Hardware inside the boxHardware inside the box

AnnouncementAnnouncement

Invited talk today at C106 Invited talk today at C106 from 7:00PMfrom 7:00PMRequired MovieRequired Movie at C106 at C106Pirates of Silicon ValleyPirates of Silicon Valley Starring Noah Wyle (ER) and Starring Noah Wyle (ER) and

Anthony Michael Hall (Sixteen Anthony Michael Hall (Sixteen Candles)Candles)

Two times:Two times: TuesdayTuesday Sept 9thSept 9th, 7-9 pm, 7-9 pm WednesdayWednesday Sept 10thSept 10th, 7-9 pm, 7-9 pm

Cast of CharactersCast of Characters

AppleAppleSteve JobsSteve Jobs

Steve Wozniak Steve Wozniak (beard)(beard)

MicrosoftMicrosoftBill GatesBill Gates (Huge (Huge glasses)glasses)

Paul Allen (beard)Paul Allen (beard)

Steve Ballmer (bald)Steve Ballmer (bald)

Today’s InformationToday’s Information

MicroprocessorsMicroprocessors (CPU) (CPU)

MemoryMemory

MotherboardsMotherboards

StorageStorage

Metric SystemMetric System

Kilo = Kilo =

Mega =Mega =

Giga =Giga =

Tera =Tera =

These terms are used frequently to These terms are used frequently to describe storage and speed in computersdescribe storage and speed in computers

Metric SystemMetric System

Kilo = 1000Kilo = 1000

Mega = 1,000,000 = 1 millionMega = 1,000,000 = 1 million

Giga = 1,000,000,000 = 1 billionGiga = 1,000,000,000 = 1 billion

Tera = 1,000,000,000,000 = 1 trillionTera = 1,000,000,000,000 = 1 trillion

These terms are used frequently to These terms are used frequently to describe storage and speed in computersdescribe storage and speed in computers

Basic storage unitBasic storage unit

1 bit : Single 1 or 0 is a bit.1 bit : Single 1 or 0 is a bit.1 Byte = 8 bits = 1 Byte = 8 bits = eighteight 1s or 0s in any 1s or 0s in any combination combination 1010001110100011

““B” represents byte and “b” represents bit. (KB B” represents byte and “b” represents bit. (KB and Kb are different units.)and Kb are different units.)1 KB = Kilobyte = 1024 Bytes (21 KB = Kilobyte = 1024 Bytes (21010))1 MB = Megabyte = 1024 Kilobytes = 21 MB = Megabyte = 1024 Kilobytes = 22020 Bytes Bytes1 GB = Gigabyte =1024 Megabytes = 21 GB = Gigabyte =1024 Megabytes = 23030 Bytes Bytes (1073741824 Bytes)(1073741824 Bytes)

Where are my Bytes?Where are my Bytes?

If you have bought a memory card or hard If you have bought a memory card or hard drive, computer will report that it is smaller drive, computer will report that it is smaller than what you paid for.than what you paid for.

Manufacturers are playing tricks here.Manufacturers are playing tricks here. 512MB(metric) = 512*10512MB(metric) = 512*106 6 Bytes/(1024Bytes/(102422) = ) =

488.3MB(reported by computer), that is 4.6% 488.3MB(reported by computer), that is 4.6% differencedifference

40G(metric)=40*1040G(metric)=40*109 9 Bytes/(1024Bytes/(102433)=37.3G )=37.3G (reported by computer ) you lose 6.9%(reported by computer ) you lose 6.9%

Two things determine functionTwo things determine function

Processor SpeedProcessor Speed This is the speed at which information is This is the speed at which information is

processedprocessed

RAM (Random Access Memory)RAM (Random Access Memory) This is how much information is available for This is how much information is available for

rapid processingrapid processing

Computer SpeedComputer Speed

Hz = Hertz = Cycles/secondHz = Hertz = Cycles/second

MHz = Megahertz = Million cycles/secondMHz = Megahertz = Million cycles/second

GHz = Gigahertz = Billion cycles/secondGHz = Gigahertz = Billion cycles/second

Typical processor today runs at 2 GHz!Typical processor today runs at 2 GHz!

If numeric addition takes 4 cycles, that is If numeric addition takes 4 cycles, that is 500 million additions in a second.500 million additions in a second.

Moores LawMoores Law

Manufacturers always coming out with faster Manufacturers always coming out with faster processorsprocessors

It takes about It takes about 18 month18 month the fastest processors the fastest processors to double in speedto double in speed 1996 – 233 MHz1996 – 233 MHz 1998 – 450 MHz1998 – 450 MHz 2000 – 1.4 GHz (cost $600 in 2000, $100 today)2000 – 1.4 GHz (cost $600 in 2000, $100 today) 2002 – 3.06 GHz and more!2002 – 3.06 GHz and more!

Take Home Message: Don’t buy the top of the Take Home Message: Don’t buy the top of the line processor, it will be dated very quickly!line processor, it will be dated very quickly!

Evolution of Intel MicroprocessorsEvolution of Intel Microprocessorsand Pursuit by AMD Processorsand Pursuit by AMD Processors

8088

80286

80386

80486

Pentium

Pentium Pro

Pentium II

Pentium III

AMD 386

AMD 486

AMD K5

AMD K6

AMD K6-II

AMD K6-III

Celeron(Castrated Pentiums) AthlonPentium IV Duron

Important Microprocessor QualitiesImportant Microprocessor Qualities

Speed, e.g. 1.5 GHz (Gigahertz)Speed, e.g. 1.5 GHz (Gigahertz)

Level 2 Cache - speeds processingLevel 2 Cache - speeds processing Memory inside the CPU. Memory inside the CPU. It is much faster than the main memory.It is much faster than the main memory. A huge chunk of computer programs are A huge chunk of computer programs are

loops. So moving these loops into cache loops. So moving these loops into cache can speed up the processing.can speed up the processing.

