Hapkido - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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Hapkido tournament in Korea.

Also known as Hap Ki Do, Hapki-Do

Focus Eclectic and Hybrid

Country of origin South Korea

Creator Choi Yong-Sool

Famous

practitioners

Ji Han-Jae,

Myung Kwang-Sik,

Han Bong-soo,

Myung Jae-Nam,

Hwang In-Shik,

Kwang Seek Hyun,

Kim Yoon-Sang,

Oh Se-Lim

Parenthood Korean martial arts

Ancestor arts primarily Daitō-ryū

Aiki-jūjutsu

Hapkido

HapkidoFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hapkido (also spelled hap ki do or hapki-do; Hangul: 합기

도; Hanja:合氣道) is a dynamic and also eclectic Korean

martial art. It is a form of self-defense that employs joint

locks, techniques of other martial arts, as well as kicks,

punches, and other striking attacks. There is also the use of traditional weapons, including a sword, rope, nunchaku, cane,

short stick, and staff (gun, bō) which vary in emphasis

depending on the particular tradition examined.

Hapkido contains both long and close range fighting

techniques, utilizing jumping kicks and percussive hand

strikes at longer ranges and pressure point strikes, joint locks,

or throws at closer fighting distances. Hapkido emphasizes

circular motion, non-resisting movements, and control of the

opponent. Practitioners seek to gain advantage through

footwork and body positioning to employ leverage, avoiding

the use of strength against strength.

The art evolved from Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu (大東流合気柔術) or a closely related jujutsu system taught by Choi

Yong-Sool (Hangul: 최용술) who returned to Korea after

World War II, having lived in Japan for 30 years. This system

was later combined with kicking and striking techniques of

indigenous and contemporary arts such as taekkyeon and

tang soo do. Its history is obscured by the historical animosity

between the Korean and Japanese people following theSecond World War.

[1][2][3][4]

Contents

1 Name

2 History and major figures from Korea

2.1 Choi Yong-Sool

2.2 Seo Bok-Seob

2.3 Ji Han-Jae2.4 Kim Moo-Hong

2.5 Myung Jae-Nam

2.6 Lim, Hyun Soo

2.7 Hyun, Kwang Seek

3 Principles

4 Techniques

4.1 Kicking

4.2 Hand strikes

4.3 Joint manipulation techniques

ido - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Descendant arts Sin Moo Hapkido,

Hankido,

Han Mu Do,

Kuk Sool Won,

Hwa Rang Do

Olympic sport No

Official website http://www.daehanhapkido.org

Hapkido

Hangul 합기도

Hanja 合氣道

Revised Romanization Hapgido

McCune–Reischauer Hapkido

4.4 Throwing techniques

4.5 Weapons

5 Training

6 See also

7 References

7.1 Notes

7.2 Further reading

8 External links

Name

Hapkido is rendered "합기도" in the native Korean writing

system known as hangul , the script used most widely in

modern Korea. The art's name can also however be written "

合氣道" utilizing the same traditional Chinese characters

which would have been used to refer to the Japanese martial

art of aikido in the pre-1945 period. The current preference

in Japan is for the use of a modern simplified second character; substituting気 for the earlier, more complex

character氣.

The character合 hap means "coordinated" or "joining";氣 ki describes internal energy, spirit, strength, or

power; and道 do means "way" or "art", yielding a literal translation of "joining-energy-way". It is most often

translated as "the way of coordinating energy", "the way of coordinated power" or "the way of harmony".

Although aikido and hapkido are believed by many to share a common history, they remain separate and distinct

from one another. They differ significantly in philosophy, range of responses and manner of executing

techniques. The fact that they share the same original Chinese characters, despite合 being pronounced "ai" in

Japanese and "hap" in Korean, has proved problematic in promoting the art internationally as a discipline with

its own set of unique characteristics differing from those of the Japanese art.

History and major figures from Korea

The birth of modern hapkido can be traced to the efforts of a group of Korean nationals in the post Japanese

colonial period of Korea, Choi Yong-Sool (1899–1986) and his most prominent students; Seo Bok-Seob, the first

student of the art; Ji Han-Jae (born 1936), one of the earliest promoters of the art; Kim Moo-Hong, a major

innovator; Myung Jae-Nam, a connector between the art of hapkido and aikido, Myung Kwang-Sik the historian

and ambassador, all of whom were direct students of Choi or of his immediate students.

