Harvard Referencing BerjayaUCH

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A Quick Guide to Referenci

Robert Harris designed this simple fl

(Source: Harris, 2001, p.155 & 158)

HARVA

What is referencing?When you write an assignment at authors. Each time you do so, it is

both in the text of your assignmen

This practice of acknowledging au

sources you are plagiarising. Thi

against you by the University.

When to reference?References must be provided whe

organisation of material. You need

computers, other print or electron

A reference is required if you:

quote (use someone else’s exa

copy (use figures, tables or str

paraphrase (convert someone

summarise (use a brief accoun

ng

owchart to assist students to cite their research

D REFERENCING

niversity, you are required to refer to the work ecessary to identify their work by making refer

and in a list at the end of your assignment.

hors is known as referencing. If you do not refe

s is academic deceit and disciplinary action may

never you use someone else’s opinions, theories,

to reference information from books, articles, vi

ic sources, and personal communications.

t words)

cture)

else’s ideas into your own words)

t of someone else’s ideas).

1

roperly.

f othernce to it—

ence your

e taken

data or

eos,



General Principles of thThe Harvard System requires two

references at the end of your wo

1. Within the Text—In-tex

The Harvard referencing syste

a source within the text of you

• the name of the author or

• the year of publication

• the page number (when th

when directly quoted)

2. At the End of the Text—

At the end of your text, you marticles and other sources of i

3. Other features include:

a specific order in which t which should be placed (ciflow of your writing—this

sentences (see ways of citi

When you cite sources of i

whether you quote, copy,

o the author’s surname (

o the year of publication

o page numbers when diwords/material

o correct punctuation an

e Harvard System

parts: you should have both in-text referen

k.

Citations

m requires you to include three pieces of inf

r work. This information is:

uthors

information/idea can be located on a partic

ist of References

st include a List of References, a list of all thformation you have used to research your a

is information should be structured the in-tet ed) in such a way that it causes minimal disrusually means at the very end or the very be

g below).

formation in the text of your assignment—r

araphrase or summarise—you should inclufamily name)(latest edition)

rectly quoting or closely paraphrasing an au

d spacing

2

ces and a list of

rmation about

lar page, or

e books, journalsignment.

xt referenceuption to theinning of your

gardless of

e:

hor’s



In-Text Citations

How to Cite In-text Citations may be placed at the end of

The theory was first developed by

1. Author prominent

This way of referencing in youintegrate the author’s surname

sentence, followed by the yearpublication and page number, i

parentheses (round brackets):

ExampleChon and Sparrowe (2000, p. 1that an advantage of chain own

‘the strong national brand iden

2. Information prominent

The other way of citing referenprominence to the information

the required referencing detailparentheses at the end of the ci

Example

It has been stated that ‘the stro

brand identity’ is one of the adchain ownership (Chon and Sp

2000).

a sentence (before the concluding punctuation) i

Fayol (Robbins, 2005)…

To cite a direct quotat Write the text word for wquotation marks at the be

of the quotation. The auth

number must be included

To cite a paraphrase o

summary of an autho

ideasRestate the original word

own words. The author, d

number(s) must be inclu

To reference the over

work You do not need to includ

because it is the entire w

referring to:

t ext is tointo your

of n

23) stateership is

tity’.

ces giveswith all

intation.

ng national

antages of rrowe,

Employees’ range of skihospitality is influenced

consideration (Baum 20

“Geographical impact otourism, hospitality and

(Baum 2006, p. 5).

Larsen and Greene (19

effects of pollution in t

cities...

3

n brackets:

ionord and placeginning and end

or, date and page

.

r a short

’s words or

/ idea in your

ate and page

ed.

ll content of a

page numbers

rk you are

ls inby geographic

06, p.5)

the nature of leisure…”

9) studied the

hree major



Acronyms and initials Acronyms are initial letters pro

appear both in-text and in the re

If a work contains numerous ref

Royal Society for the Prevention

The first citation in-text must inc

the acronym and initials will suff

Example

The Royal Society for the P

removing injured animals

In the reference list, both t

example:

Royal Society for the Preveremoval of animals at risk ,

Page numbersPage numbers should be used wh

publication.

