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Hardware & the Machine room
Week 5 – Lecture 1
What is behind the wall plug for your workstation?
• Today we will look at the platform on which our Information System stands– LAN hardware– Server hardware– The machine room
What do we need?
• Reliability
• Performance
• Physical security
WAN WAN
Hubs
Switch
Router
Servers
The Internet is a network of networks
LANLANLANLAN
WAN
So how do we get the message?
Data link & Physical layers
TCP/IP TCP/IPNetwork & TransportLayers
Middleware MiddlewarePresentation & SessionLayers
ProcessOn Host A
Process onHost BApplication layer
Local Area Network• Hubs
– Physical layer - dumb– Propagates on all channels
• Switches– Data link Layer – MAC address level– Put message out on 1 channel– Fast, more intelligent, store & forward– Ethernet, ATM, FDDI etc– Collision zones
• Router– Network Layer device – IP level– Edge of network– Firewalls
Hubs
Switch
Router
Server hardware
CPU Memory(PrimaryStorage)
CommunicationsInterface
Disk(Secondary
Storage)
CPUCPU
Servers???
• Mainframes – IBMz900 zOS
• Mid-range – Sun Fire E25K Solaris/Unix
• Intel based – HP Proliant Windows 2000NT or Linux
Scalability
• As demand on the server increases, how can it be upgraded to handle the increased load?
• Main components are – – Processor speed– Number of processors– Memory size and access speed– Data storage capacity and speed
Constraints on scalability
• Operating system• Number of processors permitted by the
architecture (e.g. Compaq DL580 has max of 4, Sun E10000 has max of 64)
• Memory access often limits effective utilisation of processors – increase in throughput is not linear
Number of processors
• A key issue in scalability
• Sun’s Solaris can now support up to 128 but architecture of Sun E10000 has 64 processor limit
• Until recently Windows NT/2000 NT could support 8 but now supports up to 32 and 64GB of memory.
• With the new IA64 processor the Windows/IA architecture will put performance as well as price pressure on the Unix/RISC based systems – within 2/3 years
• Unix continues to challenge the Mainframe market. They are also introducing automated management features
Windows NT/2000 & IA64
• IA 64 not designed to improve performance of IA 32 code
• Code has to be written to take advantage of it
• Major hardware limitation is probably now the PCI bus that connects the processors and memory to storage and controllers and expansion cards.
Multi processor servers
• Usually under the control of the one copy of the operating system
• But some high end machines (Sun E10000) have independent domains with each domain having its own copy of the operating system. Like two or more independent machines in the one box.
Number of processors is not the only issue. Memory management is critical
• Single processor
• Symmetric multi-processor – SMP – shared bus
• Symmetric multi-processor – SMP – cross bar
• NUMA
• Loosely coupled – MMP
• Clusters
SMP – shared bus is the most common
• But the bus provides a bottle neck to shared memory pool
• Memory access speed then declines and this prevents linear scalability
• TPC benchmarks show that often manufacturers get best performance at around 50% of maximum number of processors
SMP – Shared bus
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU
Memorypool
I/O
Compaq DL580
SMP – Cross bar
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU
Non Uniform Memory Access
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU
Memory
I/O
Interface
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU
Memory
I/O
Interface
Cross Bar
HP Super Dome & Sun E10000
Clusters
• Share nothing - Failover
• Share disk – requires distributed locking
• Share everything – slower than the bus of an SMP machine
LAN
High speedInterconnect
Clustering gives
• Scalability – workload can be distributed
• Availability – when one goes down the other takes over
• System management – managed as a single resource – particularly disk
Disk performance
• Capacity continues to double each year
• Speed made up of three elements– Rotational latency– Seek time– Transfer rate
Storage architectures
• Two emerging storage architectures– SAN – Storage Area Network
– NAS – Network Attached Storage
• SAN more closely coupled• NAS network orientated – higher latency• Semi independent for use with high end servers• High performance, large capacity, high availability,
data protection, management and back-up
Network Attached Storage
WEB Application Database NAS Server
Storage Area Networks
WEB Application Database
Fibre channel
File Server
Machine room environment
• Air conditioning
• Fire protection
• Reliable power
• Physical security