[5][6]

Choi Yong-Sool

Main article: Choi Yong-Sool

Choi Yong-Sool (Hangul: 최용술)'s training in martial arts is a subject of contention. It is known that Choi was

sent to Japan as a young boy and returned to Korea with techniques characteristic of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu (大

東流合気柔術), a forerunner of aikido. The next portion of the story is quite controversial in Daitō-ryū circles

but is claimed by many contemporary hapkido-ists and is attributed to Choi in an interview (released


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Retouched photograph of Takeda

Sōkaku circa 1888

posthumously) reputed to have taken place during a visit Choi made to the United States in 1980. [7]

In the interview, Choi claims to have been adopted by Takeda Sōkaku when he was 11 years old and was given

the Japanese name, Yoshida Asao. He claims to have been taken to Takeda's home and dojo in Akita on Shin

Shu mountain where he lived and trained with the master for 30 years. The interview also asserts that he

travelled with him as a teaching assistant, that he was employed to catch war deserters and that he was the only

student to have a complete understanding of the system taught by Takeda.[7]

This is contradicted by other claims asserting that Choi was simply a worker in the home of Takeda. In fact, the

meticulous enrollment and fee records of Tokimune Takeda, Takeda Sokaku's eldest son and Daitō-ryū's

successor, do not seem to include Choi's name among them. Therefore, except for claims made by Choi himself,

there is little evidence that Choi was the adopted son of Takeda Sokaku, or that he ever formally studied

Daitō-ryū under the founder of the art.[8]

Stanley Pranin, then of Aiki News and now editor of the Aikidojournal.com,

asked Kisshomaru Ueshiba about Choi Yong-Sool and hapkido:

“On another subject, it is true that a Korean named

"Choi" who founded hapkido studied aikido orDaito-ryu?

I don't know what art it was but I understand that there was

a young Korean of about 17 or 18 who participated in a

seminar of Sokaku Takeda Sensei held in Asahikawa City in

Hokkaidō. It seems that he studied the art together with my

father and would refer to him as his "senior".

If that's the case the art must have been Daito-ryu.

I've heard that this man who studied Daito-ryu had some

contact with my father after that. Then he returned to Korea

and began teaching Daito-ryu on a modest scale. The art

gradually became popular and many Koreans trained with

him. Since aikido became popular in Japan he called his art

hapkido [written in Korean with the same characters as

aikido]. Then the art split into many schools before anyone

realized it. This is what my father told me. I once received a

letter from this teacher after my father's death.[9] ”

Some argue that Choi Yong-Sool's potential omission from the records, and the ensuing debate over hapkido'sorigins, may be due to tensions between Koreans and Japanese, partly as a result of the Japanese occupation of

Korea. At the height of dispute, it is claimed by hapkido practitioners that Koreans were excluded from listing,

though this is contradicted by Takeda's records which contain other Korean names. While some commentators

claim hapkido has a Japanese lineage, others state that its origins lay with indigenous Korean martial arts.

Choi Yong-Sool's first student, and the man whom some claim helped him develop the art of hapkido was Seo

Bok-Seob, a Korean judo black belt when they met. Some of Choi's other respected senior students are: Ji

Han-Jae, Kim Moo-Hong, and arguably Seo In-Hyuk (Hangul: 서인혁) and Lee Joo-Bang (Hangul: 이주방)

who went on to form the arts of Kuk Sool Won and modern Hwa Rang Do respectively (though some argue that


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their training stems from time spent training under Kim Moo-Hong).

Seo Bok-Seob

Main article: Seo Bok-Seob

Choi's first student and the first person known to have opened up a dojang under Choi was Seo Bok-Seob (also

spelled Suh Bok-Sup; Hangul: 서복섭).[5]

In 1948, when Seo Bok-sub was still in his early 20s, he had already earned his black belt in judo and was a

graduate of Korea University. After watching Choi Yong-Sool successfully defend himself against a group of

men when an argument erupted in the yard of the Seo Brewery Company, Seo who was son of the chairman of

the company, invited Choi to begin teaching martial arts to him and some workers at the distillery where he had

prepared a dojang.[10]

In 1951, Seo opened up the first proper dojang called the "Daehan Hapki Yu Kwon Sool Dojang (Hangul: 대한

합기 유권술 도장)". The first symbol, designed by Seo, which was used to denote the art was the inverted

arrowhead design featured in both the modern incarnation of the KiDo Association and by Myung Kwang-Sik's

World Hapkido Federation. Choi Yong-Sool was also employed during this time as a bodyguard to Seo's fatherwho was a congressman. Seo claims that he and Choi agreed to shorten the name of the art from 'hapki yu kwon

sool' to 'hapkido' in 1959.[11]

Ji Han-Jae

Main article: Ji Han-Jae

Ji Han-Jae (Hangul: 지한재) was undoubtedly the prime mover in the art of Korean hapkido. It is due to his

physical skills, technical contributions, promotional efforts and political connections as head hapkido instructor

to the presidential body guard under Korean President Park Jeong-Hee (Hangul: 박정희) that hapkido became

popularized, first within Korea and then internationally.