This includes tables or figures. Pa

paraphrasing where the summari

The following examples illustrate

One page referred to

Pages that are not in sequence

Pages that are in sequence

Pages from a web site

ounced as a word. Examples are MAS, TNB etc. T

erence list.

rences to a particular resource with a long title, f

of Cruelty to Animals, the initials may be used, R

lude both the full title and the acronym or initial

ce. Write these without full stops.

revention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) has a po

RSPCA 1999).

e long title and the acronym or initials must be i

ntion of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) 1999, Policy

uthor, Brisbane.

n you directly quote material (word for word) fr

e numbers should also be provided for indirect

ed material appears in specific pages, chapters o

the use of page numbers:

Wells 1992, p. 4

Smith 1996, pp. 1, 4 & 6

Jones & Mackay 1998, pp. 25–26

Kelly & McWhirter 1997, p. 1 of 2

4

hese must

or example,

SPCA.

, and thereafter

licy on

cluded, for

statement on

om the original

uotes and

r sections.



List of References

The List of References in the Harvand other sources you have referr

Key Points to Note

A list of references should be l

If bibliographic information e

hanging indent.

The title of a book should be icapitalise the first word of a ti

Difference between a re The reference list only identifies

You may also be required to prov

A bibliography is presented in thmaterial consulted in the prepara

In other words, a bibliog

reference list but it also i

consulted but did not cit

ard system is a single list of all the books, joued to throughout your assignment.

aid out alphabetically by author surname.

ceeds one line of text, then the following line

italics. Minimal capitalisation is recommenle’s heading/subheading and any proper no

erence list and a bibliography

ources referred to (cited) in the text of your assi

ide a bibliography.

same format as a reference list but it includes altion of your assignment.

aphy presents the same items as a

ncludes all other sources which you

.

5

rnal articles

s should have a

ed (e.g. onlyns).

nment.

l

ead or



Citing /Referencing Differe

1. Elements for referencing a

For a book , the following elemen

order:

surname and initials of autho year of publication

title of book (in italics) in min

the edition, for example, 4th e

publisher

place of publication.

In the text

A page number is required if yparaphrasing, summarising or

directly:

(Williams 2006, p.23)

DuBrin (2006, p. 12) sugge

If you are only citing the main i

book:(Williams 2007)

Author’s surname

and initials Year of publicati

Tanke, ML 2006, Human resourc

Title of boo

nt Sources

ook ts should be presented in this

(s)

imal capitalisation

n, if not the original publication

Only the fibooks, cha

is capitalis Authors’ n

titles andalways ca

If the titlechapter cocapitalise i

colon is a

Baum, T 2manag

hospit

Thoms

u arequoting

sts that ...

dea of the

In the List of References

Williams, C 2006, Effective man

Thomson Southwestern

DuBrin, AJ 2006, Essentials of m

edn, Thomson Southw

n

Title of book in minimal

capitalization Publis

s management for hospitality, 2nd edn, Cengage L

in italicsCommas between elements

except author(s) and date Full sto

6

rst word in the titles of pters and journal articles

ed.

ames and initials, journal

ublishing firm names arepitalised.

of the article, book orntains a colon, onlyf the first word after the

roper name. For example:

06, Human resource

ement for tourism,

lity and leisure,

on, Australia.

gement 3rd edn,

, Australia.

anagement , 7th

stern, Australia.

her

arning.

at the end



2. Elements for referencing a j

For a journal article, the followi

presented in this order: surname and initials of autho

year of publication

title of article in single quotat title of journal or periodical i

capitalisation

volume number where applic

issue number or other identifi

example, Winter

page number(s).

In the text

If the page number is required

summarise, paraphrase or dire

(Dunn & Wilkinson 2002, p

If you are citing the main idea

only:

(Dunn & Wilkinson 2002)

Author’s surname

and initials Year of publicatio

Dunn, C & Wilkinson, A 2002, ‘Wi

vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 228-246.

Volume and issue

number in lower

casePage numbers

urnal articleg elements should be

(s)

ion marksitalics and maximal

ble

r where applicable, for

In the List of References Dunn, C & Wilkinson, A 2002, ‘W

here: managing absence’, Pe

vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 228-246.

