CS264: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Justin RileySoftware Tools for Academics and ResearchersOffice of Educational Innovation and Technology

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

What is Cloud Computing Anyway?

Image Credit: http://tomlambert.com/cloud-computing-will-rule-the-world/

“Cloud computing” is a very fuzzy term in general

Often includes everything and the kitchen sink

Three broad categories:

Software as a Service (SaaS)Platform as a Service (PaaS)Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Hardware On Demand

Pay for what you use

Full root access – you control the OS and Software Stack

Ability to scale computing resources up and down

No dealing with racks, networks, power, cooling, housing, etc.

Amazon Web Services

Amazon Simple Storage Solution (S3)

“... a simple web service interface that can be used to store and retrieve any amount of data, at any time, from anywhere on the web”

Read, write, and delete objects containing from 1 byte to 5 terabytes of data each.

Number of objects you can store is unlimited.

Each object stored in a 'bucket' and retrieved via a unique, user-assigned key

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)

Resizable Compute CapacityAs much as you need, when you need it. Scale up or down in minutes.

Complete Control via APICreate, scale, & manage instances programmatically.

Variety of Instance SizesCPU Power, Cores, RAM, Disk.

Wide Variety of Pre-built AMIs (Amazon Machine Images)Hit the ground running with minimal system building effort. Now: Linux, Windows, and OpenSolaris.

Secure & Flexible Network Security ModelFull control of access for each running instance.Keypair required for SSH access.

Amazon EC2 Instance Types

Micro Standard HighMemory

HighCPU

ClusterCompute

Cluster GPU

Micro Small Large Extra Large XL 2 XL 4 XL Medium Extra

Large 4 XL 4XL

Bits 32/64 32 64 64 64 64 64 32 64 64 64

RAM613 MB 1.7 GB 7.5

GB 15 GB 17.1 34.2 68.4 1.7 GB 7 GB 23 22

Disk420 GB 160 GB 850

GB 1690 GB 420 850 GB

1690 GB 350 GB 1690 GB 1690 GB 1690 GB

Virtual Cores 1 1 2 4 2 4 8 2 8 8

2 NVIDIA Tesla

“Fermi” GPUs

EC2 Compute Units

2 (Burst) 1 4 8 6.5 13 26 5 20 33.5 33.5

Firewall Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

On-Demand Pricing

Linux Per Hour $0.02 $0.085 $0.34 $0.68 $0.50 $1.00 $2.00 $0.17 $0.68 1.60 2.10

Windows $0.03 $0.12 $0.48 $0.96 $0.62 $1.24 $2.48 $0.29 $1.16 N/A N/A

“Spot” Instances

Bid for unused AWS capacity

Prices controlled by AWS based on supply and demand

AWS can terminate Spot Instances without notice

Best approach to temporary requests for large numbers of servers

Default maximum = 100 servers (instead of 20 on-demand)

Amazon Machine Images (AMI)

AMIInstance

InstanceInstance

InstanceInstance

Contains an entire operating system and software stack that can be loaded onto one or more virtual machines

Amazon Elastic Block Storage (EBS) Persistent storage

Volume lifetime is independent of any particular EC2 instance.

General purposeRaw, unformatted, block device. Use from Linux, Solaris or Windows.

High performanceEqual to or better than local EC2 drive.

High reliabilityBuilt-in redundancy within availability zone.AFR (Annual Failure Rate) between 0.1% and 1%.

ScalableVolume sizes ranging from 1 GB to 1 TB. Easy to create, attach, back up, restore, and delete volumes.

Amazon Elastic Block Storage Pricing

EBS Volumes

$0.10 per GB-month of provisioned storage

$0.10 per 1 million I/O requests

No charge for mounting/unmounting volume

EBS Snapshots to Amazon S3

$0.14 per GB-month of data stored

$0.01 per 1,000 PUT requests (when saving a snapshot)

$0.01 per 10,000 GET requests (when loading a snapshot)

Amazon EC2 Regions and Availability Zones

EU West Region

Availability Zone A

Availability Zone B

US East Region

Availability Zone A

Availability Zone C

Availability Zone B

US West Region

Availability Zone A

Availability Zone B

Note: Conceptual drawing only. The number of Availability Zones may vary

Singapore

Availability Zone A

Availability Zone B

Notes on Using EBS Volumes

● EBS volumes can only be used with instances in the same availability zone they were created in

● Analogous to a virtual “pen drive”

● Can only attach a volume to one instance at a time.

