HARVARD REFERENCING (AUTHOR AND DATE SYSTEM)

PURPOSE OF REFERENCING

When you are writing a piece of academic work, you will be

researching and reading a lot of work done by others to help you

formulate your ideas and arguments.

You need acknowledge where you found the information not only

because it is fair to give credit to the person whose hard work you are

using, but also to avoid plagiarism.

Components to referencing

There are two components to referencing:

• in-text citations in your paper

• the reference list at the end of your paper.

End Reference Section

The reference section of your work should

include all the information about the source of a statement that you used in your

essay.

ReferencesCohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K. (2011) Research Methods in Education 7th edn. London: Routledge

Pritchard, A. (2009) Ways of learning. Learning Theories and Learning Styles in the Classroom, 2nd edn. Oxon: Routledge

An example:

ReferencesCohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K. (2011) Research Methods in Education 7th edn. London: Routledge

Pears, R. and Shield, G. (2010) Cite it right: the essential referencing guide, 2nd edn. Basingstroke: Palgrave MacMillion

Pritchard, A. (2009) Ways of learning. Learning Theories and Learning Styles in the Classroom, 2nd edn. Oxon: Routledge

Once you have all your

references, you should organize

each source alphabetically by the author.

Organizing your

reference list

Under the Harvard system, the order you present the information for

each of your sources has to be

done in a particular way.

Referencing a book:

For example:

Pears, R. and Shield, G. (2010) Cite it right: the essential referencing guide, 2nd edn. Basingstroke: Palgrave MacMillion

• Author/s /editor’s surname and initials• Year of publication in round brackets• Title in italics or underlined• The edition – if it is not the first edition• Place of publication• Publisher

Authors, Year of publication, Title of

book, Publisher, Place of

publication.

Referencing a book for 2 or

3 authors:

For example:

• Author/s /editor’s surname and initials• Year of publication in round brackets• Title in italics or underlined• Publisher• Place of publication

Sharp, JA, Peters, J & Howard, K 2002, The management of a student research project, Gower, Aldershot, England.

Referencing a book

for 4 or more authors:

It is discretionary as to whether you

list all authors and also whether you use ‘et al.’ or ‘and

others’

For example:

• Author/s /editor’s surname and initials, add ‘et al.’ for four or more authors

• Year of publication in round brackets• Title in italics or underlined• Edition• Place of publication followed by colon• Publisher

Campbell, N. A. et al. (2008) Biology. 8th Ed. London: Pearson.

Referencing an e-book

For example:

Bell, J. (2002) Learning from your research: getting more from your data. Dawsonera [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed 26 April 2012)

Author/s /editor’s surname and initialsYear of publication in round bracketsTitle in italics or underlinedName of the e-book collection The phrase ‘online’ in square bracketsThe words ‘available at’ followed by the URL of the e-bookThe word ‘accessed’ followed by the date you accessed the information in round brackets

Referencing a journal article

For example:

Wakefield, C. and Smith, D. (2001) ‘From strength to strength: a single case study of PETTLEP imaginary frequency’ The sports psychologist September (5) pp. 305-320

Author/s /editor’s surname and initialsYear of publication in round bracketsTitle of article in single quotation marksTitle of journal in italics or underlinedIssue Volume – in Arabic numbersThe page numbers

Referencing an online journal

article

For example:

McAleese, R. (1998) ‘The knowledge arena as an extension to the concept map: Reflection in action’ Interactive learning environments 6 (3) pp.225 -272 EBSCO Electronic Journals Service [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)

Author’s surname and initialsYear of publication in round bracketsTitle of article in single quotation marksTitle of journal in italics or underlinedIssue Volume – in Arabic numbersThe page numbersThe name of the collection in italics or underlinedThe phrase ‘Online’ in square bracketsThe words ‘Available at’ followed by the URL of the online journal articleThe word ‘ Accessed’ followed by the date you accessed the information in round brackets

Referencing an online

newspaper

For example:

Randerson, J. (2008) Researchers find fish that can count up to four. The Guardian. [Online] 26th February. p.14. Available from: http://theguardian.co.uk. [Accessed: 22nd May 2012].