The major difference between Pentium and The major difference between Pentium and Celeron series CPU are amount of cache.Celeron series CPU are amount of cache.

Memory - RAMMemory - RAM

RAM is Random Access MemoryRAM is Random Access MemoryCPU can not access to the Hard drive CPU can not access to the Hard drive directly. Program needs to be moved into directly. Program needs to be moved into RAM first.RAM first.RAM is memory that is “RAM is memory that is “volatile.volatile.” ” when you when you shut down the computer, everything in shut down the computer, everything in RAM is gone.RAM is gone.RAM stores info and data RAM stores info and data of running of running programprogramss

Types of RAMTypes of RAM

DDR Ram is Double Data Rate, for Athlon DDR Ram is Double Data Rate, for Athlon and Pentium IVand Pentium IV

SDRAM – Used in a lot of machines, but SDRAM – Used in a lot of machines, but being phased outbeing phased out

RIMMS – Newest and fastestRIMMS – Newest and fastest For Pentium IV, 400 MHz transfer rateFor Pentium IV, 400 MHz transfer rate

Adding new RAM is the cheapest and Adding new RAM is the cheapest and easiest way to make your computer run easiest way to make your computer run fasterfaster

AnalogyAnalogy

If the processor is the brain of the If the processor is the brain of the computer, then what is the motherboard?computer, then what is the motherboard?

The Spinal CordThe Spinal Cord

Processor and Motherboard make up Processor and Motherboard make up Central NeCentral Neuralural System System

MotherboardsMotherboards

Circuitry that connects all items to the Circuitry that connects all items to the processorprocessor

Card slots for modems, sound cards, Card slots for modems, sound cards, graphics cardsgraphics cards

Socket or slot for processorSocket or slot for processor

Bus speed determines processorsBus speed determines processors

Motherboard must be compatible to Motherboard must be compatible to CPUCPU

Motherboards and Motherboards and MicroprocessorsMicroprocessors

Motherboard must have appropriate Motherboard must have appropriate socket or slot for processorsocket or slot for processor

Motherboard must support processor’s Motherboard must support processor’s speed and have the same bus speedspeed and have the same bus speed

Storage MediaStorage Media

Media refers to the objects on which Media refers to the objects on which information is storedinformation is stored

Singular of word is mediumSingular of word is medium

A CD is a medium for storage, a floppy A CD is a medium for storage, a floppy disk is a medium, …disk is a medium, …

Storage: MagneticStorage: Magnetic

““Drive” Storage: Drive” Storage: magneticmagnetic polaritypolarity stores stores 1s and 0s1s and 0s

Hard Drives - Internal, sealed plattersHard Drives - Internal, sealed platters

Floppy Drive - One flexible platterFloppy Drive - One flexible platter

Zip Drive – Very high capacity floppyZip Drive – Very high capacity floppy

Storage: Solid State MemoryStorage: Solid State Memory

Solid state is contrast to the moving parts Solid state is contrast to the moving parts of HD, Floppy Disk…of HD, Floppy Disk…

Digital memoryDigital memory Compact FlashCompact Flash Smart MediaSmart Media Multi-Media card (MMC) and Secure Digital Multi-Media card (MMC) and Secure Digital

card (SD)card (SD) USB drives.USB drives.

Storage: Optical Read OnlyStorage: Optical Read Only

CD-ROM – 650MB or 700 MB, CD-ROM – 650MB or 700 MB, read onlyread only, , etched pitsetched pits

drives 32X etc. for speed relative to normaldrives 32X etc. for speed relative to normal

DVD - stands for Digital VDVD - stands for Digital Videoideo Disc, 4.7 Gb Disc, 4.7 Gb (7X CD)(7X CD) single side, single layer. single side, single layer. 4x DVD does not mean it is slower than a 16x 4x DVD does not mean it is slower than a 16x

CD-ROM.CD-ROM.

CD Burners – Optical Read/WriteCD Burners – Optical Read/Write

CD RWCD RW 32x/8x/40x means 32x maximum write speed, 32x/8x/40x means 32x maximum write speed,

8x max. rewrite speed, and 40x max. read 8x max. rewrite speed, and 40x max. read speedspeed

Media: CD-R is cheapest, write onceMedia: CD-R is cheapest, write once

CD-RW – good medium for transporting CD-RW – good medium for transporting filesfiles

New Generation: DVD RWNew Generation: DVD RW

There are two competitive standards of There are two competitive standards of DVD RW, respectively DVD+RW and DVD RW, respectively DVD+RW and DVD-RW.DVD-RW.Media for these two type are NOT inter-Media for these two type are NOT inter-changeable. changeable. Will both of them survive in 5 years?Will both of them survive in 5 years?Best strategy: DVD-/+RWBest strategy: DVD-/+RWTechnically, can I duplicate my own DVD Technically, can I duplicate my own DVD movies?movies?

Assignment for Next WeekAssignment for Next Week

Measure computer startup speedMeasure computer startup speed

Find out processor speed, typeFind out processor speed, type

Amount of RAMAmount of RAM

Operating SystemOperating System

Startup computer three times, measure in Startup computer three times, measure in secondsseconds

Go to course website for more info and Go to course website for more info and formform