Whereas the martial art education of Choi Yong-Sool is unconfirmed, the martial art history of Ji Han-Jae's core

training is somewhat easier to trace. Ji was an early student (Dan #14) of Choi. He details that prior to opening

his martial art school in Seoul, the Sung Moo Kwan (Hangul: 성무관), he also studied from a man known as

Taoist Lee and an old woman he knew as 'Grandma'.[5][12]

As a teacher of hapkido, Ji incorporated traditional Korean kicking techniques (from Taoist Lee and the art Sam

Rang Do Tek Gi) and punching techniques into the system and gave the resulting synthesis the name hapkido in

1957. Hapkido is the Korean pronunciation of (Japanese) aikido and is sometimes erroneously referred to as its

Korean cousin.

Although a founding member of the Dae Han Ki Do Hwe (Korea Kido Association) in 1963 with Choi

Yong-Sool as titular Chairman and Kim Jeong-Yoon as Secretary General and Head Instructor for the

association Ji found himself not able to exert as much control over the organization as he might have wished. To

this end and with the support of the Head of the Security Forces, Park Jong-Kyu, Ji founded the very successful

Korea Hapkido Association (Dae Han Hapkido Hyub Hwe; Hangul: 대한 합기도 협회) in 1965.[10]

Later when this organization combined with the organizations founded by Myung Jae-Nam (Korea Hapki

Association/Hangook Hapki Hwe; Hangul: 한국 합기회) and Kim Moo-Hong (Korean Hapkido

Association/Hangook Hapkido Hyub Hwe; Hangul: 한국 합기도 협회) in 1973 they became the very extensive


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and influential organization known as the Republic of Korea Hapkido Association (Dae Han Min Gook Hapkido

Hyub Hwe; Hangul: 대한민국 합기도 협회).

In 1984, Ji moved first to Germany and then to the United States and founded Sin Moo Hapkido (Hangul: 신무

합기도), which incorporates philosophical tenets, a specific series of techniques (including kicks) and healing

techniques into the art. Two of Ji Han-Jae's notable students in Korea were Kwon Tae-Man (Hangul: 권태만),

Myung Jae-Nam (Hangul: 명재남). Ji can be seen in the films Lady Kung-fu and Game of Death in which he

takes part in a long fight scene against Bruce Lee.

Prior to the death of Choi Yong-Sool in 1986, Ji came forward with the assertion that it was he who founded the

Korean art of hapkido, asserting that Choi Yong-Sool taught only yawara based skills and that it was he who

added much of the kicking, and weapon techniques we now associate with modern hapkido.[13]

He also asserts

that it was he that first used the term 'hapkido' to refer to the art. While both claims are contested by some of the

other senior teachers of the art,[14] what is not contested is the undeniably huge contributions made by Ji to the

art, its systematization and its promotion world wide.

Kim Moo-Hong

Main article: Kim Moo-Hong

(alternately rendered as Kim Moo-Woong or Kim Mu-Hyun)

A student from the Choi and Seo's Daehan Hapki Yu Kwon Sool Dojang, was Kim Moo-Hong (Hangul: 김무홍),[5] who later taught at Seo's Joong Ang dojang (Hangul: 중앙 도장) in Daegu. Seo, who promoted Kim to 4th

degree, credits Kim with the development of many kicks which are still used in hapkido today. Kim apparentally

took the concepts from very basic kicks he had learned from Choi and went to a temple to work on developing

them to a much greater degree. Later, in 1961, Kim travelled to Seoul and while staying at Ji Han-Jae's Sung

Moo Kwan dojang they finalized the kicking curriculum.[10]

Kim went on to found his Shin Moo Kwan dojang (Hangul: 신무관 도장) in the Jongmyo section of Seoul, also

in 1961. Won Kwang-Hwa (Hangul: 원광화) also served as an instructor at this dojang. Kim's notable students

were Lee Han-Cheol (Hangul: 이한철), Kim Woo-Tak (Hangul: 김우탁; who founded the Kuk Sool Kwan

Hapkido dojang), Huh Il-Woong (Hangul: 허일웅), Lee Joo-Bang (Hangul: 이주방; who founded modern Hwa

Rang Do), Na Han-Dong (Hangul: 나한동), Shin Dong-Ki (Hangul: 신동기) and Seo In-Hyuk (Hangul: 서인혁;

who founded Kuk Sool Won).[10]

Originally a member of the Korea Kido Association, the organization sent Kim to teach hapkido in the United

States in 1969. Upon returning to Korea in 1970, Kim looked to Ji Han-Jae's move to set up his own organization

and with the encouragement of his students followed suit and founded the Korean Hapkido Association

(Hangook Hapkido Association) in 1971. Later he combined this organization with the groups led by Ji Han-Jaeand Myung Jae-Nam to form the Republic of Korea Hapkido Association.[10]

Myung Jae-Nam

Main article: Myung Jae-Nam

In 1972, Myung Jae-Nam (Hangul: 명재남) was one of the original members of the Korea Hapkido Association

(Dae Han Hapkido Hyub Hwe; Hangul: 대한 합기도 협회), which was formed in 1965 at the request of the

South Korean President Park Jeong-Hee. The Korea Hapkido Association was formed with the assistance of Mr.


