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A
DICTIONARY OF MODERN WRITTEN ARABIO
HANS WEHR
A DICTIONARYOF
MODERN WRITTEN ARABICEDITEDBYJ
MILTON COWANTHIRD EDITION
Spoken Language
Services, Inc.
r
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Wehr, Hans (Date)
A
dictionary of
modern written
Arabic.
"An enlarged and improved version of 'Arabisches Wrterbuch fr die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart' and includes the Contents of the 'Supplement zum Arabischen Wrterbuch fr dieSchriftsprache der Gegenwart.'1.
"
I.
Cowan,
Arabic language-Dictionaries English. J Milton. II. Title.0-87950-001-8
[PJ6640.W43 1976] 492'.7'321 75-24236
ISBN
Otto Harrauowltz, Wiesbaden 1961, 1066, 1971 Spoken Language Services, Inc. 1976
Spoken LanguageP.O.Ithaca,
Services, Inc.
Box 783 New York 148S0
PrefaceShortly after the publication of Professor Hans Wehr's Arabisches Wrterbuch fr die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart
Committee on Language Programs of the American Council of Learned Societies recognized its excellence and began to explore means of providing an up-to-date English edition. Professor Wehr and I readily reached agreement on a plan to translate, edit, and enlarge the dictionary. This task was considerably lightened and hastened by generous financial support from the American Council of Learned Soin 1952, thecieties,
the Arabian
American Oil Company, and Cornell
University.
Americanare
This dictionary will be welcome not only to English and users, but to orientalists throughout the world who
more
at
home with English than with German.
It is
more
accurate
and much more comprehensive than the original version, which was produced under extremely unfavorable conditions in Germany during the late war years and the earlypostwar period.lthaca,
New
York
J
Milton Cowan
November 1960
Preface to
The Pocket-Book Edition
In Order to meet the enormous increase of interest in Arabic brought about by political, economic and social develop-
ments of the past decade, we have now published our 3rdRevised Edition ofthis
A
Dictionary of
Modern
W ritten Arabic in
handy, comprehensive and unabridged version.
Mnsterlthaca,
Hans WehrYorkJ
New
Milton Cowan
February 1976
Introduction
Thi diotionary presents the vocabulary and phraseology of modern mitten Arabic. It is based an the form of the language wbich, throughout the Arab world from Iraq to Moroooo, is found in the proee of books, newapapers, periodicals, and letters. This form is also empioyed informal public address, over radio and television, and in religious ceremonial, The diotionary willbe most usefuJ to those working with writinga that have appeared aince the turn of the Century.
The morphology and syntaxtriea.
of written Arabio are esaentially the
same
in all
Arab ooun-
Vocabulary differences are limited mainly to the domain of apecialized vocabulary. Thuait
the written language contmnea, aslinguistio unity of the
haa done throughout centuriea of the paat, to ensure theIt provides a
Arab world.
medium
of
oommunicatkm over the vaatit
geographica! area whoee numeroua and widely diverser local dialectait
tranaoends. Indeed,
gives the
Arab people of many
countriea a Bense of identity
and an awarenesa of their common
culturaJ heritage.
Two
powerful and conflioiing forces have affected the development of the modern Arabio
lexicon.
A reform movement originating toward the end of the last Century in Syria and Lebanon haa reawakened and popularized the old conviotion of educated Arabs that the ancient 'arabiya of pre-Islamio times, which became the classical form of the language kl theis
early centuries of Islam,puristic doctrine
better and
more
correct than
any
later form.
Proponenta of this
have held that new vocabulary muat be derived exoluaively in accordance with ancient modela or by aemant extension of older forma. They have insiBted on the replacement of all foreign loanwords with purely Arabio forma and expressiona. The puriatahave had conaiderable influence on the development of modern literary Arabio although there haa been widespread protest againat their extreme point of view. At the same time
and under the inoreaaing influence of Western civization, Arab writers and jouroalists have had to deal with a host of new concepts and ideas previously alien to the Arab way of life. Aa aetual usage demonstrates, the puriats have been unable to eope with the aheerbulk of
new
linguiatic material
whioh has had to be inoorporated into the language to
makeof
it
ourrent with advances in world knowledge.writers, especially in the fields of Bcience
The
result is Been in the
tendency
many
and teohnology, simply
to
adopt foreignthe various
words from the European languagea.colloquial dialects
have
also
found their
Many common, everyday expressions from way into written expression.
From
its
inception, thia diotionary haa been oompiled on acientifio descriptive principlea.
It oontains only
worda and expressiona which were found in context during the course of
wide reading in literature of every kind or which, on the basis of other evidence, can be shownto be unqueationably a part of the present-day vocabulary. It ia a faithful record of the language ae attested by usage rather than a normative presentation of what theoretically
ought to occur. Consequently,torical style aideit
it
not only
liste claasical
words and phrasea of elegant rhe-
by
side with
new
coinages that confonn to the
demands of the
puriata,
but
also oontains neologiama, loan tranalations, foreign loans,
and colloquialiama which may not
be to the linguistio taste ofterials
manyia
educated Arabs. But since they occur in the corpus of mabased, they are inoluded here.
on which the diotionary
Introduction
VIII
loxicographer dealing with preaent-day Arabio. knowledge, especially those which have developed outside the Arab world, no generally accepted terminology has yet emerged, it is evident that a practicalSince for
A number of special problems oonfront themanyfields of
dictionary can only approximate the degree of completeneas found in comparable dictionaries
of Western languages. Local terminology, especially fortitles,
many
public institutions, offices,
and administrativeis
diotionary
has developed in the several Arab countries. Although the based mainly on usage in the countries bordering on the eastern Mediterranean,affairs,
and administrative terms have been included for all Arab countries, but not with equal thoroughness. Colloquialisms and dialect expreasions that have gained ourrenoy in written fonn also vary from country to country. Certainly no attempt at completeneas canlooal official
be made here, and the user working with materials having a maxked regional flavor will be well advised to refer to an appropriate dialeot diotionary or glossary. As a rule, items derived fromlocal dialecte or limited to looal use
have been so designated with appropriate abbreviations.
normalized journalistio style has evolved for faotual reporting of news or discussion of mattere of political and topical interest over the radio and in the press. Thia style, whichoften betrays Western influences, is remarkably uniform throughout the
A
Arab world.
It
reaches large sections of the population daily
and
constitutes to
them almost the only stylistiohence easily covered in a
norm.
Its
vocabulary
is
relatively small
and
fairly Btandardized,
dictionary.
standardized.