Amazon Web Services Console

http://aws.amazon.com/console

Web-based management console for all AWS services

Elastic MapReduce

Easily launch Map/Reduce jobs on Amazon EC2

Uses Hadoop

Define Map/Reduce work flows either at command line or from AWS console

Mapper/Reducer code must be stored on S3

Input/output data stored on S3

Introducing StarCluster

Developed at MIT

Under active development

Open source

Web site: http://web.mit.edu/stardev/cluster/

Easy to install and use ($ easy_install starcluster)

Simplifies creation and management of EC2 clusters

Why StarCluster?

EC2 provides raw compute power

There’s work to be done to create a usable cluster:

Software installation

AMI creation

AWS / SSH key management and distribution

Persistent Disk Storage and File Sharing

Configuration management

Higher-level management (cluster vs. instance)

StarCluster FeaturesPrebuilt 32 and 64 bit AMIs

Launch a cluster of EC2 instances:

One command (“starcluster”) to rule them all

Passwordless SSH pre-configured

Security group for SSH access

Shared disk volume (NFS)

Preinstalled libraries (OpenMPI, NumPy, SciPy, etc.)

Easy to install, configure, and use

AWS Region

ClusterClusterCluster

StarCluster Architecture / Terminology

Client

EC2 or Desktop Running Linux

Master Disk

Node001

EC2

NodeN

EC2…

Config File

Master

EC2

Prerequisites

Client computer running Mac/Linux

AWS security credentials:

Access Key ID

Secret Access Key

Public Key (Keypair)

Cluster-aware application (something to run)

Steps

Install StarCluster on client

Configure StarCluster

Start cluster(s)

Use them

Stop cluster(s)

Configure StarCluster

Download your keypair to client

Edit .starcluster/config

Edit .starcluster/config

AWS Credentials

Must match KEYNAME

Name and location of filedownloaded in last slide

Name of EC2 keypair

Additional Configuration Options

Cluster size

AMI for nodes

Node instance type

Master instance type

AMI for master

Start Cluster

<client>: starcluster start mycluster

Start Cluster (Output - 1)

StarCluster - (http://web.mit.edu/starcluster)Software Tools for Academics and Researchers (STAR)Please submit bug reports to starcluster@mit.edu

>>> Using default cluster template: smallcluster>>> Validating cluster template settings...>>> Cluster template settings are valid>>> Starting cluster...>>> Launching a 5-node cluster...>>> Launching master node...>>> Master AMI: ami-d1c42db8>>> Creating security group @sc-jb1...Reservation:r-edb9bd87>>> Launching worker nodes...>>> Node AMI: ami-d1c42db8Reservation:r-e1b9bd8b>>> Waiting for cluster to start...\

Start Cluster (Output - 2)

>>> Waiting for cluster to start...>>> The master node is ec2-50-16-41-160.compute-1.amazonaws.com>>> Setting up the cluster...>>> Using private key /home/ec2-user/keys-jbarr-us-east.pem (rsa)>>> Creating cluster user: sgeadmin>>> Using private key /home/ec2-user/keys-jbarr-us-east.pem (rsa)>>> Using private key /home/ec2-user/keys-jbarr-us-east.pem (rsa)>>> Using private key /home/ec2-user/keys-jbarr-us-east.pem (rsa)>>> Using private key /home/ec2-user/keys-jbarr-us-east.pem (rsa)>>> Configuring scratch space for user: sgeadmin>>> Configuring /etc/hosts on each node>>> Configuring NFS...>>> Configuring passwordless ssh for root>>> Configuring passwordless ssh for user: sgeadmin>>> Generating local RSA ssh keys for user: sgeadmin>>> Installing Sun Grid Engine...>>> Done Configuring Sun Grid Engine>>>

Start Cluster (Output – 3)

The cluster has been started and configured.

