Hank Childs, University of Oregon June 3 rd, 2015 CIS 330: _ _ _ _ ______ _ ___ / / / /_ (_) __...

Hank Childs, University of OregonJune 3rd, 2015

CIS 330: _ _ _ _ ______ _ _____ / / / /___ (_) __ ____ _____ ____/ / / ____/ _/_/ ____/__ __ / / / / __ \/ / |/_/ / __ `/ __ \/ __ / / / _/_// / __/ /___/ /_ / /_/ / / / / /> < / /_/ / / / / /_/ / / /____/_/ / /__/_ __/_ __/ \____/_/ /_/_/_/|_| \__,_/_/ /_/\__,_/ \____/_/ \____//_/ /_/

Lecture 19:templates and

the standard template library

Outline

• Announcements• Special Topics• Review• Potpourri from Lec 17• Templates• Standard Template Library• C++ Strings• Bonus Slides

Outline


Announcements: Projects

• 3G: due Monday• 3H: due “Friday”• 4B: due “Friday”• 4C: due “Friday”• “Friday” not late until June 11th

• And: all work must be turned by June 11th

• And: Project 3 grading may be simplified

Announcements: Logistics

• Office Hours: right here after class• Lab: no Lab this week!• Final: Monday June 8th @ 2:45pm in this room• Grading…

Outline


Special Topics

• Virtual functions in constructors• const Image with Update

Outline


“this”: pointer to current object

• From within any struct’s method, you can refer to the current object using “this”

How methods work under the covers (4/4)

Addr. Variable Value

0x8000 MIC/myInt

12


0x8000 MIC/myInt

12

0x8004 mic 0x8000


0x8000 MIC/myInt

12


0x8000 MIC/myInt

12

0x8004 this 0x8000

The compiler secretly slips “this” onto the stack whenever you make a

method call.

It also automatically changes “myInt” to this->myInt in methods.

Picking the right virtual function

??????

So how to does the compiler know?

How does it get “B” for “b” and “A” for “a”?

Virtual Function Table

• Let C be a class and X be an instance of C.• Let C have 3 virtual functions & 4 non-virtual

functions• C has a hidden data member called the “virtual

function table”• This table has 3 rows– Each row has the correct definition of the virtual

function to call for a “C”.• When you call a virtual function, this table is

consulted to locate the correct definition.

Virtual Function Table

• Let C be a class and X be an instance of C.• Let C have 3 virtual functions & 4 non-virtual

functions• Let D be a class that inherits from C and Y be

an instance of D.– Let D add a new virtual function

• D’s virtual function table has 4 rows– Each row has the correct definition of the virtual

function to call for a “D”.

More notes on virtual function tables

• There is one instance of a virtual function table for each class– Each instance of a class shares the same virtual

function table• Easy to overwrite (i.e., with a memory error)– And then all your virtual function calls will be

corrected– Don’t do this! ;)

Calling a virtual function

• Let X be an instance of class C.• Let the virtual function be the 4th function• Let the arguments to the virtual function be

an integer Y and a float Z.• Then call:

(X.vptr[3])(&X, Y, Z);

The pointer to the virtual function pointer (often called a vptr) is a data member of X

The 4th virtual function has index 3 (0-indexing)

Secretly pass “this” as first argument to method

Inheritance and Virtual Function TablesA

Foo1 Location of Foo1

B



C




Same as B’sThis is how you can treat a C as a B

This whole scheme gets much harder with virtual inheritance, and you have to carry around multiple

virtual function tables.

: public B

Virtual Function Table: Summary

• Virtual functions require machinery to ensure the correct form of a virtual function is called

• This is implemented through a virtual function table

• Every instance of a class that has virtual functions has a pointer to its class’s virtual function table

• The virtual function is called via following pointers– Performance issue

Upcasting and Downcasting

• Upcast: treat an object as the base type– We do this all the time!– Treat a Rectangle as a Shape

• Downcast: treat a base type as its derived type– We don’t do this one often– Treat a Shape as a Rectangle• You better know that Shape really is a Rectangle!!


what do we get?


• C++ has a built in facility to assist with downcasting: dynamic_cast

• I personally haven’t used it a lot, but it is used in practice

• Ties in to std::exception

Default Arguments

default arguments: compiler pushes values on the stack for you if you choose not to enter them

Booleans

• New simple data type: bool (Boolean)• New keywords: true and false

gettimeofday example

Outline


Inline function

• inlined functions:– hint to a compiler that can

improve performance– basic idea: don’t actually

make this be a separate function that is called• Instead, just pull the code

out of it and place it inside the current function

– new keyword: inlineThe compiler sometimes refuses your inline request (when it thinks

inlining won’t improve performance), but it does it silently.

Inlines can be automatically done within class definitions

• Even though you don’t declare this as inline, the compiler treats it as an inline

You can do inlines within header files, but not regular functions

Left: function is inlined in every .C that includes it … no problem

Right: function is defined in every .C that includes it … duplicate symbols

Outline


Motivation

Motivation

First Template

Will now do an example to compare templates and virtual functions

• Will take some buildup…

Money Class

License Plate Class

Sorting With Templates

Doing the same with inheritance

Templates vs Virtual Functions

• Virtual functions:– Had to affect inheritance hierarchy– Overhead in function call (virtual function table)

• Templates:– Did not need to affect inheritance hierarchy,

although function names had to coincide– No additional overhead (resolved at compile time)

Outline


Standard Template Library

• Standard Template Library: STL• Many, many templated types• Can ease your programming• Can also hide significant performance issues– And you use C/C++ for performance

• My recommendation: use with caution for code that needs to be performant

Vector

std::vector

• Always has the amount of memory you need• Many STL algorithms work on it• Memory allocation:– If you don’t have enough, double it• (can be a big overestimation)

• Overhead in access– Maybe not a big deal if data-intensive?

STL: map

Outline


(not a template thing): String

• C++ string class is very useful• Great implementation of a class that

encapsulates a string

String methods

String methods

Outline


Backgrounding

• “&”: tell shell to run a job in the background– Background means that the shell acts as normal,

but the command you invoke is running at the same time.

• “sleep 60” vs “sleep 60 &”

When would backgrounding be useful?

Suspending Jobs

• You can suspend a job that is runningPress “Ctrl-Z”

• The OS will then stop job from running and not schedule it to run.

• You can then:– make the job run in the background.

• Type “bg”

– make the job run in the foreground.• Type “fg”

– like you never suspended it at all!!

printf

• Print to stdout– printf(“hello world\n”);– printf(“Integers are like this %d\n”, 6);– printf(“Two floats: %f, %f”, 3.5, 7.0);

Have you ever wondered how printf takes a variable number of arguments?

Variable-Length Argument Lists

Adapted from Kernigan & Ritchie C book

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Hank Childs, University of Oregon June 3 rd, 2015 CIS 330: _ _ _ _ ______ _ _____ / / / /___ (_) __...

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Hank Childs, University of Oregon June 3 rd, 2015 CIS 330: _ _ _ _ ______ _ ___ / / / /_ (_) __...