The vocabulary of scientific and teohnological writingB, on the other hand, is by no means The impact of Western oivilization has confronted the Arab world with theproblem of expressing a vast and ever-inoreasing number of new conceptsin
serious linguistiofor
which no words
Arabic exist. The creation of a
soientifio
and technological terminology
is still
a major intellectual ohallenge. Reluctance to borrow wholesale from European languages
has spurred efforts to coin terms according to productive Arabic patterns. In recent decades innumerable such words have been suggested in various periodioals and in special publications.Relatively few of these have gained acceptance in
common
usage. Specialists in
all fields
keep coining new terms that are either not understood by other specialists in the sameor are rejeoted in favor of other, equally short-lived, private fabrications.
field
to a lesser eztent, the Iraqi
The Academy of the Arabio Language in Gairo especially, the Damascus Aoademy, and, Academy have produoed and continue to publish vast numbersall fields
of technical terms for almost
of knowledge.
underestimated the
difficulties of artificial regulation ofit
The aoademies have, however, greatly a language. The problem lies not so
much
in inventing terms as
does in assuring that they gain acceptance. In some instances
neologisms have quickly become part of the stook of the language;are a largein
among these, fortunately, number of the terms proposed by academies or by professional specialists. However, many fields, suoh as modern Unguis tics, existential philosophy, or nuclear physics, it isnot possible for professional people from the different Arab states to discuas details of
still
The Bituation is further complioated by the fact that the purists and the aoademies demand the translation into Arabio even of those Oreek and Latin techtheir disoipline in Arabio.nical
terms which make possible international understanding among
specialists.
Thus while
considerable progress has been
made
in recent decades toward the standardization of Arabicall fit
terminology, several technical terms which
one definition
may
still
be current, or a
given scientific term
may have
dferent meanings for different experts.
Those teohnical terms which appear with considerable frequency in published works, orwhich are familir tospecialists in various fields
and are considered by them to be stand-
XX
Introduotion
ardized terminology, presented no partioular problem. Nevertheless it has not always been oountry, possible to aBoertain the terms in general acceptance with the experta of merely one
Symbol. A desoripall. Doubtful caseB are entered and marked with a special suoh as thi has no poom for the mumerable academio coinages which experiin the enoe has shown are by no means assured of adoption. Only those that are attestedlet
alone those of
tive diotionary
literature
have been included.
Classioisms are a further special problem.
Arab authors, Bteeped
in classioal tradition,
Ages. The can and do frequently draw upon words whioh were already archaic in the Middle Arohaisms may orop up in use of classioal patterns is by no means limited to belles-lettres.effect is intendthe middle of a spirited newspaper article. Wherever an aesthetio or rhetorioal imparting information, ed, wherever the language aims more at expressiveness than atstylistio authors tend to weave in ancient Arabio and olassioal idioms. They are artistio and passages of devioes of the first Order. They awaken in the reader images from memorized
Koran or anoient literature and contribute to his aesthetio enjoyment. Quotations from the from classioal literature, whose origins and connotations may well elude the Western reader, arereadily recognized
by Arabs who have had a
traditional eduoation
wealth of anoient souroes. In former yearsoiting lexical rarities culled
many
writers strove to display their eruditionoollections of Synonyms.
and who have memorized a byAs oftenas
from ancient diotionaries and
not the author had to explain such nawdir in footnotes, sinoe nobody eise would understand recent them. This pedantic mannerism is going out of fashion and there is a trend in moreliterature
toward smoothness and readability init is
style.
Nevertheless
it is
olear
from the
foregoing thatAll archaic
not possible toin
make
a Sharp distinction between living and obsolete usage.
words foundit is
the source material have, therefore, been inoluded in this diotionary,
sometimes evident that they no longer form a part of the living lexioon and forms are aro used only by a small group of well-read literary oonnoisseurs. Suoh included modern but a small sample of what the user is likely to encounter in the writings of a few who authors; the impossibility of inoluding the entire anoient vocabulary is obvious. The user even thoughencountere an old Arabio word whioh he does not understand will have to oonsult a lexioon older of the 'arablya. Finally, some modern authors will ocoasionally take great liberties with
sages. Items of this kind
words, so that even highly eduoated Arabs are unable to understand the sense of certain pashave not been entered. They would contribute nothing to a diosoope in times
tionary whose scope did not permit inclusion of source references. The vocabulary of modern Arabic, then, is by no means standardized,diffioult to delimit.
its
a These results emerge from the very character of modern Arabio written language, powerfully influenced by traditional norms, which nevertheless is required distribto express a multitude of new foreign concepts, not for one oountry only, but for many
uted over a vaat geographical area. Arabic phonology, morphology, and syntax have remained relatively unohanged from earliest times, as has muoh of the vooabulary. Here traditional adherence to anoient linguistio
norms and to the modeis of olassioal literature,
especially
the Koran, has had the effect of preserving the language intaot over the centuries. But as vocabulary and phraseology mUBt adapt to the new and ever-changing requirementsof externa]
ciroumstanoes,
these areits
more prone to ohange.peculiar vocabulary,
Striotly
speaking,
every
epoch of Arab history has hadin a separate diotionary.
own
whioh should be
set forth
But
as
we have
seen, the vocabulary of
modern Arabio
con-
fronts the lexicographer
who
aims at completeness with more than a
fair Bhare of Prob-
lems and
difficulties.
Introduction
In the presentation of the entries in the dictionary,ly in only a
homonymous roots are given
separate-
few especially clear instances. The arrangement of word entriea under a given root does not necessarily imply etymological relationship. Consistent Separation of such roots
was dispensed with because the user of a praotioal dictionary of modern Arabio will not generally be concerned with Semitio etymology. In confonnity with the practice customaryin bilingual diotionaries of modern European languages, where the material is treated in purely synchronic fashion, the origin of older loanwords and foreign terms is not indicated. For reoent loans, however, the source and the foreign word are usually given. Personal
are generally omitted, but large
names numbers of geographical names are included; the niaba
adjectivea of these can be formed at will, hence are not entered unless some peouliarity such as a broken plural is involved. In transliteration, while the ending of nisba adjectivea regularly appears as -i (e.g., janbi, dirsi, mklet), the same ending is shown as -iy for nominal forms of roots with a weak third radioal, i.e., where the third radical is containedin the
ending
(e.g.,
qasiy, sabiy,
mahmly, mabniy). This
distinetion, not present in Arabic Script,
may prove valuable to the user of the dictionary. Because of a distinetion which retains importance in quantitative metrics, the third person Singular masculine Suffix is transcribed with a long vowel (-h, -M) following Short syllables and with a Short vowel (-Au, -hi) after long syllables. In any bilingual dictionary, the listing of isolated words with one or moreisolated translationsis, striotly epeaking, an inadmissible abstraction. In Order to provide the syntactical Information to be expected in a dictionary of this size, a liberal selection of kiiomatic phrases and sentences illustrating usage has been added. Symbols
showing thetrans-
aecraative and prepositional government of verbs are also supplied.lations
Synonyms and
have been included in large numbers in Order to delineate as accurately as possible the semantie ranges within which a given entry can be used.
