
12
Carbon-12 C6
6 12 6 6
13
Carbon-13 C6
6 13 6 7
14
Carbon-14 C6
6 14 6 8
Element
Carbon
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Field Isotope applications
Medical gamma rays of cobalt-60 used to kill cancer cells
without surgery the patient.
steril the medical instrument.
Radioactive like iodine-131 used to detect malfunction
of thyroid gland.
Archeology Radioisotope carbon-14 used to study age of ancientartifacts (bhn2 purba)
Agricultural carbon-14 is used to study passage of carbon in
photosynthesis.
Industrial sodium-24 used to detect leakage (kebocoran) of
underground pipe
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Atoms made up of :
nucleus that contain protons & neutrons
electrons that move in shells around
nucleus
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Shells of an atom is numbered starting from shells that closest to nucleus.
Shells closest to nucleus numbered with one.
Next shells is numbered with two & so on..
Each shells can only consists of a certain number of electrons.
The ways electrons distributed @ arranged in shells of an atom is called electronarrangement @ electron configuration.
First shell
Second shell
Third shell
Max no. of e for elements with proton number 1-20
Nucleus
8
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1. Fill electrons to the shells that closet to nucleus first which is 1st shell
with max number of electrons that 1st
shells can hold.
2. The next shells is filled up (diisi) if there are remaining of electrons.
Eg: Calcium, Ca has 20 electrons (20 protons)
electron arrangement of calcium is 2.8.8.2
CaCa
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Valence electrons:
are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
eg: electron arrangement of calcium is 2.8.8.2
Thus, it has two valence electrons.
element with same number of valence electrons
have same chemical properties.
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1. What mean by isotope?
Atom of same element with same proton number but different
nucleon numbers.
@ atom of an element with different number of neutrons
32 31
2. P and P are two isotopes of phosphorus. State the number of subatomic15 15
particles for each isotopes.
Isotope Proton
number
Nucleon
number
Number of
protons
Number of
neutrons
32
P15
15 32 15 17
31
P15
15 31 15 16
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3. Write the electron arrangement for the atoms below.
35
a) Cl17
19
b) F9
4. Determine the number of valence electrons for elements with this proton number:a) 7
b) 9
c) 16