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Park Jong Kyu, who was the head of the Presidential Protective Forces and one of the most powerful men in

Korea at the time.[10]

Later Myung Jae-Nam broke away from all the other organizations and started to focus on promoting a new

style, hankido. Until his death in 1999 he was the leader of the International Hapkido Federation.

Lim, Hyun Soo

Main article: Lim Hyun Soo

Lim, Hyun Soo is a long time disciple of Dojunim, Choi Yong Sul. Lim created the Jung Ki Kwan on October 24,

1974. In 1965 he visited Founder Choi, Yong Sul and has his first meeting with Hapkido. At first he was taught

by Master Kim, Yeung Jae, Founder Choi's pupil. He was then taught by Founder Choi, Yong Sul and became

his pupil until 1981. During his time with the founder, he endured strict and intense training. Knowing Hapkido's

true value and meaning during his special training period with the founder, he opened the Jung Ki Kwan. In

1976 Founder Choi closed his place, joined the Jung Ki Kwan, and devoted his energy to it for the rest of his

life.

Hyun, Kwang Seek

Main article: Kwnag Seek Hyun

Grandmaster Kwang Seek Hyun is one of the few 9th degree Hapkido Black Belts in the United States. He

began his study of Hapkido in 1958 at the age of 13 as a student of Kim, Jung Yoon - one of Choi, Yong Sool's

first students. Kim's style was named Moo Sool Won until the name "Hapkido" was adopted. He is a graduate of

Seoul National University with a degree in music and served in the Korean Air Force to teach Martial Arts and

self defense. Grandmaster Hyun came to the United States in 1969 to teach at Carrol College in Wisconsin.

After arriving in Chicago to teach Martial Arts and self defense in 1971, he opened his first school at Kedzie and

Lawrence. In 1973, the school moved to it's present location at Western and Diversey. Having trained over

12,000 students since beginning in the U.S. in 1969 and 9,000 police and corrections officers, GrandmasterKwang Seek Hyun continues to personally oversee the training and development of the students.

Principles

On the "hard-soft" scale of martial arts, hapkido stands somewhere in the middle, employing "soft" techniques

similar to jujutsu and aikido as well as "hard" techniques reminiscent of taekwondo and tang soo do. Even the

"hard" techniques, though, emphasize circular rather than linear movements. Hapkido is an eclectic, hybrid

martial art, and different hapkido schools emphasize different techniques. However, some core techniques are

found in each school (kwan), and all techniques should follow the three principles of hapkido:

Nonresistance ("Hwa",화 or和) → (화 Hwa 和 Harmony)

Circle principle ("Won",원 or圓) → (원Weon圓 Circle)

The Water/Flexible principle ("Yu",유 or柳) → (유 Yu流 Flow)

Hwa, or non-resistance, is simply the act of remaining relaxed and not directly opposing an opponent's strength.

For example, if an opponent were to push against a hapkido student's chest, rather than resist and push back, the

hapkido student would avoid a direct confrontation by moving in the same direction as the push and utilizing the

opponent's forward momentum to throw him.

Won, the circular principle, is a way to gain momentum for executing the techniques in a natural and


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free-flowing manner. If an opponent attacks in linear motion, as in a punch or knife thrust, the hapkido student

would redirect the opponent's force by leading the attack in a circular pattern, thereby adding the attacker's

power to his own. Once he has redirected the power, the hapkido student can execute any of a variety of

techniques to incapacitate his attacker. The hapkido practitioner learns to view an attacker as an "energy entity"

rather than as a physical entity. The bigger the person is, the more energy a person has, the better it is for the

hapkido student.

Yu, the water principle, can be thought of as the soft, adaptable strength of water. Hapkido is "soft" in that it

does not rely on physical force alone, much like water is soft to touch. It is adaptable in that a hapkido masterwill attempt to deflect an opponent's strike, in a way that is similar to free-flowing water being divided around a

stone only to return and envelop it.

"As the flowing stream penetrates and surrounds its obstructions and as dripping water eventually penetrates the

stone, so does the hapkido strength flow in and through its opponents."

Techniques

Hapkido seeks to be a fully comprehensive fighting style and as such tries to avoid narrow specialization in any

particular type of technique or range of fighting. It maintains a wide range of tactics for striking, standing jointlocks, throwing techniques (both pure and joint manipulating throws) and pinning techniques. Some styles also

incorporate tactics for ground fighting although these tactics generally tend to be focused upon escaping and

regaining footing or controlling, striking, and finishing a downed opponent, rather than lengthy wrestling or

submission grappling engagements.