The materialcollected
for the dictionary was gathered in several stages. The major portion was between 1940 and 1944 with the co-operation of several German orientalists. The
entire work was set in type, but only one set of galleys survived the war. The author resumed the collection of material in the years 1946 through 1948 and added a considerable number
of entries.
The German
edition of the dictionary, Arabisches Wrterbuch fr die Schriftsprache
der Gegenwart,
in 19S2, was based on a corpus of appnnrimately 45,000 slips containing oitations ftom Arabic sources. The primary source materials consisted of selected
which appeared
works by Th Husain,al-Manfalti,
Muhammad Husain Haikai, Tauflq al-Haklm, Mahmud Taimr, Juhrn Kalil Jubrn, and Amin ar-Raihani. Further, numerous Egyptian newspapers and periodicals, the Egyptian State almanac, taqwim misr, for 1935 and itsIraqi counterpart, datil al-'irq, for 1937, as well as a nurober of specialized Egyptian
handbooks wore thoroughlyedition were
sifted.
the
first
edition
of
The secondary sources used in preparation of the German Leon Bercher's Lexiqut arabe-francais (1938), which
provides material fron the Tunisian press in the form of a Supplement to J. B. Belot's Vocabulaire arabe-jrancais, G. S. Colin's Pour lire la presse arabe (1937), the third edition of E. A. Elias' comprehensive Modern Dictionary Arabic- English (1929), and the glossary of the modem Arabic chrestomathy by C. V. Ode-Vassilieva (1929). Items in the secondary sourcesfor which there were attestations in the primary sources were, of oourse, included. All other items in the secondary sources were carefully worked over, in part with the help of Dr. Tahir Khemiri. Words known to him, or already included in older dictionaries, were incorporated.
Apart from the primary and secondary sources, the author had, of oourse, to consult a number of reference works in European languages, encyclopedias, leiicons, glossaries, teohnical
XIandspecialized literature
Introduotion
dictionaries,
on the most diverse subjeots
in Order to ascertain the
correct translation of
many teohnioal terms. For
older Arabio forma, the available indioes and
(both Islam and Eastern Churoh), collections of Arabio terminology in the flelds of religion othere were very helpful. These jurisprudence, philosophy, Arabio grammar, botany, and en bloc into the dictionary, collections were, however, not simply aooepted and incorporated
modern meanings aotually attested but used only to sharpen the definition of terms in thein the
primary source materialB.
After publication of the
German
edition the author oontinued coUecting
and presented
new
material, together with oorrections of the
main work,
in Supplement
contains the results of extensive oolleofcion MikS'il Nu'aima, andcountries, as well ae
Wrterbuch fr die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart, which appeared in 1959. from the writings of 'AbdassalSm
tum arabischen The Supplemental-'Ujaill,
Karam Malham Karam, from newspapers and
periodicals of
aU Arab
from Syrian and Lebanese textbooks and apecialized literature. In the Arabio beoame available postwar years several lexicographioal works dealing with modern the fourth edition of Elias (1947), to the author: the second edition of Beroher (1944), MiUtn Arabi'Ibri (1947), Charles D. Neustadt and P. Sohusser's Arabio-Hebrew diotionary, oomprehensive Arabic-Russian diotionary, Pellat's Uarabe. vivant (1962), and C. K. Baranov'sthese with Arabsko-Buaskiy Slovar (1957). In preparing the Supplement, the author oompared own work but was reluotant to inoorporate items which he could not find attested incontext, and which would merely increase thesources.
his
number
of entries derived from secondary
they The author is indebted to Dr. Andreas Jaoobi and Mr. Heinrich Becker who, until in oollecting and were caUed up for military Service in 1943, rendered valuable assistanoe manusoript. A concoUating the vast materials of the German edition and in preparing thesiderable
amount of material was contributed by a number of
Arabists.
The author wishes
Prof. Werner Caskel, Dr. Hans Kinderto express his gratitude for such contributions to Riohard Sohmidt, mann, Dr. Hedwig Klein, Dr. Kurt Munzel, Prof. Annemarie Schimmel, Dr.
amount of exoeUent and especiaUy to Prof. Wolfram von Soden, who contributed a large many entries from newsmaterial. I am deeply gratefnl to Dr. Munzel, who contributed Muhammad Saftf. I papers of the postwar period and likewise to his coUeague Dr.appreciate having been able to disouas
of Dr. Tahir Khemiri was especially useful.
many difficult items with them. The He contributed 1,500 very valuable
assistanoe
items and,
until 1944, his advice to the author during the colleotion
upon many dubious
cases. Prof.
greatly appreoiated advice.
and sifting of material shed light Anton Spitaler likewise provided valuable observations and Contributions to the Supplement were supplied by Dr. Eberhard
Kuhnt, Dr. Gtz Schregle, and Mr. Karl Stowasser. Moreover, in the oourse of two its to writers, and proa number of Arab countries, many Arab contributors, students, scholars, infonnation and counsel. fessional people too numerous to mention generously provided usefulHere, as in the prefaces to the
German
edition of the diotionary
and the Supplement, thecontributed to the
author wishes to express his sinoere thanks to all thosesuocess of this undertaking.
who have
This English edition includes
all
the material oontained in the
German
edition of the
dictionary and in the Supplement, as well as afor
number of
additions
and oorrections the needhave been
wl ich became obvious only
after the publication of the Supplement. Additions
inserted in the proof almost
number of contributions
up to the prsent made by Dr. Walter
time. It was therefore possible to inolude aJesser in Alexandria.
The number of
cross-
:
Introduction
XII
A new type fnt was introduced for the Arabic. The second edition of Webster' b New International Dictionary was used as a Standard reference for spelling and for certain definitions. On the Suggestion of the editor, three changesreferences has been conaiderably inoreased.
were made in the System of transliteration used in the German edition, namely,
;
for
r
,
%
for ,
and g
for
. Also, following hia preferenoe, proper namea were transiiterated withoutis
oapital letters, Bince theretion
no
capitalization in Arabic soript.
The author followed a Sugges(Language 30 174,:
made by
Prof. Charles A. Ferguson in hia review of the dictionary
1954) to transcribe feminine endings of roots having a
weak
third.radical
(l\-)
with the pausal
form -A instead of
dt.
