€¦ · HARYANA AGRONOMISTS ASSOCIATION (Regn. No. 447/84-85) (All members of Executive Council...

HARYANA AGRONOMISTS ASSOCIATION(Regn. No. 447/84-85)

(All members of Executive Council are members of Editorial Board)Haryana Journal of Agronomy is the official publication of Haryana Agronomists Association and is publishedhalf yearly, i. e. in June and December. This periodical publishes original research and methodology in Agronomy andallied fields. The contribution in the Journal is open to all interested persons.

MEMBERSHIP AND JOURNAL SUBSCRIPTION

Individuals Rs. 500 (India) and US $ 50 (Foreign)Libraries & Institutions Rs. 2000 (India) and US $ 150 (Foreign)Donor membership for Institutions and Individuals Rs. 10000 (India) and US $ 1000 (Foreign)Life membership for Individuals Rs. 5000 (India) and US $ 200 (Foreign)

ADVERTISEMENT RATES

Black and white ColouredInner Half Page Rs. 1500 Rs. 4000Inner Full Page Rs. 3000 Rs. 8000Back Cover Page Rs. 4000 Rs. 10000

(Advt. material may be provided on a CD for better printing of logo, etc.)

All remittances should be made by Cash or M. O. or Bank Drafts to the Treasurer, Haryana Agronomists Associa-tion, Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004, India. Back volumesare available at 50% discount.

All correspondence and enquiries may please be addressed to the Treasurer, Haryana AgronomistsAssociation, Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004, India.e-mail : [email protected]

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

President Dr. R. K. Pannu Secretary Dr. Parvender SheoranEx-President Dr. A. S. Dhindwal Joint Secretary Dr. P. K. RohillaVice-President Dr. Jagdev Singh Treasurer Dr. Anil Kumar Dhaka

COUNCILLORS

Andhra Pradesh Dr. S. Mohammad Assam Dr. Latu SaikiaBihar Dr. Rajbir Sharma Delhi Dr. T. K. DasGujarat Dr. A. M. Patel Haryana Dr. Attar SinghHimachal Pradesh Dr. Naveen Kumar J & K Dr. B. C. SharmaJharkhand Dr. V. C. Srivastava Karnataka Dr. S. L. PatilMadhya Pradesh Dr. R. S. Sharma Maharashtra Dr. N. D. ParlawarOrissa Dr. P. K. Roul Punjab Dr. Virender SardanaRajasthan Dr. O. P. Gill Tamil Nadu Dr. R. M. KathiresanUttrakhand Dr. O. P. S. Khola Uttar Pradesh Dr. R. K. SinghUttar Pradesh Dr. Manoj Singh West Bengal Dr. M. Ghosh

Editorial Board(Editor-in-Chief : Dr. Samunder Singh)

EditorsDr. K. S. Grewal, Hisar Dr. K. D. Sharma, Hisar Dr. Samar Singh, KarnalDr. B. S. Chauhan, Australia Dr. Vinod Shivrain, USA Dr. V. S. Hooda, Hisar

Vol. 30 July-December 2014 No. 2

HARYANA JOURNAL OF AGRONOMYVolume 30 July-December 2014 No. 2

CONTENTS

...109-113

...114-118

...119-124

...125-128

...129-137

...138-145

...146-150

...151-156

...157-161

...162-165

...166-169

...170-172

...173-175

Published by Dr. Parvender Sheoran, Secretary, Haryana Agronomists Association (HAA), Department ofAgronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. Editor-in-Chief : Dr. Samunder Singh. Printed atSystematic Printers, Udaipurian Street, Near Video Market, Hisar, Ph.: (O) 01662-230467 (M) 92551-31387(15 April, 2015)

Evaluation of clodinafop-propargyl 15%WP (Willowood), a new brand of clodinafop, against weeds inwheat–V. S. Hooda, Samunder Singh, Rakesh Kumar, Dev Raj and Meena Sewhag

Performance of wheat genotypes under restricted irrigation conditions–Bhagat Singh, A. K. Dhaka, Vikram Singh and R. K. Pannu

Effect of irrigation and nitrogen levels on growth and yield of late sown wheat–Mukesh and R. K. Pannu

Biomass partitioning and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) genotypes under soil moisture stress–K. D. Sharma, A. Kumar, Karmal Singh and Krishan Kumar

Yield performance and economics of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) intercropped in seed crop ofdhaincha (Sesbania aculeata)

–A. K. Dhaka, Satish Kumar, R. K. Pannu, Ramprakash, Bhagat Singh and Karmal Singh

Genetic variability and performance of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br.] composites for yieldand quality attributes–R. Kumar, Dev Vart, L. K. Chugh, Y. Kumar, S. Harish, V. Malik, K. Raj, M. S. Dalal andPankaj Garg

Energy assessment of seeding devices in rainfed pearl millet–Sundeep Kumar, M. S. Sidhpuria, B. S. Jhorar, P. S. Sangwan, S. B. Mittal and AshwaniKumar

Biochemical evaluation of cotton leaves affected by red leaf disease–Jayanti Tokas and Omender Sangwan

Floristic composition of weeds in ratoon crop of sugarcane in Haryana–S. S. Punia, Dharambir Yadav, Rajbir Garg and Yash Pal Malik

Management of sugarcane smut (Ustilago scitaminea Sydow) with fungicidal treatment of setts–Rakesh Sangwan, Tarun Verma and Narender Singh

Performance of maize hybrids under different sowing time in Eastern U. P.–M. V. Singh, Bhagwan Singh and Neeraj Kumar

Studies on nutrient management for jute-rice cropping system in Eastern U. P.–M. V. Singh, Ved Prakash and Bhagwan Singh

Economic study of different rice establishment methods in rice-wheat cropping system–Shweta and Manu Malik

Shoot and root growth of wheat succeeding mungbean and sorghum in relation to planting methods andirrigation scheduling–Suresh Kumar, A. S. Dhindwal, Parveen Kumar and Meena Sehwag

Weed management in summer mung bean [(Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek.)] using dinitroaniline andimidazolinone herbicides–Samunder Singh, A. K. Dhaka and V. S. Hooda

Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and FYM on yield and nutrients uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–B. S. Duhan

Comparative performance of some promising entries of single cut oat (Avena sativa L.) under differentnitrogen levels–L. K. Midha and B. S. Duhan

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on nutrients uptake by oat (Avena sativa L.)–Preeti Malik, B. S Duhan and L. K. Midha

Yield, quality and nutrients uptake influenced by phosphorus and FYM in Indian mustard (Brassicajuncea L.)–Yeshpal Singh, B. S. Duhan and N. L. Sharma

In situ moisture conservation techniques for sustainable pearl millet production under sub-optimalconditions–Anil Kumar, Dev Vart Yadav and Chetak Bishnoi

Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield and nutrients uptake by pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.)–B. S. Duhan

...176-183

...184-191

...192-195

...196-199

...200-203

...204-210

...211-213

...214-216

Cover Photos

Top Row; Left, Mung bean Cv. MH 565, Weedy check with grassy weeds dominance (L) and Handweeding twice (R), 70 DAS; Middle, Imazethapyr 80 g/ha PPI fb HW 45 DAS; Right, Imazethapyr 100 g/haPRE, 70 DAS; Middle Row, Cv. MH 318, Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha PRE (L) and Weedy check with Trianthemaportulacastrum dominance (R) 50 DAS; Right, Cv. MH 421, Weed free, 70 DAS (Main photo); Bottom Row,Cv. MH 421, HW 45 DAS (L) and Trifluralin 0.8 kg/ha PPI (R), 70 DAS. For more details read article on page184-191. All photos courtesy Dr. Samunder Singh, Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana AgriculturalUniversity, Hisar-125 004, India.

Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 109-113 (2014)

Evaluation of clodinafop-propargyl 15%WP (Willowood), a new brand ofclodinafop, against weeds in wheat

V. S. HOODA*, SAMUNDER SINGH, RAKESH KUMAR1, DEV RAJ2 AND MEENA SEWHAGDepartment of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), India

*(e-mail : [email protected])

Received on: 11.09.2014; Accepted on: 25.12.2014

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2013-14 to evaluate a new brand ofclodinafop-propargyl 15%WP (Willowood) against grassy weeds in wheat. Clodinafop 15WP (Willowood)at 60, 90 & 120 g/ha provided 76 to 100% control of grassy weeds (Phalaris minor and Avena ludoviciana)and was comparable to Topik brand of clodinafop (Syngenta) used at 60 g/ha; however, lower dose ofclodinafop 15WP (Willowood) 30 g/ha was not effective in controlling the grassy weeds. Higher dosesof clodinafop 15WP (Willowood) i.e. 90 & 120 g/ha did not cause any phytotoxic effect in terms ofyellowing, stunting and necrosis on wheat plants. Wheat yield and yield attributes were at par among thetreatments of clodinafop (Willowood) at 60, 90 & 120 g/ha with Topik brand of clodinafop used at 60 g/ha. No significant decrease or increase was observed in microbial populations i.e. fungal, bacterial andactinomycetes. Also due to various treatments, no significant decrease or increase was observed onphysico-chemical properties of soil viz. soil pH, EC, OC, NPK status and no residual toxicity onsucceeding crop of mung bean crop.

Key words : Wheat herbicides, grassy weeds, soil microbes, weed control efficacy, residual toxicity

1Deptt. of Microbiology, 2Deptt. of Soil Sciences.

INTRODUCTION

Wheat is an important crop of Haryana grownin about 2.2 m ha area in the state. It is grown underrice–wheat, cotton–wheat, pearl millet-wheat and clusterbean/mung bean–wheat crop sequences in differentregions of the state. Weed infestation is one of the majorconstraints in sustainable wheat production. The lossescaused by weeds vary depending on the weed species,their density, environmental factors, farm practices,cropping systems etc. Phalaris minor and Avenaludoviciana are the two most problematic grassy weedsresponsible for reducing productivity of wheat. Earlydetection of these two weeds from wheat is very tedious,though, herbicides are efficient in their selective kill. P.minor evolved resistance against isoproturon herbicidein early 90’s (Malik and Singh, 1995) and its efficacyagainst A. ludoviciana is poor if applied at 30-35 DAS(Singh et al., 1995). So, alternate herbicides viz.clodinafop, sulfosulfuron, fenoxaprop wererecommended for the control of resistant P. minor andother grassy weeds (Chhokar and Malik, 2002). In the

present experiment, a new brand of clodinafop wasevaluated against grassy weeds in wheat and comparedwith Topik brand of clodinafop already recommendedfor Haryana state.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To evaluate the bio-efficacy and phytotoxicityof herbicide clodinafop–propargyl 15%WP (WillowoodChemicals Pvt. Ltd.) against grassy weeds in wheat, afield experiment consisting of different treatments (Table1) was conducted using three replications arranged in arandomized block design at CCS HAU, Hisar duringrabi 2013-2014. Soil of the experimental field was sandyloam in texture, low in available N, medium in P2O5 andhigh in available K2O, with slightly alkaline in reaction.Wheat variety HD 2967 was planted on 10th December,2013 using a seed rate of 125 kg/ha keeping row-rowdistance of 18 cm, in a plot size of 8.5 m x 3 m. All theherbicidal treatments were applied at 40 DAS with thehelp of knap sack sprayer fitted with flat fan nozzle usinga spray volume of 500 l/ha.

Weed population and their dry weight wererecorded periodically (Table 1). The dry weight of weedswas recorded for the counted weeds from each plots,sun dried and then kept them in an oven at 700 C till

constant weight was achieved. Based on dry weight ofgrassy weeds (P. minor and A. ludoviciana), weed controlefficiency (WCE) was calculated by the followingformula :

Dry wt. of grassy weeds in untreated plot - Dry wt. of grassy weeds in treated plotWCE (%)=_______________________________________________________________________x 100

Dry wt. of grassy weeds in untreated plot

Observations were recorded for crop injuryand percent weeds control on 0-100 scale (0=no effectand 100=complete mortality). The field was infestedwith natural population of P. minor, A. ludovicianaand few other broad leaf weeds. Yield parameters andcrop yield was recorded at harvest. For microbial andsoil physico-chemical studies, the soil samples weretaken at crop harvest from root zone (0-15 cm) fromthree places in each plot to make a composite sampleafter mixing them well and then a representativesample of 500 gm from each plot was taken for eachof the above studies. For soil biological studies, soilsamples were analyzed using serial dilution techniqueand pour plat method to enumerate fungal, totalbacterial and actinomycetes population at harvest ofwheat using Rose Bengal media, Nutrient Agar mediaand Ken Knight’s media for fungi, total bacteria andactinomycetes, respectively. For soil physico-chemicalstudies, analysis of the soil samples was doneaccording to standard procedure.

To observe the residual toxicity of clodinafop15%WP (Willowood) on succeeding crop, mung beanvariety ‘Satya’ was planted on 16 June 2014 in the plotstreated with wheat herbicides without disturbing the

original layout after wheat harvest on 22 April 2014.Both the crops were raised as per recommended Packageof Practices for Haryana State excepting herbicidaltreatments in wheat.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The experimental area was dominated by grassyweeds which constituted 80% of the total weedpopulation in the experimental area. Among grassyweeds, P. minor and A. ludoviciana were the dominantweed and P. minor constituted more than 85% of thetotal grassy weed population. Among broad leaf weeds,Bathu (Chenopodium album), Jangli palak (Rumexdentatus), Metha (Melilotus indica) and Pitpapra(Coronopus didymus) were the main weeds whichconstituted about 15% of the total weed population inthe field.

Data presented in Table 1 revealed that lowerdose (30 g/ha) of clodinafop (Willowood) was noteffective in arresting growth of grassy weeds (P. minorand A. ludoviciana) and provided only 57% control, butits higher doses i.e. 60, 90 & 120 g/ha provided 76 to100% control of grassy weeds (P. minor and A.

Table 1. Effect of different weed control treatments on grassy weed population, weed dry weight, weed mortality and WCE

Treatment Dose Density of grassy Density of grassy weeds Dry wt. of grassy weeds WCE (%) %(g/ha) weeds (No./m2) (No./m2) after spray (g/m2) at 60 DAT morality

before spray 120 DAS30 DAT 60 DAT 30 DAT 60 DAT

Clodinafop (Willowood) 30 30 15 17 37 174 40 55Clodinafop (Willowood) 60 33 3 5 6 71 76 88Clodinafop (Willowood) 90 29 0 0 0 0 100 100Clodinafop (Willowood) 120 31 0 0 0 0 100 100Clodinafop (Topik) 60 28 1 2 3 39 86 92Hand weeding 15 & 30 18 16 18 33 179 38 -

DASWeedy check - 32 35 39 57 290 0 0CD at 5% 5 5 5 9 39 - -

110 Hooda, Singh, Kumar, Raj and Sewhag

ludoviciana) as shown by density of grassy weeds, WCEof different treatments and weed mortality (per cent) ofgrassy weeds (Table 1). Singh et al. (2002) also observedthat P. minor was controlled effectively due to theapplication of clodinafop at 50 and 60 g/ha to that of 40g/ha. So, clodinafop (Willowood), a new brand ofclodinafop was equally effective to alreadyrecommended Topik brand in arresting growth of grassyweeds, particularly P. minor and A. ludoviciana in wheat.Maximum dry weight of weeds was recorded in weedycheck plots, which was significantly higher over othertreatments.

Number of effective tillers, number of grainsper spike and grain yield (Table 2) varied significantlyamong different treatments but it was at par amongdifferent doses of clodinafop (Willowood) except 30 g/ha. Grain yield and number of effective tillers/meter rowlength (mrl) were at par among the treatments ofclodinafop (Willowood) at 60, 90 & 120 g/ha with Topik

brand of clodinafop used at 60 g/ha (Table 2). Maximumgrain yield (4,215.7 kg/ha) was recorded in plots treatedwith clodinafop (Willowood) 120 g/ha which was at parwith all other herbicidal treatments except clodinafop at30 g/ha and weedy check (Table 2). Punia et al. (2012)also observed higher wheat yield with Columbus,(another brand of clodinafop), at 75, 90 & 120 g/ha. Nocrop phytotoxicity in terms of yellowing, chlorosis,stunting and necrosis was recorded at 15, 30 and 60 DAT(days after treatment) due to any of clodinafop use rates.Even higher dose (90 & 120 g/ha) of clodinafop(Willowood) caused no any yellowing and stunting ofwheat plants (Table 3). Punia et al. (2012) also observedthat higher doses of Columbus, brand of clodinafop at75, 90 & 120 g/ha did not cause any phytotoxic effect interms of yellowing, stunting and necrosis on wheatplants.

Biological analysis of the soil samples wasdone according to standard procedure. There was slight

Table 2. Effect of different weed control treatments on plant height, number of effective tillers, gains/ear head, 1000-grain weight andgrain yield of wheat

Treatment Dose Plant height No .of effective No. of grains/ 1000-grain wt. Grain yield(g/ha) (cm) at harvest tillers/mrl ear head (g) (kg/ha)

Clodinafop (Willowood) 30 97.3 71 44 40.4 3,671.3Clodinafop (Willowood) 60 100.0 78 46 41.6 4,129.7Clodinafop (Willowood) 90 100.7 79 46 42.1 4,186.0Clodinafop (Willowood) 120 99.7 79 47 41.7 4,215.7Clodinafop (Topik) 60 99.7 79 46 41.6 4,139.0Hand weeding 15 & 30 98.3 74 45 41.3 3975.7

DASWeedy check - 97.3 67 42 40.6 3,482.7CD at 5% NS 5 1.8 NS 243.3

Table 3. Crop phytotoxicity rating on 0-100 scale

Treatments Dosage Yellowing Stunting Necrosis(g/ha) (days after application) (days after application) (days after application)

15 30 60 15 30 60 15 30 60

Clodinafop (Willowood) 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Clodinafop (Willowood) 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Clodinafop (Willowood) 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Clodinafop (Willowood) 120 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Clodinafop (Topik) 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Hand Weeding 15 & 30 DAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Weedy check - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Weed free - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Haryana Journal of Agronomy 111

Table 4. Effect of clodinafop (Willowood) applied in wheat on soil microbial population

Treatments Dosage Log value of viable count of microbial population(g/ha)

Fungal count Bacterial count Actinomycetes count(log cfu/g soil) (log cfu/g soil) (log cfu/g soil)

Clodinafop (Willowood) 60 (X) 4.61 6.09 3.74Clodinafop (Willowood) 120 (2X) 4.21 6.10 3.46Control - 4.50 6.70 3.98

Table 6. Effect of different weed control treatments applied in wheat on succeeding crop phytotoxicity

Treatment Dose Crop phytotoxicity 10 days after sowing of mung bean Plant height (cm)(g/ha) 30 DAS of mungbean

Chlorosis Necrosis Yellowing Epinasty Hyponasty

Clodinafop (Willowood) 30 0 0 0 0 0 26Clodinafop (Willowood) 60 0 0 0 0 0 27Clodinafop (Willowood) 90 0 0 0 0 0 26Clodinafop (Willowood) 120 0 0 0 0 0 28Clodinafop (Topik) 60 0 0 0 0 0 26Hand weeding 15 & 30 DAS 0 0 0 0 0 27Weedy check - 0 0 0 0 0 26Weed free - 0 0 0 0 0 28CD at 5% - - - - - - NS

Table 5. Effect of clodinafop (Willowood) applied in wheat on various physico-chemical properties of soil

Treatments Dosage pH EC (ds/m) OC (%) N (kg/ha) P (kg/ha) K (kg/ha)(g/ha)

Clodinafop (Willowood) 60 (X) 7.65 0.46 0.68 152 21.0 419.6Clodinafop (Willowood) 120 (2X) 7.70 0.44 0.69 153 21.2 421.4Control - 7.70 0.45 0.67 155 22.0 426.3

decrease in the bacterial and actinomycetes populationin X (60 g/ha) and 2X (120 g/ha) doses of clodinafopas compared to control (Table 4). No significantdecrease or increase was observed in all the microbialpopulations observed i.e . fungal, bacterial andactinomycetes (Table 4). Hooda et al. (2013) alsoobserved that effects of different herbicides applied inwheat was lover on soil microbial population becauseat the time of harvest of wheat crop, the population ofsoil microbes reached to the normal level as in case ofuntreated check. Also due to various treatments, nosignificant decrease or increase was observed onphysico-chemical properties of soil viz. soil pH, EC,OC, NPK status (Table 5).

Residual toxicity on succeeding mung-bean crop:

Mung bean crop was planted after harvestingof wheat crop for bioassay study for residual toxicityof clodinafop–propargyl 15 WP (Willowood) appliedin wheat crop. Observations recorded on cropphytotoxicity indicated no chlorosis, necrosis,yellowing, epinasty & hyponasty after 10 DAS of mungbean crop (Table 6). Also, no reduction of plant heightwas observed 30 DAS of mung bean crop due toapplication of different doses of clodinafop(Willowood) and Topik (Syngenta) applied in wheatcrop (Table 6). Punia et al. (2012) also observed noresidual toxicity on succeeding sorghum crop with

112 Hooda, Singh, Kumar, Raj and Sewhag

higher doses of Columbus, a new (brand of clodinafop),i.e. 75, 90 & 120 g/ha.

REFERENCES

Chhokar, R. S. and Malik, R. K. 2002. Isoproturon resistancePhalaris minor and its response to alternateherbicides. Weed Technol. 16 : 116-123.

Hooda, V. S., Suneja, S., Yadav, A. and Rana, V. S. 2013.Effects of herbicides applied in wheat on soilmicrobes. Haryana J. Agron. 29 (1 & 2) : 64-66.

Malik, R. K. and Singh, S. 1995. Little seed canary grass(Phalaris minor Retz.) resistance to isoproturon inIndia. Weed Technol. 9 : 419-425.

Punia, S. S., Yadav, D., Hooda, V. S., Dhaka, A. and Malik,Y. P. 2012. Evaluation of Columbus, a new brand ofclodinafop–propargyl 15 WP against Phalaris minorin wheat and its residual effect on succeeding sorghumcrop. Haryana J. Agron. 28 (1 & 2) : 93-96.

Singh, Govindra, Singh, Mahendra, Singh, V. P. 2002.Effect of clodinafop-propargyl on weeds and wheatyield. Ind. J. Weed Sci. 34 : 165-167.

Singh, S., Malik, R. K., Panwar, R. S. and Balyan, R. S.1995. Influence of sowing time on the winter wildoat (Avena ludoviciana) control in wheat (Triticumaestivum) with isoproturon. Weed Sci. 43 : 370-374


Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 114-118 (2014)

Performance of wheat genotypes under restricted irrigation conditionsBHAGAT SINGH, A. K. DHAKA, VIKRAM SINGH1 AND R. K. PANNU

Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), India(e-mail : [email protected])

Received on 15.08.14; Accepted on 04.10.2014

ABSTRACT

Water stress is a serious threat to the production of wheat crop. Efficient and purposeful utilizationof water is, therefore, important under water shortage conditions. For improving wheat production underlimited water regime there is a need to select suitable genotypes having effective use of water. It is the needof the time to develop the varieties, which have drought tolerant potential to increase area under cultivationand yield of wheat crop. In the view of the above consideration, field experiments were conducted at ResearchFarm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India during rabi seasons of 2010-11 and 2011-12. Theexperiments were laid out in split plot design with irrigations (Io– no irrigation, I1-one irrigation at 22 DASand I2-two irrigations at 22 and 85 DAS) in the main plot and genotypes (HD 3043, PBW 175, WH 1080 andPBW 550) in the sub-plots with three replications. The growth, yield components and grain yield of wheatsignificantly improved by the application of irrigation as compared to no irrigation and also influencedsignificantly among different genotypes. The improvement in plant height was 16.49 and 20.99 % with oneand two irrigations, respectively over no irrigations. On pooled mean basis, effective tillers were increased by22.41 and 27.00 %, grains/earhead by 2.52 and 10.96 %, 1000-grain weight by 2.20 and 4.01 % with one andtwo irrigations, respectively as compared to no irrigation. The grain yield improvement was 28.55 and 47.14%, respectively with one and two irrigations over no irrigation. Among genotypes, maximum plant height(109.39 cm) was recorded with PBW 175, effective tillers in WH 1080, grains/earhead in HD 3043, andmaximum grain yield (43.46 q/ha) in WH 1080, which were significantly superior than PBW 550 and HD3043, but statistically at par with PBW 175, whereas, maximum harvest index (39.69) was recorded in PBW550. Among genotypes, WH 1080 was found most suitable genotype for restricted irrigation conditions.