The Korean term for technique is sool (술). As terminology varies between schools, some refer to defensive

maneuvers as soolgi (술기; loosely translated as "technique-ing"), while hoshinsool (호신술; meaning "self-

defense") is preferred by others.

Proper hapkido tactics include using footwork and a series of kicks and hand strikes to bridge the distance with

an opponent. Then to immediately control the balance of the opponent (typically by manipulating the head andneck), for a take down or to isolate a wrist or arm and apply a joint twisting throw, depending upon the situation

Hapkido is a comprehensive system and once the opponent's balance has been taken, there are a myriad of

techniques to disable and subdue the opponent.

Hapkido makes use of pressure points known in Korean as hyeol (혈;穴) which are also used in traditional

Asian medical practices such as acupuncture point. These pressure points are either struck to produce

unconsciousness or manipulated to create pain allowing one to more easily upset the balance of one's opponent

prior to a throw or joint manipulation.

Hapkido emphasizes self defense over sport fighting and as such employs the use of weapons, including

environmental weapons of opportunity, in addition to empty hand techniques. Some schools also teach hyeong (형;形), the Korean equivalent of what is commonly known as "kata" in Japanese martial arts.

Kicking

The wide variety of kicks in hapkido make it distinctly Korean. Taekwondo kicks appear to be similar to many

of the kicks found in hapkido, though again circular motion is emphasized. Also in contrast to most modern

taekwondo styles hapkido utilises a wide variety of low (below the waist), hooking or sweeping kicks, with one

of the most distinctive being the low spinning (sweeping) heel kick.


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A bidirectional kick.

A flying side kick.

Hapkido's method of delivery tends toward greater weight

commitment to the strikes and less concern for quick retraction of

the kicking leg. Traditionally, Choi Yong-Sool's yu kwon sool (유권

술;柔拳術) kicking techniques were only to the lower body, but

most derived varieties of hapkido, probably as a direct influence

from other Korean arts, also include high kicks and jumping kicks.

At the more advanced levels of Hapkido the practitioner learns

"blade kicks" which utilize sweeping blade strikes of the inner and

outer foot against pressure points of the body.

Two of the earliest innovators in this regard were Ji Han-Jae and

Kim Moo-Hong, both of whom were exposed to what were

thought to be indigenous Korean kicking arts. They combined

these forms together with the yu sool concepts for striking taught

to them by Choi and during a period of 8 months training together

in 1961 finalized the kicking curriculum which would be used by

the Korea Hapkido Association (Daehan Hapkido Hyub Hwe) for

many years to come.[10]

Other influences also were exerted on the kicking techniques of

important hapkido teachers. Kwon Tae-Man (Hangul: 권태만)

initially studied under Ji Han-Jae before immigrating to southern

California in the United States. Han Bong-soo (Hangul: 한봉수)

studied under Gwonbeop (권법;拳法) and Shūdōkan karate from

Yoon Byung-In (Hangul: 윤병인), whose students were influential

in the later forming of kong soo do and taekwondo styles,

specifically the Chang Moo Kwan and Jidokwan. He, like Kim

Moo-Hong, also trained briefly in the Korean art of taekkyeon under Lee Bok-Yong (Hangul: 이복용).[15]

Many other teachers like Myung Kwang-Sik (Hangul: 명광식), Jeong Kee-Tae (Hangul: 정기태), LimHyun-Soo (Hangul: 임현수), and many others trained in tang soo do and kong soo do, Shotokan and Shūdōkan

karate based systems which predated and influenced the forming of first tae soo do and later modern taekwondo

styles.

Kim Sang-Cook states that while many of the original yu kwon sool students were exposed to many different

contemporary Korean arts the Chung Do Kwan was of particular importance in the transition from the original

ujutsu based form to what we know today as modern hapkido.[16]

Most forms of hapkido include a series of double kicks used to promote balance, coordination and muscular

control.

An example of a double kick set

Front Kick — Side Kick

Front Kick - Back Kick ("Turning back-Side Kick")

Front Kick - Roundhouse Kick

Front Heel/Hook Kick — Roundhouse Kick

Inverted Low Side Kick - High Side Kick

Inside Crescent Kick — Outside Crescent Kick (or Heeldown/Axe Kick for both)

Inside Crescent Kick - Side Kick (or Inside Heeldown Kick and Side Kick)


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A hyperflexing wristlock used

as a pain compliance

technique.

Outside Heel-down Kick — Roundhouse Kick

Ankle Scoop Kick — Side Kick

Cover Kick - Front Kick

Inside Heel Hooking-the-Thigh Kick—Front Kick

High Spinning Heel Kick — Low Spinning Heel Kick

Inside Footblade Kick – Outside Footblade Kick

Outside Heeldown Kick - Roundhouse

After these kicks are mastered using one foot kick the student moves on to jumping versions using alternatekicking legs.