Also following Dr. Ferguson' s advice, the author has transcribedletters e,c, 9, o, ,
manywhichfor
more
foreign
words than in the German edition. Thein classioal Arabio,
g, v,
and
p,
have no counterpart
have been added. The system of transcriptionis
Arabic word throughout the diotionaryforeign word
simply a transliteration of the Arabic
script.
Foris
and Arabic
dialeot words, however, the usual transliteration of the Arabic
inadequate to indicate the pronunoiation. In order to avoid diacrepancy between spelling andpronunciation, the author, in his
German
edition,
would oftenrefrain from giving any tranas a
scription at all, but merely enter the foreign
word
rough guide to pronunciation. In the(e.g.,
present edition practicallyviz, vEt)
all
foreign words
have been transcribed
diblmsi, hikoptar,
with the help of the added
letters.
Arab studenta
at the University of Mnster were
consulted for the approzimately corract pronunoiation. Nevertheless, inforeign source
many
instances the
word
is
also entered becauae pronunoiation variea considerably from Speaker to
Speaker, depending on the dialeot and the degree of assimilation.
One
other deviation from
a
striot transliteration of
the Arabic was
made
for certain foreign
words in order to provide
a oloser approximation to the usual pronunoiation. In writing European words with Arabicletters,I
,
j
,
^
are,
contrary to regulr praotice in Arabic, frequently used to indicate shortis
vowels.iljU'li
Where
thi
the case,
we have transoribed accordingly
(e.g.,
J^kPj'
otomliki,
danmark).
Finally, the author wishes to erpreea his Bincere gratitude to the editor, Prof.
J Milton
Gowan, thanks to whoseappreciated
initiative
and energy
this English edition
can
now be
presented to
the public. Hia generoua expenditure of time and effort on this project has been greatly
by
all
involved.
To Theodora Ronayne, who performedCowan
the exacting taak of
preparing a meticulously accurate typescript, thereby conaiderably lightening our Iabors,
we
are indeed grateful. Professor
Stowasser, whose quite remarkable
unusual
abilities as
a lexicographer
joine me in recording our special thanks to Mr. Karl oommand of the three languages involved and whose proved indispensable. He has devoted his untiring efforts
to this enterprise for the past four years, oo-ordinating the work of editor and author across
the Atlantic.
The bulk of the
translationin
was oompleted
in 1967-1958, while
he was
in
Ithaca. During the past
two years
Mnster he has oompleted the incorporation of the
Supplement into the body of the dictionary and assisted the author in seeing the work throughthe press.
The
following paragraphs describe the arrangement of entries and explain the use of
Symbols and abbreviationsArabio words are arranged aocording to Arabicalphabetical order.'oota.j\j
Foreign words are listed in straight.
by
the letters of the
word
(cf.
^
bris Paris, jitf kdir cadre)
Arabi-
XIII
Introduction
often with the root if they olearly fit under the roots, are entered both wayB, entry giving a reference to the alphabetical listing (cf. jj\i qnn law, ii'jy naizak spear). Two or more homonymous roots may be entored as separate items, inclnding foreigncized loanwords,
words treatcd as Arabic formsFrench word crime;reader that thecf.
(e.g.,
e
karim under the Arabic rootcombinationk-r-k).
'^f nd
'(.'
tlle
also the consonantletters occursis
In Order to indicate to the
same Order of
more than once and that he should not confineprecedcd by a small raised numeralis
his search to the first listing,
each entry
(cf.
jj,
_,>).
Under a givenstein, ifit
root the sequencc of entries
as follows.
The verb
in
the perfeet of the baseis
exists,
oomes
first
with the transliteration indicating the vowcling. Itin parenthesos, the verbal
followed
by the vowel of the imperfect and,the derived stems, indicated
nouns or mafdir. Then comethrough X. For Arab usersthe corresponding
by boldface Roman immeralsused by Western
II
unaccustomed to
this dcsignation genorally
orientalists,
stem forms are: II JjJ ja"aU, III Jeti jula, IV Jil afala, V Jxil tafa'ala, VI J*U3 lajaala, VII Jxl infu'ala, VIII J=il ifta'alu, IX Jjl ifalla, X JjiJ isiafula. Whcrever of there is any irregularity, for the rare stems XI through XV, and for the derived stemsquadriliteral verbs the Arabic
form is entered and translitcrated
(cf.
y
VII, i*~j VIII, ^**- XII,
-Ulm III). Then come nominal forms arranged aecording to their length. Verbal nouns of the and all active and passive partieiplcs follow at the end. The latter are stems II through
X
listed as separate
items only
when
their
meaning
is
not immediately obvious from the verb,is
particularly where a substantival or adjeetival translation
possible
(cf.
^rU-
hjib
under
^JC, J^-U shil under J#). The sequence under a given root is not determined by historical considorations. Thus, a verb derived from a foreign Word is plaeed at the head of the entiresection(cf.
l aqlama,
2
t\j II).definitions are separated
Essentially
synonymous
by commas.
A
semicolon marks the
beginning of a definition in a different semantic rnge.
The
syntaotic markings
accompanying the
definitions of a verb are
a
for the aecusative
of a person, * for the aecusative of a thing,
U
for the feminine of
animate beings,is
f
for a
group of persona. from right toare expressedleft
It should
be noted that the Arabic included in parentheses(cf.
to be readin
evens.o.
if
separated by the word "or"s.th.
^ji, ^ij).
Verb objeetso.s.
English
by
(someone) and
(something), the reflexive by
(onesclf).
A
verbal noun, or inholds forall
dash oecurring within a section indicates that the following form of a plural or of a some instances the introduction of a new voweling of the main entry.following meanings in the section evenall
if
theso are not
synonymous and arefollowing defini-
separated by semicolons. This dash invalidates
previously given verbal nouns, imperfectall
vowels, plurals, and othor data qualifying the main entry. It indicates thattions apply only to this Iatest
sub-entry
(cf.
Ji^- ka\aqu, J.U 'adala).
In the transcription, which indicates the voweling of the unpointed Arabic, nouns are given in pausal form without tanwin. Only nouns derived from vorbs with a weak thirdradical are transcribed with nunnation(e.g.,
^\j
qdin,
^1mit is
muqladan,
Ju matan
in
contrast with
Sj^.
1
&uir).
Ais
raised
z
following the transcription of a
noun
indicates that
a diptote. This indication
often omitted from Western geographical terms and other recent non-Arabic properis
names
because the inflected endingonly theoretical value(cf.
practically never2
pronounced and the marking would haveabrll).in
^^O -'in
Mokholm,
Jj.,1
The Symbol
O
precedes newly coined technical terms, chiefly
the fields of technology,
which were repeatedly found
context but whose general aeeeptance
among
specialista could
Introduction
XIV(cf.
not be established with certainty heating installation).
jUlJ tfz television
aet,
^j*- hads Intuition,
j-
miharr
The symbol
D
precedes thoae dialect words for which the Arabic Bpelling suggests a(cf.
colloquial pronunciation
jLu- haddf, 'Ja*-
II).