Key words : Water stress, environmental factors, water productivity, wheat yield

1Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), India.

INTRODUCTION

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Emend.) is thesecond most important cereal crop after rice, grownunder diverse agro-climatic conditions on 29.65 m haarea in India with a production of 92.46 mt during 2012-13 (Anonymous, 2013). Despite the significant increasein wheat yield since the beginning of the greenrevolution, there are still management and environmentalcauses underlying water and environmental problems(Karrou, 2013). Increased scarcity of water due to themore frequent droughts and growing demand forresources for industrial, tourism and domestic uses (dueto population growth) will result in less water availabilityfor agriculture production in the future. Beside this, therising costs of irrigation pumping, inadequate irrigationsystem capacities and limited irrigation supplies,

deliberate application of less water to wheat is a commonpractice in the arid and semiarid areas of the country(Panda et al., 2003).

Water stress is serious threat to the productionof wheat crop. According to Kramer (1980), theworldwide losses in crop yield from water stress exceedthe losses from all other classes combined. Even atemporary drought can cause a substantial loss in cropyields. In the recent decade less availability of water hadaffected its production significantly. Water stress not onlyaffects the morphology, but also severely affects themetabolism of the plant. The extent of modificationdepends upon the cultivar, growth stage, duration andintensity of stress (Mark and Antony, 2005). Adequatewater at or after anthesis period not only allows the plantto increase photosynthesis rate but also gives extra timeto translocate the carbohydrate to grains which improves

grain size and thereby lead to increase grain yield (Zhangand Oweis, 1998).

So, there is urgent need to increase wheat cropproductivity and higher crop water productivity ispossible either by increasing production from same waterresources or same production from less water resources.Efficient and purposeful utilization of water is, therefore,important under water shortage conditions. Forimproving wheat production under limited water regime,there is a need to select suitable genotypes havingeffective use of water. Different responses of wheatgenotypes to moisture stress are well documented(Ashraf, 1998). Hence there is a need for selection ofsuch wheat varieties which could mature and producebetter yield with limited supply of water. The presentattempt was made to find out a drought tolerant varietyof wheat for the areas having less water availability ordepend on rains. To reach this objective there is a urgentneed, not only for a better management of irrigation, butalso for the use of improved wheat genotypes that areadapted to drought and global warming conditionshaving effective use of water.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Field experiment were conducted at ResearchFarm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar,India (29º10’N latitude, 75º46’E longitude and 215.2 Maltitude) during rabi seasons of 2010-11 and 2011-12.The soil of the field was sandy loam in texture, slightlyalkaline in pH (7.9), low in organic carbon, poor inavailable nitrogen and medium in available phosphorusand available potassium. The experiment was laid outin split plot design with number of irrigations (Io– noirrigation, I1-one irrigation at 22 DAS and I2-twoirrigations at 22 and 85 DAS) in main plot and fourgenotypes (HD 3043, PBW 175, WH 1080 and PBW550) in sub plots with three replications. The crop wassown manually with hand plow on 31st October in boththe years (2010-11 and 2011-12) using a seed rate of100 kg/ha at a row spacing of 23 cm. Full dose ofnitrogen and phosphorus (90 kgN/ha and 60 kgP2O5/ha)was applied at the time of sowing in no irrigationtreatment (I0), whereas 1/3 N and full dose of phosphoruswas applied as basal at sowing and remaining 2/3 N atfirst irrigation i.e. at 22 DAS in I1 and I2 treatments. Tocontrol weeds, one hand weeding was done at 30 DASin all the treatments but in no irrigation treatment (I0)

one more hand hoeing was done at 50 DAS to controlweeds and check evaporation from soil. Othermanagement practices were adopted as perrecommendations of wheat crop. Data on plant height,number of effective tillers, number of grains/earhead,1000 grain weight, grain yield and straw yield wererecorded by using standard procedure. The crop washarvested on 12th April and on 7th April 2010-11 and2011-12, respectively. Data was analysed statistically.

Weekly maximum and minimum temperatureranges were 11.2 – 33.2oC and 3.1- 15.5oC, respectivelyduring 2010-11 and weekly maximum and minimumtemperature ranges were 17.0-35.6oC and 1.2-19.0oC,respectively during 2011-12. During crop season thehighest (33.2oC) and lowest (11.2 oC) weekly meanmaximum temperature was recorded in 13th and 1st

standard weeks, respectively in 2010-11 and highest(35.6oC) and lowest (17.0oC) weekly mean maximumtemperature was recorded in 14th and 2nd standard weeks,respectively in 2011-12. Whereas, weekly meanminimum temperature, the highest (15.5oC) and lowest(3.1oC) were recorded during 46th and 50th standard week,respectively during 2010-11 and during 2011-12, thehighest minimum temperature (19.0oC) and lowest(1.2oC) were recorded during 14th and 52nd standardweek, respectively. During the crop season of 2010-11,the rainfall of 43.6, 24.2, 8.2, 6.7, 3.6, 4.6 and 10.3 mmwas received in 52nd, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th and 14th standardweeks, respectively. Only the rainfall of 14.4 mm wasreceived during the 3rd standard week of 2011-12 cropseason. The brightest week during the crop season of2010-11 was 11th week with 9.5 hr per day, whereas, 1st

week was the least bright with 1.2 hrs per day. During2011-12, 9th week was brightest week with 9.0 hr perday, whereas, 1st week was the least bright with 1.8 hrper day. Evaporative demand was highest in 14th standardweek with 4.5 mm per day, whereas the lowest open panevaporation was recorded in 2nd standard week with 0.7mm per day, respectively during 2010-11 and during2011-12, the highest evaporative demand was recordedin 14th standard week with 5.9 mm per day, whereas thelowest open pan evaporation was recorded in 1st standardweek with 0.8 mm per day, respectively.


A perusal of the data revealed that applicationof irrigation improved the growth, yield components and


grain yield of wheat significantly as compared to noirrigation and growth, yield components and grain yieldof wheat also varied significantly among differentgenotypes (Table 1).

Plant height

Plant height increased significantly by theapplication of one and two irrigations as compared tono irrigation during both the years of study (Table 1).On the basis of pooled data, the maximum plant height(107.63 cm) was recorded with two irrigations whichwas significantly higher than no irrigation treatment butthe differences between one and two irrigations werenon-significant. Plant height increased by 16.49 and20.99 % with one and two irrigations, respectively overno irrigation. The maximum plant height in twoirrigations might be due to healthier plant growth withmore availability of nutrients having more moisture inthe root zone. All genotypes improved plant height withincrement at irrigations. The maximum plant height(109.39 cm) was recorded with PBW 175 which wassignificantly higher than WH 1080 and PBW 550, butstatistically at par with HD 3043. The variation in plantheight might be due to the variation in genetic characteramong different cultivars. Sarwar et al. (2010) alsoreported similar observation for plant height.

Effective tillers/m2

The number of tillers differed significantly by

different levels of irrigation during both the years and eachincrement in irrigation number improved the effectivetillers significantly (Table 1). The maximum tillers (434.6/m2) were recorded with two irrigations, which weresignificantly higher than no and one irrigation. Effectivetillers increased by 22.41 and 27.00 % with one and twoirrigations, respectively as compared to no irrigation. Thisincrease in number of tillers/m2 might be due to theavailability of water at CRI stage with more uptake ofnutrients (Sarwar et al., 2010). The effective tillersdiffered significantly among the genotypes only during2011-12. Among genotypes (pooled mean basis), themaximum number of tillers (407.0) were recorded in WH1080 followed by PBW 175, though the differences amonggenotypes were not significant.

Grains/earhead

The numbers of grains per earhead weresignificantly influenced by irrigation treatments andgenotypes during both the years of study (Table 1). Twoirrigations increased the grains/earhead by 10.96 % ascompared to no irrigation. The grains/earhead werefound maximum in HD 3043 (27.03) and minimum inPBW 175 (23.39), which were significantly differentfrom all other genotypes. In both the years similar trendswas observed for grains/earhead among the genotypes.

1000 grain weight

The 1000 grain weight was significantly affected

Table 1. Effect of number of irrigations on plant height and yield attributes of different wheat genotypes during 2010-11 and 2011-12

Treatments Plant Height (cm) Effective Tillers/m2 Grains/ Earhead 1000 grains weight

2010- 2011- Pooled 2010- 2011- Pooled 2010- 2011- Pooled 2010- 2011- Pooled11 12 mean 11 12 mean 11 12 mean 11 12 mean

Irrigation LevelsI0- no irrigation 96.50 81.42 88.96 315.1 368.8 342.2 27.57 20.77 24.17 37.86 42.26 40.07I1- one irrigation 99.92 107.33 103.63 408.7 428.7 418.9 26.65 22.91 24.78 38.58 43.32 40.95I2- two irrigations 104.92 110.33 107.63 422.8 445.8 434.6 28.67 24.97 26.82 39.35 44.00 41.68SE (m) 1.33 2.26 1.40 7.3 5.6 3.0 0.27 0.53 0.31 0.16 0.13 0.10LSD (P=0.05) 5.19 8.84 5.46 28.5 21.7 11.87 1.06 2.08 1.21 0.62 0.52 0.39GenotypesHD 3043 109.11 108.78 108.94 378.2 399.3 389.0 29.77 24.29 27.03 36.35 39.58 37.97PBW 175 109.11 109.67 109.39 375.3 434.7 405.3 24.57 22.21 23.39 42.23 46.49 44.36WH 1080 97.00 97.78 97.39 388.7 424.9 407.0 26.53 24.24 25.39 40.09 44.04 42.07PBW 550 86.56 82.56 84.56 386.6 398.8 392.9 29.65 20.79 25.22 35.74 42.66 39.20SE (m) 1.61 0.90 1.00 7.6 9.06 5.5 0.76 0.45 0.51 0.36 0.49 0.30LSD (P=0.05) 4.78 2.67 2.98 NS 26.91 NS 2.26 1.34 1.52 1.08 1.46 0.89

116 Singh, Dhaka, Singh and Pannu

among various irrigation treatments as well as genotypesduring 2010-11 and 2011-12 (Table 1). A significantimprovement in grain weight was recorded with theincrease in number of irrigations. On pooled mean basis,the increase in grain weight was 2.20 and 4.01 % withone and two irrigations, respectively over no irrigation(40.07g). Higher 1000 grains weight with two irrigationsmight be due to increased translocation of photosynthatestoward grains due to availability of more amount of waterin the root zone as compared to one and no irrigationtreatments. On the other hand, plants having less supplyof water in no irrigation had produced lighter grains whichmight be due to the less availability of nutrients from soilsolution (Sarwar et al., 2010). Similar results werereported by Wajid et al. (2002), who reported significanteffect of irrigation on grains weight. Among genotypes,maximum boldness grain (44.36 g) were recorded in PBW175 and minimum 1000 grain weight (37.97 g) wasrecorded in HD 3043. The differences in grain weightamong all the genotypes were significant.

Grain yield

Grain yield was significantly influenced byirrigation treatments and genotypes (Table 2). Among theirrigation levels, maximum grain yield (48.13 q/ha) wasrecorded in two irrigations, which was 14.46 % higherthan one irrigation and 47.14 % higher than no irrigation.Application of only one irrigation at 22 DAS increasedyield by 28.55 % over no irrigation. The improvement in

grain yield with increase irrigation levels might be due tothe increase in effective tillers/m2, number of grains/earhead and 1000 grain weight. These results corroboratethe findings of Sawar et al. (2010) who reported that wheatyield increased with increasing irrigation levels. Amongthe genotypes, maximum grain yield (43.46 q/ha) wasrecorded in WH 1080, which was significantly higher thanPBW 550 and HD 3043, but statistically at par with PBW175. The highest grain yield in WH 1080 might be due tohigher number of effective tillers/m2. Variety WH 1080had shown good stability in both irrigated and non irrigatedconditions, while PBW 175 had given good performanceunder rainfed conditions. Variety PBW 550 was found asmost susceptible genotype to water stress conditions.Sawar et al. (2010) also reported the grain yield differencesin genotypes.

The interaction shows that higher grain yield(36.48 q/ha) was recorded in PBW 175 at no irrigationfollowed by WH 1180 (Table 3). Whereas, WH 1080gave highest grain yield at one and two irrigation levelson pooled mean basis. Ngwako and Mashiqa (2013) alsoreported that irrigation treatments significantly increasedgrain yield over no irrigation in all the cultivars. Irrigationenhance grain yield by improving the growth of the cropand thus enabling it to intercept more photosyntheticradiation over non irrigated plants.

Harvest index

The harvest index was not influenced

Table 2. Effect of number of irrigations on grain yield, straw yield and harvest index of different wheat genotypes during 2010-11 and2011-12

Treatments Grain Yield (q/ha) Straw yield (q/ha) Harvest index Biological Yield

2010- 2011- Pooled 2010- 2011- Pooled 2010- 2011- Pooled 2010- 2011- Pooled11 12 mean 11 12 mean 11 12 mean 11 12 mean

Irrigation LevelsI0- no irrigation 32.76 32.66 32.71 62.23 47.37 54.80 34.61 40.70 37.65 94.99 80.03 87.51I1- one irrigation 41.70 42.39 42.05 72.96 63.04 68.01 36.41 40.21 38.31 114.69 105.43 110.06I2- two irrigations 47.41 48.85 48.13 80.28 73.20 76.74 37.15 40.07 38.61 127.69 122.05 124.87SE (m) 0.78 0.95 0.75 0.80 1.48 0.69 0.45 0.06 0.22 1.27 2.43 1.41LSD (P=0.05) 3.06 3.72 2.94 3.13 5.77 2.69 1.77 0.23 NS 4.97 9.47 5.50GenotypesHD 3043 41.19 38.73 39.96 74.63 61.18 67.91 35.43 38.80 37.11 115.82 99.91 107.87PBW 175 38.72 44.97 41.84 75.09 65.27 70.18 33.96 41.04 37.50 113.81 110.24 112.02WH 1080 41.44 45.48 43.46 71.96 66.74 69.35 36.45 40.47 38.46 113.41 112.22 112.81PBW 550 41.13 36.02 38.58 65.65 51.63 58.64 38.38 40.99 39.69 106.78 87.65 97.22SE (m) 1.34 0.87 0.86 2.29 1.21 1.19 0.50 0.09 0.25 3.40 2.07 1.95LSD (P=0.05) NS 2.59 2.55 6.82 3.60 3.53 1.49 0.26 0.75 NS 6.16 5.78


significantly by irrigation levels but significant differencein harvest index was recorded among various genotypes.The maximum harvest index (39.69) was recorded inPBW 550 followed by WH 1080 (38.46) and minimumharvest index (37.11) was recorded in HD 3043.

Straw yield

The straw yield was improved significantly byeach supplemental irrigation (Table 2). The increase instraw yield was 24.10 and 40.04 % with one and twoirrigations, respectively over no irrigation. Among thegenotypes, maximum straw yield (70.18 q/ha) wasrecorded in PBW 175 which was significantly higherthan PBW 550 but statistically at par with HD 3043 andWH 1080. Maximum straw yield in PBW 175 might bedue to maximum plant height of PBW 175, similarlyminimum straw yield in PBW 550 might be due toshortest plant type of PBW 550. Sharma and Pannu(2008) at Hisar reported that the grain yield, straw yield,harvest index, effective tillers /plant, number of grains/spike and test weight were higher in two irrigations overno irrigation.

CONCLUSIONS

The grain yield improvement was 28.55 and47.14 %, respectively with one and two irrigations overno irrigation. Grain number, grain weight and grain yieldwere significantly affected by irrigation regimes. Amonggenotypes, WH 1080 was found most suitable genotypefor restricted irrigation conditions.

Table 3. Interaction effect of number of irrigations on grain yield(q/ha) of different wheat genotypes on pooled mean basis

Genotypes Number of Irrigations Mean

No One Two

HD 3043 30.47 41.55 47.87 39.96PBW 175 36.48 41.06 47.99 41.84WH 1080 35.74 45.03 49.61 43.46PBW 550 28.16 40.54 47.04 38.58Mean 32.71 42.05 48.13LSD (P=0.05)Irrigation (A) 2.94Variety (B) 2.55B within A NSA within B NS

REFERENCES

Anonymous. 2013. Progress Report of All India CoordinatedWheat and Barley improvement Project 2012-13,Project Director ’s Report. ed. Indu Sharma,Directorate of Wheat research, Karnal, India. P104.

Ashraf, M.Y. 1998. Yield and yield components response ofwheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes tinderdifferent soil water deficit conditions. Acta Agron.Hung. 46: 45-51.

Karrou, M. 2013. Combined effect of tillage system,supplemental irrigation and genotype on bread wheatyield and water use in the dry Mediterranean region.African J. Agri. Res. 8(44): 5398-5404.

Kramer, P. 1980. Drought, stress and the origin of adaptation.In: N Turner and P Kramer (Ed.). Adaptation of plantsto water and high temperature stress. J. Wiley andSons, New York, 7–20

Mark, T. and Antony, B. 2005. Abiotic stress tolerance ingrasses from model plants to crop plants. PlantPhysiol. 137: 791-793.

Ngwako, S. and Mashiqa, P. K. 2013. The effect of irrigationon the growth and yield of winter wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) cultivars. Intl. J. Agri. Crop Sci. 5 (9):976-982.

Panda, R. K., Behera, S. K. and Kashyap, P. S. 2003. Effectivemanagement of irrigation water for wheat understressed condition. Agri. Water Mgt. 63: 37-56.

Sarwar N., Maqsood, M., Mubeen, K., Shehzad, M.,Bhullar, M. S., Qamar, R. and Akbar, N. 2010.Effect of different levels of irrigation on yield andyield components of wheat cultivars. Pak. J. Agri.Sci. 47(3): 371-374.

Sharma, K. D. and Pannu, R. K. 2008. Physiologicalresponse of wheat (Triticum durum L.) to limitedirrigation. J. Agromet. 10(2): 113-117.

Wajid, A., Hussain, A., Maqsood, M., Ahmad, A. and Awais,M. 2002. Influence of sowing date and irrigationlevels on growth and grain yield of wheat. Pak. J.Agri. Sci. 39(1):22-24.

Zhang, H. P. and Oweis, T. 1998. Water yield relation andoptimal irrigation scheduling of wheat in Mediterraneanregions. Agri. Water Manage. Vol, 3, pp. 195- 211(Wheat Barley and Triticale Absts. 2 : 916).

118 Singh, Dhaka, Singh and Pannu

Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 119-124 (2014)

Effect of irrigation and nitrogen levels on growth and yield of late sown wheatMUKESH* AND R. K. PANNU

Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), India*(e-mail : [email protected])

Received on 07-11-2014; Accepted on: 07-11-2014

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted at CCS Haryana Agriculture University, Hisar during 2010-11and 2011-12 to study the effect of irrigation and nitrogen levels on growth and yield of late sown wheat. Theexperiment consisted of three irrigation levels (one irrigation at CRI, two irrigations at CRI and heading andfour irrigations at CRI, late tillering, heading and milking) in main plots and five nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100,150 and 200 kg N/ha) in sub-plots was laid out in strip plot design with four replications.The results indicatedthat plant height and dry matter accumulation increased with increase in irrigation frequency. The grain yieldincreased by 50.6 and 47.5% over one irrigation and 20.4 and 21.9% over two irrigations in four irrigations(3832 and 3989 kg/ha) during 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively. The growth parameters namely plant heightand dry weight have significant positive relationship with grain yield during both the year. The plant heightand dry matter accumulation increased significantly with successive increase in irrigation levels. The increasein nitrogen dose increased the plant height and dry matter accumulation upto 100 kg N/ha at 120 days aftersowing (DAS) and at maturity. Similarly increase in dose of nitrogen increased the grain yield and biologicalyield significantly upto 150 kg N/ha during both the year. However, the grain yield of wheat was statisticallyat par with highest dose of 200 kg N/ha with 150 kg N/ha.

Key words : Irrigation levels, nitrogen doses, growth, yield, late sown wheat

INTRODUCTION

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple cropof the world. The area, production and productivity ofwheat in India and Haryana is 30.0 m ha, 93.5 mt, 3117kg/ha and 2.49 m ha, 11.1 mt, 4452 kg/ha, respectively(Anonymous, 2013). During past few years, sowing ofwheat often gets delayed till December or early Januarycausing substantial loss in grain yield. This is primarilyattributed to non availability of pre-sowing irrigation,untimely rains, delayed field conditions in waterloggedareas and American cotton-wheat, basmati rice-wheat,potato-wheat and sugarcane-wheat rotations, where thesowing of the wheat gets delayed owing to late harvestof preceding crop as compulsion and not choice of thefarmers (Joshi et al., 2007). Delay in wheat sowing 20and 40 days from the normal sowing date (15th

November) reduced grain yield by 23 kg/ha/day and 30kg/ha/day, respectively (Kaur and Pannu, 2008).Irrigation water and fertilizers are the two vital but costlyinputs in irrigated farming. Nitrogen occupies aprominent position in plant metabolic processes.Nitrogen is an essential constituent of protein which is

associated with all the vital processes in plants.Therefore, addition of nitrogen in the form of chemicalfertilisers is important in order to get maximum cropproduction. Balanced use of nitrogen is a key point forhigher land profitability and healthy environment.Nitrogen is one of the major essential nutrients appliedto the crop for higher vegetative growth, productivityand quality (Ali et al., 2012 and Iqbal et al., 2012). Wheatis highly responsive to irrigation application. Thepotential yield of wheat can only be harvested by timelyand judicious use of water. Yield of wheat increased withincreased application of nitrogen for several levels ofirrigation. There was significant positive interactionbetween irrigation and nitrogen levels with respect tograin yield, water productivity and nitrogen useefficiency of wheat (Pradhan et al., 2013).


The experiment was conducted during 2010-11and 2011-12 at the Agronomy Research Farm ofChaudhary Charan Singh Haryana AgriculturalUniversity, Hisar (India) located in Indo-Gangetic Plains

of North-West India with a latitude of 29010' North andlongitude of 75046' East at 215.2 meters above mean sealevel. The soil of the field was sandy loam, having 0.39%organic carbon and pH 7.95. It was low in available N(156.1 kg/ha), medium in available P (10.5 kg/ha) andrich in available K (306.4 kg/ha). The experimentconsisting of three irrigation levels viz. one irrigation atCRI, two irrigations at CRI and heading and fourirrigations at CRI, late tillering, heading and milking inmain plots and five nitrogen levels viz. control i.e. 0 kgN/ha, 50 kg N/ha, 100 kg N/ha, recommended dose ofnitrogen i.e. 150 kg N/ha and 200kg N/ha in sub-plotswas laid out in strip plot design with four replications.The doses of nitrogen was applied in the form of urea.Half dose of the recommended nitrogen was applied asbasal dose and remaining half as top dressing after 1st

irrigation during both the seasons. Wheat cv. WH 1021was sown with the help of seed drill in rows 18 cm apartat the rate of 125 kg/ha. Crop was sown on 18th Decemberduring both the years of the experimentation. Irrigationwas applied in the field as per treatments. The weedswere removed by long tine hoe at 40 days and later byhand pulling. The growth parameters were recorded at30 days interval till crop maturity. The yield was recordedat maturity of the crop.


Growth

The perusal of data in Table 1 shows that plant

height increased with advancement of crop season duringboth the years. The plant height increased with increasein number of irrigations significantly during both theyears at later stages of crop growth i.e. 90, 120 DASand at maturity, because of more water availability tothe crop plants. The higher amount of available waterkept the higher turgor potential, which lead to higherrate of photosynthesis due to more opening of stomatafor longer period of time. However, the difference inplant height under different irrigation levels at 30 DASwere non significant. Similar findings were also recordedby Kibe and Singh, 2003; Pannu and Sharma, 2004;Kumar and Pannu, 2012 and Shirazi et al., 2014.