Author’s surname and initialsYear of publication in round bracketsTitle of article in italicsTitle of the newspaper in italicsOnline in square bracketsDay and month of the articlePage numberAvailable from the name of the websiteThe word ‘accessed’ followed by the date you accessed the information in round brackets

Referencing a website

For example:

Palgrave MacMillan (2001) Skills for study Available at: URL (Accessed: 26 April 2012)

Author/ Publishing organisationThe year the site was published or last updated in round bracketsTitle of the internet site in italics or underlinedThe words ‘Available at’ followed by the URL of the webpageThe word ‘Accessed’ followed by the date you accessed the information

Referencingphotographs, images,

tables, diagrams, graphs, figures or illustrations

For example:

The full reference should direct the reader to the source (eg the book or website) from which the item was taken.

The citation would normally be given after the title of the

figure, table, diagram, etc

Figure 1, A four pointed star (Jones, 2008, p.54).

figure

Referencingphotographs, images,

tables, diagrams, graphs, figures or illustrations

For example:

If the source of the data is not the author's own, but obtained

from another source, it becomes a secondary

reference and needs to be cited as such.

(Increase in population in United Nations, 1975, cited in Smith, 2005, p.33)

figure

Referencingphotographs, images,

tables, diagrams, graphs, figures or illustrations

For example:

If you use a table/graph, etc. from a source and then adapt it to use in your own assignment,

you must make that clear in your reference.

Figure 1, Title, based on Smith, 2005, p.22.

figure

ReferencingFilms /DVD/VHS

For example:Chicken Run. (2000) Animated Film. Directed by Peter Lord and Nick Park. [VHS] UK: Pathe Distribution.

Title in italicsYear of distributionMaterial typeDirected byPlace of distributionDistribution company

Requiem for a Dream. (2000) Film. Directed by Darren Aronofsky. [DVD] UK: Momentum Pictures.

Title in italicsYear of distributionMaterial typeDirected byPlace of distribution.Distribution company

ReferencingCorporate

authors groups, committees, companies

For example:

GREAT BRITAIN. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY. (1977) Tidal Power Barrages in the Severn Trent Estuary: Recent Evidence on their Feasibility. London: H. M.S. O. (Energy Papers 23)

Title in capital lettersYear of distributionTitle of publication in italicsPlace of publicationPublisherReport number

Referencing chapters in

edited books

For example:

Marshall, W. A. (1975) The Child as a Mirror of his Brain’s Development. In SANTS, J. & BUTCHER, H. J. (eds.). Development Psychology. Aylesbury, Bucks: Hazell Watson & Viney Ltd.

Author’s surnames and initialsYear of publicationTitle of the chapter in italicsInitials of author in capital and edited booksBook titlePlace of publicationPublisher

Referencing a website

For example:

BBC NEWS. (2008) Factory gloom worst since 1980. [Online] Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7681569.stm. [Accessed: 19th June 2012].

Initials of website in capitals and italicsYear in brackets in italicsTitle of the website in italicsOnline in square brackets in italicsAvailable from in italicsDate of accessing in square brackets in italics

Referencing a television program

For example:

Yes, Prime Minister. (1986). Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast, BBC2, Interview. In: Panorama, [3 Mar. 2200 hrs.]

Title of the program in ItalicsYear in round bracketsEpisode in seriesNetworkBroadcasterDate and time in square brackets

The work of one author referred to by another

author

For example:

figureYou should always try to track down the original work, but if this is not

possible and you intent to cite the ideas of one author that you have found in the work of another, your in-text citation must include

the author of the ideas you are using, the source in

which you found them, and the page number.

It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones, 1998, cited in Carol, 2001, p.9).

In your reference list or bibliography, you should only give the details of the source in which you found the ideas. In the above example, you would include the work by Carol, 2001.

What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography?

A reference list is a list of all the information sources that you have cited in your text.

A bibliography is a list of items that you have read, and has

informed your thinking, but not specifically cited in your

assignment.

NUMERIC REFERENCING

Numeric Referencing

• Numeric style and is mainly used by some engineering students.

• You should only use one style consistently all over your work.

• A good practice in keeping track of your research is to make a list of references you consulted when you BEGIN your research process.