Dialect words areeto.).
marked with abbreviations
in lower-case lottere (e.g., syr., leb., saud.-ar., in the sources of a particular(cf.
These are also used to inrlicate words which were found only
area, This doesjrr,
^
not neceBsarily mean that a word or meaning
is
confined to that area
j jjU-
baffia,
oUJLt Silmn).
The same
abbreviations, but with capital letters,
mark(cf.
entries as the generally accepted
technioal terms or the official designations for public officee, institutions, administrative
departments, and the
like,Isl.
of the country in question
i
_r-Lf
majlis,
i& mahkama).(cf.
Thehadat,
abbreviation
Law marks
the traditional terminology of Islamic fiqh
i-ujuris-
U
li'n,
mi'bar needlecase; pack needlez jljT
place);
u to roam in a state of
wildnesa, run wild, be shy, shy away, run
br see Ji
awayors.th.)
(animal, game) II to
make
laating(*
*--/'
abraMya and i~Zjj\
abrSiya
pl.
-l
permanent,
perpetuato,
eternize
diocese, biahopric (Chr.); parish (CAr.)
Vor
to
be
porpetuated,
becomey
ifrriz
pure gold
g-ij\ ibrisam, ibrisim silkjt_j\ ibriq pl.
*i\
abaha and abiha a (abk) to pay attention(J, also 1>T
bf
m. and
f.
armpit
of address.u-
and
of a priest (Chr).
jjl(
abaqa
%
(jLl
ibq) to escape,
nin away
^p LI aban 'an jaddin handcds.th. inherited
downfrom
a slave from his master)
from father to son, asforefathers;j-.
y\ ab
su'n;
marabou;J>^'
^1
abaq a kind of hempr>-"pl.
y.
'
^
-"*
pppy
y.
'
jiJ biq
JLI ubbq runaway, escaped;
ab l-havl the Sphinx;l-yaqzn rooster, oock
llJI
y\ ab
a fugitive1
Jjl ibil (coli.)
cameis
y\
vbwa fatherhood, patemity
jjil abawi patemal, fatherly
ULI ibla, ibbla bndle, bale-w_jil
ebonite
>LI^j-Jj I
ibliz alluvial
deposits (of the Nile)*J_jjI
(Fr.
abonni) abnik
pl. -t subscription;
iblUP
pl.
ULI
ablisa
devil,
Satana deijl
subscription card
(e.g.,
for public convey-
ances, a concert season, etc.)*j.I
II
to celebrate, praise, eulogize
(
ceased person), deliver a funeral oration(
ab a
(.LI
ib\
l.LI
ib'a)reject,
to
refuse,dis|
in praise of s.o.)4iil
decline; to turn
down,
scom,
ubna passive pederastyibbn
dain (* s.th.); to deny (* J*luij
s.o. s.th.)
l
VI
l_^
muiin, muwtin favorable, pro-
pitious, opportune, convenient, suitableiil
wind up, conclude, terminate, bringatta
to a close (J* a.th.); to destroy, annihilate,
u
i
a
(LjI atta)
to be luxuriant, grow
wipe out (J* s.th.); to eliminate, carry away, sweep away (J* B.th.), doeradicate,
profusely (hair, plante) II to fix up, prepare(a
s.th.);
to
furnish
(*
an
apartment)
away (J*detail
with); to use up, exhauat (also
V to be
or
become
rieh, wealthy, to prosper;
a subject), prcsent exhauatively, in great(J*ass.th.),
to be furnishedi>ljl
Jl
li"
elaborate (J* on s.th.) follows; *_^T Jl (kirihi)
att furniture,
|
furnishings
(of
an
Jp
apartment, of a room)ti~uu ta'tit furnishing* -Wdah) to destroytjI
Lr' *'*'
(
a '*
and !jjjL
it
(kalima)
s.th.
completely; j\ J,(its)
proverb
j
(also fi itrihi)
on bis
track, at
Mb
jja
mu'air
affecting,
acting
upon;
heels, after
bim; immediately afterwards,
affective ;
impressive ;(pl. -t)
moving,
toucbing,factor,in-
presently, thereupon;
y^l J immediately
pathetic;flnence
influencing
afterwards, presently
*j$\
look
up
alphabeticallyJiLjI:
i-j-l
ajabtya horologium (Copt.-Chr.)ajara
LjI
ulfiya pl.
atfin trivet, tripod (in
^-1
u
(ajr)
to
reward, recompense,II to let for rent, let
ancient times
any one of the three stonesfiie)|
remunerate
( s.o.)
supporting a cooking pot near thejIj ViJIj
out, hire out, rent, lease (* s.th.) ; (with na/*
that which rounds out a number,
sah) to hire
o.s.
out IV to
let for rent, let;
caps
s.th.,
puts the lid on
s.th.,
the crowning
out, hire out, rent, lease (* s.th.)hire, lease,
to rent,s.th.),
touchJJI
hold under a lease (*
take a lease (* on) ; to hire, engage, takeatala i
torieh
consolidate, strengthen II to
become
V to be
onConsolidated,
( s.o.),
engage the Services
be
(
of
s.o.)
Xa
Btrengthened ; to become riehJ?l atlpl.
to rent, hire, lease, hold under a lease
(*s.th.), take a lease (* on); to charter {*JjjI utl (coli.;(bot.)
n. un.
,
pl,
vessel); to hire, engage,
take on
( b.o.),
atall)
tamariskatil
engage the Servicesj*1
{1
of
s.o.)
JJI
and JJj* mv'attal deep-rooted;
ajr
pl.
jy-
ujr
wages,
pay,re-
of noble origin, highbornjrl
honorarium, recompense, emolument,to sin, err,
alima a (um, atam,slipo.b.,
A* ma'tam)shun
muneration; price, rate, fee|
jj-Jl jj*~\
V
to eschew sin,
u. as-aafar faresevil; to restrainlj>-\
hold back
ujra hire, rent, rental; price, rate,|
r\ itm pl. *\j\
tm
sin, offense,
misdeed,
fee; fiied rate, (official) charge; postage
crime
4jj"pl.
Vr
1
postage; JiJl
lj>-\
u. an-naql
f U ma'tam
r
transport charges, freight(age), carriage,L.
ma'tim*
sin, offense,
cartage_r>-l
misdeed, crimeajxr
-j ta'fim sin, offense, misdeed, crimes-TLei
pl.