The increase in nitrogen dose increased the plantheight upto 100 kg N/ha at 120 DAS and at maturity.But at higher dose of 200 kg N/ha the increase in plantheight was significantly higher than 100 kg N/ha at 120DAS and at maturity during both the years. However,the difference in plant height at 150 kg N/ha wasstatistically at par with 100 and 200 kg N/ha at 60, 90,120 DAS and at maturity during both the years. At 30DAS the differences in plant height were non significantamong the different nitrogen levels during both the years.The plant height increased with the increased doses ofnitrogen but the variation in plant height with subsequentincrease in dose have slight increase in the plant height(Table 1). This may be because of plant height being thegenetic character, hence, affected less by environment,but the plant height in control i.e. 0 kg N/ha was reducedsignificantly than other doses of nitrogen might bebecause of under nourishment of the plant because of

Table 1. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen levels on plant height (cm) of late sown wheat

Treatments Days after sowing

30 60 90 120 Maturity

2010-11 2011-12 2010-11 2011-12 2010-11 2011-12 2010-11 2011-12 2010-11 2011-12

Irrigation levels1 Irrigation 14.0 14.1 37.2 38.9 71.7 75.9 80.5 81.7 80.8 82.52 Irrigations 14.3 13.9 37.6 38.6 81.3 81.7 89.3 88.5 90.9 89.64 Irrigations 13.9 14.2 40.6 42.0 87.9 90.2 96.8 98.4 98.8 100.5CD at 5% NS NS 1.5 1.3 2.8 3.4 3.6 3.4 1.8 3.4Nitrogen levels0 kg N/ha 13.7 13.7 36.1 37.3 74.1 75.1 82.6 81.7 83.2 82.550 kg N/ha 13.8 13.8 37.6 39.1 78.2 81.1 86.4 87.4 89.0 89.1100 kg N/ha 14.0 14.0 38.8 40.3 81.1 84.0 90.0 91.4 91.9 92.7150 kg N/ha 14.3 14.2 39.7 41.0 83.3 85.9 92.2 93.1 93.6 94.6200 kg N/ha 14.5 14.4 40.1 41.3 84.6 86.9 93.1 94.0 94.7 95.6CD at 5% NS NS 2.7 1.9 3.2 2.4 2.9 2.5 2.5 2.4

120 Mukesh and Pannu

low availability of nutrients as no nitrogen was appliedin this treatment.

The data pertaining to dry matter accumulationper metre row length are presented in Table 2. The drymatter accumulation increased with advancement in cropage during both the years of experimentation. The drymatter accumulation increased significantly withincreased number of irrigations during both the years atlater stages of crop growth i.e. 90, 120 DAS and atmaturity. However, the difference in dry matteraccumulation at 30 DAS were non-significant duringboth the years. The dry weight accumulation (Table 2)was significantly higher under four irrigations duringboth the year in later stage of crop growth was becauseof more water availability to the crop plants. The higheramount of available water kept the higher turgorpotential, which lead to higher rate of photosynthesisdue to more opening of stomata for longer period of time.

The increase in nitrogen dose increased the drymatter accumulation upto 100 kg N/ha at 120 DAS andat maturity. But at higher dose of 200 kg N/ha theincrease in dry matter accumulation was significantlyhigher than 100 kg N/ha at 120 DAS and at maturityduring both the years. However, the difference in drymatter accumulation at 150 kg N/ha was statistically atpar with 100 kg N/ha and 200 kg N/ha at 60, 90, 120DAS and at maturity during both the years. At 30 DASthe differences in dry matter accumulation were nonsignificant among different nitrogen levels during boththe years. The dry weight was significantly lower controlthan highly doses of nitrogen (Table 2). Poor growth in

these treatments may be due to low availability of plantnutrient which are necessary for the normal growth.Nitrogen being the basic constituent of chlorophyll,protein and cellulose required for the process ofphotosynthesis and tissue formation for proper growth.These results corroborate the findings of Rehman et al.,2010; Ali et al., 2011 and Shahzad et al., 2013.

YIELD AND HARVEST INDEX

The results pertaining to grain, biological yieldand harvest index in relation to irrigation levels and dosesof nitrogen are presented in Table 3. The differencesamong the irrigation levels were obtained to besignificant. The maximum grain yield of 3832 and 3989kg/ha was obtained with four irrigations at CRI, latetillering, heading and milking to wheat, which wassignificantly higher as compared to two irrigations atCRI and heading (3183 and 3272 kg/ha) and minimumgrain yield was obtained with one irrigation (2544 and2704 kg/ha), which was significantly lower than two andfour irrigations levels during first and second year,respectively. The higher irrigation frequency fulfilled thetimely crop water requirement, which resulted into bettergrowth in term of plant height and dry matteraccumulation. The significantly positive associationbetween biological yield with growth parameters namelyplant height (r = 0.83) and dry weight (r = 0.81) andCGR (r = 0.84).

The effects of different doses of nitrogen ongrain yield of wheat are shown in Table 3. The wheat

Table 2. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen levels on dry weight (g) per meter row length of late sown wheat

Treatments Days after sowing

30 60 90 120 Maturity

2010-11 2011-12 2010-11 2011-12 2010-11 2011-12 2010-11 2011-12 2010-11 2011-12

Irrigation levels1 Irrigation 2.2 2.2 42.0 43.7 149.2 153.0 170.3 171.6 171.4 174.12 Irrigations 2.1 2.2 42.1 43.3 160.0 161.7 185.0 187.1 189.3 192.64 Irrigations 2.2 2.1 53.1 54.8 172.0 173.7 216.1 217.7 224.4 226.9CD at 5% NS NS 2.1 1.8 5.1 5.5 4.3 5.2 3.1 7.5Nitrogen levels0 kg N/ha 2.1 2.1 38.5 39.8 145.9 147.7 172.3 174.6 174.1 178.050 kg N/ha 2.2 2.2 43.7 45.2 157.1 159.2 186.8 188.3 190.4 193.3100 kg N/ha 2.3 2.2 47.0 48.8 163.6 166.0 194.3 195.6 199.5 201.6150 kg N/ha 2.3 2.2 49.0 50.8 166.4 169.4 198.1 200.0 203.6 207.0200 kg N/ha 2.3 2.3 50.2 51.8 169.2 171.6 201.0 202.1 207.6 209.5CD at 5% NS NS 3.6 3.7 7.6 6.3 6.1 5.8 6.3 5.7


grain yield increased significantly with increased doseof nitrogen. The minimum grain yield was found incontrol i.e. 0 kg N/ha (1932 and 2026 kg/ha) and theincrease in yield was significant upto 150 kg N/ha duringboth the years of study. However, the yield of 150 kg N/ha (3737 and 3893 kg/ha) was statistically at par with200 kg N/ha (3843 and 4002 kg/ha) during both the yearsof experimentation.

The response of biological yield of wheat toirrigation application showed the similar trend to that ofgrain yield (Table 3). The differences among theirrigation levels were obtained to be significant. The

increased number of irrigation up to four makesignificant improvement in biological yield comparedto lower levels in both the years. Highest biological yieldof wheat was produced with four irrigations at CRI, latetillering, heading and milking (9303 and 9763 kg/ha)which was 2209, 2188 and 1065, 1258 kg/ha higher ascompared to one irrigation at CRI and two irrigations atCRI and heading during first and second year,respectively. Application of 200 kg N/ha being at parwith recommended dose of nitrogen i.e. 150 kg N/ha inbiomass production during both the year. Biological yieldincreased significantly upto 100 kg N/ha in 2010-11,

Table 3. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen levels on yield of late sown wheat

Treatments Grain yield (kg/ha) Pooled Biological yield (kg/ha) Harvest Index (%)(grain yield)

2010-11 2011-12 2010-11 2011-12 2010-11 2011-12

Irrigation levels1 Irrigation 2544 2704 2624 7094 7575 35.6 35.32 Irrigations 3183 3272 3228 8238 8505 38.3 38.24 Irrigations 3832 3989 3911 9303 9763 40.9 40.6CD at 5% 190 183 136 418 434 0.5 0.6Nitrogen levels0 kg N/ha 1932 2026 1979 5427 5734 35.3 35.050 kg N/ha 2946 3064 3005 7774 8147 37.7 37.4100 kg N/ha 3474 3623 3549 8878 9318 38.9 38.8150 kg N/ha 3737 3893 3815 9344 9776 39.8 39.6200 kg N/ha 3843 4002 3922 9634 10097 39.7 39.4CD at 5% 156 137 120 483 354 0.8 0.6

Fig. 1. Regression line showing the relationship of biological yield (kg/ha) with grain yield (kg/ha).


Fig. 2. Regression line showing the relationship of harvest index (%) with grain yield (kg/ha).

but in 2011-12 significantly increased in biological yieldwas upto 150 kg N/ha. The stronger source is requiredfor the stronger sink. The higher biological yield wasfound significantly associated with the higher grain yield(r = 0.99). This clearly shows that the biological yieldincreased by any input or management practice willautomatically increase the grain yield of wheat. The grainyield of wheat can also be estimated through biologicalyield with the regression equation (Fig. 1, grain yield =860.09 + 0.489 biological yield, r2 = 0.98). Similar resultshave been reported by Dhaka et al.; 2007; Moghaddamet al., 2012 Ngwako and Mashiqa, 2013.

The data presented in Table 3 indicates thatharvest index (H.I.) of wheat was influenced significantlyby the different levels of irrigation in both the years. Themaximum harvest index was observed in four irrigations(40.9 and 40.6%), followed by two irrigations (38.3 and38.2%) and minimum harvest index was observed in oneirrigation (35.6 and 35.3%), respectively during both theyears. The wheat H.I. increased significantly withincreased dose of nitrogen. The increase in harvest indexwas significant upto 150 kg N/ha during both the years ofstudy. However, the H.I. of 150 kg N/ha (39.8 and 39.6%)was statistically at par with 200 kg N/ha (39.7 and 39.4%)during both the years of experimentation. Maximumharvest index was found in 150 kg N/ha and minimumwas in control i.e. 0 kg N/ha (35.3 and 35.0%),respectively, during both years of study. Grain yield was

significantly increasing upto 150 kg N/ha (Table 4.3). Thesignificantly higher grain (98.9 and 97.5 %) and biologicalyield (77.5 and 76.1 %) along with harvest index (12.5and 12.6 %) in 200 kg N/ha over control was because ofmore availability of nutrients for their growth anddevelopment of better yield attributes and yield. The poornutrition in control affected the grain yield more thanbiological yield which ultimately resulted in significantreduction in harvest index. Harvest index is the parameterdependent on grain yield (r = 0.94) and biological yield (r= 0.89). This shows that harvest index was more associatedwith grain yield than biological yield. The harvest indexcan also be computed from the grain yield with regressionequation (GY = -8520.9 + 308.52 HI, r2 = 0.92, Fig. 2).This decline in response of nitrogen at higher doses maybe explained with the well established Mitscharlichequation. Similar trend have been observed by Ali et al.,2011 and Shirazi et al., 2014.

REFRENCES

Ali, A., Ahmad, A., Syed, W. H., Khaliq, T., Asif, M., Aziz,M. and Mubeen, M. 2011. Effect of nitrogen ongrowth and yield component of wheat. Sci. Int. 23 :331-332.

Ali, A., Khaliq, T., Ahmad A., Ahmad S., Ullah, A. andFahd, R. 2012. How wheat response to nitrogen inthe field. Crop & Environ. 3 : 71-76.


Anonymous. 2013. www.indiastat.com.

Dhaka, A. K., Bangarwa, A. S., Pannu, R. K., Garg, R.and Ramprakash. 2007. Effect of irrigation levelson consumptive water use, soil moisture extractionpattern and water use efficiency of different wheatgenotypes. Ind. J. Agric. Res. 4 : 220-223.

Iqbal, J., Hayat, K., Hussain, S., Ali, A., Ahmad, M., Haji,A. and Ahmad, B. 2012. Effect of Seeding Ratesand Nitrogen Levels on Yield and Yield Componentsof Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Pak. J. Nutr. 11 :531-536.

Joshi, A. K., Mishra, B., Chatrath, R., Ortiz Ferrara, G.and Singh, R. P. 2007. Wheat improvement in India:Present status, emerging challenges and futureprospects. Euphytica. 157 : 457-464.

Kaur, A. and Pannu, R. K. 2008. Effect of sowing time andnitrogen schedules on phenology, yield and thermaluse efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). IndianJ. Agric. Sci. 78 : 366-369.

Kibe, A. M. and Singh, S. 2003. Influence of irrigation,nitrogen and zinc on productivity and water use bylate sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Ind. J. Agron.48 : 186-191.

Kumar, P. and Pannu, R. K. 2012. Effect of different sourcesof nutrition and irrigation levels on yield, nutrientuptake and nutrient use efficiency of wheat. Int. J.Life Sci. Bt & Pharm. Res. 1 : 187-192.

Moghaddam, H., Galavi, M., Soluki, M., Siahsar, B.,Sayed, M. and Mustaffa, H. 2012. Effects of deficit

irrigation on yield, yield component and somemorphological traits of wheat cultivars under fieldconditions. Int. J. Agri. 2 : 825-831.

Ngwako, S. and Mashiqa, P. K. 2013. The effect of irrigationon the growth and yield of winter wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) cultivars. Int. J. Agri. & Crop Sci. 5 :976-982.

Pannu, R. K. and Sharma, K. D. 2004. Selection of wheatgenotypes for limited irrigation under shallow watertable condition. Har. J. Agron. 20 : 59-61.

Pradhan, S., Chopra, U. K., Bandhopadyay, K. K., Singh,R., Jain, A. K. and Chand, I. 2013. Effect of waterand nitrogen management on water productivity andnitrogen use efficiency of wheat in a semi-aridenvironment. Int. J. Agric Food Sci. Tech. 4 : 727-732.

Rehman, S., Khalil, S., Muhammad, F., Rehman, A., Khan,A., Amanullah, Rehman, A., Zubair, M. andKhalil, I. 2010. Phenology, leaf area index and grainyield of rainfed wheat influenced by organic andinorganic fertilizers. Pak. J. Bot. 42 : 3671-3685.

Shahzad, K., Khan, A. and Nawaz, I. 2013. Response ofwheat varieties to different nitrogen levels underagro-climatic condition of Mansera. Sci. Tech. Dev.32 : 99-103.

Shirazi, S. M., Yusop, Z., Zardari, N. H. and Ismail, Z.2014. Effect of irrigation regimes and nitrogen levelson the growth and yield of wheat. Adv. Agric. 123 :1-6.


Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 125-128 (2014)

Biomass partitioning and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) genotypes undersoil moisture stress

K. D. SHARMA*, A. KUMAR, KARMAL SINGH AND KRISHAN KUMAR1

Crop Physiology Lab, Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, India*(e-mail : [email protected])

Received on 20.04.2014, Accepted on 28.07.2014

ABSTRACT

Six chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) genotypes were evaluated for rooting traits and partitioning ofbiomass in different plant parts under moisture stress. Moisture stress reduced the plant height significantlybut reverse was true for root depth. The biomass allocation at 90 DAS to roots, leaves and stem was 27.3%,33.2% and 39.5% of total biomass, respectively, which reduced to 10.8% and 13.1% in roots and leaves at thematurity. At harvest, the biomass accumulation in different plant parts decreased significantly with increasein moisture stress. The yield attributes i.e. seed yield, biological yield and harvest index decreased significantlywith increased moisture stress. Among the genotypes, the maximum biomass in stem and pods was recordedin H 09-55 and HC 5 whereas, maximum roots biomass was in H 07-03. The highest seed yield and HI wererecorded in genotypes H 09-55 and HC 5. The seed yield of H 09-55 was significantly higher than all othergenotypes. Seed yield had significant positive association with plant height (r = 0.78) and biomass partitionedto leaf (r = 0.65), stem (r = 0.68) and pod (r = 0.86) at harvest indicating that higher biomass yield and itsmaximum partitioning into pods brought about positive improvement in seed yield of chickpea under moisturestress condition.

Key words : Biomass partitioning, chickpea, dry matter, moisture stress, root depth, yield

1Pulses Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, India.

INTRODUCTION

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) is the mostimportant pulse crop in the Indian sub-continent. Thiscrop is generally grown on stored soil moisture makingterminal drought stress a primary constraint toproductivity. The biomass partitioning are affected bydifferent factors like source and sinks, their relative sizeand physiological activities, distance between source andsink and other environmental constraints. Water deficitis an important factor affecting partitioning of biomass.However, the influence of water stress on distributionof assimilate depends on the stage of growth and relativesensitivity of various plant organs to water-deficit.Greater proportions of current photosynthates areallocated to pods and seeds when the crop is stressedafter flowering or when raised completely withoutirrigation (Kumar et al. 2012). This allocation to podsand seeds is directly proportional to the intensity of waterstress experienced by crop during pod and seed growth(Guhey and Trivedi, 2001). Assimilate remobilization

from source enables a plant to maintain assimilate supplyto seed during period of low current assimilateavailability. Water deficits increase the plantsdependency on remobilization for seed filling. Thedevelopment of moisture stress leads to a wide range ofchanges in plant processes like diversion of biomass toundesirable plant parts. Therefore, the chickpeagenotypes with better biomass partitioning andmobilization efficiency will be suitable for cultivationin the water deficit areas.


Six chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) genotypes viz.,H 07-03, H 07-157, H 09-55, H 09-61, HC 1and HC 5were grown during 20010-2011 and 2011-2012 inconcrete micro plots (6 x 1 x 1.5 m) filled with lighttextured dunal sand at Crop Physiology Field Lab,Agronomy Research Farm, CCS Haryana AgriculturalUniversity, Hisar (29o 10’N latitude, 75o 46’ E longitudeand 215 M altitude). Four rows of 1 m length with row

to row and plant to plant spacing of 30 x 10 cm of eachgenotype were sown under three environments, namelyirrigated (two post sowing irrigations, one at pre-flowering and another at pod filling), rainfed (oneirrigation of 30 mm at pre-flowering equal to long termaverage seasonal rainfall) and rainout shelter (no postsowing irrigation) conditions adopting FactorialRandomized Block Design with four replications. Theavailable soil moisture in 110 cm soil profile was 123mm at the time of seeding. The soil retained 18.6 % and3.8 % soil moisture content at field capacity andpermanent wilting point, respectively. The soil moisturecontent in the profile was 13.1, 9.5 and 4.9% at floweringstage (90 DAS) and 6.4, 4.7 and 3.8% at physiologicalmaturity in irrigated, rainfed and rainout shelterenvironments, respectively. Recommended agronomicalpractices were followed to raise the crop.

For recording growth parameters, uniformplants were taken from each replication for recordingthe biomass of leaves, stems, roots and other reproductiveplant parts (pods/seeds) at two growth stages i.e. atflowering (90 DAS) and physiological maturity (120DAS) of all the genotypes under different environments.Plants were taken out with roots after thorough washingthe sand by water jet gently. After that, five plants fromeach treatment were selected for partitioning of biomass.The height of shoot and root length was measured fromsoil surface to growing point and the tip of rootrespectively with a meter rod. The average of five plantsin each replication was worked out for each treatment.The selected individual plant in each replication of a

genotype was separated into leaf, stem, pod and root.Each of the plant parts were dried at 70ºC temperaturetill constant weight. Yield attributes were recorded fromfive plant samples taken from each plot at harvest. Seedand biological yields were recorded from individualplants and plot basis which were expressed in kg ha-1.Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA)using Online Statistical Analysis Package (OPSTAT,Computer Section, CCS Haryana AgriculturalUniversity, Hisar) with level of significance at P < 0.05.The trend of biomass partitioning and yields was similarduring 2010 and 2011; therefore, pooled analysis of datawas carried out. Correlation of seed yield with differenttraits was also calculated.


The dry matter accumulation in leaves and rootsdecreased at harvest than recorded at flowering stagedue to mobilization of biomass to the active sink organpods. Chickpea plants attained the maximum plant heightand rooting depth at flowering stage (Table 1). Themoisture stress reduced the plant height significantly butreverse was true for root depth. Among the genotypes,the plants of HC 5 were tallest followed by H 07-03 atflowering. However, the roots of HC 5 and H 07-03were statistically at par and penetrated significantlydeeper in the soil profile than the roots of other testedgenotypes at flowering stage. The rooting depthincreased with moisture stress significantly was reportedby Zaman-Allah et al. (2011b).

Table 1. Biomass partitioning of chickpea genotypes at 90 DAS under different levels of moisture stress

Plant height Root depth Dry weight per plant (g)(cm) (cm)

Treatments Leaf Stem Root Pod Total

EnvironmentsIrrigated 54.0 69.2 3.07 3.68 2.47 0.0 9.22Rainfed 49.5 73.2 2.86 3.47 1.84 0.0 8.17Rainout shelter 41.4 82.8 2.45 2.81 2.54 0.0 7.80LSD (P=0.05) 3.7 4.9 0.38 0.21 0.34 1.02GenotypesH 07-03 45.3 75.3 3.27 3.28 2.43 0.00 9.0H 07-157 44.7 63.3 3.57 3.73 2.23 0.00 9.5H 09-55 36.3 69.0 3.60 3.40 3.37 0.00 10.4H 09-61 41.2 61.7 3.60 3.63 3.43 0.00 10.7HC 1 38.6 66.0 3.03 3.60 1.87 0.00 8.5HC 5 49.7 77.5 2.90 4.27 2.63 0.00 9.8LSD (P=0.05) 2.4 4.0 0.32 0.30 0.45 1.2

126 Sharma, Kumar, Singh and Kumar

The biomass allocation at flowering stage toroots, leaves and stem was 27.3%, 33.2% and 39.5% oftotal biomass, respectively (Fig. 2). The dominating roleof stem followed by leaf indicate that chickpea needsstrong stem to bear the more number of pods throughincreased branching and higher leaf area to produce morefood to fill the pods. Our findings on dry matteraccumulation during season conform to earlierobservations of Deshmukh et al. (2004). Among thegenotypes, the higher total biomass and as well stem,leaves and roots weight was recorded in H 09-55 and H09-61. However, the per cent of total dry matteraccumulation in stems, leaves and roots was higher inHC 5, H 07-157 and H 09-55, respectively. The root andshoot weight did not differ substantially in control andrainfed environment but it increased remarkably undersevere stress in ROS environment (Fig. 1).

At physiological maturity (120 DAS), thefunctional rooting depth decreased as compared toflowering stage. At harvest, root depth increased andshoots height decreased significantly with the increasein moisture stress (Table 2). The mild moisture stressdid not affect the biomass partitioning in chickpea butsevere moisture stress reduced the allocation of biomassto seeds, pods and roots in spite of increase in root depthover irrigated control. Kumar et al., (2012) revealed thatplant height had the highest direct effect on biomass yieldand consequently to higher seed yield. Among thegenotypes, the plants of HC 5 were tallest and that ofHC 1 were dwarf the most. But, the rooting depth wassignificantly higher in HC 5 over other tested genotypes.

Moisture stress reduced the accumulation of drymatter in different plant parts significantly at 120 DAS.But the contribution of stem and leaves increased to totalbiomass because of less pod development with increasedseverity of stress at reproductive phase, when pod is themajor sink. Under limited availability of moisture duringreproductive phase, growth of pod affected most, whichresulted into significant reduction of pod contributionhas been reported by Kumar (2003). Among thegenotypes, the maximum biomass in leaves, stem androots was recorded in H 07-157, H 09-55 and H 07-03respectively, whereas, in pods it was highest in HC 5.