(when you

ctly quote):

. 231)

f the article

For titles of pemagazines an

the first wordwhich is not ‘t (such as ‘for’, ‘

conjunction (s

Dunn, C & Wil

were her

Personne

228-246.

n

Title of article in

minimal capitalization

and in single quotation

marks

Italics and ma

capitalization

journal title

h you were here: managing absence’, Personnel

Full stop at the end

7

ish you were

rsonnel Review,

riodicals (journals,newspapers), capitalise

and also any other worde’, ‘a’, ‘an’, a preposition

on’, ‘under’, ‘about’) or a

ch as ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘or’).

inson, A 2002, ‘Wish you

: managing absence’,

Review, vol. 31, no. 2, pp.

ximal

for

eview,



3. Other Sources

To cite an article from a book coll

A book collection consists of a colle

articles or chapters, each by differebut compiled by editor(s).

If you want to cite a particular artic

cite the author(s) of the article in th

(Curthoys 1997, p. 25)

To cite a book collection

If you want to cite the entire book, reditors(s) of the collection in the te

(Hudson & Bolton 1997)

To cite a quotation or idea from a

You must acknowledge both source

text:

Graham Gibbs, in his 1981 study int

learning wrote that “because studeof their tutor’s mastery of the subjeis quite common for them to assum

reader has no needs at all” (Gibbs 1cited in Bowden & Marton 1998, p.

To refer to more than one work

Separate the references either with

or the word and

(Entwistle 1977; Haddon 1969) or :

Entwistle (1977) and Haddon (196demonstrated ...

ection

tion of

t authors,

e/chapter,

e text:

In the List of References

When you use an article or chapt collection, the title of the article

quotations. The title of the book i

example:

Curthoys, A 1997, ‘History and id

Hudson & G Bolton (eds), Cr

ustralia: changing Australi

& Unwin, Sydney, pp. 23-38.

efer to thet:

To cite the entire book:Hudson, W & Bolton, G (eds) 199

ustralia: changing Australi

& Unwin, Sydney.

n author who attributes it to another source

s in your

o student

ts are awaret matter, it that their

81, p. 39,5).

In the List of References, recor

you actually sourced:

Bowden, J & Marton, F 1998, The

learning, Kogan Page, Londo

a semicolon

) both

Each source will require a separ

List of References.

8

er from a book ppears in

s italicised. For

entity’, in W

ating

n history , Allen

7, Creating

n history , Allen

the book that

university of

n.

te entry in the



To cite more than one author

Include both names in the order in

appear on the title page:

(Gerster & Basset 1987) or:

Gerster and Basset (1987) assert th

To cite more than three authors

Use the surname of the first author

(‘and others’) in the text:

Leeder et al. (1996, p. 78) argued ...

or

(Leeder et al. 1996)

To cite on-line or electronic jour

Journal article from a website

‘Many teachers who work in "wiredcomplaining that new technologies

1998, p.2)or

McKenzie (1998) suggests that newhave made plagiarism easier.

Journal article from a database

Dunn and Wilkinson (2002) state t payment of sick leave to employees

or

Dunn and Wilkinson (2002, p.230)‘….’

To cite from newspapers and ma

In the text

If there is no author, list the name o

newspaper, the date, year and page

(The Star 12 December 2007, p. 8)

hich they

at ...

In the List of References:

Gerster, R & Bassett, J 1991, Seiz

sixties and Australia, Hyland

Melbourne.

and et al. In the List of References:

Leeder, SR, Dobson, AJ, Gibbers,

Mathews, PS, Williams, DW

1996, The Australian film in

Dominion Press, Adelaide.