I_^-I
ujar* 2
hireling;
workraan, laborer, day laborer; employeetimpl. xl
atama and Jl a^tm
pl.
utam' 1
sinful, criminai,
wicked, ev;
j*?\girl,
ajira
working
woman,
factory
sinnerXc1
female laborer;
woman employee
tjnutZ
antimony
j*-t ta'jir letting, leasing, hiring out,
lottingon lease ; lease |yl*Vlj j^r^l_r*l
fjA*
a/ir ether
(i'ra)
Lend- Lease Act
Lul atin AthensLj^JI atybiy EthiopiaJ^~ji
jL
employed; employee;
m* ujj
bitter, salty
water
mercenary, venal, hired, bribedj*rj* mu'ajjir pl.
^U-l ajjj burning, blazing, hotjv^U. mvta'ajjij burning, blazing, flam-
-n landlord, lesaorleaseholder,lessee,
j>r^* tenant; employer
mwta'jir
a
_^.T jurr (n. un. 5)
baked brick
jr'jr'
wa.o.
to do
s.th.);
to enjoin, impose (_>
tivatea the heart, a fascinating, thrilling
ona.o.
s.o. H.th.);
to take
away
(*
Je froms.o.
thing; ^Lll
L'i>-I
(mataru)-U-i
we got caught(bi-7ipirihi)
s.th.), strip,off,
deprive {* Jes.o.
of),
in the rain;
*j~*\^>
to
cut
bar (* Je(*
from); to reproach,to hold against
help
s.o.,
stand
by
s.o.,
take care of
s.o.,
blames.o.
Je
s.o.
for);
look after s.o.;
*klpJI
-U-i .U-l
{nafasah) toto take s.o.'s
(Je) that... (Ol), fix the blame fjes.o., jl for
draw breath;breath
the fact that); to obligateto learn (Je orj*.
away;
.U-l
(7iaum).U-1
sleep
J*
s.o. to);
from
overwhelmed him;to helps.o.,
.u
(6t-yadiAt)
s.o.,
* s.th.), acquires.o.),
from
te
i*l'
-i>-l
knowledge (Je or j*. (Jilm) to studyi_>
stand by
s.o. II
to lay underIII to
a spell, enchant, bewitchcensure, blame(>_>,o
( s.o.)
unders.th.s.th.),
s.o.;
to begin, start (j orfoll.
with
Je
s.o. for s.th.);
to
or s.th., with
imperf.: to
do>_>
punish
(>_>,
Je
s.o.(),
for); to
hold
s.th.
prepare, set out, be about (j ors.th.)|
(Je) against s.o.s.o.)|
resent (J* s.th.
in
to
do
*u>\ -U-l (uhbatah) to
make
!j.U-1jJ
V
l tu'kidnl offense, I(*
pardon me!.ucl
preparations,"5 -U-t-i*-'
prepare
o.s.,
get
ready;
forgive
me! no
hope! VIII
(makad) to adopt the samefollow s.o.'s example;s.o.,
ittakada to take
s.th.);
to take on,
course as
s.o. eise,
assume
(* s.th.);
to take up, occupy (*(* e.g., a resolution);
IJU-l* *l* l*-\
to seize
take possession-U-l
s.th.); to pass,
adopt
of
a.o. (a
Sensation, or the like); \jttits
to take, single out, have ins.o.
mind
(**, >s.th.),e.g.,
(majrhu) to take
course;
\
-U-l
{ukida r-ra'yu) the matteri-jL-L ^l {bi-asbbi)
^Jl^il
&\
to take
up new po-
was put to a vote;
sitions (troops).U-l
to embrace, adopt s.th., e.g.,ijjj*yi SjUi-1
vV"^ -^
akd acceptance, reception;
seizure;|
(hadra) to adopt Euro\*-\
taking out, taking away, removal, etc.
kira
l-
from
which
one
takesoutlet
source
amri eventuay,all; jj}\ _^-TL-jJl
finally, in
the end, after
O
wall
socket,
adoption,
kira d-dahri forever; _^-T
borrowing, loan ; manner of acting,
mode
.
az-zamn time atis
which the
of procedura, approach; pl. -U sourcereferencea, bibliography (in booka); rep-
Day
of
Judgment
to be expected, the
end of the world;
'>' J* to the
last,
rehensible points, faults, flaws, defects,
down
to the grass roots, entirely, com-
shortcomingseasiest
|
^>Vl;
o-tU the simplest,
pletely, e.g., j*-T
j* _^i {dummira) to
approach
-Ulli
^^
eaay
to
be completely destroyed, be wiped off the
handle or to use; aee also akada (middleof paragraph)irf-lj,
map
;
j>-\^l
and ;>^l the hereafter i>^l jUl\
^-U
ta'kir
delay,
deferment,
post-
the abode in the hereafter, the everlasting
ponement; obstruction, retardation; putting back, temporary shelving
abode;
_^-T J(
il
kirihi
and
,;
j*\i taakkur delay, lag, retardation;hesitation, tarrying, lingering; slowneas,
~tjj\
akawya brotherhood
(as a re-
ligious association)
tardinesa;
backwardness, underdevelop-
U-
1
ik' ,
j>-
1
ukwa
brotherhood
ment
(of
a country)
brotherliness, fratemityjl*-l
j*-j*
mu'akkar rear part, tau, end;;
ilcxua
fratemization, fraternity,
stern (of a ship)
remainder, balance (of\j*-$*
brotherlinessi-t ta'kin fratemizationj_j>-l
a sum, to be paid later);
mu'akka
ran recently, lately, the other day; atlast, finally,
eventuallyrear, rear
ajcr barn, stablebefall, affct ( s.o.)
j-j*
mu'akkararear
guardlines
(of
anjl
adda ut toil j*l
army)
;
positions
or
(m.) ;
stern (of a ship) _^l^4 muta'akkir delayed, belated, late;
amr
idd a terrible, evil, horrible
thing occurring later (je than); behind, behind.ol
aduba u (adab) to be well-bred, well-
hand,
in arrears;
backward, underdevel-
mannered, eultured, urbane, have refinedtastes;
oped; lagging, staying behind; defaulter;
or|
adaba
i
(adb) to invite
(to
a
Uj^-ldl thewriters, or the
later,
or modern, authora,
party(* s.o.)
banquet,
s.o.),
entertain
likefasopposedtoj^ JJtdl);re|
ijU
>_ol (ma'duba) to
arrange aII
ol>-uil arrears, balance of a sum
banquet, giverefine,
a(
formals.o.);
dinnerto
to
maining due after previous paymenti^lxilOloiJt
educate
diseipline,
(buidn)
the
underdevel-
punish, ehastise
(* s.o.)
