HISTOLOGY

THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

NURSASI HANDAYANI

THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• INTEGUMENT/SKIN AS AN ORGANHAS VARIETIES OF EPITHELIA, SEVERAL TYPES OF CONNECTIVE SEVERAL TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES, MUSCLE FIBERS, NERVOUS TISSUE

• INTEGUMENT/SKIN AS A SYSTEMCONTAINS A VARIETY OF SKIN DERIVATES

FUNCTIONS

• PROTECTOR, protection from pathogens, poisons, ultraviolet rays

• WATERPROOF, retains tissue fluids, impervious to water

• REGULATES THE TEMPERATURE OF • REGULATES THE TEMPERATURE OF THE BODY, heat loss through the skin by radiation, convection, evaporation. Heat conserved by reduction in the blood flow to skin

• EXCRETORY ORGAN, through sweat glands, sebaceous glands

• SELECTIVE ABSORBER, certain drugs, hormones, vitamin D are obserbed

• REGENERATIVE POTENTIAL, epidermis and dermis can repair and dermis can repair

• SENSORY ORGAN, have many nerve endings

TYPES OF SKIN

• THICK SKIN (PALMS OF THE HANDS, SOLES OF THE FEET)

• THIN SKIN

HISTOLOGYCALLY IT CONSISTS :• EPIDERMIS, ECTODERMAL IN ORIGIN,

SUPERFICIAL, EPITHELIAL, WATERPROOF, AVASCULAR

• DERMIS/CORIUM, MESODERMAL IN ORIGIN, A DEEPER, CONNECTIVE TISSUE, VASCULER

THICK SKIN (PALMS OF THE HANDS, SOLES OF THE FEET)

EPIDERMIS :• STRATUM BASALE• STRATUM SPINOSUM• STRATUM GRANULOSUM

S MALPIGHI/ S GERMINATIVUM

• STRATUM GRANULOSUM• STRATUM LUCIDUM• STRATUM CORNEUM

• STRATUM BASALE, the deepest layer, single layers of basophilic, columnar or cuboidal cells, frequent mitotic figures are present

• STRATUM SPINOSUM, several layers of mitotically active, basophilic cells, have short spines

• STRATUM GRANULOSUM, consist of two to four layers of flattened cells, containing many prominent basophilic granules, keratohyalin ganulesgranules, keratohyalin ganules

• STRATUM LUCIDUM, consist of two to three layers of translucent, poorly stained, or slightly eosinophilic squamous cells

• STRATUM CORNEUM, the outermost layer, consist of many layers of dead, flattened,anucleate cells, cytoplasm is replaced by keratin. The most superficial cells are dehydrated, horny scales that are constantly being shed.

THICK SKIN

THICK SKINE : epidermisSC : stratum corneumSG : stratum granulosumSS : stratum spinosumSGe : stratum germinativumSGe : stratum germinativumIP : interpapillary pegSDR : secondary dermal ridgesCL : capillariy loops(Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).

THIN SKIN (COVERS THE REST OF THE BODY)

EPIDERMIS EPIDERMIS OF THIN SKIN, THE STRATUM LUCIDUM IS ABSENT, STRATUM GRANULOSUM FREQUENTLY MISSING

CELL TYPES IN THE EPIDERMIS:KERATINOCYTES, as the stem cells; MELANOCYTES, as melanin producer; LANGERHANS CELLS, a special types of macrophage; MERKEL CELLS, as touch receptors

DERMIS

THE DERMIS DIVIDED INTO :• PAPILLARY LAYER, CHARACTERIZED BY

DERMAL PAPILLAE, CONTAINS CAPILARY BED, TACTILE PAPILLAE

• RETICULAR LAYER, COLLAGENOUS • RETICULAR LAYER, COLLAGENOUS BUNDLES, FEW ELATIC FIBERS, DENSE, IRREGULEAR, CONNECTIVE TISSUE. AT THE DEEPER CONTAIN ADIPOSA TISSUE, SWEAT AND OIL GLANDS, HAIR FOLLICLES, SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBERS AND SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS

THIN SKIN

THIN SKINE : epidermisD : dermisHF : hair follicleH : hairswG : sweat glandssG : sebaceous glandssG : sebaceous glandsAP : arrector pilli muscleB : bulbP : papillad : ductushD : hypodermis(Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).