The seed yield, biological yield and harvestindex decreased significantly with increased moisturestress (Table 3). Lower harvest index (HI) recorded inall the genotypes in severe stress environment (ROS)indicated that during vegetative phase, plenty of moistureavailable for crop growth but during reproductive phase,the profile runs out of moisture due to increased cropcanopy and increased terminal moisture stress. So onlyfew pods were formed on each plant which reduced theseed yield more adversely than the biomassaccumulation. Similar reduction in yield attributes underrainfed conditions has been reported earlier by Zaman-Allah et al. (2011a). The highest biomass, seed yieldand HI were recorded in genotypes H 09-55 and HC 5.The seed yield of H 07-03, H 07-157 and H 09-61 werestatistically at par and significantly higher than HC1genotype. Similar genotypic variation in yield and itsattributes in chickpea under moisture stress have beenreported by Kumar et al., (2001).

Table 2. Biomass partitioning of chickpea genotypes at maturity under different levels of moisture stress

Plant height Root depth Dry weight per plant (g)(cm) (cm)

Treatments Leaf Stem Root Pod Total

EnvironmentsIrrigated 72.8 63.2 2.51 7.81 2.43 8.61 21.4Rainfed 57.4 61.8 2.23 6.24 1.95 7.35 17.8Rainout shelter 46.9 49.7 1.84 5.02 1.24 4.12 12.2LSD (P=0.05) 5.7 1.9 0.28 0.81 0.46 1.2 3.2GenotypesH 07-03 70.2 68.4 2.25 7.26 2.29 6.62 18.4H 07-157 64.2 63.1 2.35 6.16 1.49 4.64 14.6H 09-55 62.3 67.5 1.25 8.70 2.10 8.40 20.5H 09-61 67.4 70.2 1.05 4.31 1.99 3.87 11.2HC 1 58.0 62.5 2.32 4.98 1.62 4.22 13.2HC 5 75.3 73.6 1.62 7.69 2.09 9.29 20.7LSD (P=0.05) 2.4 4.0 0.42 0.86 0.57 0.63 3.4


Table 3. Yield of chickpea genotypes under different levels ofmoisture stress

Treatments Biological yield Seed yield Harvest index(kg/ha) (kg/ha) (%)

EnvironmentsIrrigated 5049.0 1820.1 36.0Rainfed 4480.5 1603.1 35.7Rainout shelter 3324.3 1169.0 35.1LSD (P=0.05) 354.9 122.4 0.52GenotypesH 07-03 3867.9 1421.1 36.7H 07-157 3706.6 1415.6 38.2H 09-55 4407.5 1672.2 39.1H 09-61 4235.4 1422.6 33.5HC 1 3495.5 1341.5 38.3HC 5 3874.6 1511.4 39.0LSD (P=0.05) 251.2 83.1 NS

Table 4. Association between seed yield and biomass partitioningcharacters

Characters Correlation coefficient (r)

At 90 DASSeed yield vs. plant height 0.62**Seed yield vs. leaf weight 0.56**Seed yield vs. stem weight 0.53*Seed yield vs. total biomass 0.48At maturitySeed yield vs. plant height 0.78**Seed yield vs. pod weight 0.86**Seed yield vs. Leaf weight 0.65**Seed yield vs. stem weight 0.68**Seed yield vs. root weight 0.54*Seed yield vs. biological yield 0.89**Seed yield vs. harvest index 0.59**

*, ** Significant at 5 % and 1 % levels, respectively.

The associations of biomass partitioning indifferent plant parts with seed yield at both the stagesare presented in Table 4. At flowering stage, chickpeahad significant positive association of seed yield withplant height(r = 0.62) and biomass partitioned to leaf(r = 0.56), stem (r = 0.53) and total biomass (r = 0.48).However, at maturity, these associations further increasedover flowering stage. Seed yield at harvest had significant

positive association with plant height (r = 0.78 andbiomass partitioned to leaf (r = 0.65), stem (r = 0.68)and pod (r = 0.86).However, the biological yield hadhighest association (r = 0.89) with seed yield. Significantpositive association with biomass partitioned in differentplant parts indicated that higher biomass yield and itsmaximum partitioning into pods brought about positiveimprovement in seed yield of chickpea under moisturestress condition

REFERENCES

Deshmukh, D. V., Mhase, L. B. and Jamadagni, B. M. 2004.Evaluation of chickpea genotypes for droughttolerance. Ind. J. Pulses Res.17 (1): 47-49.

Guhey, A. and Trivedi, A. K. 2001. Dry matter accumulationand partitioning in chickpea under two moistureregimes. Madras Agric. J. 88(7-9): 484-486.

Kumar, N., Nandwal, A. S., Waldia, R. S., Devi, S., Sharma,K. D. and Kumar, A. 2012. Drought tolerance inchickpea as evaluated by root characteristics, plantwater status, membrane integrity and chlorophyllfluorescence techniques. Expl. Agric. 48 (3): 378-87.

Kumar, P., Deshmukh, P. S., Kushwaha, S. R. and Kumari,S. 2001. Effect of terminal drought on biomassproduction, its partitioning and yield of chickpeagenotypes. Ann. Agric.Res. 22 (3): 408-411.

Kumar, S. 2003. Biomass partitioning in chickpea as affectedby different level of moisture stress. M.Sc. Thesis.Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India.

Zaman-Allah, M., Jenkinson, D. and Vandez, V. 2011a.Chickpea genotypes contrasting for seed yield underterminal drought stress in the field differ for traitsrelated to the control of water use. Functional Pl.Biol. 38: 270-281

Zaman-Allah, M., Jenkinson, D. and Vandez, V. 2011b. Aconservative pattern of water use, rather than deepor profuse rooting, is critical for terminal droughttolerance of chickpea. J. Exptl. Bot. 62: 4239-4252.

128 Sharma, Kumar, Singh and Kumar

Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 129-137 (2014)

Yield performance and economics of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum)intercropped in seed crop of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata)

A. K. DHAKA*1, SATISH KUMAR2, R. K. PANNU3, RAMPRAKASH4 , BHAGAT SINGH5

AND KARMAL SINGH6

Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana (India) - 125 004*(e-mail : [email protected])


ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted at CCSHAU, Hisar during the kharif seasons of 2010 and 2011in thrice replicated randomized block design, with ten treatments to evaluate the intercropping of pearl millet(Pennisetum glaucum) in dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) grown for seed. Among intercropping systems inspite of 11.6% reduction in Sesbania seed yield over sole crop at 45 cm spacing, the highest Sesbania seedyield (924 kg/ha) along with an additional pearl millet yield of 743 kg/ha was obtained with 1:1 row ratio ofSesbania and pearl millet at 45 cm spacing. The intercropping system of two rows of pearl millet intercroppedin Sesbania sown at 120 cm spacing was found best not only for pearl millet yield and yield attributes butalso for maximum land equivalent ratio (1.38), highest Sesbania (1379 kg/ha) equivalent yield, highest netreturn of Rs.10768/ha and maximum B:C of 1.39. Hence, for seed production sesbania be sown at 120 cmspacing intercropped with two rows of pearl millet to supplement the income of farmers.

Key words : Yield attributes, Intercropping, crop equivalent yield, Net return, Pearl millet and Sesbania aculeata

1Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy. 2Professor in Agronomy and Associate Dean PGS. 3Senior Agronomist and Dean,College of Agriculture. 4Assitant Scientist, Department of Soil science. 5Wheat Agronomist, CCSHAU, Hisar-125 004. 6Assistantscientist, Department of Agronomy.

INTRODUCTION

Due to rapid increase in population,urbanization and industrialization the per capita landavailability is going to decrease, thus this limitationimposing more pressure to produce more food, feed,fiber, fuel and fodder per unit area to meet basic need.So, horizontal increase in crop production is not possible,but the only way to increase crop productivity on perunit area basis is possible through multiple cropping.Intercropping seems to be the only way to increaseproductivity and intensity of land use (Mandal et al.,2014).

Secondly most concern of today’s climatechange can be expected to have significant impacts oncrop yields through changes in temperature and wateravailability. For ensuring food and nutrition as well asenergy security, improving the environment andmitigating the adverse effect of climate change somemitigation and adaptation measures like improved crop

management through crop rotations and intercroppingof legumes with cereals or millets have many potentialbenefits such as stable yields, better use of resources,weeds, pest and diseases reduction, increased proteincontent of cereals, reduced nitrogen leaching ascompared to sole cropping systems (Venkateswarlu etal., 2009). Legumes like dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata)being quick growing, succulent, easily decomposable,withstands salinity or alkalinity and under poor drainagesituations perform better as compared to other greenmanure crops. It is widely used as green manure crop toincrease the crop productivity and sustain the soil fertility(Das and Sudhishri, 2010). The availability of its seedfor green manuring is major constraint due to its lowseed production and poor economics. Sesbania being along duration crop (120-180 days) provides opportunityfor growing pearl millet as intercrop for better use ofnatural resources. But to get more seed yield of dhainchaand pearl millet yield simultaneously, there is need toexplore feasibility and other related agro-economic

aspects of intercropping of pearl millet in seed crop ofdhaincha with different planting patterns. Keeping inview the above facts, the present study was designed toevaluate the yield performance and economics of pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum) intercropped in seed cropof Sesbania to augment the income of farmers along withthe objective of high seed production of Sesbania.


A field experiment was carried out at agronomyresearch area of CCS Haryana Agricultural University,Hisar, Haryana, India (29010’N latitude, 75046’Elongitude and 215.2 M altitude) during Kharif seasonsof 2010 and 2011 in randomized block design, replicatedthrice with ten treatments (Table 1). The mean maximum,minimum temperature, relative humidity and total rainfallduring crop duration from 12th July to 20th November,2010 and during 6th July to 9th November, 2012 were(32.70C, 21.70C, 20.7% and 599 mm) and (33.80C,21.80C, 20.6% and 298 mm), respectively. The totalrainfall during crop season was 598.9 mm in 2010 and298.4 mm in 2011. The soil of the field was sandy loamin texture, slightly alkaline in pH (8.0), low in organiccarbon (0.35%), poor in available nitrogen (147 kg/ha)and medium in available phosphorus (12 kg/ha) and richin available potassium (147.5 kg/ha).

The crop was raised with standard package ofpractices recommended by directorate of extensioneducation, CCS, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar.Sesbania variety ‘DH-1’ and ‘HHB 67-2’ hybrid of pearlmillet were used in the study. The crops were sown on12th July and 6th July during first and second year,respectively. The pearl millet and Sesbania wereharvested on 25th and 17th September and 20th and 9th

November during first and second year, respectively. Torecord the yield attributing characters of both the cropsthree plants per plot were tagged and the seed as well asbiological yield harvested per plot was converted in tokg/ha basis. The economics of different treatments wascalculated by using the data provided by the departmentof economics, CCS, Haryana Agricultural University,Hisar and the MSP recommended by the ministry ofagriculture, India. The response of different treatmentswere similar during both the years of study, hence thedata was pooled and analyzed according to statisticalmethods described by Panse and Sukhatme (1995) forinterpretation of the results.


Sesbania (Base crop)

Yield and Harvest index

Based on two year study, it is evident from datain Table1 that Sesbania sole crop planted at 45 cmspacing obtained highest seed of 1045 Kg/ha with non-significant difference and biological yield of 17943 kg/ha with 11.5% significantly higher than Sesbania soleplanted at 60 cm spacing. Among the intercroppingsystems highest Sesbania seed yield of 924 kg/ha with areduction of 11.6 % as compared to sole planted cropwas obtain with Sesbania sown at 90 cm spacing withalternate row of pearl millet as inter crop. Sesbania seedyield was statistically at par when one row of pearl milletwas intercropped in Sesbania sown at 90 cm, 120 cmand as paired row at 60:120 cm spacing. The lowest seedand biological yield were obtained when two rows ofpearl millet were sown in between paired row ofSesbania at 60:120cm spacing with a reduction of 26.5%and 36.0% as compared to sole Sesbania planted at 45cm spacing, respectively. Sesbania seed yield wassignificantly reduced in all the intercropping systems ascompared to sole crop of Sesbania. These results arealso in agreement with findings of Choudhary et al.(2014), who reported significant reduction in seed yieldof crops under intercropping systems over sole crop dueto reduction in yield attributes. The biological yield ofSesbania also followed same trend except Sesbania sownat 90 cm spacing with alternate rows of pearl millet asintercrop. This trend of findings were observed in boththe years of study but the seed yield level was 2.5%higher in Kharif 2011-12 as compared to Kharif 2010-11, while biological yield was 19.9% higher in Kharif2010-11 over Kharif 2011-12 under sole crop of Sesbaniaat 45 cm spacing due to more vegetative growth becauseof higher amount of rain fall received in Kharif 2010-11.

Among the all intercropping systems the harvestindex was reduced non-significantly as compared to solecropping at 60 cm spacing except Sesbania sown at 90cm spacing with one row of pearl millet as intercrop,one row of pearl millet sown in paired row of Sesbaniaat 45:90 cm spacing and two rows of pearl milletintercropped in paired row of Sesbania at 60:120cmspacing. Among all the intercropping systems maximum

130 Dhaka, Kumar, Pannu, Ramprakash, Singh and Singh

Sesbania equivalent yield of 1379 kg/ha, which was24.2% higher than sole crop of Sesbania at 45 cm spacingwas obtained with two row of pearl millet intercroppedin Sesbania sown at 120 cm spacing and it wassignificantly higher than all treatment except Sesbaniasown at 90 cm and 120 cm spacing with one row ofpearl millet as intercrop. The lowest Sesbania equivalentyield (1012 kg/ha) was obtained with pearl millet solecrop which was statistically at par with Sesbania solesown at 45 or 60 cm spacing, paired row of Sesbania at45:90 cm spacing along with one row of pearl millet inbetween two pairs and paired row of Sesbania at 60:120cm spacing along with two rows of pearl millet inbetween two pairs. Similar reduction in equivalent yieldof sole crop over inter cropped treatment was observedby Padhi et al. (2010).

Yield attributes

Persual of data in Table 2 on the basis of twoyear study showed that maximum number of branches/plant and no. of pods/plant were found in sole plantedcrop at 45 cm spacing, while pod length and no. of seeds/pod were maximum in Sesbania sole planted at 60 cmspacing, but the differences were non-significantbetween 45 and 60 cm spacing. These results were alsosupported by the findings of Kumar et al. (2006 a).Intercropping of Sesbania with pearl millet in all theintercropping systems significantly reduced the numberof branch/plant and no. of pods/plant as compared tosole cropping systems except two rows of pearl milletintercropped in paired row of Sesbania at 45:120 cmspacing or at 60:120 cm spacing as far as pods/plant isconcerned. Kumar et al. (2006 b) also corroborates theseresults, who also reported reduction in yield attributesof legume grain crops in intercropping systems with pearlmillet over sole crop. Among intercropping systems onerow of pearl millet intercropped in paired row ofSesbania at 60:120 cm spacing or at 45:90 cm spacingrecorded with highest number of branches/plant and pod/plant with non-significant difference between them. Thehighest no. of pods/plant (179) and branches/plant (23.7)among intercropping systems with a reduction of 4.8%and 8.1%, respectively over sole crop at 45 cm spacingwere observed in one row of pearl millet intercroppedin paired row of Sesbania at 45:90 cm spacing and onerow of pearl millet intercropped in paired row ofSesbania at 60:120 cm spacing, respectively.

Intercropping of Sesbania with pearl millet non-

significantly reduced the pod length and no. of seeds /pod as compared to sole crop of Sesbania planted at 60cm spacing except in paired rows of Sesbania at 45:120cm or at 60:120 cm spacing with two rows of pearl milletas intercrop in case of seeds/pod. The minimum numberof seeds/pod i.e. 33.5 with a reduction of 11.4% againsthighest of 37.8 seeds/pod were found with two rows ofpearl millet intercropped in paired rows of Sesbania at60:120 cm spacing. Among intercropping systems,maximum number of seeds per pod were found withSesbania sown at 90 cm spacing with one row of pearlmillet as intercrop while during kharif 2011-12maximum number of seeds/pod were found with tworows of pearl millet intercropped in Sesbania sown at120 am spacing, which was statistically at par with allthe intercropping systems. Same trend was observed inkharif 2010-11, whereas during kharif 2011-12intercropping of Sesbania sown at 90 cm spacing withone row of pearl millet and two rows of pearl milletintercropped in paired row of Sesbania at 45:120 cmspacing significantly reduced the pod length as comparedto highest pod length with sole crop at 60 cm .

The pod non bearing length from base of plantwas minimum in sole planted crop as compared tointercropping systems. Intercropping of Sesbania withpearl millet increased significantly the pod non bearinglength from base of plant in all the intercropping systemsexcept one row of pearl millet intercropped in pairedrows of Sesbania at 45: 90 cm spacing or at 60:120 cmspacing. The maximum length of pod non-bearing stemwas found in Sesbania sown at 120 m spacing with tworows of pearl millet as intercrop, which was 20.8%significantly higher than minimum length of 2.20 meterin sole crop of Sesbania at 60 cm spacing. Similar trendwas found during both the years of study.

All the yield attributes like pod length (r =0.76),no. of pods/plant (r= 0.72), seeds /pod (0.86) andbranches/plant (r=0.83) were positively correlated withseed yield. Pod length (r =0.76) and no. of pods/plant (r=0.76) was highly correlated with seeds/pod. Pod nonbearing length from base of plant was negativelycorrelated with seed yield.

Pearl millet (Inter crop)

Yield and harvest index

On the basis of two year analysis data in Table3 revealed that intercropping of pearl millet in Sesbania


Tabl

e 1.

Effe

ct o

f diff

eren

t int

ercr

oppi

ng sy

stem

s on

yiel

d of

sesb

ania

Trea

tmen

tsSe

ed y

ield

Bio

logi

cal Y

ield

Har

vest

Inde

xSe

sban

ia E

quiv

alen

t(k

g/ha

)(k

g/ha

)(%

)yi

eld

(kg/

ha)

2010

-20

11-

Pool

ed20

10-

2011

-Po

oled

2010

-20

11-

Pool

ed20

10-

2011

-Po

oled

1112

1112

1112

1112

T1–S

esba

nia

sole

at 6

0 cm

spac

ing

1033

1042

1037

1699

314

780

1588

66.

107.

066.

5410

3310

4210

37T2

–Ses

bani

a so

le a

t 45

cm sp

acin

g10

2310

6610

4519

934

1595

217

943

5.14

6.70

5.82

1023

1066

1045

T3–P

earl

mill

et so

le a

t 45

cm S

paci

ng-

--

--

--

--

1090

933

1012

T4 -S

esba

nia

at 9

0cm

spac

ing+

One

row

of P

earl

mill

et94

490

392

419

081

1434

316

712

4.95

6.32

5.54

1352

1222

1287

T5–P

aire

d ro

w o

f Ses

bani

a at

45

cm 9

0 cm

+One

row

of P

earl

mill

et76

477

977

216

726

1244

114

583

4.57

6.47

5.31

998

1040

1019

T6–S

esba

nia

at 1

20cm

spac

ing

+One

row

of P

earl

mill

et83

086

384

715

238

1177

813

508

5.45

7.38

6.28

1372

1156

1264

T7–S

esba

nia

at 1

20cm

spac

ing

+Tw

o ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

745

700

723

1270

597

6111

233

5.87

7.20

6.44

1468

1291

1379

T8–P

aire

d ro

w o

f Ses

bani

a at

45

cm 1

20 c

m+T

wo

row

of P

earl

mill

et75

974

675

313

506

1077

212

139

5.64

6.93

6.23

1227

1096

1161

T9–P

aire

d ro

w o

f Ses

bani

a at

60

cm 1

20 c

m+T

wo

row

of P

earl

mill

et66

969

067

912

437

1052

011

478

5.38

6.56

5.92

1104

1032

1068

T10–

Paire

d ro

w o

f Ses

bani

a at

60

cm 1

20 c

m+O

ne ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

855

840

848

1610

412

011

1405

75.

317.

006.

0311

9411

1911

57C

D a

t 5%

124

102

7816

2317

2113

020.

730.

940.

5915

316

117

9SE

(m)

4134

2554

257

543

00.

240.

310.

2051

5460

Tabl

e 2.

Effe

ct o

f diff

eren

t int

ercr

oppi

ng sy

stem

s on

yiel

d at

trib

utes

of s

esba

nia

Trea

tmen

tsN

umbe

r of b

ranc

hes/

Pod

leng

thN

umbe

r of p

ods/

Num

ber o

f see

ds/

Pod

non

bear

ing

leng

thpl

ant

(cm

)pl

ant

pod

from

bas

e of

pla

nt (m

)

2010

-20

11-

Pool

ed20

10-

2011

-Po

oled

2010

-20

11-

Pool

ed20

10-

2011

-Po

oled

2010

-20

11-

Pool

ed11

1211

1211

1211

1211

12

T1–S

esba

nia

sole

at 6

0 cm

spac

ing

25.0

26.3

25.7

26.0

25.4

25.7

191

181

186

40.0

36.0

37.8

2.25

2.20

2.22

T2–S

esba

nia

sole

at 4

5 cm

spac

ing

26.0

25.7

25.8

25.6

25.3

25.4

188

189

188

39.0

35.3

37.2

2.28

2.26

2.27

T3–P

earl

mill

et so

le a

t 45

cm S

paci

ng-

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

T4–S

esba

nia

at 9

0cm

spac

ing+

One

row

of P

earl

mill

et20

.321

.320

.823

.820

.322

.016

817

217

038

.735

.036

.72.

622.

602.

61T5

–Pai

red

row

of S

esba

nia

at 4

5 cm

90

cm+

23.0

22.7

22.8

23.3

24.3

23.8

177

182

179

37.3

35.0

36.2

2.36

2.33

2.34

One

row

of P

earl

mill

etT6

–Ses

bani

a at

120

cm sp

acin

g+O

ne ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

22.5

22.7

22.6

24.6

22.4

23.5

170

174

172

38.0

33.0

35.5

2.47

2.40

2.43

T7–S

esba

nia

at 1

20cm

spac

ing+

Two

row

of P

earl

mill

et19

.720

.720

.223

.322

.722

.916

417

116

735

.736

.335

.32.

802.

762.

78T8

–Pai

red

row

of S

esba

nia

at 4

5 cm

120

cm

+18

.719

.319

.023

.320

.721

.916

016

416

234

.332

.534

.02.

572.

602.

58Tw

o ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

T9–P

aire

d ro

w o

f Ses

bani

a at

60

cm 1

20 c

m+

19.7

20.0

19.8

22.9

21.8

22.0

155

161

158

33.3

33.6

33.5

2.49

2.40

2.45

Two

row

of P

earl

mill

etT1

0–Pa

ired

row

of S

esba

nia

at 6

0 cm

120

cm

+24

.023

.323

.724

.921

.823

.417

317

617

438

.335

.336

.82.

342.

302.

32O

ne ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

CD

at5

%2.

22.

41.

93.

13.

64.

220

2124

4.75

4.69

2.84

0.38

0.30

0.21

SE(m

)0.

70.

80.

61.

01.

21.

46.

86.

98.

01.

591.

570.

950.

130.

100.

07


Tabl

e 3.