IV to invite aa a
oped countriesSr^Aaji-\
guest
( s.o.)
V
to reeeive a fine education
to be well-bred, well-educated, eultured,
Ukfubf OCtOpuS
have refined tastes; to showcourteous,civil,
o.s.
polite,o.a.,
j>-\
III to fraternize, aasociate as brothera(
urbane; to educate
with
s.o.)
V
to act or
show
o.s.
as a
refine one's tasteso.a.
(^
by, through); to let|
brother or friend VI to fraternize, associate as brothers;-l
be guided
(i_j
by)
-jj
._oIj
(6t-
adabihi) to follow s.o.'s moral
examplere-
ak
pl.
ij*-\
ikwa,
jl_^>-l
ikwn
i_ol
adab
pl.
._jl.sT
db eulture,
brother; fellowpl. l_jjil speeif.,
man, neighbor; friend; brethren or members ofreligious
finement; good breeding, good manners,social
gracea,
decorum, decency,
pro-
an order;of the
jl_j>-Vl
brotherhood
priety,
seemliness;
humanity, humane|
Wahabi
sect, militant in character,
ness; the humanities; belles-lettres
c-jj
established
by Ibn Sa'd*)_^>-l
in
1910
|
^-1 L
^j^I,,-oVl
toilet,
water closet; .-olM
J~L#
and
my
dear friend!
ak
tiqa trust-
fJ* ill-mannered,i/UIi_jj"i!l
ill-bred, impolite,
worthy, reliable;
jJ
l
brother through
uncivU;
('mml)literati,
populr
both father and mother, brother-german.*J
on
jfW iMland
of
the Rector of AI Azhar Univeraity;
Sls-1
account
according to;
^
m^I
(asaa, sihha) completely
unfound-
^.
(hirst; Eg.)
^^
ilsJ (Syr.)(Syr.) asso-
fll profesBor;
ed (newB, rumor) ^L-l assi fundamental, basic;ele|
^^ ^ ilsJfyiuj^- ili^l
ciate professor;ff.)
(mutafarrig ;(holding;
part-time
professor
an
mentaryLiatone
;
eseential ; principal, chief,
main
office
outside the univeraity)
0*1* ili*l
j?
(hajar) cornerstone, foundation
(muaawf) assistant professor {Eg.;8yr,);J\jili-l
(ff.;
Syr.) visiting(j'aiai)
professor;
oL L-loiples
tusiyt
fundamentals, prin-
JiU j
;;L-l
*
they aremasterB of
disputation*jjli-l
ustdiya mastership; professor-
foundation, estabu^Jj ta'sia founding,lishment, setting up, Institution; grounding,
ship, profeasorate
laying of the substructure (arch.);
JjJlsJ
wtan&J"
Istanbul,
Constantinople
pl. -t facilitiea, Utilities; institutions
J^jU^I istanbll of IstanbuliUJSl al-sitna,ili^l/l
~> *\s lS r
ta'stH|
founding; foundational,iS
al-astna, aliatna
fundamental
^Jj ^-Lf
(majlia)
con-
Constantinople, Istanbul
Btituent assemblyr~*y>
mu'assis founder
jj^l-t
istabraq brocade
l
L~-ja
muassasa
pl.
foundation,
jjlJUl wfrdiiji Strategie
establishment; firm (com.); institution;Organization
J tjLl
ttsJurJ
Australian
Ulj-1
u^uriiy Auatralia
l ^'
al-asbn, al-iabn the Spaniards
jl~*1 isbni Spanish; (pl. -n)
Spaniard
JJj^l
wtor/ini aterling
j
JJ^I
=>-
pound
aterling;i^L-l
JJj^l
^-* mintaqat
al-i. Ster-
isbnak spinachisbniy Spain
ling area
iJl-I
;,LiJ see
j*\
^1
(It.
stoppa) tow,
oakum; ootton waate.\
j_j-U ma'ar captivated, faacinated, enthralled(
jjaji-l (It. -Engl, (udio) i8tdiyp\.\jkAf
v
by)
istdiySht studio; atelier
a
_r-l
aairra see
j
^|
)jfL*\ istokholm Stockholml-Jji-l
3
~*jj~\*
look up alphabetically
(Engl.) istniy Estonia
Jsfl^-I
isr'W
Israel
JJl^l j* bani.
i.
the Israelites; J-Jl^l U_,j daulatC-jJLL-I i&tiytit steatite,
the
soapatone (min.)
State of Israel
^JjI
look
up
alphabetically
JJij-
1
isr'ili
Israelitish ;
Israelite
to display the courage of a lion (J* against)
X
Israe (adj. and n.); Jjlj-Iisrl*Israfil,
oUJI^Iangel
Judaica
the
who
will
J aaadI
pl.
J usud, usd, j^J usd,I
sound the trumpet on theurrection
Day
of Res-
jLT sd
lion;
Leo
(astron.)
|
o-VI
Ij
leontiasis (med.)l
Vj-' u&rvb lead (metal)to bind, fetter, shackle,
s*\ twara
(twr)
JjJlLJ isfanbiU 2 Istanbul, ConstantinopleJJa-l isfabl pl. -( stable, barn*Jfc-l
chain(
( s.o.);
to capture, take prisonerfascinate,
s.o.);
to
captivate,
hold
spellboundattention)as prisoner j-l ture; aar
(. s.o.),
absorb, arrest (* the
(It.
sloppa) uafubba tow,
oakum
X
to surrender, give o.s.
up
vXA*'(leather)|
a*turlb astrolabe
strap,
thong;
capal-a.
(
_
ril*-l
istaqi pl. -/
element-(
captivity
^\
;xt tiddat
vigor, energyj~.\
UljLJ
uafuwna
pl.
column
(arch.)
;
cylinder {ma(A.; of an engine); phono-
uara
pl.
^-1 usar, -t family; dy-
nasty; clan, kinsfolk, relatives;see
asirra
graph record; pl. ,>LUI as/m 2 highranking, prominent personalities ; stars,celebrities,
j^^^-L ljUall
authorities,
mastere
(e.g.,
of
j-.L bi-asrthi entirely, completely, al-
art: ji)\ ,>I.LI a. al-fann)
together,
of them came,
jl^LJ usfuwni
cylindric(al)
they came one and
all
ZjJ*~\ us\ra. pl. jJ*Ul as/ir" legend, fable,
jUItivity;
iar
(leather) strap, thong;
cap|
tale,
myth, sagafabulous, mythical, leg-
captivation,
enthrallmentfall
jjt$jjl*-l usfri
jW J
to be subjected to B.th.,
into
the clutches of s.th.j^-l
endaryusar' 2
a&ir
pl.