Don’t use et al. in the list of refer

authors in the order in which the

title page

als

schools" are…’(McKenzie

technologies

McKenzie, J 1998, ‘The new plaantidotes to prevent highw

electronic age’, The Educati

Journal , vol. 7, no. 8, viewe

http://www.fno.org/may9

at direct ….

tated that

Dunn, C & Wilkinson, A 2002, ‘W

here: managing absence’, Pe

vol.31 no.2, pp. 228-246, (oEmeraldInsight).

azines

f the

number:

List of References

An unattributed newspaper artic

‘Political parties gearing up for n

The Star , 12 December, 2007,p. 2

9

res of youth: the

House,

W, Patel, NK,

& Mariot, DL

ustry ,

nces. List all

y appear on the

iarism: sevenay robbery in an

onal Technology

3 May 2006,

/cov98may.html

ish you were

rsonnel Review ,

line

e:

tional elections’,

1.



If there is an author, cite as you wo

journal article:

(Nadeson 2007, p. 3)

To quote from a privately obtain

Include the abbreviation ‘pers. com

in-text reference:

(B Daly 1994, pers. comm., 7 Aug.)

Note that the initial(s) precede th

No date can be established or est

The new programme is aimed at facstudent performance … (Umar n.d.)

or

Umar (n.d., p. 7) found that ‘…’

In a draft policy release, the Malaysi

government (c. 2001) suggests that or

‘Rural tourism in Malaysia has long

neglected …’ (Tourism Malaysia c.2

Documents on the internet (worl

Indicate page numbers by using, for

To see the page numbers, click on F

When referencing documents fromdocument , viewed date, URL

ld for a A newspaper article with a name

Nadeson, A 2007, ‘National meeti

component parties’ performDecember, p. 3.

d interview or other personal communicatio

.’ in your

surname.

Details of a personal communica

usually need to be included in th

References as it cannot be traced

Check with your tutor or lecture

preferences. Before using person

communications, ensure you hav

of the person with whom you co

blished approximately

ilitating.

an

…

been a

01, p. 1).

Umar, K n.d., Study Skills PrograInternational College, USA.

Tourism Malaysia c. 2001, Draft

tourism in Malaysia.

wide web)

example, p. 1 of 2 in in-text referencing.

ile then Print Preview while in Internet Explor

he WWW, always apply this principle: Author a

10

d author:

ng set to review

nce’, The Star,

ion do not

List of

by the reader.

for their

al

e the permission

municated.

, ACI

olicy for rural

er.

d date, name of



Arranging the reference lis

1. The reference list is arranged in

(Do not use numbers, letters or b

2. Any reference that starts with alisted numerically.

3. Where there is more than one au

appear on the title page of the pu

page.

4. If a reference has no author, list i

Tourism Malaysia.

5. If there is no author or sponsori

the resource must appear, but w

the beginning of the reference’s t

according to the ‘A’ in ‘Australian

6. If there are two or more referencwith the oldest work first.

7. If references by the same author

alphabetically according to the ti

date, and so on, (e.g. 1993a, 1993

Formatting the reference li 1. The title should be References a

bold

left aligned in the same font size as the d

Note: headings are neither underline

2. The references contained in the l

be in single line spacing have a blank single line spac

be left aligned be arranged alphabetically

be the final page of your assi

t

lphabetical order according to the author’s famil

ullet points to begin each entry.)

umber (e.g. 7:30 Report) precedes the alphabeti

t hor of a publication, maintain the order of their

blication, even if they are not in alphabetical ord

alphabetically according to the sponsoring bod

g body, list alphabetically according to the title.

en listing alphabetically, ignore words such as, ‘

itle. For example, ‘The Australian child’ should b

’.

es by the same author, then list them in order of

have been published in the same year, then list t

le and add the letter ‘a’ after the first date, and ‘b

b, 1993c).

st

d it should be:

cument (usually 12 pt).

nor punctuated.

st should:

between each reference (Use paragraph spacing

gnment. (Appendices are placed after the refere

11

y name.

al listing and is

ames as they

r on the title

, for example,

he whole title of

he’, ‘A’, ‘An’ at

alphabetised

ublication date

em

’ after the second

of 12 pt)

ce list.)



References

Commonwealth of Australia 2002, St

Snooks & Co., John Wiley &

Harris, R 2001, The plagiarism hand plagiarism, Pyrczak, Los Ang

le manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th e

Sons Australia, Brisbane.

ook: strategies for preventing, detecting and deaeles.

12

dn, rev.by

ing with

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