Effe

ct o

f diff

eren

t int

ercr

oppi

ng sy

stem

s on

yiel

d of

Pea

rl m

illet

Trea

tmen

tsSe

ed y

ield

Bio

logi

cal Y

ield

Har

vest

Inde

xPe

arl m

illet

equ

ival

ent

(kg/

ha)

(kg/

ha)

(%)

yiel

d

2010

-20

11-

Pool

ed20

10-

2011

-Po

oled

2010

-20

11-

Pool

ed20

10-

2011

-Po

oled

1112

1112

1112

1112

T1–S

esba

nia

sole

at 6

0 cm

spac

ing

--

--

--

--

2113

2131

2122

T2–S

esba

nia

sole

at 4

5 cm

spac

ing

--

--

--

--

2093

2181

2137

T3–P

earl

mill

et so

le a

t 45

cm S

paci

ng22

3019

0920

6989

3710

351

9644

25.0

18.5

21.7

2230

1909

2069

T4–S

esba

nia

at 9

0cm

spac

ing+

One

row

of P

earl

mill

et83

365

274

350

2062

5956

3916

.610

.513

.627

6525

0026

32T5

–Pai

red

row

of S

esba

nia

at 4

5 cm

90

cm+O

ne ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

477

534

505

2921

4556

3739

16.4

11.7

14.1

2041

2127

2084

T6–S

esba

nia

at 1

20cm

spac

ing+

One

row

of P

earl

mill

et10

8462

085

249

5555

6552

6021

.811

.216

.528

0623

6525

85T7

–Ses

bani

a at

120

cm sp

acin

g+Tw

o ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

1546

1142

1344

6599

8525

7562

23.5

13.4

18.5

3003

2640

2821

T8–P

aire

d ro

w o

f Ses

bani

a at

45

cm 1

20 c

m+T

wo

row

of P

earl

mill

et95

671

683

651

9164

4658

1818

.411

.114

.825

0922

4223

76T9

–Pai

red

row

of S

esba

nia

at 6

0 cm

120

cm

+Tw

o ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

890

700

795

4283

6046

5164

21.0

11.6

16.3

2258

2111

2184

T10–

Paire

d ro

w o

f Ses

bani

a at

60

cm 1

20 c

m+O

ne ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

694

571

632

3263

4919

4091

21.2

11.7

16.4

2443

2290

2367

CD

at 5

%16

698

104

829

689

599

2.7

1.9

1.9

313

257

252

SE(m

)55

3335

277

230

200

0.9

0.6

0.6

105

8684


reduced the seed yield, biological yield and harvest indexof pearl millet significantly in all the treatments ascompared to sole crop except two row of pearl milletintercropped in Sesbania a sown at 120 cm spacing wherethe reduction was only 6% over sole crop as far as harvestindex is concerned.

Among all the intercropping systems, highestseed, biological yield and harvest index with a reductionof 35.0%, 21.6% and 14.7%, respectively over sole cropwas obtained with two rows of pearl millet intercroppedin Sesbania sown at 120 cm spacing and it was alsosignificantly higher than all the intercropping systems.The lowest seed and biological yield with a reduction of75.5% and 61.2%, respectively over sole crop were foundwith one row of pearl millet intercropped in paired rowof Sesbania sown at 45:90 cm spacing. These resultswere in close conformity with findings of Ram et al.(2005), who also reported significant reduction in theyield of intercropped pearl millet with legumes over solecrop. Similar trend of observations was found in boththe years of study, but the seed yield and harvest indexwere higher during kharif 2010-11 while biological yieldmore during kharif 2011-12.

Among all the treatments, the highest pearlmillet equivalent yield (2821 kg/ha) was obtained withtwo rows of pearl millet intercropped in Sesbania sownat 120 cm spacing and it was statistically at par withone row of pearl millet intercropped in Sesbania sownat 90 cm or 120 cm spacing. Similar increase in pearlmillet equivalent yield in intercropping systems over soleplanting was also reported by Tetarwal and Rana (2006).

Yield attributes

On the basis of two year data given in Table 4,it is clear that intercropping of pearl millet reducednumber of tillers/metre row length, no. of effective tiller/meter row length, ear head length, ear head weight andgrain weight/ear head significantly in all the treatmentsover sole crop expect two rows of pearl millet,intercropped in Sesbania rows at 120 cm spacing. Girthof ear head was reduced non-significantly over sole cropin all the intercropping treatments. Among theintercropping treatments, maximum no. of tillers/metrerow length, highest number of effective tillers/metre rowlength, ear head length, ear head weight, grain weight/ear head and girth of ear head with a reduction of 7.7%,3.6 %, 3.4%, 8.1%, 7.2% and 7.7% over sole crop,

respectively were found with two rows of pearl milletintercropped in Sesbania sown at 120 cm spacing. Theminimum no. number of tillers /metre row length, no. ofeffective tiller/meter row length, ear head length, ear headweight and grain weight/ear head were observed withone row of pearl millet intercropped in paired row ofSesbania at 45:90 cm spacing and one or two rows ofpearl millet intercropped in paired row of Sesbania at at60:120 cm spacing. One row of pearl millet intercroppedin paired row of Sesbania at 45:90 cm spacing or at60:120 cm spacing recorded minimum ear head weightwith a reduction of 34.9% over sole crop. No. of tillers/meter row length (r=0.93), no. of effective tillers /meterrow length(r= 0.87), Ear head length (r=0.86), Ear headweight(r= 0.90), grain weight /ear head (r=0.97) and girthof ear head (r=0.95) were positively correlated with seedyield. While ear head length (r=0.92) and girth of earhead (r=0.83) was positively correlated with ear headweight and grain weight par ear head (r=0.92) waspositively correlated with ear head weight. Similar trendof observation was found during both the years of study.

Economics

Based on of two year study, maximum LERvalue (1.38) with Sesbania sown at 120 cm spacing alongwith two rows of pearl millet in between provided 25.4%more than minimum value of 1.03 with paired row at45:90 cm spacing along with one row of pearl millet inbetween two pairs (Table 5). The differences weresignificant among all intercropping systems. As all thevalues are more than one, it means all the intercroppingsystems are beneficial over sole crop. The value of 1.38denoted that the sole cropping of either crop will haveto be require 38% additional land area just to producethe yield level which we had achieved in the particularintercropping system. So, it is clear that Sesbania sownat 120 cm spacing along with two rows of pearl millet inbetween followed by one row of pearl millet intercroppedin between Sesbania sown at 90 or 120 cm spacing arethe most beneficial intercropping systems.

The sole crop of pearl millet was 74% and 70%more profitable as compared to sole crop of Sesbania at45 cm and at 60 cm spacing, respectively (Table 5).Intercropping of Sesbania is more profitable over solecrop of Sesbania in all the treatments except T5 and T9.Sesbania sown at 120 cm spacing along with two rowsof pearl millet in between (T7) followed by T4 and T6


Tabl

e 4.

Effe

ct o

f diff

eren

t int

ercr

oppi

ng s

yste

ms

on y

ield

attr

ibut

es o

f pea

rl m

illet

Trea

tmen

tsY

ield

attr

ibut

es

No.

of t

iller

s/M

. row

No.

of e

ffect

ive

tille

rs/

Ear h

ead

leng

thEa

r hea

d w

t.G

rain

wt./

ear

Girt

h of

ear

hea

dR

atio

(gra

in w

t/ear

leng

thM

. row

leng

th(c

m)

(g)

head

(cm

)he

ad w

eigh

t)

10-1

111

-12

pool

ed10

-11

11-1

2po

oled

10-1

111

-12

pool

ed10

-11

11-1

2po

oled

10-1

111

-12

pool

ed10

-11

11-1

2po

oled

10-1

111

-12

pool

ed

T1–S

esba

nia

sole

at 6

0 cm

spa

cing

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

-T2

–Ses

bani

a so

le a

t 45

cm s

paci

ng-

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

T3–P

earl

mill

et s

ole

at 4

5 cm

45.3

45.0

45.2

30.7

31.0

30.8

29.7

29.4

29.6

32.7

31.1

33.2

22.5

21.7

22.1

9.1

9.0

9.1

0.69

0.70

0.69

Spac

ing

T4–S

esba

nia

at 9

0cm

spa

cing

+38

.738

.038

.325

.326

.325

.828

.127

.928

.027

.126

.427

.319

.819

.219

.58.

18.

28.

10.

730.

730.

73O

ne ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

T5–P

aire

d ro

w o

f Ses

bani

a at

45

cm33

.334

.033

.722

.023

.322

.725

.926

.025

.921

.220

.421

.514

.013

.513

.77.

97.

67.

70.

660.

660.

6690

cm

+ O

ne ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

T6–S

esba

nia

at 1

20cm

spa

cing

+34

.733

.734

.222

.323

.723

.026

.026

.326

.227

.126

.227

.417

.717

.417

.67.

97.

57.

70.

650.

670.

66O

ne ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

T7–S

esba

nia

at 1

20cm

spa

cing

+42

.041

.341

.729

.729

.729

.728

.528

.728

.629

.928

.430

.520

.720

.320

.58.

48.

48.

40.

690.

720.

70Tw

o ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

T8–P

aire

d ro

w o

f Ses

bani

a at

45

cm37

.336

.036

.723

.724

.724

.126

.927

.026

.925

.525

.925

.820

.320

.020

.28.

18.

08.

10.

800.

780.

7912

0 cm

+ Tw

o ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

T9–P

aire

d ro

w o

f Ses

bani

a at

60

cm36

.735

.336

.023

.322

.022

.726

.626

.826

.725

.224

.825

.617

.617

.317

.58.

17.

77.

90.

700.

700.

7012

0 cm

+ Tw

o ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

T10–

Paire

d ro

w o

f Ses

bani

a at

60

cm35

.334

.034

.720

.319

.019

.725

.225

.425

.321

.221

.021

.614

.013

.713

.88.

07.

87.

90.

660.

650.

6612

0 cm

+ O

ne ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

CD

at5

%4.

45.

45.

86.

26.

62.

72.

52.

22.

62.

32.

82.

82.

21.

61.

81.

51.

72.

00.

080.

090.

08SE

(m)

1.5

1.8

1.9

2.1

2.2

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.9

0.8

0.9

0.9

0.7

0.5

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.03

0.03

0.03


Tabl

e 5.

Eco

nom

ics

of d

iffer

ent i

nter

crop

ping

sys

tem

s

Trea

tmen

tLa

nd E

quiv

alen

t Rat

ioTo

tal c

ost o

fG

ross

retu

rn (R

s./ha

)N

et R

etur

n (R

s./ha

)B

: C

ratio

(LER

)pr

oduc

tion

(Rs./

ha)

10-1

111

-12

Pool

ed10

-11

11-1

2Po

oled

10-1

111

-12

Pool

ed10

-11

11-1

2Po

oled

T1–S

esba

nia

sole

at 6

0 cm

spac

ing

1.00

1.00

1.00

2004

522

163

2259

922

381

2118

2554

2336

1.11

1.13

1.12

T2–S

esba

nia

sole

at 4

5 cm

spac

ing

1.00

1.00

1.00

2095

322

602

2334

422

973

1650

2391

2021

1.08

1.11

1.10

T3–P

earl

mill

et so

le a

t 45

cm S

paci

ng1.

001.

001.

0022

288

3123

928

956

3009

789

5266

6878

101.

401.

301.

35T4

–Ses

bani

a at

90

cm sp

acin

g+1.

291.

201.

2426

198

3486

633

863

3436

586

6876

6681

671.

331.

291.

31O

ne ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

T5–P

aire

d ro

w o

f Ses

bani

a at

45

cm 9

0 cm

+1.

041.

021.

0326

190

2702

427

875

2745

083

416

8512

601.

031.

061.

05O

ne ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

T6–S

esba

nia

at 1

20 c

m sp

acin

g+1.

281.

131.

2124

980

3399

131

110

3255

190

1161

3075

711.

361.

251.

30O

ne ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

T7–S

esba

nia

at 1

20cm

spac

ing+

1.46

1.29

1.38

2743

039

455

3694

138

198

1202

595

1110

768

1.44

1.35

1.39

Two

row

of P

earl

mill

etT8

–Pai

red

row

of S

esba

nia

at 4

5 cm

120

cm

+1.

171.

081.

1327

113

3166

830

910

3128

945

5537

9841

761.

171.

141.

15Tw

o ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

T9–P

aire

d ro

w o

f Ses

bani

a at

60

cm 1

20 c

m+

1.05

1.02

1.03

2681

028

050

2917

228

611

1240

2362

1801

1.05

1.09

1.07

Two

row

of P

earl

mill

etT1

0–Pa

ired

row

of S

esba

nia

at 6

0 cm

120

cm

+1.

141.

101.

1224

973

2912

329

671

2939

741

5146

9844

241.

171.

191.

18O

ne ro

w o

f Pea

rl m

illet

CD

at5

%1.

100.

170.

12SE

(m)

0.03

0.05

0.04

Rat

es u

sed

in c

alcu

latio

n ar

e: P

earl

mill

et g

rain

(Rs.8

80/q

t) an

d Se

sban

ia g

rain

(Rs.1

800/

qt).

Cos

t of i

nput

s and

farm

ing

oper

atio

ns w

as fo

llow

ed sa

me

for b

oth

the

year

of s

tudy

acc

ordi

ng to

the

data

pro

vide

d by

the

depa

rtmen

t of e

cono

mic

s, C

CSH

AU

, His

ar fo

rK

hari

f 201

1-12

.


are the most beneficial intercropping systems forSesbania seed crop. The maximum net return of Rs.10768/ha with highest B:C of 1.39 was obtained in T7followed by Rs. 8167/ha in T4. Such results were alsoreported by Yadav and Yadav (2007), Ansari et al. (2011).Intercropping of Sesbania at 120 cm spacing along withtwo rows in between was 81.2 %, 78.3% and 27.4% moreprofitable over sole Sesbania crop at 45 cm spacing, at60 cm spacing and sole crop of pearl millet at 45 cmspacing, respectively. Among various indices computedfor different intercropping systems.

Based on two years study it may be concludedthat the intercropping system of two rows of pearl milletintercropped in Sesbania sown at 120 cm spacing wasfound best not only for pearl millet yield but also forhighest net return of Rs. 10768 per ha and B:C value(1.39) closely followed by one row of pearl milletintercropped with Sesbania sown at 90 cm spacing.

REFERENCES

Ansari, M. A., Rana, K. S., Rana, D. S. and Kumar. P. 2011.Effect of nutrient management and antitranspirantson rainfed sole and intercropped pearl millet(Pennisetum glaucum) and pigeonpea (Cajanuscajan). Ind. J. Agron 56 : 209-216.

Choudhary, S. K., Singh, R. N., Upadhyay, P. K., Singh,R. K., Yadav, R. I. and Choudhary, H. R. 2014.Growth and available nutrient in winter maize (zeamays l.) with vegetable intercrops in eastern UttarPradesh. The Bioscan 9 : 151-154.

Das, A. and Sudhishri, S. 2010. Intercropping in finger-millet(Eleusine coracana) with pulses for enhancedproductivity, resource conservation and soil fertility inuplands of southern Orissa. Ind. J. Agron. 55: 89-94.

Kumar, R., Hooda, R. S., Singh, H. and Nanwal, R. K.2006b. Performance of intercropping and strip-cropping systems of pearl millet (Pennisetum

glaucum) – legume association. Ind. J. Agric. Sci.76: 319-21.

Kumar, S., Singh, R. C. and Kadian, V. S. 2006a. Responseof Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) genotypes tosowing dates and row spacing. Ind. J. Agron. 51 :152-153.

Mandal, M. K, Banerjee, M., Banerjee, H., Alipatra, A.and Malik, G. C. 2014. Productivity of maize (Zeamays) based intercropping system during kharifseason under red and lateritic tract of West Bengal.The Bioscan 9 : 31-35.

Padhi, A. K., Panigrahi, R. K. and Jena, B. K. 2010. Effectof planting geometry and duration of intercrops onperformance of pigeonpea-finger milletintrocropping systems. Ind. J. Agric. Res. 44 : 43-47.

Panse, V. G. and Sukhatme, P. U. 1995. Statistical methodsfor agricultural workers, ICAR, New Delhi.

Ram, B., Chaudhary, G. R., Jat, A. S. and Jat, M. L. 2005.Effect of integrated weed management andintercropping systems on growth and yield of pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum). Ind. J. Agron. 50 : 210-213.

Tetarwal, J. P. and Rana, K. S. 2006. Impact of croppingsystem fertility level and moisture conservationpractice on productivity, nutrient uptake, water useand profitability of pearl millet (Pennisetumglaucum) under rainfed condition. Ind. J. Agron. 51: 236-266.

Venkateswarlu, B. and Shanker, A. K. 2009. Climate changeand agriculture: Adaptation and mitigation strategies.Ind. J. Agron. 55 : 226-230.

Yadav, R. S. and Yadav, O. P. 2007. The performance ofcultivars of pearl millet and clusterbean under solecropping and intercropping systems in arid zoneconditions in India. Exp. Ag. 37 : 231-240.


Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 138-145 (2014)

Genetic variability and performance of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L) R.Br.] composites for yield and quality attributes

R. KUMAR, DEV VART, L. K. CHUGH, Y. KUMAR, S. HARISH, V. MALIK, K. RAJ, M. S. DALALAND PANKAJ GARG

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), India(e-mail : [email protected])


ASBTRACT

Genetic variability among twenty one diverse pearl millet populations was studied in an experimentlaid out in a randomized block design with three replications during Kharif season of 2013 at two locations/environments viz., Bajra Section, Research Area, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS HaryanaAgricultural University, Hisar (E1) in irrigated and Regional Research Station, Bawal (E2) in rainfed conditions,respectively. The observations were recorded for seven quantitative traits viz., days to 50% flowering, plantheight (cm), number of effective tillers per plant, panicle length (cm), panicle diameter (mm), dry fodderyield (q/ha) and grain yield (kg/ha) and quality parameter viz. protein content (%). The mean performanceand range in two environments for each character revealed that E1 (Hisar) i.e., irrigated condition was thebetter environment for the expression of almost all the characters except days to 50% flowering and proteincontent which was desirable or higher in rainfed environment. Significant differences were observed amongthe genotypes for all the characters studied. The characters namely grain yield, panicle length and dry fodderyield showed high phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) in both the environments.Days to 50 % flowering and protein content showed high heritability in both the environments. Geneticadvance as per cent of mean was observed in grain yield and panicle length in both the environments. Highheritability coupled with high to moderate genetic advance was observed for panicle length and proteincontent indicating the importance of these traits in selection and population improvement. Promisingpopulations such as SRC and WHC 901-445 (Early) possessing high grain yield and protein content wereidentified for extensive testing.

Key words : Pearl millet, genetic variability, GCV, PCV, heritability, protein and grain yield

INTRODUCTION

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]is the world’s hardiest warm season cereal crop. It cansurvive even on the poorest soils in the driest regions,on highly saline soils and in the hottest climates. Pearlmillet is the fourth most important crop following rice,wheat and sorghum in India, and cultivated on an areaof 7.95 m ha with production of 8.79 mt and productivity1106 kg/ha, respectively (Anonymous, 2014) . InHaryana, it is cultivated on 0.411 m ha with a productionof 0.785 m tones and average productivity of 1910 kg/ha (Anonymous, 2014) and 90% of its cultivation ismainly confined to eight districts of S-W Haryana. Pearlmillet besides being good source of protein (12%), fat(6%) carbohydrates (65%), is the richest source of

minerals (2-3%) and low in crude fiber. It is an importantfood and fodder ingredient of both human and livestockpopulation, respectively, in the rural arid and semi-aridregions. Yet it may be described, as a crop of necessityrather than of choice, as it grows in areas too dry forproduction of other cereals, where nothing else will grow.A lot of progress has been achieved in pearl milletproduction and productivity with the advent of F1 hybridsbased on cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CGMS) andbetter management technologies. Although hybrids arethe preferred cultivar choice in better endowedenvironments, but still populations or landraces ofdiverse nature are cultivated by farmers in resource poorregions and they also serve as the base material fordeveloping new composites/synthetic varieties andderivation of seed and pollen parents for hybrid breeding

in pearl millet. Thus, there is a need to improve thepopulations per se as well as their heterotic potential.Gill (1980) emphasized the need for the evolution ofsuch populations that - minimize the risk due to diseases,unfavourable weather and limitations in seed production.Although, yield potential of some populations has beenfound to be quite close to the best available F1 hybrids,but still constant improvement of existing populationsand development of new populations is a regular processin pearl millet breeding. The progress of populationimprovement depends upon appropriate choice of basematerial, relevant genetic information and choice ofbreeding procedures.

The information about the magnitude of geneticvariance and heritability can be used in ascertaining thepossibility of extracting superior progenies for use inthe development of hybrids and improved populations.Genetic variability studies provide basic informationregarding the genetic properties of the population basedon which breeding methods are formulated for furtherimprovement of the crop. The assessment of variabilityis done in terms of genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic(PCV) coefficient of variation and heritability whichprovides information about relative proportion ofvariation in different characters. Since heritability is alsoinfluenced by environment, the information onheritability alone may not help to pin point charactersenforcing better selection. Nevertheless, the heritabilityestimates in conjunction with the predicted geneticadvancement will be more reliable (Johnson et. al.,1955). Heritability gives the information on themagnitude of inheritance of quantitative traits, whilegenetic advance will be helpful in formulating suitableselection procedures. The present study was, therefore,undertaken to estimate the genetic variability in pearlmillet populations with a view to identify the populationswith best potentiality for upgrading yield and itscomponent characters.


The material for the present study comprised of21 diverse pearl millet populations/ composites availablein the Bajra section, Department of Genetics & PlantBreeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisarduring Kharif season 2013. The experiment was carriedout at two locations, viz., Bajra Section Research Area,Hisar (E1) and CCS HAU Regional Research Station,

Bawal (E2) in irrigated and rainfed conditions,respectively, in a randomized block design with threereplications in a plot size consisting of 6 rows of 4 mwith inter-row spacing of 45 cm and inter-row distanceat 10-12 cm. Observations were recorded on five randombut representative plants of each population in eachreplication for seven quantitative traits viz., days to 50%flowering, plant height (cm), number of effective tillersper plant, panicle length (cm), panicle diameter (mm),dry fodder yield (q/ha) and grain yield (kg/ha).Recommended package of practices were followed tothe good crop. After harvesting, panicles were threshedand grain samples were used for biochemical analysisfor estimating crude protein content by micro-Kjeldahl’smethod (Humphries, 1956). The mean value of eachgenotype was used for statistical analysis. Analysis ofvariance was performed as per methodology given byPanse and Sukhatme (1967). Genotypic and phenotypecoefficients of variation (GCV and PCV) were calculatedby formula given by Burton (1952), heritability in broadsense (h2) by Burton and de Vane (1953) and geneticadvancement as given by Johnson et al., (1955).


The mean sum of squares due to genotypes werehighly significant for all the characters in both theirrigated (E1) and rainfed (E2) environments (Table 1)indicating the prevalence of enough genetic variabilityin the material under study for selection and improvementand suitability for further statistical analysis. The resultswith respect to mean, range, coefficient of variation (PCVand GCV), heritability (broad sense) and genetic advanceas per cent of mean are presented in Table 2. A perusalof the data in Table 2 reveals that the overall mean of 21populations for all the traits was higher in the irrigatedenvironment except protein content, which was higherin the rainfed environment and number of effective tillersper plant (almost same mean values in both theenvironments). A similar higher trend was observed forthe range values for different traits by Arya et al. (2010)and Bikash et al. (2013). They reported that in favourableenvironment lead to more tillers and speedy growth thatresulted in delayed flowering and more accumulation ofbiomass. If favourable condition prevails up to grainfilling stage, it increases both grain as well as dry fodderyield. On the other hand, if unfavourable conditionprevails than there will be reduction in all yield


contributing characters.

Phenotypic and Genotypic Coefficient of Variation

The values of PCV and GCV for grain yieldand component traits are furnished in Table 2. As perthe classification, the values were grouped into high,medium and low (Sivasubramanian and Menon, 1973).High phenotypic variability, which encompassesgenotypic, environmental and G x E interactioncomponents, was evident from the range of values fordifferent characters. In general, estimates of phenotypiccoefficient of variability (PCV) were higher than thosedue to genotypic coefficient of variability for allcharacters (Table 2). Similar results were also reportedearlier by Das et. al., 2001. The phenotypic coefficientof variation was maximum for grain yield in both E1(23.21) and E2 (33.37) environments. Moderatephenotypic coefficient of variation values (11 to 20%)were obtained in both the environments for the charactersnamely dry fodder yield, panicle length, and number ofeffective tillers per plant. Low phenotypic coefficient ofvariation values were exhibited by days to 50%flowering, plant height, panicle diameter and proteincontent in both the environments. Genotypic coefficientof variation was highest for grain yield in irrigated E1(17.32) and rainfed E2 (30.94). Moderate genotypiccoefficient of variation values was observed for thecharacter panicle length E1 (13.92) & E2 (13.98). Lowgenotypic coefficient of variation values were recordedfor the characters like days to 50% flowering in E1 (4.51)& E2 (10.60), plant height (5.40) & E2 (8.60), number ofeffective tillers per plant E1 (9.14) & E2 (7.75), paniclediameter E1 (10.56) & E2 (5.55), protein content in E1

(11.42) & E2 (7.67) and dry fodder yield in E1 (11.47) &E2 (9.39). High PCV and GCV values were reported inearlier studies by Lakshmana et. al., (2003), Borkhatariaet. al., (2005) and Kumar et al. (2014) for grain yield.Moderate values for PCV and GCV were reported forpanicle length by Vagadiya et al., (2013). Low PCVvalues were reported for day to 50% flowering andprotein content (%) by Lakshmana et. al., (2010),Chaudhary et. al., (2012) and Kumar et. al., (2014) inpearl millet. The coefficient of variation indicates onlythe extent of total variability present for a character anddoes not demarcate the variability into heritable and non-heritable portion. Hence, the estimate of heritability,which indicates precisely the heritable expected gain,assumes importance. The extent of variability, whichcould be transferred from parent to offspring, wouldsuggest how for the variation in heritable portion hasclose bearing on response to selection (Lakshmana et.al., 2009).