APPENDAGES OF SKIN

• HAIR• SEBACEOUS GLANDS• SWEAT GLANDS• NAIL• NAIL

HAIR• HAIRS ARE HARD KERATIN STRUCTURES PRODUCED

BY HAIR FOLLICLES. • THEY ARISE AS THICKENINGS OF THE EPIDERMIS

THAT PROLIFERATE AS CORDS AND PENETRATE THE DERMIS. THE BASE OF EACH CORD EXPANDS AND ENCLOSES A PAPILLA, FORMING THE BULB.

• THE CELLS COVERING THE PAPILLA PRODUCE THE SHAFT OF THE HAIR THAT ERUPTS FROM THE SKIN. SHAFT OF THE HAIR THAT ERUPTS FROM THE SKIN.

• THE CELLS COVERING THE HAIR BULB ARE CONTINOUS WITH THE CELLS OF STRATA BASALE AND SPINOSUM. THEY ARE CONSTANLY UNDERGOING MITOSIS AND GIVE RISE TO THE VARIOUS CELLULER COVERINGS OF THE MATURE SHAFT.

• HAIR GROWTH AND REPLACEMENT CYCLICAL, THE PERIODS OF GROWTH AND REST VARY DEPENDING ON THE REGIONS OF THE BODY.

HAIR FOLLICLE

CROSS SECTIONS OF HAIR SHAFT

Co : cortexCu : cuticle cellsIRS : internal root sheathERS : external root sheathCTS : connective tissue sheathBM : inner glassy membraneBM : inner glassy membraneAP : arrector pilli(Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).

SEBACEOUS GLANDS

• WITH FEW EXCEPTIONS, FOUND EMBEDED IN THE DERMIS OR HYPODERMIS IS ASSOCIATION WITH HAIR FOLLICLES, LIES BETWEEN THE ARRECTOR PILLI MUSCLES AND THE HAIR SHAFT

• MORPHOLOGICALLY IT IS A SIMPLE OR • MORPHOLOGICALLY IT IS A SIMPLE OR BRANCHED ALVEOLAR (ACINAR) GLANDS.

• ARE HOLOCRINE TYPE GLANDS• PRODUCE SEBUM

SEBACEOUS GLANDS

BC : basal cellsN : NucleisG : sebaceous glandsAP : arector pilli muscleHF : hair follicles(Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).(Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).

SWEAT GLANDS

• WITH FEW EXCEPTIONS, DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE SKIN, EMBEDED IN THE DERMIS OR HYPODERMIS

• MORPHOLOGICALLY IT IS A SIMPLE, COILED, TUBULAR GLANDS, SECRETORY PORTION SURROUNDED BY MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS, SURROUNDED BY MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS, ARE MEROCRINE TYPE GLANDS.

• LARGE APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS ARE LIMITED IN DISTRIBUTION TO THE AXILLARY, CIRCUMANAL, AREOLAR BREAST REGIONS, THEY ARE USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH HAIR FOLLICLES, RELEASE A VISCOUS SECRETION

SWEAT GLANDS

d : ductuss : secretory portionL : Lumen(Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).

THE MODIFICATIONS OF SWEAT GLANDS ARE THE MODIFICATIONS OF SWEAT GLANDS ARE MOLL GLANDS, SERUMINOUS GLANDS, MAMMARY CLANDS

NAIL• ARE PROTECTIVE, KERATINIZED, HARD

PLATES OF CELLS THAT COVER THE DORSAL SURFACES OF THE DISTAL ENDS OF DIGITS OF ALL PRIMATES.

• GROWTH OF NAILS IS CONSTANT

NAILS

Ep : eponychiumHy : hyponychiumNB : nail bedD : dermisPh : phalangeNP : nail plateNP : nail plateFP : fibrous periosteumBo : boneNR : root of nailsHC : hyaline cartilage(Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).