Login to the master node as root by running:

$ starcluster sshmaster jb1

or manually as sgeadmin:

$ ssh -i /home/ec2-user/keys-jbarr-us-east.pem \ sgeadmin@ec2-50-16-41-160.compute-1.amazonaws.com

When you are finished using the cluster, run:

$ starcluster stop jb1

to shutdown the cluster and stop paying for service

>>> start took 5.337 mins

Check Cluster Status<client>: starcluster listclustersStarCluster - (http://web.mit.edu/starcluster)Software Tools for Academics and Researchers (STAR)Please submit bug reports to starcluster@mit.edu

-----------------------------jb1 (security group: @sc-jb1)-----------------------------Launch time: 2011-01-14T05:43:44.000ZZone: us-east-1cKeypair: keys-jbarr-us-eastCluster nodes: master running i-3fad6653 ec2-50-16-41-160.compute-1.amazonaws.com node001 running i-3bad6657 ec2-184-73-107-91.compute-1.amazonaws.com node002 running i-35ad6659 ec2-174-129-124-218.compute-1.amazonaws.com node003 running i-37ad665b ec2-50-16-32-211.compute-1.amazonaws.com node004 running i-31ad665d ec2-50-16-31-114.compute-1.amazonaws.com

Access Cluster

SSH to master node as root:

<client>: starcluster sshmaster mycluster

SSH to any given node:

<client>: starcluster sshnode mycluster node001

StarCluster AMIUbuntu-based (8.10, 9.04, 10.04)

Automatically installs/configures:

OpenMPI

Oracle Grid Engine (formerly Sun Grid Engine)

Other pre-installed libraries:

ATLAS

LAPACK

NumPy

SciPy

Using Sun Grid Engine

Run all commands on master, as user sgeadmin:

<client>: starcluster sshmaster mycluster

<master>: su – sgeadmin

Important commands:

qstat – Examine work queue

qsub – Submit work

qhost – List hosts in grid

Sun Grid Engine – Queue and Host Status

Check the queue status using qstat:

Check the host status using qhost:

Sun Grid Engine – Running Scripts

<master-sge>: qsub -V -cwd exercise.sh

Your job 9 ("exercise.sh") has been submitted

The argument “-V” is used to pass the current environment to the job once it's executed.

-#!/bin/bashecho -n "Hello from script running on host "hostnametime find /lib -type f -exec ls -l {} \;echo "Goodbye from script"

Watch Cluster in AWS Console

Other StarCluster Commands

listclusters

listinstances

createimage

createvolume (EBS)

listvolumes

showconsole

Stop Cluster

AWS charges accrue as long as the cluster is running!

Easy to start, easy to stop, so be parsimonious.

To stop the cluster:

<client>: starcluster stop jb1StarCluster - (http://web.mit.edu/starcluster)Software Tools for Academics and Researchers (STAR)Please submit bug reports to starcluster@mit.edu

Shutdown cluster jb1 (y/n)? y>>> Shutting down i-3fad6653>>> Shutting down i-3bad6657>>> Shutting down i-35ad6659>>> Shutting down i-37ad665b>>> Shutting down i-31ad665d>>> Removing cluster security group @sc-jb1<client>:

Stop Cluster – Verify in Console

Creating EBS Volumes (made easy)

$ starcluster createvolume 100 us-east-1a

Automagically handles:

Launching instance in specified zone

Creating and attaching an EBS volume to the instance

Partitioning/formatting the EBS volume

Creating a Custom AMI

Create a custom AMI (image):

Launch instance of AMI

Install and configure desired libraries, tools, apps

$ starcluster createimage i-9c9c9c myimg myimgbucket

StarCluster Plugin System

Specify your own custom install routines

Executed after default cluster setup routines

Plugins currently exist for:

Hadoop (MapReduce), ipcluster (Ipython cluster),MPICH2, and more

Example Code (ubuntu.py):

Example Config:

Discussion / Q&A