Heritability and Genetic Advance

Estimates of heritability (broad sense), andgenetic advance as percentage of mean are furnished inTable 2. The heritability was classified as low, mediumand high as per the classification of Robinson et al.,(1949). Broad sense heritability ranged from 35.26 (dryfodder yield) to 97.22% (protein content) and 28.91(number of effective tillers per plant) to 96.74 (days to50% flowering) in E1 and E2, respectively. Highheritability was recorded for days to 50% flowering(76.43%), panicle length (86.96%), panicle diameter(86.65%) and protein content (97.21%) in E1 and daysto 50% flowering (96.74%), plant height (81.86%),

Table 1. Analysis of variance for different characters of pearl millet populations during kharif 2013 season

Character Replications (2) Treatments (20) Error (40)

E1 E2 E1 E2 E1 E2

Days to 50% flowering 5.91 2.11 18.29** 66.96** 1.70 0.74Plant height (cm) 25.21 116.68 614.05** 1,111.04** 148.60 76.45No. of effective tillers/plant 0.08 1.19 0.23** 0.21* 0.07 0.10Panicle length (cm) 5.24 2.78 46.00** 44.00** 2.19 6.76Panicle diameter (mm) 0.20 0.40 33.90** 12.28** 1.66 3.73Dry fodder yield (q/ha) 863.44 666.98 424.65** 139.27** 161.21 33.07Grain yield (kg/ha) 575399.64 309136.3 946,090.09** 340,674.78** 198,351.17 17,534.37Protein content (%) 0.28 0.29 4.69** 2.50** 0.044 0.13

*Significant at 5% level, **Significant at 1% levelE1=irrigated, E2=rainfed environment.

140 Kumar, Vart, Chugh, Kumar, Harish, Malik, Raj, Dalal and Garg

Tabl

e 2.

Est

imat

es o

f var

iabi

lity

para

met

ers

for

diffe

rent

cha

ract

ers

in p

earl

mill

et in

irri

gate

d an

d ra

infe

d en

viro

nmen

ts du

ring

kha

rif 2

013

seas

on

S. N

o.C

hara

cter

sM

ean

±SE

(d)

Ran

geC

oeffi

cien

t of v

aria

tion

(%)

Her

itabi

lity

(bs)

Gen

etic

Adv

ance

(%)

(% o

f mea

n)E 1

E 2E 1

E 2G

CV

PCV

E 1E 2

E 1E 2

E 1E 2

E 1E 2

1D

ays t

o 50

% fl

ower

ing

52±1

.07

44±0

.70

50-5

740

-62

4.51

10.6

15.

1610

.78

76.4

396

.74

8.12

21.4

92

Plan

t hei

ght (

cm)

230.

51±9

.95

215.

89±7

.14

195.

67-2

5415

0-23

6.67

5.40

8.60

7.56

9.51

51.0

881

.86

7.96

16.0

33

Effe

ctiv

e til

lers

per

pla

nt2.

56±0

.21

2.55

±0.2

52.

00-2

.93

2.11

-3.1

19.

147.

7513

.59

14.4

145

.24

28.9

112

.67

8.58

4Pa

nicl

e le

ngth

(cm

)27

.45±

1.21

25.2

±2.1

223

.13-

37.3

321

.67-

36.8

913

.92

13.9

814

.93

17.3

886

.96

64.7

626

.74

23.1

85

Pani

cle

diam

eter

(mm

)31

.06±

1.05

130

.43±

1.58

25.1

0-36

.56

26.1

7-34

.63

10.5

65.

5511

.34

8.43

86.6

543

.34

20.2

57.

536

Dry

fodd

er y

ield

(q/h

a)81

.73±

10.3

763

.34±

4.70

64.6

7-95

.67

51.7

0-74

.87

11.4

79.

3919

.31

13.0

635

.26

51.7

114

.03

13.9

27

Gra

in y

ield

(g/p

lant

)28

82±3

63.6

410

61±1

08.1

219

87-3

680.

6741

0-17

7117

.32

30.9

423

.21

33.3

755

.69

86.0

026

.63

59.1

18

Prot

ein

cont

ent (

%)

10.9

0±0.

172

11.5

8±0.

298.

35-1

2.97

10.1

4-13

.54

11.4

27.

6711

.59

8.27

97.2

286

.19

23.2

014

.68

E 1=irr

igat

ed, E

2=ra

infe

d en

viro

nmen

t.


protein content (86.19%) and grain yield (86.00%) inE2. Moderate heritability was obtained for plant height(51.10%), number of effective tillers per plant (45.24%),dry fodder yield (35.26%) and grain weight (55.69%) inE1 and panicle length (64.76%), panicle diameter(43.34%) and dry fodder yield (51.70%) in E2. Lowerheritability was recorded for number of effective tillers(28.91%) in E2 condition whereas it was moderate in E1.High heritability values were reported by Laksmana et.al., 2010, Chaudhary et al. (2012) and Vagadiya et. al.,(2013) for grain yield, panicle length by Vagadiya 2013,Chaudhary et al. (2012) for days to 50% flowering,indicating that genotype plays a more important role thanthe environment in determining the phenotype andsuggesting the predominance of additive gene effects inthe inheritance of these traits. Moderate heritabilityestimates was also observed for panicle diameter byVagadiya et. al., 2013.

Genetic Advance as per cent of mean rangedfrom 7.96 (plant height) to 26.74% (panicle length) and8.58 (number of effective tillers per plant) to 59.11 (grainyield) in E1 and E2, respectively. The high GA as percent of mean (> 20%) were recorded for grain yield andpanicle length in both environments. However, high GAas per cent of mean was also recorded for protein contentand panicle diameter in E1 and days to 50% flowering inE2. The characters that exhibited moderate (10 to 20%)level of genetic advance as per cent of mean wereeffective tillers per plant (12.67) and dry fodder yield(14.03) in irrigated condition and plant height (16.03),protein content (14.68) and dry fodder yield (13.92) inrain fed condition. The low level of GA as per cent ofmean (< 10%) were recorded for the characters such asdays to 50% flowering (8.12) in E1 and number ofeffective tillers per plant (8.58) and panicle diameter(7.53) in E2. High genetic advance as per cent of meanwas reported for grain yield by Chaudhary et. al., (2012),panicle length and grain yield by Laksmana et. al.,(2010), panicle diameter by Laksmana et. al., (2010),protein content by Govindaraj et. al., (2011) andChaudhary et. al., (2012).

High heritability combined with high geneticadvance as per cent of mean was observed for paniclelength and protein content in both the environment. Thisindicates the lesser influence of environment inexpression of these characters and prevalence of additivegene action in their inheritance. Hence, these traits areamenable for simple selection. Similar results were

reported for protein content by Govindaraj et. al., (2011),panicle length by Laksmana et. al., (2010). High tomoderate heritability coupled with low to moderategenetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded fordays to 50% flowering and panicle diameter indicatingnon-additive gene action for these traits. Theimprovement in the mean value of population as a resultof selection depends on heritability of the characters,phenotypic variation and selection pressure. These resultsare in conformity with Govindaraj et. al., (2011).

Performance of population in irrigated and rain fedcondition

The mean performance of each of the 21 pearlmillet populations along with the two composite checks(HC 10 and HC 20) are presented in Table 3. A perusalof the mean data revealed that most of the entriesflowered earlier in the rainfed Bawal location ascompared to the irrigated (Hisar location) except theentry WHC 0802 (HMP 0802) which flowered in 62 daysat Bawal as compared to 57 days at Hisar. The overallmean days to 50% flowering in the two locations exhibitsthe same trend as well. For other traits such as plantheight, panicle length, grain yield and dry fodder yield,the mean values for almost all the populations werehigher in the irrigated condition as compared to therainfed condition with a few exceptions. Grain yieldwas 2-4 times higher for different individual populationsin irrigated as compared to rainfed condition as well assummarized across the populations (2819 kg/ha vs. 1029kg/ha, respectively). The population with the lowest grainyield in irrigated condition (Long Panicle B-Composite,1987 kg/ha) had a higher grain yield than the highestyielding population in rainfed condition [WHC 901-445(Early), 1771 kg/ha]. The differences in the yieldattributing characters of these pearl millet populationscould be attributed to the differences in their geneticmakeup. Corroborative results have also been reportedby Kumar et al. (2003) and Yadav and Kumar, (2013).Under irrigated environment condition higher grain yield(2882 kg/ha) was observed than rainfed condition (1061kg/ha) (Table 3). Population SRC (3675 kg/ha) hadhigher grain yield followed by TPC-1 in E1 and thewhitish grain colour population WHC 901-445 (Early)followed by EC91PCV5S1GY in E2 than any othercomposite varieties included in this study (Table 3). Thebetter performance of pearl millet in terms of yield under


Table 3. Mean performance of pearl millet populations in irrigated and rain fed conditions during kharif 2013 season

S. No. Treatment Days to 50% Plant height Effective tillers Panicle lengthflowering (cm) (No./plant) (cm)

E1 E2 E1 E2 E1 E2 E1 E2

1 Reg. Type Composite 50 42 238.33 220.00 3.00 2.33 24.53 23.112 98109SL 50 42 217.00 215.67 2.93 2.11 28.47 27.893 A5 Restorer Composite 1 (A5RC-1) 57 45 234.33 222.33 2.40 2.22 26.00 22.894 Arid Type Composite (ATC) 51 42 210.00 206.33 2.60 2.67 29.67 25.335 Blast Resistant B-Composite (BRBC) 50 46 223.00 210.00 2.53 2.11 24.87 20.896 Downy Mildew Resistant Composite (DMRC) 51 42 236.00 215.00 2.93 2.56 25.93 26.227 EC 91PCV 5 S1GY 51 42 254.00 228.00 2.27 2.33 28.00 26.568 HC 20-1001 51 46 230.00 230.67 2.60 2.89 25.13 23.119 High Protein Composite (HPC) 53 42 243.00 238.00 2.67 2.44 34.33 30.0010 WHC 0802 (HMP 0802) 57 62 224.67 192.33 2.13 3.11 24.80 23.0011 HMP 0802 x HC 20 51 43 242.33 224.00 2.73 2.44 32.53 27.7812 ICMV 221 x HC 10 (E) 50 42 234.67 232.67 2.00 2.56 26.00 22.1113 Long Panicle B-Composite (LPBC) 57 51 195.67 150.00 2.47 2.78 37.93 36.8914 Long Panicle Restorer Composite (LPRC) 54 46 227.00 198.67 2.93 2.44 23.80 20.6715 MDMR B-Composite 50 43 236.33 217.33 2.60 2.56 23.93 21.3316 Smut Resistant Composite (SRC) 51 42 246.00 236.67 2.53 2.89 26.67 27.7817 Thick Panicle Composite-1 (TPC-1) 52 42 228.33 217.67 2.40 2.44 25.07 22.2218 WHC 901-445 (Early) 50 41 233.00 210.33 2.87 2.89 23.13 26.0019 WHC 901-445 (Medium) 51 40 228.33 212.67 2.40 2.56 23.53 21.6720 HC 10 (Check) 51 42 231.00 221.67 2.27 2.45 32.07 26.7821 HC 20 (Check) 54 47 227.67 233.67 2.40 2.78 31.13 27.00Mean 52 44 230.51 215.89 2.56 2.55 27.45 25.20C.D. 2.163 1.429 20.191 14.482 0.426 0.513 2.451 4.305SE(m) 0.754 0.498 7.038 5.048 0.148 0.179 0.855 1.501SE(d) 1.066 0.704 9.953 7.139 0.21 0.253 1.208 2.122C.V. 2.504 1.948 5.289 4.05 10.057 12.148 5.391 10.314

Contd.

Table 3 contd.

S. No. Treatment Panicle diameter Grain yield Dry fodder yield Protein content(mm) (kg/ha) (q/ha) (%)

E1 E2 E1 E2 E1 E2 E1 E2

1 Reg. Type Composite 28.53 30.93 3401 1365 97.00 67.90 10.58 11.652 98109SL 27.63 28.47 3378 1378 86.67 64.83 11.02 11.6333 A5 Restorer Composite 1 (A5RC-1) 29.47 34.63 3186 784 86.33 66.33 11.02 10.694 Arid Type Composite (ATC) 31.83 31.47 3077 1097 91.00 60.93 11.11 11.175 Blast Resistant B-Composite (BRBC) 32.07 30.57 2371 1189 74.33 66.33 10.80 12.0336 Downy Mildew Resistant Composite (DMRC) 29.40 30.73 2356 1127 65.00 66.37 11.61 10.7137 EC 91PCV 5 S1GY 26.20 28.60 2864 1518 75.67 67.93 10.08 10.148 HC 20-1001 32.63 31.43 2509 904 80.00 74.07 11.48 11.1939 High Protein Composite (HPC) 27.57 28.83 3209 870 92.67 60.17 10.85 11.4810 WHC 0802 (HMP 0802) 25.10 26.33 2174 410 89.33 60.20 11.46 11.3411 HMP 0802 x HC 20 31.67 32.33 3663 963 102.00 67.90 8.35 13.55

Contd.


12 ICMV 221 x HC 10 (E) 34.57 30.57 2343 656 66.33 54.80 11.72 11.0413 Long Panicle B-Composite (LPBC) 36.57 28.47 1987 495 66.33 56.37 12.59 11.1714 Long Panicle Restorer Composite (LPRC) 32.77 31.60 2883 755 64.67 51.70 9.72 13.3615 MDMR B-Composite 32.60 30.93 3646 1301 95.67 56.20 9.58 11.4816 Smut Resistant Composite (SRC) 30.13 30.23 3681 1303 86.33 74.87 12.63 12.4017 Thick Panicle Composite-1 (TPC-1) 32.07 31.43 3675 1274 75.67 61.77 8.93 10.5418 WHC 901-445 (Early) 35.03 32.50 2230 1771 71.00 60.17 12.42 12.3619 WHC 901-445 (Medium) 30.80 32.00 2333 992 68.00 56.30 12.97 12.9920 HC 10 (Check) 32.47 26.17 2974 945 89.67 58.63 9.31 11.4221 HC 20 (Check) 32.07 30.77 2583 1177 92.67 76.40 10.58 10.85

Mean 31.06 30.43 2882 1061 81.73 63.34 10.90 11.58C.D. 2.132 3.197 737.652 219.321 21.03 9.524 0.324 0.516SE(m)0.743 1.14 363.64 108.118 10.367 4.695 0.113 0.18 0.18SE(d)1.051 1.576 257.132 76.451 7.331 3.32 0.16 0.254 0.254C.V.4.145 6.344 15.453 12.485 15.535 9.079 1.018 1.568 1.568

E1=irrigated, E2=rainfed environment.

irrigated environment might be due to increased soilmoisture content which improved internal water statusand growth of plant. Thus, higher rate of water flow fromthe soil to plant helps in better stomatal conductanceand more leaf area which help to sustain bettertranspiration in pearl millet. Beneficial effects ofirrigation on yield attributes of pearl millet were alsoreported by Saifullah et al. (2011) and Yadav and Kumar(2013).

The significant higher dry fodder yield (81.73q/ha) than rainfed condition (63.34 q/ha) was recordedin irrigated environment. Population HMP 0802 x HC20 (102.00 q/ha) had higher dry fodder yield followedby Reg. Type Composite in E1 and HC 20 (check)followed by SRC in E2 than all other populations (Table3). The differences in biomass production among thegenotypes of pearl millet might be attributed to the effectof the genetic traits of the composites. These findingswere supported by Saifullah et al. (2011) and Yadav andKumar (2013). Maman et al. (2003) reported that milletand sorghum responded to irrigation with linear increasein yield as water use increased.

The higher protein content (11.58%) thanirrigated condition (10.90%) was recorded in rainfedenvironment. The Population WHC 901-445 (Medium)(12.97%) had higher protein content followed by SRCin E1 and HMP 0802 x HC 20 (13.55%) followed byWHC 901-445 (medium) in E2 than all other populations(Table 3). The populations such as Smut ResistantComposite (SRC), HMP 0802 x HC 20, TPC-1, Reg.Type Composite and 98109SL combine high grain yieldand yield attributes along with high protein content andwhitish grain colour WHC 901-445 (early) combines

reasonable grain yield with high protein content, are thepromising entries which may be identified for extensivemulti-location evaluation.

REFERENCE

Anonymous. 2014. Agricultural statistics at a glance. Ministryof Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi.

Arya, R. K., Yadav, H. P., Yadav, A. K. and Singh, M. K.2010. Effect of environment on yield and itscontributing traits in pearl millet. Forage Res., 36(3): 176-180.

Bikash, A., Yadav, I. S. and Arya, R. K. 2013. Studies onvariability, correlation and path analysis in pearlmillet. Forage Res., 39(3) : 134-139.

Borkhataria, P. R., Bhatiya, V. J., Pandya, H. M. and Value,M. G. 2005. Variability and correlation studies inpearl millet. National J. Pl. Improv., 7 : 21-23.

Burton, G. W., 1952. Quantitative inheritance of grasses. In:Proc. 6th Intl. Grassland Cong., 1 : 277-283.

Burton, G. W. and deVane, E. H. 1953. Estimating heritabilityin tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.) fromreplicated clonal material. Agron. J., 45 : 478-481.

Chaudhary, V. P. Dhedhi, K.K. Joshi, H. J. and Sorathiya,J. S. 2012. Genetic variability for grain Iron, Zinc,Protein, yield and yield attributes in pearl millet[Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]. Madras Agric. J.,99 (7-9) : 465-467.

Das, P. K., Chakraborty, S., Barman, B. and Sarmah, K.


K. 2001. Genetic variation for harvest index, grainyield and yield components in boro rice. Oryza; 38(3&4) : 149-150.

Gill, K. S. 1980. Progress and problems of pearl milletgermplasm maintanance. In : Trends in GeneticResearch in Pennisetum (Gupta, V. P. and Minocha,J. L. eds.) Punjab Agricultural Univ., Ludhiana, 67-78.

Govindaraj, M. B. Selvi, S., Rajarathinam and P. Sumathi.2011. Genetic variability, heritability and geneticadvance in India’s pearl millet (Pennisetumglaucum (L) R. Br.) accessions for yield andnutritional quality traits. African J. Food Agric. Nutri.Develop., 11 (3) : 4758-4771.

Humphries E. S. 1956. Mineral components and ash analysis.Modern Methods of Plant Analysis, Springer Verlag.Berlin, 1 : 468-502.

Johnson, H. W., Robinson, H. F. and Comstock, R. E. 1955.Estimation of genetic variability and environmentalvariability in soybean. Agron J 47 : 314-318.

Kumar, M., Singh, H., Hooda, R. S., Khippal, A. and Singh,T. 2003. Grain yield, water use and water-useefficiency of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum)hybrids under variable nitrogen application. Ind. J.Agron., 48 : 53-58.

Kumar, R., Harish, S., Dalal, M. S., Malik, V., Dev Vart,Chugh, L. K., Garg, P. and Raj, K. 2014. Studieson variability, correlation and path analysis in pearlmillet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] genotypes.Forage Res., 40 (3) : 163-167.

Lakshmana, D., Biradar, B. D. and Ravi Kumar, R. L. 2009.Genetic variability studies for quantitative traits in apool of restorers and maintainers lines of Pearl millet(Pennisetum glaucum L.). Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,22 (4) : 881-888.

Lakshmana, D., Surendra, P. and Gurumurthy, R. 2003.Combining ability studies in pearl millet. Res Crops4 : 358-362.

Lakshmana, D., Biradar, B. D., Madaiah, D. and Jolli, R.B. 2010 . Genetic Variation in Pearl milletGermplasm. Ind. J. Plant Genet. Resour., 23 (3) :315-317.

Maman, N., Lyon, D. J., Mason, S. C., Galusha, T. D. andHiggins, R. 2003. Pearl millet and grain sorghumyield response to water supply in Nebraska. Amer.Soc. Agron. J. 95 : 1618-1624.

Panse, V. G., and Sukhatme, P. V. 1967. Statistical Methodsof Agricultural Workers, 2nd Endorsement. ICARPublication, New Delhi, India. pp. 381.

Robinson, H. F., Comstock, R. E. and Harvey, P. H. 1949.Estimates of heritability and the degree of dominancein corn. Agron J., 41 : 353-359.

Saifullah, A. J., Munsif, F., Khan, H., Arif, M., Ali, K.,Waqas, M. and Ali, A. 2011. Performance of milletvarieties under different irrigation levels. Sarhad J.Agri., 27 : 1-6.

Sivasubramanian, S. and Menon, P. M. 1973. Genotypicand phenotypic variability in rice. Madras Agric. J.,60 : 1093-1096.

Vagadiya, K. J., Dhedhi, K. K. and Joshi, H. J. 2013. Geneticvariability, heritability and genetic advance of grainyield in Pearl millet. Agric. Sci. Digest 33(3) : 223-225.

Yadav, A. K. and Kumar, A. 2013. Comparative performanceof pearl millet genotypes in terms of yield and qualityunder different environment. Forage Res., 39(1) :31-35.


Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 146-150 (2014)

Energy assessment of seeding devices in rainfed pearl millet

SUNDEEP KUMAR*, M. S. SIDHPURIA, B. S. JHORAR, P. S. SANGWAN, S. B. MITTAL ANDASHWANI KUMAR

Department of Dryland Agriculture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana)*(e-mail : [email protected])

Received on 10-08-2014; Accepted on: 28-12-2014

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted during 2003-06 to study the effect of various seeding deviceson establishment, yield and energy consumption in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L) under rainfedconditions at Dryland Research Farm CCSHAU Hisar. Pearl millet was sown by different seeding deviceslike hand plough, tractor drawn seed drill (Rewari type), multipurpose seed drill, ridger seeder and bedplanter. The energy analysis was performed based on field operations and inputs like seed, fertilizer,sowing, intercultural, harvesting and threshing as well as direct (fuel and human labour) and indirect(machinery) energy sources involved in crop growth and production process of rainfed pearl millet. Theoverall average input energy was found highest 4802.67 MJ ha-1 when pearl millet was seeded bymultipurpose seed drill followed by hand plough, tractor drawn ridger seeder, bed planter, seed drill(Rewari type) while the highest energy output of 83873.67 MJ ha-1 resulted with sowing by ridger seederfollowed by bed planter, seed drill (Rewari type), multipurpose seed drill, and hand plough. The overallenergy use ratio was highest (17.8) when the rainfed pearl millet was sown by ridger seeder followed bybed planter, seed drill (Rewari type), multipurpose seed drill and hand plough. The seasonal rainwater-use efficiency and energy productivity was highest for sowing by ridger seeder as compared to otherdevices.