Listing numeric references at the end of your work:

The list of numbers are arranged in numerical order at the end of your work in the order they appeared in the text. Never cite a source based on an abstract or you have not seen in full. You should always try to track down the original source.

The most popular numeric referencing is the Vancouver numeric referencing.

Vancouver Numeric Referencing

In the Vancouver Style, a number is assigned to each reference as it is used. Even if the author is named in your text, a number must still be used. The original number assigned to the reference is used each time that reference is cited in the text. The first reference you cite will be numbered 1 in the text, and the second reference you cite will be numbered 2, and so on.

References are listed in numerical order in a bibliography at the end of your report. The references in the bibliography must follow a set format

Vancouver referencing for one author of a

book

For example:

Butler S.W. Secrets from the Black Bag. London: The Royal College of General Practitioners; 2005.

Initials of the author and the surnameTitle of the book in italicsPlace of publicationName of the publisherYear of publication

Vancouver referencing for

two to six authors of

books

For example:

Cheers B, Darracott R, Lonne B. Social care practice in rural communities. Sydney: The Federation Press; 2007.

Initials of the author(s) and the surname(s)Title of the book in italicsPlace of publicationName of the publisherYear of publication

Vancouver referencing for

six or more authors of

books

For example:

Hofmeyr GJ, Neilson JP, Alfirevic Z, Crowther CA, Gulmezoglu AM, Hodnett ED et al. A Cochrane pocketbook: Pregnancy and childbirth. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2008.

Initials of the author(s) and the surname(s) add et al for six or more authors.Title of the book in italicsPlace of publicationName of the publisherYear of publication

Vancouver referencing for

electronic books

For example:Bartlett A. Breastwork: Rethinking breastfeeding [monograph online]. Sydney, NSW: University of New South Wales Press; 2005 [cited 2009 Nov 10]. Available from: NetLibrary

Initials of the author and the surnameTitle of the book in italicsType of medium fieldPlace of publicationName of the publisherYear of publicationDate accessedName of database

Vancouver referencing for

chapter in a book

For example:

Speroff L, Fritz MA. Clinical gynaecologic endocrinology and infertility. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2005. Chapter 29, p.1103-33

Initials of the author(s) and the surname(s)Title of the book in italicsEditionPlace of publicationName of the publisherYear of publicationChapter name, page number

Vancouver referencing for chapter in an edited book

For example:

Rowlands TE, Haine LS. Acute limb ischaemia. In: Donnelly R, London NJM, 2nd ed. West Sussex. Blackwell Publishing; 2009

Initials of the author(s) and the surname(s)Title of the book in italicsAbout the bookEditionPlace of publicationName of publisherYear of publication

Vancouver referencing for

Newspapers and Articles

For example:

Purdon F. Colder babies at risk of SIDS. The Courier Mail 2010 Mar 8:9

Initials of the authorand the surnameTitle of the article in italicsTitle of the newspaperYear and month of publicationVolume

Vancouver referencing for Journal Articles

For example:

Snowdon J. Severe depression in old age. Medicine Today. 2002 Dec;3(12):40-47.

Initials of the author and the surnameTitle of the book in italicsTitle of the JournalYear of publicationDate of publicationVolume numberPage number

Vancouver referencing for

Reports and Government Publications

For example:

Page E, Harney JM. Health hazard evaluation report. Cincinnati (OH): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US); 2001 Feb. 24 p. Report No.:HETA2000-0139-2824

Initials of the author(s) and the surname(s)Title of the report in italicsPublisherPlace of publicationYear and month of publicationPages and report number

Vancouver referencing for Video or DVD

For example:

Robinson J . Examination of the term neonate: A family centred approach [DVD].South Hurstville, NSW: Midwifery Educational Services; 2005. 1 DVD: 37 min., sound, colour, 4 ¾ in.Computer ProgramProgrammer

Author/producerTitle of the video/DVD in italicsPlace of publicationName of the publisherYear of publicationPhysical description

Vancouver referencing for Television or

Radio Program

For example:

Morgan L.P; The medical profession in the 1990’s television broadcast]. The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour. New York, Washington D.C.: Public Broadcasting Service; 1993 Oct 11

Initials of the author and the surnameTitle of the program in italicsTitle of the seriesPlace of publicationName of the distributerYear and date of publication

THE END