Kim Chong Sung (Jang Mu Won Hapkido Founder) (Hangul: 김종성), was one of the oldest living active

hapkido instructors, maintains that the source of these kicking methods is from the indigenous Korean kicking

art of taekkyeon. Others feel that these kicks are more representative of kong soo do and tang soo do styles

which emerged from an adaptation of Japanese karate forms.

Hand strikes

Like most martial arts, hapkido employs a great number of punches and hand strikes, as well as elbow strikes. A

distinctive example of hapkido hand techniques is "live hand" strike that focuses energy to the baek hwa hyul in

the hand, producing energy strikes and internal strikes. The hand strikes are often used to weaken the opponent

before joint locking and throwing, and also as finishing techniques.

Hand striking in hapkido (unless in competition) is not restricted to punches and open hand striking; some

significance is given to striking with fingernails at the throat and eyes; pulling at the opponent's genitals is also

covered in conventional training.

In order to recall hand strikes more easily in an emotionally charged situation, beginning students are taught

conventional, effective patterns of blocks and counterattacks called makko chigi (Hangul: 막고 치기), which

progress to more complex techniques as the student becomes familiar with them.

Joint manipulation techniques

Much of hapkido's joint control techniques are said to be derived largely from

Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu. They are taught similarly to aikido techniques, but in

general the circles are smaller and the techniques are applied in a more linear

fashion. Hapkido's joint manipulation techniques attack both large joints (such as

the elbow, shoulder, neck, back, knee, and hip) and small joints (such as wrists,

fingers, ankles, toes, jaw).

Most techniques involve applying force in the direction that a joint movesnaturally and then forcing it to overextend or by forcing a joint to move in a

direction that goes against its natural range of motion. These techniques can be

used to cause pain and force a submission, to gain control of an opponent for a

'come along' techniques (as is often employed in law enforcement), to assist in a

hard or gentle throw or to cause the dislocation or breaking of the joint. Hapkido

differs from some post war styles of aikido in its preservation of a great many

techniques which are applied against the joint that were deemed by some to be

inconsistent with aikido's more pacificistic philosophy.


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The straight armlock is an

example of a very effective

elbowlock.

Hapkido students practice throws and joint

manipulation in a dojang .

Wristlocks

Hapkido is well known for its use of a wide variety of wristlocks. These

techniques are believed to have been derived from Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

although their manner of performance is not always identical to that of the

parent art. Still many of the techniques found in hapkido are quite similar to

those of Daito-ryu and of aikido which was derived from that art. Examples of

such techniques are: the supinating wristlock, pronating wristlock, internal

rotational wristlock, and the utilization of pressure points on the wrist. Thesetechniques are common to many forms of Japanese jujutsu, Chinese chin na, and

even "catch as catch can" wrestling.

Elbowlocks

Although well known for its wristlocking techniques hapkido has an equally

wide array of tactics which centre upon the manipulation of the elbow joint (see

armlock). The first self defense technique typically taught in many hapkido

schools is the knifehand elbow press. This technique is thought to be derived

from Daitō-ryū's ippondori, a method of disarming and destroying the elbow

oint of a sword wielding opponent. Hapkido typically introduces this technique off a wrist grabbing attackwhere the defender makes a circular movement with his hands to free themselves from their opponent's grasp

and applies a pronating wristlock while cutting down upon the elbow joint with their forearm, taking their

opponent down to the ground where an elbow lock is applied with one's hand or knee to immobolize the attacker

in a pin. Interestingly both Daito-ryu and aikido prefer to use handpressure on the elbow throughout the

technique rather than using the forearm as a "hand blade (Korean: 수도;手刀)", cutting into the elbow joint, in

the hapkido manner.

Throwing techniques

In addition to throws which are achieved by unbalancing one'sopponent through the twisting of their joints, hapkido also contains

techniques of pure throwing which do not require the assistance of

jointlocks. Some of these techniques are found within Daito-ryu but

a great many of them are held in common with judo (the same

Chinese characters are pronounced "yudo유도" in Korean). Many

of early practitioners of hapkido had extensive judo backgrounds

including Choi Yong-Sool's first student Seo Bok-Seob.

Judo techniques were introduced in the early years of the 20th

century in Korea during the Japanese colonial period. Judo/Yudo

tactics employ extensive use of throws, various chokes, hold downs, joint locks, and other grappling techniques used to control the

opponent on the ground. It is believed that these techniques were

absorbed into the hapkido curriculum from judo as there were a

great many judo practitioners in Korea at that time and its tactics were commonly employed in the fighting of

the period. Indeed, there also exists a portion of the hapkido curriculum which consists of techniques

specifically designed to thwart judo style attacks.