Key Words : Direct and indirect energy, pearl millet, ridger seeder, rainwater-use efficiency

INTRODUCTION

The energy plays a key role in the developmentof mankind. The application of modern implements andmachineries for the crop production over the traditionalpractices reduces the cost of production which surelyimpact on the crop production and the net income ofthe farmers (Khambalkar et al. 2010). Crop yield isdirectly proportional to energy input. (Shrivastava,1982). Efficient use of energy is one of the principalrequirements of sustainable agriculture. Energy use inagriculture has been increasing in response toincreasing population, limited availability of arableland, and a desire for higher standards of living.Therefore, energy is one of the most valuable inputs inagricultural production. It is invested in various formssuch as mechanical (farm machines, human power, andanimal draft), chemical fertilizer (pesticides andherbicides) and electrical. The amount of energy usedin agricultural production, processing and distribution

needs to be adequate in order to feed the risingpopulation and to meet other social and economic goals(Stout, 1990).

In this study, an effort has been made to analysethe energy expenditure and benefits associated withenergy analysis in the production of rainfed pearl millet.The comparative use of different seeding devices andenergies involved in it provide an opportunity to identifythe most efficient seeding device on the basis of output-input energy analysis for rainfed pearl millet.


A field experiment was conducted at theResearch Farm of Dryland Agriculture, CCS HaryanaAgricultural University, Hisar during 2003-2006. Theclimate of the region is classified as tropical steppe, semi-arid and hot, mainly dry with prolonged hot period fromMarch to October and fairly cool winters. There aremainly two cropping seasons, kharif (July-October) and

rabi (November-April). Under rainfed situation, only onecrop either in kharif with monsoonal rains (pearl millet/mungbean/clusterbean) or rabi under conserved moisture(mustard/chickpea) is feasible. The normal annualrainfall is 380 mm (only ~ 60 mm falling in rabiseason).The experimental field had loam texture, waterholding capacity at 40%, alkaline in reaction (pH 7.8),non saline (EC 0.45 dS m-1), low in OC (0.31 %) andconsequently poor in N (232 kg ha-1), medium in P2O5(17.4 kg ha-1) and high in available K (232 kg ha-1). Uponreceipt of significant (> 25 mm) rainfall, pearl milletwas sown in all the seasons in the first fortnight of Julyusing HHB-67 (Improved) variety. Recommendedfertilizer dose of 40, 20 kg ha-1 of N and P2O5,respectively was drilled at sowing. Seeding with differentdevices machineries like hand plough, tractor drawn seeddrill (Rewari type), multipurpose seed drill, ridger seederand bed planter in randomized block design with threereplications was done. Consequent at maturity, crop washarvested, air dried and ear heads were separated torecover grains and yield recorded. Energy equivalentvalues for field operation and other inputs/outputs wereworked out as per procedure of Mittal et al. (1985).


Yield

The grain and stover yields of pearl millet weresignificantly influenced by various seeding devicesduring all the years. Also, the quantum and spread ofrainfall has also contributed in variation of yields duringthe experimental period. The highest grain yield (2503,1494 and 1830 kg ha-1) was recorded when crop wassown by ridger seeder (Table 1) during 2003-2006followed by bed planter and other seeding devices. Year2004 was recorded a drought year (Table 2) as no rainfallwas received at the sowing period of crop in July andlow rainfall was received during the whole croppingseason of pearl millet. Overall mean yield values (Table1) of different years indicated that pearl millet sown byridger seeder obtained the highest grain yield values of1942 kg ha-1 with total biomass output at 6368 kg ha-1.With the duration of crop of limiting to only 65-70 days,Wheel Hand Hoe (WHH) was used for the removal ofweeds and to slice a thin layer of top soil which acted assoil mulch for moisture conservation.

Table 1. Effect of various seeding devices on yield (Kg ha-1), total output (Kg ha-1) and rainwater-use efficiency (RWUE) (kg ha-1mm-1) ofrainfed pearl millet

Treatments Years Mean

2003 2005 2006

Grain Total RWUE Grain Total RWUE Grain Total RWUE Grain Total RWUEyield output yield output yield output yield output

Hand plough 2055 6062 4.77 809 2589 3.59 1680 5040 12.81 1514 4563 7.05Rewari Type 2185 6774 5.08 1096 3562 4.87 1620 5022 12.35 1633 5119 7.43Seed DrillMultipurpose 2185 6883 5.08 1277 4086 5.67 1400 4340 10.67 1620 5103 7.14seed drillRidger seeder 2503 8135 5.82 1494 4930 6.64 1830 6039 13.95 1942 6368 8.80Tractor drawn 2376 7484 5.52 1401 4595 6.22 - - - 1888 6039 5.87Bed planter

Table 2. Actual rainfall occurred in cropping season 2003-2006*

Year Actual rainfall (mm) in cropping season

2003-04 430.02005-06 225.02006-07 131.1

*2004 drought year.

Rainwater use efficiency

The ridger seeder has yielded (Table 1) thehighest mean RWUE (8.80) than the seed drill (Rewaritype) (7.43), multipurpose seed drill (7.14) hand plough(7.05) and bed planter (5.87 kg ha-1 mm-1).

Energy Balance and Energy Productivity

The highest overall energy use ratio (Table 3)


Tabl

e 3.

Ove

rall

Ene

rgy

Use

Rat

io (O

EU

R) a

nd E

nerg

y Pr

oduc

tivity

ana

lysi

s for

rais

ing

pear

l mill

et b

y va

riou

s see

ding

dev

ices

Trea

tmen

tYe

ars

Aver

age

Year

sAv

erag

eYe

ars

Aver

age

Ener

gyin

put e

nerg

you

t put

ene

rgy

over

alpr

oduc

tivity

Inpu

t Ene

rgy

(MJ/

ha)

Out

put E

nerg

y(M

J/ha

)O

vera

ll En

ergy

Use

ener

gy u

se(k

g/M

J)(M

J/ha

)(M

J/ha

)ra

tiora

tio

2003

2005

2006

2003

2005

2006

2003

2005

2006

Han

d pl

ough

4690

4057

4194

4313

.67

8029

634

140

6669

660

377.

3317

.12

8.42

15.9

014

.00

1.06

Seed

Dril

l (R

ewar

i Typ

e)49

6344

5343

9346

03.0

089

482

4693

666

339

6758

5.67

18.0

310

.54

15.1

014

.68

1.11

Mul

tipur

pose

see

d dr

ill48

9747

5047

6148

02.6

790

844

5388

957

330

6735

4.33

18.5

511

.35

12.0

414

.02

1.06

Rid

ger s

eede

r50

9745

1845

1647

10.3

310

7194

6491

479

513

8387

3.67

21.0

314

.37

17.6

117

.81

1.35

Trac

tor d

raw

n B

ed p

lant

er51

3345

6144

9047

28.0

098

772

6052

3-

7964

7.50

19.2

413

.27

-16

.85

1.28

148 Kumar, Sidhpuria, Jhorar, Sangwan, Mittal and Kumar

was observed when pearl millet was sown by ridgerseeder. It may be kept in mind that for energy inputs, thevalue of seed, fertilizers, inter culture were common toall combination of treatments and only variable factorwas manual sowing with hand plough and sowing withother tractor operated seeding devices. The energyconsumed in harvesting and threshing of the crop wasalso variable. So, more than half of the energy input wasconstant and was 58-65% of the total input energy. Itmeant that variation was less than about 42% of the totalenergy input for rainfed pearl millet. It is well knownthat weeds compete with the main crop for moisture andnutrition and as moisture is most limiting factor undersuch conditions, any stress could severely hamper theultimate yields. Low yields and poor energy efficiencyin this particular treatment brings to fore the importanceof weed management under dryland conditions. Ridgerseeder has given highest average energy output 83873.67MJ ha-1 followed by bed planter 79647.50 MJ ha-1 andlowest average output energy was noticed for handplough 60377.33 MJ ha-1. As the average input energyis concerned, the ridger seeder has consumed less energy4710.33 MJ ha-1 than multipurpose seed drill 4802.67MJ ha-1 and bed planter 4728.00 MJ ha-1 while handplough has consumed less average input energy 4313.67MJ ha-1 in all the seeding devices followed by Rewaritype seed drill 4603.00 MJ ha-1. The ridger seeder hasobtained highest energy productivity 1.35 Kg MJ-1

followed by bed planter 1.28 Kg MJ-1, seed drill (Rewaritype) 1.11 Kg MJ-1, multipurpose seed drill 1.06 Kg MJ-

1 and hand plough 1.06 Kg MJ-1. As the overall energyuse ratio (OEUR) is concerned the ridger seeder gavehighest values in all the years followed bed planter whilehand plough had variable overall energy use ratio(OEUR) and were generally low in all the treatments.The ridger seeder consumed less energy as comparedto multipurpose seed drill and bed planter and gavehighest energy output indicating that necessarily allinputs were transformed into meaningful output.

Energy inputs in different treatments revealedthat around 4800 MJ ha-1 energy was consumed forproducing rainfed pearl millet. These values are inagreement with those reported by Jain (1988) at 1623x103 Kcal or 6790.6 MJ ha-1 in Haryana for pearl milletproduction. Singh et al. (2002) from the study on energyuse pattern for pearl millet production in “Chokha”village of Jodhpur, India reported that total energy usefor cultivating pearl millet was 3807.4 MJ ha-1 withaverage input-output ratio of 4.8. Abubakar and Ahmad

(2010) evaluated energy use pattern for pearl milletproduction in some selected farms in north easternJigawa, Nigeria. They observed that farms with <1 hasize consumed highest total energy at 6078 MJ ha-1 whilerelatively bigger farms, >5 ha, utilized the minimumenergy at 1705 MJ ha-1 along with total energy valuesalso being higher for such farms. A significant linearrelationship between energy input-output was observed.Energy use ratio values indicated low values at biggerfarms and values hovering around 1.3. Energy input-output analysis for millet production in semi arid zoneof Nigeria, Abubakar (2012) reported that in all farmsizes, tillage and weeding consumed the highest energyas a result of low chemical usage. Their results furtherindicated that farms with 2-4 ha size were using energymore efficiently while small farms showed lowestefficiency ratio of 0.8 due to higher human and or animalenergy component. Jain (1988) concluded that inHaryana, energy consumption for pearl millet productionhad stagnated due to risk, large variations in yields overthe years and susceptibility of the existing varieties toinsect pest or diseases. Rainfed farming being low inputenergy farming system, the inputs are lower than 1 GJha-1 as compared to modern high input farming systemsin west Europe where it may exceed 30 GJ ha-1 (Pimental,2009; Reed et al. 1986).

CONCLUSIONS

Ridger seeder recorded highest average output-input energy ratio as well as energy productivity valuesfollowed by bed planter with hand plough obtaininglowest values. Ridger seeder consumed less input energyas compared to other seeding devices and yielded highestenergy output indicating that necessarily all inputs weretransformed into meaningful output.

REFERENCES

Abubakar, M. S. 2012. Energy use pattern in millet productionin semi-arid zone of Nigeria. www. Intechopen.com/download/pdf/25591.

Abubakar, M. S. and Ahmad, D. 2010. Pattern of energyconsumption in millet production for selected farmsin Jigawa, Nigeria. Australian J. Basic Applied Sci.4(4) : 665-672.

Jain, Renu. 1988. Energy in Haryana Agriculture- 1966-1983.Ph.D dissertation, Meerut University, Meerut.


Mittal, V. K., Mittal, J. P. and Dhwan, K. C. 1985. Researchdigest on energy requirements in the agriculturalsector (1971-1981) Coordinating cell of AICRP onEnergy requirements in agricultural sector. PunjabAgricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. pp.159-163.

Pimental, D. 2009. Energy inputs in food crop production indeveloping and developed nations. Energies 2(1) :1-24.

Reed, W., Geng, S. and Hills, F. J. 1986. Energy input andoutput analysis of four field crops in California 1. J.Agron. Crop Sci. 157(2): 99-104.

Singh, H., Mishra, D. and Nahar, N. M. 2002. Energy use

pattern in production agriculture of a typical villagein arid zone, India, Part 1. Energy ConversionManage. 43 : 2275-2286.

Srivastava, A. C. 1982. A comparative study of conventionaland mechanized farming relative to energy use andcost. AMA. Spring 1982. pp. 42-46.

Khambalkar V., Phore, J., Katkhede, S., Bunde, D.,Dahatonde, S. 2010. Energy and economicevaluation of farm operations in crop production. J.Agril. Sci. 2(4) : 191-198.

Stout, B. A. 1990. Handbook of Energy for World Agriculture.London: Elsevier Applied Science. pp. 504.

150 Kumar, Sidhpuria, Jhorar, Sangwan, Mittal and Kumar

Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 151-156 (2014)

Biochemical evaluation of cotton leaves affected by red leaf diseaseJAYANTI TOKAS*1 AND OMENDER SANGWAN

Foarge Section, Department of GPB, CoA, CCS HAU, Hisar-125004*(e-mail : [email protected])

Received on : 11.11.14; Accepted on : 11.03.15

ABSTRACT

The present study was carried out to evaluate the various biochemical parameters in the leaves ofthree Bt (KSCH 201, KSCH 218, Bunty) and three non-Bt (GCA 8, GCA 10, GCA 17) cotton genotypesshowing different grades of leaf reddening. It was observed that as the red pigmented area of leaf increased,there was a decrease in the nitrogen and chlorophyll content whereas the tannic acid content increased. ThepH of the cell sap and phosphorous content was found to be low in red leaves. Therefore, an increase in thetannic acid content and pH of the cell sap might be responsible for leaf reddening.

Key words : Biochemical, chlorophyll, leaf, nitrogen, reddening, tannic acid.

INTRODUCTION

Cotton is being cultivated in 80 countries of theworld with a total coverage of 30-35 m ha and annualproduction of 22-26 m t of lint (Singh, 2014). Area wise,India ranks first in global scenario (about 33% of theworld cotton area). However, in production it rankssecond next to China. This is a vital cash crop in Indiagrown in an area of 11.7 m ha during 2013-14 comprising1.4 m ha in north, 7.2 m ha central and 3.0 m ha insouthern India; though it is predicted that the area willincrease back to 12.66 m ha (Singh, 2014). During thelast decade (2001 to 2011-12), there has been asignificant increase in area (40%), production (135%)and productivity (68%) in India (Singh, 2014). Majorcotton growing states in India are Maharashtra, Gujarat,Andhra Pradesh and Haryana.

Cotton plant, withstands extreme harshenvironments during its life cycle in the form of variousabiotic and biotic stresses to produce the white goldwrapped around the seeds which is essential for speciessurvival. Red leaf disease of cotton (commonly knownas Lal Patti in India) is an effect induced by variousinternal and external factors viz., mobilizing the nutrientsfrom older leaves to younger leaves or developing bollsthus turning older leaves or subtending leaves red,protecting the photosynthetic apparatus from photo-oxidative damage due to various abiotic stresses byaccumulation of red pigments called anthocyanins,leaves turning red during cooler nights followed by

brighter days as occurring in perennial trees duringautumn and reddening due to sucking pests etc. (Sheeba,2014). Generally, it is attributed to poor soils with lowN supply, fertilizer dose with inadequate N supply, waterstress due to poor drainage in soil hampering the Nviability and absorption. The symptoms including leafmargins turning yellow and later red pigmentationformed on the whole leaf area, reddening progresses tostems and leaves, shedding of leaf and boll and the poorplants growth, fewer bolls and in extreme cases no bollsand wilting of the plant. Red leaf disease has been foundto be a serious problem in Hirusutum cotton. It hasresulted in yield loss of seed cotton depending on theincidence of reddening. The factors responsible for thisdisease have been identified by Dastur (1959) andcorrective measures suggested by Srivastava et al.(1972). Bhatt et al. (1982) also reported some work onred leaf disease in Maharashtra. Similarly, Taneja et al.(1984) studied the chemical composition of cotton leavesas affected by red leaf disease. Studies of Chakravorty(1981) showed a marked decline in CaO, MgO, K2Oand SO4 at 40% reddening, followed by a gradual declinewith the extension in red area of cotton leaves. A slightincrease was observed in the P2O5 content. Among thenutrients calcium and magnesium deficiency may alsocause the leaf reddening (Chakravarthy, 1981 and Bhatet al., 1982). Central Institute for Cotton Research (2012)advised farmers to spray 2 % urea, 0.5% Zinc Sulphateand 0.2 % Boron, twice at 15 days interval as preventivemeasures against red leaf. An insight into the complex

molecular interaction of various abiotic stresses in a plantthat induce the accumulation of anthocyanins is worthconsidering for developing strategies to ameliorate thered leaf disorder in cotton (Sheeba, 2014).


Three Bt (KSCH 201, KSCH 218, Bunty) andthree non-Bt (GCA 8, GCA 10, GCA 17) cottongenotypes were raised in the fields of Cotton Section,Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU,Hisar in the year 2011-13. Leaves showing 25, 50, 75and 100% red surface areas were separately collectedfrom selected plants randomly. Healthy green leaves werealso collected for comparison. To avoid any variationin chemical composition, the leaves of same age andsize were collected. The leaf samples were washed three-four times with distilled water. Some of the fresh leaveswere homogenized and strained through a muslin cloth.Half teaspoonful of activated charcoal (neutral) wasadded to the extract and then shaken for 10 min. Theextract was then centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 20 min andthe pH of the clear supernatant was then recorded.

Another fraction of the fresh leaves was keptfor drying in electric oven at 900C. The dried sampleswere powdered and then passed through 30mm meshsieve. Nitrogen was then analyzed by Kjedahl methodand total phenol by Folin Ciocalteau reagent using tannicacid as the standard phenol. Tannin in leaves of differentcotton genotypes was estimated by Folin-Denis reagentusing catechin as the standard compound. Phosphorouswas estimated colorimetrically as yellow ammoniumphosphor-vanado-molybdate complex and potassium byflame photometer. Sulphate was estimated by diacid(HNO3 + HClO4) digested extract as barium sulphateprecipitates (Gravimetric Analysis). Total sugars,

reducing and non-reducing sugars were estimated usingstandard methods. Chlorophyll and anthocyanin wereestimated by the method given by Arnon (1956) andFuleki and Francis (1968) respectively.

Statistical analysis : The complete randomizeddesign (CRD) was used where each observation wasreplicated thrice and each replicate was estimated induplicate. The critical difference (CD) among thevariance was calculated at p=0.05


Analysis of cotton leaves ( KSCH 201, KSCH218, Bunty, GCA 8, GCA 10 and GCA 17) showingdifferent grades of leaf reddening (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%red surface area) indicated that the tannin content (Table1) increased and the nitrogen content (Table 2) decreasedwith the expansion of red pigmented area. Giri et al.,2013 also reported that at all growth stages, the plantsnot receiving nitrogen recorded significantly highernumber of plants affected by leaf reddening in Bt cotton.Similar results were obtained by Gawade and Bhalerao2012, Hosmath et al, 2012 and Santhosh et al., 2014.

In all the studied genotypes, phenol content(Table 3) of the leaves decreased slowly. Phosphorous(Table 4) decreased in the red leaves with the increasein leaf reddening area. The pH (Table 5) also decreasedwith the increase in leaf reddening area. Similar resultswere reported by Taneja et al., 1984. Perumal et al., 2006also reported that reddened leaves had less nitrogen,magnesium contents and accumulation of anthocyanincontent.

As reported by Bohnert et al., 1999, theabnormal red color of leaves is due to the accumulationof anthocyanins, which is accompanied by degradation

Table 1. Tannin content (%) in cotton genotypes during different grades of leaf reddening

Genotypes Tannin (%)

Percent pigmented area in cotton leaf

0 25 50 75 100

KSCH 201 0.39 ± 0.02 0.83 ± 0.06 1.02 ± 0.05 1.81 ± 0.09 2.70 ± 0.21KSCH 218 0.91 ± 0.05 1.52 ± 0.09 2.61 ± 0.07 2.98 ± 0.42 3.10 ± 0.35Bunty 0.41 ± 0.02 0.82 ± 0.08 0.99 ± 0.04 1.27 ± 0.06 1.33 ±0.40GCA 8 0.22 ±0.03 0.61 ± 0.05 0.90 ± 0.05 1.79 ± 0.27 2.73 ± 0.52GCA 10 0.29 ± 0.03 0.63 ± 0.03 0.97 ± 0.03 1.06 ± 0.13 1.46 ±0.20GCA 17 0.09 ± 0.01 0.43 ± 0.02 0.56 ± 0.01 1.04 ± 0.30 1.30 ± 0.08

152 Tokas and Sangwan

Table 5. pH in cotton genotypes during different grades of leaf reddening

Genotypes pH


0 25 50 75 100

KSCH 201 7.20 ± 0.21 7.11 ± 0.09 6.95 ± 0.05 6.89 ± 0.19 6.82 ± 0.09KSCH 218 7.00 ± 0.16 6.92 ± 0.10 6.88 ± 0.12 6.81 ± 0.26 6.78 ± 0.13Bunty 7.03 ± 0.36 6.96 ± 0.11 6.90 ± 0.17 6.85 ± 0.30 6.79 ± 0.16GCA 8 6.99 ± 0.25 6.87 ± 0.30 6.78 ± 0.24 6.71 ± 0.21 6.66 ± 0.25GCA 10 6.89 ± 0.14 6.83 ± 0.13 6.79 ± 0.05 6.70 ± 0.07 6.64 ± 0.29GCA 17 7.19 ± 0.22 7.10 ± 0.04 7.03 ± 0.08 6.96 ± 0.03 6.89 ± 0.04

Table 2. Nitrogen content (%) in cotton genotypes during different grades of leaf reddening

Genotypes N (%)


0 25 50 75 100

KSCH 201 1.98 ± 0.19 1.64 ± 0.16 1.39 ± 0.44 1.11 ± 0.10 0.94± 0.02KSCH 218 1.92 ± 0.08 1.50 ± 0.32 1.28 ± 0.31 1.04 ± 0.16 0.80± 0.01Bunty 1.60 ±0.21 1.39 ± 0.76 1.17 ± 0.08 1.03 ± 0.04 0.76±0.05GCA 8 2.36 ± 0.52 2.07 ±0.14 1.79 ± 0.23 1.48 ± 0.17 1.12± 0.03GCA 10 2.19 ± 0.81 1.71 ± 0.08 1.43 ± 0.06 1.20 ± 0.25 1.01± 0.07GCA 17 2.09 ± 0.39 1.87 ± 0.05 1.43 ± 0.07 1.16 ± 0.08 0.92±0.02

Table 3. Phenol content (%) in cotton genotypes during different grades of leaf reddening

Genotypes Phenol (%)


0 25 50 75 100


Table 4. Phosphorous content (%) in cotton genotypes during different grades of leaf reddening

Genotypes P (%)


0 25 50 75 100

KSCH 201 0.51 ± 0.02 0.46 ± 0.01 0.41 ± 0.03 0.38 ± 0.02 0.32 ± 0.02KSCH 218 0.47 ± 0.03 0.42 ± 0.01 0.37 ± 0.01 0.33 ± 0.02 0.26 ± 0.01Bunty 0.40 ± 0.01 0.38 ± 0.03 0.31 ± 0.01 0.28 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.01GCA 8 0.45 ± 0.07 0.41 ± 0.01 0.36 ± 0.01 0.30 ± 0.01 0.25 ± 0.02GCA 10 0.52 ± 0.03 0.47 ± 0.03 0.43 ± 0.02 0.37 ± 0.01 0.30 ± 0.01GCA 17 0.49 ± 0.01 0.44 ± 0./06 0.39 ± 0.01 0.34 ± 0.02 0.29 ± 0.01


of chlorophyll. Increase in the anthocyanin content hasa protective role against various stress stimuli.Anthocyanins interfere with oxidative stress induced byimproper temperature, irradiance and osmotic and highsalinity constraints. Anthocyanins are abundant injuvenile and senescing leaves and their concentrationsincrease in response to exposure to ultra-violet radiation,high intensity PAR, drought, and nutrient deficiency.Edreva et al., (2002) conducted experiments on cottonleaf reddening and observed less accumulation ofanthocyanins in the stage of initial symptoms and adramatic increase in anthocyanins components at severesymptoms of reddening. In contrast total chlorophyll

content continuously declined. Similarly, the anthocyanincontent (Table 6) of the cotton leaves increasedprogressively with the increase in leaf reddening areawhereas the chlorophyll content (%) (Table 7) decreased.The increased anthocyanin content reflects the leafreddening. The anthocyanin content varied among thegenotypes. Anthocyanin is called “nature’s Swiss armyknife” because it serves multiple roles in plant protectionand may, in some instances, be critical for plant survival.The masking of chlorophyll by anthocyanins fromharmful radiation has been proposed numerous times,but never empirically tested. The higher incidence ofanthocyanins in stress environment is the last line of