*\jJi
,
^^-1 asr,
JjkJ
ustl pl.
J-UU
aafi/ 2 fleet;
squadronol^L-l
tjjUI asr prisoner, captive, prisoner of
war
D
J-l
iw/
(colloq. for
SbJ)
pl.
ustawt master; foreman, overseer; alsojj-l aaxTQ. pl. -t
female prisoner, Blave
form of address to those in lowere.g.,
callings,
girl
to a cab driver, coachman, etc.
jS\
air
winning, captivating, fasci-
J&J
aaifa a (asaf) to regret(
(J* or J
s.th.),
nating; captor
feel sorry
J*
for),
be sad ( J* about)
V do.
I.Lu-lit's
,_iJ aaaf grief, aorrow, chagrin, regret | pity! lj w asah/ oh, what a
IjJiS^-I w/to(iand
Scotland
jt-l-CJ iakotianii Scottish, Scotch
too bad! Jt~-#
Ijj
-j-L
maaf
'alaihi
mournedla-
LibxSL,! iskandinjly/i Scandinavia
of a dead person,
=
the late
JJ
II to
sharpen, point, taper ( s.th.)aaai(coli.)
mented)
JJmu'aijdistressing, sad, regret1L.I
rush
(iof.)
J^,ytable
oraJa pl. -i thorn, spike, prong;e.g.,
point (also,
of a pen
=
nib); tip of
JiJi. mute' mm/ sad, sorry, regretful;\JaJc* aorry!iljljU w/iwfc and flLl ts/iwfc spinach I (AtriiULu.1 (rimi) garden oraoh
the tongue
-W jj^'letters j, ^-
oJ-ur/ al-asallya
the
and ^>|
jjj
J_Jcheek
asil
smooth
J--I
Jbs-
{kadd)
Bmooth
plex hortensis,,_I
6o(.)
-I
os/aU asphalt
*JLI cula eliptic, oval
form
-jjUI u/an;', ij/unj
sponge
Lj. mu* omo2 pointed, tapered
jjiiJ
w/anj'i
spongy; porous(4ol.)
JjjVj
(variant of Jjjl^l)
islmbli
of
jlxj-l isfindn mapler-lj-i-l vs/id)
IstanbuljJ
white lead, ceruse
->U islanda Icelandsee1
j^\
/in
pl.
JU
m/in wedgeJ-ji/t1
^-1
f(capital of Eritrea)
>j!>-l JorMJi:acurvy (med.)
o-V
-
mara4) (
jyeXf
I
aamnjanf aky-blue, azure, cerulean
jA asmara Aamaracj.x*I
*_LI cmj/ j .JiiJ uequj pl. 1BLI asgifa,
asmant, ismant cement(ad]'.)
bishopli-l
|
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J^rl asmanti cement/-.I
usqufi episcopal
Lii.1 usqu/iya episcopate, bishoprio,
asana
i
u and ostna a to become brackish
(water)
j^
'.
.1
yjiqumn, qumri mackerei
(zaol.)
j?\ sin brackish
sea onion J-iJ isq an Oriental variety of(Scilla)
(jj and
jj-l)
LI
m
tt
(am, LI osan) to;
nurse, treat ( a
wound)
to
make peacel^1
^j-\
(Engl.) isketi sketch
(jo between, among);
^1 WSeville (oity in
pl. -dl stable,
SW
barn
Spain)
jl+i^l iffahn' Isfahan (oity inpl. ^,,lil see
W
oentral
Jj
Iran)
J"X,\ afula u
plU
attOa) to be or
become
sod; sound, pure; proper, actual; firm,strong, unswervreasonable, sensible; of steadfast; deep-rooted; ing character-, native,
be firmly established; firmly rooted; to origin II to found ( s.th.), to be of noble foundation, establish give s.th. () a firm be or origin of () V tothe foundationrooted, deep-rooted, or become rmly be or become ingrained; to take root, derive one's origin firmly established; to root out, extirfrom) X to uproot,(j.
indigenousreason;
|
J^VI >MIJ*-lof
the
actual
JJU-T
sound,(
unerring judgment
j^l
apl
pl.
jii,
1 JJU-I o**"
aftemoon time before sunset, late
aul
ojrto
firmness,
steadfastness,
annihilate ( s.th.); pate, extenninate, surgioal remove (. an organ by to (**> * Operation) | s.th. radically eradicate s.th., eliminate
~U
>U
of descent, Btrength of character; nobUity immediately, purity of origin; aflatandirectly, personally|
J
3UI
o.
-"'
judgment; juolarity and firmness of
cause, reason; a tree); origin, souroe; of a lineage, stock (esp., one descent, fundament, noble character); foundation, of a book); basis; the original (e.g.,pl.
JJ
oji pl.
Jj^l root: trunk
( f
ntMe0USly dciousness - 0* ^ >V^ B po;
'
of one's
own
accord, in one'sprivately(as
own name,to
personaUy,
opposed
,ji j. Uli-); ".Uj
*lU
o?to ton *"*-
niybatan directly and indirectly
J^l
^
prinoiples, fundamentals,(e.g.,
;l_Jj
to'f>ito
pedigree, genealogy
rudimente, elementrules;
of a science);
basio
niles,
prinoiples,;
axioms;{fin.);
J^ttion,
ta'afful deep-rootednesswtf'jl extirpation,
property asset real estate, landed
JUsJeurgery,
extermina-
_
}Ul
aflan
originally,
primarily;at aU, not
(redical)
emination; removal by
(with neg.) in the leastUli J_^l
by no means, not|
>MI j
originally, at first;
J^tu
mutoV
deep-rooted,
deep-
u. al-fiqh
the 4 foundationsi.e.,
seated; chronic
(illness)
of Islamio
jurispnidence,
Koran,
eensus); fJ^-jties;
and ijn' (conSunna, qiy (analogy) ta wld UabUl
iil
ojif
camel the moaning bray of ait.
Silu.
>V " tV
i>l aforo
(fr)
and
II
to bend, ourve
# At "
authentic, genuine noble origin; original,
lantic
JWuXI afWsatin; (pl.
20
^ly
volume of geographical mapsu-Ul affcw Atlantio
^^
atlas>
ji-il
i/*mn,
i/Wen
wormwood,bot.)
ab-
sinthe (Artemisia absinthium;
&i\(Art/)
JtU.1 l ^a, aga
,
lordj
master,
eunuch, harem chamberlainaZ-ojrijo the Greeks(adj.
Jil
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