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Haripriya Gundimeda2nd Roundtable on Environmental Justice, Hotel Taj Taashi, Thimpu,
30th – 31st August 2013.
Environment, Health and Pollution
Environmental qualityDeteriorating environmental quality Rising levels of air and water pollution Weak provision of sanitation services. Huge impact on human health and
morbidity Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai rank among
the top ten most polluted cities in the world,
Growth and EnvironmentGrowth and Environment
None of the rivers in India is meeting the desired quality standards.
In fact in some of the polluted rivers like Sabarmati, Tapi, Ganga and Godavari, the violation of standards was observed close to over 90 per cent of the sites monitored.
Since rivers are sink for agriculture run-offs and municipal waste also, the violation of standards cannot be entirely attributed to industrial pollution.
Growth and EnvironmentGrowth and Environment
The data indicates that in many rivers say Ganga in UP, Yamuna in Delhi, Damodar, Subarnerakha, Betwa, Noyyal, Bhavani etc. industries contribute most to the water pollution.
Though industrial pollution may account for less than 25% of the pollution load in most of the rivers, the kind of effluent waste generated by industries makes the rivers highly toxic e.g. in Ganges, Yamuna etc).
A case study of health impacts near tanneries
Objective – To look at the impact of water quality on mortality and morbidity of the children under age 5
Study area - Nakal Keni area of Pallavaram and Chromepet township of Kanchipuram district in TN.
The area is highly polluted by tanneries and other industries and the Palar river water is contaminated.
Study focus – Carried out for two groups – one near the tanneries and bit further from the tanneries
Sample size – 450 households
Main observationsContaminated water quality added with lack of
precautionary measures and lack of nutrition affects the child health.
This is especially prominent in areas near to the tanneries.
Income is not a significant factor in determining child’s health.
It is mainly the quality of drinking water/precautionary measures that affect the incidence of water related diseases.,
Some of the diseases like cold and cough can be reduced significantly by getting piped water in the residence.
In addition to the water quality lack of proper sanitation also adds to the incidence of water related diseases.
If estimated in economic terms, the burden can be very huge on the economy
Quantity of effluentQo
QTa
Demand
Marginal Private Costs
Marginal Social CostsC
osts, Benefits
Pa
Economics of Water Pollution Economics of Water Pollution Control – Externality DiagramControl – Externality Diagram
Po
Instruments for correcting Instruments for correcting negative externalitiesnegative externalities
Economic or Market Based InstrumentsCAC orRegulations Using Markets Creating Markets
InvolvingParticipation
1) Standards 1) Charge Systems –effluent charges;
user charges;product charges;
administrative charges;impact fees
1) Property rights /decentralisation
1) Voluntaryagreements
2) Bans 2) Fiscal Instruments orEnvironmental Taxes –
pollution taxes;input taxes;
aid in installing new technology;subsidies for environmental R&D
2) Tradeable permits /rights
2) Publicparticipation
3) Permits/quotas
3) Financial Instruments –financial subsidies;
soft loans and grants
3) International offsetsystems
3) Informationdisclosure
4) Deposit-refund systems andenvironmental performance bonds
4) Liability insurancelegislation
4) Two-tiermonitoring
Colour Labels used in Colour Labels used in PROPERPROPER
RatinRatingg
Technical RequirementsTechnical Requirements
Gold World Class clean technology
Waste minimization & polln prevention measures
Green > legally required standards for env. Protection
Good maintenance and environmental work
Blue At legally required standard
Red < legally required standards
Black Serious environmental damage – no polln control
Change in firms’ ratings because of PROPER
Rating June 1995
Dec. 1995
Dec. 1996
Change (%)
Gold 0 0 0 0
Green 5 4 5 0
Blue 61 72 94 54%
Red 115 108 87 - 24%
Black 6 3 1 - 83%
Total 187 187 187
Selection of Policy Selection of Policy InstrumentInstrumentNumber of criteria - • Static Cost Efficiency• Dynamic Cost Efficiency • Goal Fulfillment • Administrative Costs• Barrier to Entry• Politics of Implementation
Traffic Management in an intersection
Thank You