The judo/yudo techniques were however adopted with adjustments made to make them blend more completely

with the self defense orientation which hapkido stresses. For example many of the judo style throwing


14 10/12/2011



Hapkido practitioners perform grappling

techniques.

Hapkido holds many throwing

techniques in common with judo.

Nunchaku (Ssahng Jol Gohn;쌍절

곤), one of hapkido weapons.

techniques employed in hapkido do not rely upon the use of

traditional judo grips on the uniform, which can play a large role in

the Japanese sport. Instead in many cases they rely upon gripping

the limbs, head or neck in order to be successful.

Even today Korea remains one of the strongest countries in the

world for the sport of judo and this cross influence on the art of

Korean hapkido to be felt in Hapkido influenced styles such as

GongKwon Yusul (Hangul: 공권 유술).

Weapons

As a hapkido student advances through the various belt levels

(essentially the same as other Korean arts, e.g. taekwondo), he or she learns

how to employ and defend against various weapons. The first weapon

encountered is most often a knife (kal; 칼). Another initial weapon used to

teach both control and the basic precepts of utilizing a weapon with

Hapkido techniques is the Jung Bong (police baton sized stick), techniques

and defenses against the 35 cm short stick (dahn bohng;단봉), a walkingstick or cane (ji-pang-ee;지팡이), and a rope are introduced in hapkido

training. Many hapkido organisations may also include other weapons

training such as a sword (gum;검), long staff (jahng bohng;장봉), middle

length staff, nunchaku (ssahng jol gohn;쌍절곤), war-fan or other types of

bladed weapons such as twin short swords. Some schools even teach

students to defend against firearms.[citation needed ] Hapkido weapons

techniques are often incorporated into many military and law enforcement

training curricula.

TrainingHapkido training takes place in a dojang. While training methods vary, a

typical training session will contain technique practice (striking techniques

as well as defensive throws and grappling), break falling (nakbop;낙법;落法), sparring, meditation and exercises to develop internal energy (ki;기;

氣).

Although hapkido is in some respects a "soft" art, training is very vigorous

and demanding. The practitioner could benefit in training by being lean and

muscular. However, strength is not a prerequisite of hapkido; what strength

and fitness is necessary to perform the techniques develops naturally as a result of training.

Example Curriculum

The following is an example of the Korea Hapkido Association technical requirements from 1st degree to 5th

degree Black Belt as recorded by He-Young Kimm, created in association with Ji Han Jae. As one of the largest

and most influential organizations[10] the content is fairly consistent with what is taught in a great many of

today's hapkido dojangs and the current Korea Hapkido Federation. The order in which the techniques are

introduced may vary with individual schools. Hapkido students practice throws and joint manipulation in a


14 10/12/2011



dojang.

Requirements for 1st Degree Black Belt

Single Kicks

Wrist Seize Defense

Clothing Seize Defense

Punch Defense

Kick DefenseCombination Kicks

Jumping Kicks

Throw Defense

Knife Defense

Attacking Techniques / Taking the Initiative

2nd Degree Black Belt

Advanced Wrist Grab Defense

Advanced Clothing Grab Defense

Advanced Punch DefenseAdvanced Kick Defense

Choke Defense

Advanced Attacking Techniques / Taking the Initiative

Special Kicks

Defense From A Sitting Or Lying Posture

3rd Degree Black Belt

Joint locking Counters

Short Stick Techniques

Staff Techniques

4th Degree Black Belt

Cane Techniques

Sword Techniques

Defense Against Multiple Attackers

5th Degree Black Belt

Techniques Using Opponent's ForceRope Techniques

Knife Throwing Techniques

Revival Techniques[10]

See also

Hapkidowon

Korean martial arts


14 10/12/2011



Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

Aiki (martial arts principle)

Aikido

Han Mu Do

Hyol Do Bup

Chon-Tu Kwan Hapkido

ReferencesNotes

^ "합기도 ①" (http://www.encyber.com/search_w

/ctdetail.php?gs=ws&gd=&cd=&d=&k=&inqr=&

indme=&p=1&q=%C7%D5%B1%E2%B5%B5&

masterno=187155&contentno=187155) at Doosan

EnCyber & EnCyber.com (두산 백과사전)

(Korean)

1.

^ "합기도 ②" (http://www.encyber.com/search_w





(Korean)

2.

^ "합기도 ③" (http://www.encyber.com/search_w





(Korean)

3.

^ "합기도 ④" (http://www.encyber.com/search_w

/ctdetail.php?gs=ws&gd=&cd=&d=&k=&inqr=&indme=&p=1&q=%C7%D5%B1%E2%B5%B5&



(Korean)

4.

^a b c d

http://www.segye.com/Articles

/NEWS/CULTURE

/Article.asp?aid=20100216002847&subctg1=&

subctg2= (Korean)

5.

^ http://mookas.com

/media_view.asp?news_no=10750 (Korean)

6.

^ a b Sheya, Joseph K. (1982). "Historical Interview:

Hapkido Grandmaster Choi, Yong-Sool (1904-1986)"(http://www.rimshapkido.com/ysc.html) . Rim's

Hapkido. http://www.rimshapkido.com/ysc.html.

Retrieved 2007-03-17.

7.

^ Pranin, Stanley (2007). "Choi, Yong-Sool"

(http://www.aikidojournal.com

/encyclopedia?entryID=119) . Encyclopedia of

Aikido. http://www.aikidojournal.com

/encyclopedia?entryID=119. Retrieved 2007-08-04.

8.

^ Pranin, Stanley (April 1988). "Interview with

Kisshomaru Ueshiba: The Early Days of Aikido"

(http://www.aikidojournal.com

/article.php?articleID=445) . Aiki News 77.

http://www.aikidojournal.com

/article.php?articleID=445. Retrieved 2006-12-03.

9.

^ a b c d e f g h Kimm, He-Young (1991). The

Hapkido Bible. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Andrew

Jackson Press.

10.

^ Wollmershauser, Mike; Eric Hentz (ed.) (1996).

"The Beginning of Hapkido; An Interview with

Hapkido Master Seo Bok-Seob". Taekwondo Times

16 (8).

11.

^ http://taekwondo.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir

/2010/01/12/2010011201527.html (Korean)

12.

^ Corcoran, John. Inside Taekwondo. Vol.1, No.1.

Feb. 1992. Article by James Dolmage Hapkido

Grandmaster Ji Han-Jae Reveals the Truth; The

Beauty and the Benefits of Hapkido CFW

Enterprises. Burbank, USA. 1991.

13.

^ According to published works by Seo Bok-Seob,

Han Bong-Soo, Myung Kwang-Sik, Kim Jong-Seong,

Jeong Kee-Tae, Spear, Robert K., etc.

14.

^ Walker, Byron, Reflections of a Master:

Philosophies of Hapkido Stylist Han Bong-soo.

Martial Arts and Combat Sports Magazine.

September 2001.

15.

^ Hentz, Eric (editor). Article by Dick Morgan

Interview With Granmaster Kim Sang-Cook .

Taekwondo Times, November 2005. Tri-Mount

Publications, Iowa 2005.

16.

Hapkido is also the first martial style used by Scorpion in the more recent Mortal Kombat video games.

Further reading


14 10/12/2011



Myung, Kwang-Sik. Korean Hapkido; Ancient Art of Masters. World Hapkido Federation, Los

Angeles, California 1976.

Myung, Kwang-Sik. Hapkido: Special Self-Protection Techniques. World Hapkido Federation, Los

Angeles, California 1993.

Myung, Kwang-Sik. Hapkido Textbook (Vol 1-5). World Hapkido Federation, Los Angeles, California

2000.

Kim, He-Young. Hapkido. Andrew Jackson Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 1991.

Kim, He-Young. Hapkido II . Andrew Jackson Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 1994.Kim, He-Young. History of Korea and Hapkido. Andrew Jackson Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

2008.

External links

- International Hapkido Organizations: 1000 + Enrollment

World Hapkido Headquarters - Hapkidowon (http://www.hapkidowon.com) (WHH)

International Combat Hapkido Federation (http://www.dsihq.com) (ICHF)

Casa Korea World Hapkido Federation (http://www.casakoreaworldhapkidofederation.org/mijoomla/)(CKWHF)

Korea Hapkido Federation (http://www.daehanhapkido.org) (KHF)

Sin Moo Hapkido Ukraine (http://www.dft.dp.ua/index.php?option=com_content&

task=blogcategory&id=54&Itemid=32/)

International H.K.D Federation (http://www.hapkido.or.kr) (IHF)

International Hapkido Federation (http://www.hapkiyoosool.com) (IHF)

International Hapkido Federation Australia (http://www.hkd.com.au) (IHF)

East European Hapkido Association (http://www.hkd.lv/)

European Hwal Moo Do Federation (http://www.hwalmoodo.com/en)

JungKiKwan Hapkido Association (http://www.jungkikwan.com) (JHA)

National Korean Martial Arts Association (http://www.nkmaa.com) (NKMAA)World Community Sin Moo Hapkido (http://www.sinmoohapkido.eu/en/)

Tactical Hapkido Alliance World Headquarters (http://www.tacticalhapkido.com) (THA)

World Hapkido Association (http://www.worldhapkido.com) (WHA)

U.S. Hapkido Association - Mu Gong Kwan (http://www.ushapki.com)

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