Table 7. Chlorophyll content (%) in cotton genotypes during different grades of leaf reddening

Genotypes Chlorophyll content Chlorophyll content (%)


0 25 50 75 100

KSCH 201 Clorophyll a 5.43 ± 0.29 4.22 ± 0.25 3.14 ± 0.23 1.97 ± 0.10 0.86 ± 0.04Clorophyll b 4.33 ± 0.08 3.02 ± 0.10 2.43 ± 0.15 1.79 ± 0.06 0.49 ± 0.01Total Chlorophyll 9.76 ± 0.34 7.23 ± 0.34 5.59 ± 0.38 3.75 ± 0.18 1.35 ± 0.05

KSCH 218 Clorophyll a 4.74 ± 0.16 3.42 ± 0.05 3.44 ± 0.05 2.17 ± 0.08 1.38 ± 0.02Clorophyll b 4.19 ± 0.07 3.78 ± 0.16 3.37 ± 0.14 2.44 ± 0.09 1.57 ± 0.08Total Chlorophyll 8.93 ± 0.38 7.12 ± 0.20 8.81 ± 0.20 4.61 ± 0.19 2.96 ± 0.11

Bunty Clorophyll a 7.45 ± 0.25 5.92 ± 0.32 4.42 ± 0.28 3.56 ± 0.13 2.17 ± 0.04Clorophyll b 6.34 ± 0.21 5.24 ± 0.17 4.07 ± 0.13 3.00 ± 0.18 1.86 ± 0.07Total Chlorophyll 13.79 ± 0.72 11.16 ± 0.47 8.49 ± 0.39 6.56 ± 0.28 4.03 ± 0.12

GCA 8 Clorophyll a 7.44 ± 0.43 6.42 ± 0.33 3.88 ± 0.10 2.58 ± 0.05 1.78 ± 0.07Clorophyll b 5.65 ± 0.06 4.99 ± 0.27 2.98 ± 0.09 1.82 ± 0.14 0.86 ± 0.01Total Chlorophyll 13.05 ± 0.63 11.41 ±. 0.60 6.86 ± 0.20 4.40 ± 0.18 2.64 ± 0.10

GCA 10 Clorophyll a 5.14 ± 0.34 4.33 ± 0.08 3.18 ± 0.07 2.04 ± 0.12 0.99 ± 0.06Clorophyll b 5.09 ± 0.20 3.89 ± 0.18 2.19 ± 0.10 1.46 ± 0.04 0.59 ± 0.02Total Chlorophyll 10.23 ± 0.57 8.22 ± 0.25 5.37 ± 0.17 3.50 ± 0.16 1.58 ± 0.10

GCA 17 Clorophyll a 7.36 ± 0.48 5.86 ± 0.20 4.73 ± 0.21 3.12 ± 0.05 1.86 ± 0.10Clorophyll b 5.59 ± 0.25 4.97 ± 0.17 4.46 ± 0.20 3.61 ± 0.09 2.34 ± 0.13Total Chlorophyll 12.95 ± 0.71 10.84 ± 0.39 9.19 ± 0.43 6.74 ± 0.14 4.21 ± 0.28

Table 6. Anthocyanin content (µg/g) in cotton genotypes during different grades of leaf reddening

Genotypes Anthocyanin (µg/g fresh weight)


0 25 50 75 100



defense against ROS and photoinhibition after all othermechanisms of protection (xanthophyll cycle andenzymatic antioxidants) have been exceeded. Pagare andDurge, 2011 reported that anthocynin content increasedin reddening affected leaves in the range of 4.94 to 5.06%at square formation stage and in general similar positionwas observed at rest of the growth stages

Abnormal exposure of lower leaf surface, whichnormally never receives direct sunlight, causes reductionin chlorophyll content and increase in anthocyanincontent. Anthocyanin is synthesized in response to lightexposure possibly for its role in photo-protection andquenching of reactive oxygen species. Albeit a responseof individual leaves exposed to an abnormal situation,the reddening of cotton approaching cut out may play aphoto-protective role during the period of transition fromone cycle of reproductive growth to renewed growth ofa subsequent cycle (Riar et al., 2013). Other plantcomponents such as proline, peroxidise and lipidperoxidise also play important role in leaf reddening(Gade et al., 2013).

Between Bt and non-Bt genotypes, Bt genotypesrecorded significantly higher red leaf index as comparedto non-Bt genotypes. The results of the presentinvestigation indicated that the leaf reddening incidencein cotton was more pronounced with Bt genotypes thannon-Bt genotypes. Hosmath et al., 2012 also reportedsimilar results.

Higher accumulation of tannic acid anddepletion of basic components made cell sap pH of redleaves more acidic. Jassid infected cotton leaves werereported to contain less protein and more tannic acidcontent but leaf reddening developed only where tannicacid content was very high (Chakravatory and Sahni,1972). Chakravatory (1977), while working with 320 Fcotton, found more tannic acid in leaves of plants grownin N-deficient soil and less of it after N fertilization.Probably, because of N deficiency in red leaves, proteinsynthesis stopped but tannic acid formation continuedwhen P supply was adequate. Though the exact cause ofthe disorder has yet to be investigated but both biotic aswell as abiotic factors have been proposed as possiblecausative agents. Among the sucking pests the jassidshave been considered as most important insect acting asvector in carrying the red leaf disease. Therefore, it hasbeen observed that high tannic acid and low pH of thecell sap are important for the development of red colourin cotton leaves.

It was observed from the present study that asthe red pigmented area of leaf increased, there was adecrease in the nitrogen and chlorophyll content whereasthe tannic acid and anthocyanin content increased. ThepH of the cell sap and phosphorous content was foundto be low in red leaves. Therefore, an increase in thetannic acid content and pH of the cell sap might beresponsible for leaf reddening.

AKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors thank CCS HAU, Hisar and IndianCouncil of Agricultural Research, New Delhi forproviding the necessary funding and facilities forcarrying out this research.

REFERENCES

Arnon, D. B. 1956. Chloropphyll absorption spectrum andquantitative determination. Biochem.Biophys. Acta.20 : 449-461.

Bhatt, J. G., Rao, M.R.K., Appukuttan, E. and Nathan, A.R. S. 1982. Leaf reddening in hybrids ofcotton. Commun. Soil Sci. Pl. Anal. 13 : 151-156.

Bohnert, H. J., Su, H. and Shen, B. 1999. Molecularmechanism of salinity tolerance in : Shinozaki, K.,Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (ed.) : Molecular responseto cold, drought, heart and salt stress in higherplants. R. G. Landes Co. Austin : 29-60.

Central Institute for Cotton Research. 2012. Eighth WeeklyAdvisory for Cotton Cultivation. Nagpur.

Chakravatory, S. C. 1981. Chemical composition of theleaves of upland affected by red leaf disease. Ind. J.Agri. Sci. 51 (7): 509-511.

Chakravorty, S. C. 1977. Effect of inorganic fertilizers, dateof sowing, irrigation and light on the tanninmetabolism in leaf of 320 F (Gossypium hirusutumL.) cotton. Paper read at the 64th Ind. Sci. Congr.(Agri. Sci., Sec. 10) held at Bhubaneswar.

Chakravorty, S. C. and Sahni, V. M. 1972. Biochemical basisof resistance to jassids (Empoasca spp.) inGossypium hirusutum. Indian Agric. 16 (10): 45-48.

Dastur, R. H. 1959. Red leaf disease in American Cottons(Gossypium hirustum L.). Physiological studies.


Studies on the cotton crop and their practicalapplications-Scientific Monograph. 3, ICCC,Bombay.

Edreva, A., Guurel, A., Gesgeva, E. and Hakerlerler, H.2002. Reddening of cotton (Gossypium hirusutumL.) leaves, Biologia Plantarum, 45 (2): 303-306.

Fuleki, T. and Francis, F. J. 1968. Quantitative methods foranthocyanins: Extraction and determination of totalanthocyanin in cranberries. J. Food Sci. 33: 72-77.

Gade, R. M., Tanwar, R. K., Jeyakumar, P. and Kanwar,V. 2013. Leaf reddening and its management incotton. NCIPM, Technical Bulletin 30. NationalCentre for Integrated Pest Management. 1-24.

Gawade, R. T. and Bhalerao, P.D 2012. Effect of fertilizerapplication on leaf reddening and yield of Bt. Cotton.Bioinfolet 9 (3): 382-384

Giri, M. D., Dhonde, P. S. M Benke, P. S. and Wadile, S. C.2013. Leaf reddening and yield of Bt cotton(Gossypium hirusutum L.) influenced by splitapplication of nitrogen and foliar nutrition.Bioinfolet. 10 (3B): 1037-1039.

Hosmath, J. A., Biradar, D. P., Patil, V. C. and Malligawad,L. H. 2010. Extended summaries. Vol 2. Third Int.Agron. Congr. Nov 26-30. New Delhi, India: 32-34.

Hosmath, J. A., Biradar, D. P., Patil, V. C., Palled, Y. B.,Malligawad, L. H., Patil, S. S, Alagawadi, A. R.and Vastrad, A. S. 2012. Performance of Bt andnon-Bt cotton genotypes under leaf reddening maladysituation. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 25 (1): 36-38

Pagare, G. A and Durge, D. V. 2011. Pigment analysis studieswith reference to leaf reddening in Bt cotton. Int. J.Pl. Sci. 6 (1)): 42-44

Perumal, N. K., Hebbar, K. B., Rao, M. R. K and Singh, P.2006. Physiological disorders in cotton CICR.Technical Bulletin No: 28. Central Institute forCotton Research Nagpur. 1-25

Riar, R., Wells, R., Edmisten, W., Jordan, D. and Bacheler,J. 2013. Changes in cotton leaf pigmentation afterabnormal exposure to sunlight. J. Agri. Res.Develop.2(1): 7-13.

Santhosh, U. N., Rao, S., Dutturganvi, S., Halepyati, B. G.K., Bheemanna, M. and Desai, B. K. 2014. Effectof leaf reddening management practices on suckingpest populations and yield of Bt Cotton (Gossypiumhirusutum L.) under irrigation. Bioinfolet 11(1A):105-108.

Sheeba, J. A. 2014. Red leaf in cotton -a molecularperspective. Sixth Meeting of the Asian Cotton Res.and Devel. Network. Dhaka, Bangladesh, June 18-20, 2014: 12.

Singh, S. 2014. Sustainable weed management in cotton.Haryana J. Agron. 30 (1): 1-14.

Srivastava, S. K., Yadava, R. A., and Mishra, D. P. 1972.Boost your cotton yield. Modern Agri. 3 (6): 17-18.

Taneja, A. D., Sharma, D. K., Jain, D. K., and Kairon, M.S. 1984. Chemical composition of the leaves ofAmerican Cotton (Gossypium hirusutum L.) asinflenced by red leaf disease. ISCI Journal : 48-50


Floristic composition of weeds in ratoon crop of sugarcane in HaryanaS. S. PUNIA*, DHARAMBIR YADAV, RAJBIR GARG AND YASH PAL MALIK

Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), India*(e-mail : [email protected])


ABSTRACT

Weed floristic composition of a field makes a significant impact on crop weed competition and canbe a deciding factor in the management strategy. To study the weed flora of sugarcane ratoon, in all 68 fieldswere surveyed in 14 districts of state during June-July, 2008. Keeping it in view of soil type, rainfall, availableirrigation facilities and climatic conditions, surveyed area was divided in to three different zones. In zone 1(Ambala, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Kaithal, Panchkula, Yamuna Nagar and Panipat districts), total 25major weed species were recorded of which six were grasses, one sedge and 18 broadleaf weeds. Amonggrassy weeds, Echinochloa colona was most dominating weed with a density of 29.9 plants/m2 and IVI of27.2 %, Crow foot grass (Dactyloctenium aegyptium) was the second most important grassy weed infestingthe crop with a relative density of 5.06 %. Out of 16 broadleaf weeds, Ipomoea lacunosa was the mostdominant weed with an IVI of 15.54% followed by Conyza canadensis with a relative frequency of 7.85%and IVI value of 14.02 %. Cyperus rotundus the only sedge was most dominant weed with a density of 28.8plants/m2 and IVI value of 29.5 %. In zone 2 (Hisar, Fatehabad and Jind districts), total 22 weed specieswere recorded out which six were grassy, 15 broadleaf weeds and only one sedge C. rotundus. Trianthemaportulacastrum with an IVI vale of 33.8 %, C. rotundus (24.72%), E. colona (23.95%), D. aegyptium (22.5%)and I. lacunosa (12.9%) were the major five weed species. Fields with no trash burning were more infestedwith climber I. lacunosa as compared to trash burnt fields, whereas density of C. rotundus was more in fieldswhere trash was burnt. In zone 3 (Sonipat, Rohtak, Jhajjar and Palwal districts), 23 weed species wererecorded out which seven were grassy, 14 were broadleaf weeds and two sedges C. rotundus and C. iria. C.rotundus with an IVI of 46.7% was the most dominant weed followed by T. portulacastrum (IVI of 20.4%),D. aegyptium (14.92%), I. lacunosa (11.82%) and C. canadensis (11.64%). Grassy weed, Setaria verticillatawith a IVI value of 10.02 % was one of the major competing weed of this zone which was not present in zone1 and zone 2. Infestation of dominant weeds can be used in chalking out weed management strategy in a crop.

Key words : Sugarcane, ratoon, weeds, Ipomoea lacunosa, Echinochloa colona, Dactyloctenium aegyptium,Conyza canadensis, Cyperus rotundus.

Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 157-161 (2014)

INTRODUCTION

Sugarcane is the main cash crop of Ambala,Yamuna Nagar, Karnal, Panipat, Kaithal, Panchkula,Kurukshetra, Rohtak, Sonipat, Jhajjar, Fatehabad, Jind,Hisar and Palwal districts raised in an area of about 0.08million ha in the state. Harvesting of planted crop inphases, time of weed removal coinciding with wheatharvesting with no labour availability, long duration andabundant irrigation facilities provides congenialatmosphere for luxurious growth of weeds. Ratooningis an integral part of sugarcane cultivation. It occupiesalmost 50 % of total sugarcane area in Haryana.Negligent attitude of farmers towards ratoon in generaland heavy infestation with weeds in particular is the main

reason for poor productivity of ratoon crop in India. Theratoon crop faces tough competition from weeds duringestablishment stage of crop which results in 12 - 83 %reduction in cane yield (Sathyavelu et al., 2002, Kanwaret al., 1992). In order to minimize yield losses due toweeds their efficient management is imperative. Initial30-60 days period after ratoon initiation is critical periodof crop-weed competition for sugarcane ratoon(Srivastava et al., 1972). Cultural operations viz.dismantling of ridges, ploughing and off-baring bringthe weed seeds on the surface and in turn give an earlyflush of weeds coinciding with initial sprouting andtillering stage to the ratoon crop. Some new climbers(Ipomoea spp.) have started to infest planted as well asratoon sugarcane crop which check its growth and yield

significantly. Even weeds of non cropped areas viz.Parthenium hysterophorus, C. canadensis, Ocimum sp.,Nicotiana sp. have started to infest the crop. So, surveyof weed flora in ratoon cane was undertaken at 70 sitesin 14 important sugarcane growing districts of Haryanastate.


Keeping in view of soil type, rainfall, availableirrigation facilities and climatic conditions, area to besurveyed was divided in to different zones State wasdivided in to three zones based on rainfall and soil typesas under:

Zone 1 : North-East Plain Zone: This zone issituated at a latitude of 20o 55’ 30’’- 29 o 45’ 65’’and liesbetween 76o10’ – 29o15’ E longitude. Rainfall is 600 -1100 mm; soils are sandy loam to clay loam in texture inPanchkula, Ambala, Yamuna Nagar, Kurukshetra,

Karnal, Kaithal and Panipat districts.Zone 2: South-western Plain Zone: This zone

is situated at a latitude of 28o 25’ —29 o 15’ and liesbetween 76o 14’ —77 o15’ E longitude. In this zone,soils are sandy loam to loam in texture with annualrainfall of 350-600 mm irrigated by canal as well as tubewells. Districts included are Hisar, Fatehabad and Jind.

Zone 3: Southern Haryana Plain Zone: Thiszone is situated at a latitude of 29o 15’ N and 76o10’ ELongitude. This zone is characterized by sandy to sandyloam soils with brackish underground water, at theseplaces rainfall is low (450-600) mm. Irrigation is mainlythrough canals. Districts included were Rohtak, Sonipat,Jhajjar and Palwal.

To study the floristic composition of weeds insugarcane, in all 70 fields were surveyed in three zones(14 districts) of state during April – July as this perioddepicted most appropriate representation of majority ofweed species as the weeds have cumulative effects of

Table 1. Weed flora of sugarcane (ratoon) in zone-1 of Haryana (Ambala, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Kaithal, Panchkula, Yamuna Nagarand Panipat districts)

Weed species Weed Relative Relative IVI(Total No.25) density/m2 density frequency

R. D. (%) R. F. (%)

GrassyEchinochloa colona 29.9 21.8 5.45 27.25Echinochloa glabrescence 1.4 1.02 2.61 3.63Dactyloctenium aegyptium 6.93 5.06 4.42 9.48Brachiaria platyphylla 2.90 2.12 5.10 7.22Cynodon dactylon 1.5 1.09 3.06 4.15Leptochloa chinensis 1.03 0.75 1.7 2.45BroadleafIpomoea lacunosa 9.18 6.71 8.83 15.54Ocimum sp 3.87 2.83 5.11 7.94Nicotiana sp 3.65 2.66 5.45 8.11Eclipta alba 5.11 3.73 1.68 5.41Conyza canadensis 8.43 6.16 7.85 14.01Physallis minima 2.59 1.89 4.77 6.66Parthenium hysterophorus 3.12 2.28 6.13 8.41Trianthema portulacastrum 9.90 7.24 2.72 9.96Ludwigia parviflora 2.87 2.09 1.36 3.45Rumex dentatus 3.21 2.34 4.77 7.11Phyllanthus niruri 2.5 1.82 5.1 6.92Solanum nigrum 0.87 0.63 1.02 1.65Achyranthus aspera 2.21 1.61 1.70 3.31Amaranthus viridis 0.37 0.27 1.70 1.97Tridex procumbens 0.68 0.49 2.72 3.21Cucumis callosus 0.71 0.73 0.68 1.41Euphorbia hirta 4.4 3.21 27.2 5.93SedgesCyperus rotundus 28.84 21.0 8.51 29.51

158 Punia, Yadav, Garg and Malik

agronomic practices, soil type, fertilizer and irrigationapplication and weed control measures adopted duringthe initial crop growing period. The road map of Haryanastate was followed and routes were planned to establishsampling localities as equidistantly as possible (about10 km) avoiding inhabited areas. Four observations ondensity of individual weeds were recorded per field fromfour fields at one spot by using quadrate of (0.5 x 0.5m), 100 meter deep inside the fields. Pooled averagevalues of observations of weed density and percentoccurrence of individual weeds were thus calculated asper method suggested by Misra (1968) and Raju (1977)as given below :

Total no. of individuals of species A in all the quadrates

(a) Density m-2=_____________________________________

Total number of quadrates recorded

Density of species A(b) Relative density (%)=_________________________x 100

Sum density of all species

Number of quadrates where the species A occurred

(c) Frequency %=________________________________x 100 Total number of quadrates recorded

Frequency of species A(d) Relative Frequency (%)=_______________________x 100

Sum frequency of all species

(e) Importance Value Index (IVI)=Relative Density+Relative Frequency


In zone 1, from32 locations, total 25 major weedspecies were found to infest this crop of which six weregrasses, one sedge and 18 broadleaf weeds (Table 1).Among grassy weeds E. colona was the most dominatingweed with density of 29.9 plants/m2 and IVI of 27.2 %,Crow foot grass (D. aegyptium) was the second mostimportant grassy weed infesting the crop with a relativedensity of 5.06 %.

Out of 16 broadleaf weeds, I. lacunosa was the

Table 2. Survey of weed flora of sugarcane ratoon in zone-2 of Haryana (Hisar, Fatehabad and Jind districts)

Weed species Weed Relative Relative IVIdensity/m2 density frequency

R. D. (%) R. F. (%)

GrassyEchinochloa colona 23.09 16.5 7.45 23.95Dactyloctenium aegyptium 21.2 15.1 7.45 22.5Brachiaria reptans 1.63 1.2 4.25 5.45Cynodon dactylon 3.18 2.3 7.45 9.75Paspalum distichum 1.27 0.92 2.13 3.04Digitaria sanguinalis 0.81 0.57 1.06 1.63BroadleafIpomoea lacunosa 4.63 3.3 9.56 12.9Convolvulus arvensis 1.36 0.97 5.32 6.29Eclipta alba 4.27 3.07 4.25 7.32Conyza canadensis 2.54 1.90 4.25 6.15Physallis minima 3.81 2.72 4.25 6.97Parthenium hysterophorus 1.45 1.03 2.13 3.16Trianthema portulacastrum 36.9 26.3 7.45 33.75Xanthium strumarium 0.27 0.19 2.13 2.32Phyllanthus niruri 1.2 0.85 3.2 4.05Amaranthus viridus 0.36 0.25 2.13 2.38Digera arvensis 3.90 2.78 3.2 5.98Portulaca oleracea 0.90 0.64 3.2 3.84Cucumis callosus 1.72 1.22 4.25 5.47Corchorus olitorius 2.36 1.70 7.45 9.15Euphorbia heyneana 0.63 0.45 2.13 2.58SedgesCyperus rotundus 22.7 16.2 8.52 24.72


Table 3. Survey of weed flora of sugarcane ratoon in zone-3 of Haryana (Sonipat, Rohtak, Jhajjar, Palwal districts)

Weed species Weed Relative Relative IVIdensity/m2 density frequency

R. D. (%) R. F. (%)

GrassyEchinochloa colona 5.76 5.0 3.84 8.84Dactyloctenium aegyptium 8.32 7.23 7.69 14.92Brachiaria reptans 5.24 4.55 6.04 10.59Setaria verticillata 6.48 5.63 4.39 10.02Cynodon dactylon 4.04 3.51 6.04 9.55Paspalum distichum 4.72 4.1 1.09 5.2Digitaria sanguinalis 0.36 0.31 1.09 1.4BroadleafIpomoea lacunosa 4.76 4.13 7.69 11.82Convolvulus arvensis 1.04 0.9 1.64 2.54Eclipta alba 2.52 2.2 4.39 6.59Conyza canadensis 5.2 4.5 7.14 11.64Physallis minima 0.76 0.66 1.64 2.3Parthenium hysterophorus 3.92 3.4 4.94 8.34Trianthema portulacastrum 12.72 11.06 9.34 20.40Xanthium strumarium 1.12 0.97 5.5 6.46Alhagi camelorum 1.12 0.97 2.74 3.71Phyllanthus niruri 2.1 1.82 3.87 5.66Digera arvensis 4.04 3.51 2.2 5.71Cucumis callosus 0.5 0.43 1.09 1.52Corchorus olitorius 1.88 1.63 4.94 6.57Euphorbia heyneana 0.36 0.31 1.09 1.4SedgesCyperus rotundus 41.68 36.24 10.43 46.7Cyperus iria 1.44 1.25 2.74 3.99

most dominant weed found to infest sugarcane crop witha density of 9.2 plants/m2 and IVI of 15.54% followedby C. canadensis with relative frequency of 7.85% andIVI value of 14.02 %. C. rotundus, the only sedge wasmost dominant weed of the zone with a density of 28.8plants/m2 and IVI value of 29.5 % (Table 1). As in thiszone, the crop is mostly grown after rice, E. glabrescencealso showed its presence with relative density of 1.02%.Similar weed flora of sugarcane ratoon was reportedunder Pant Nagar conditions of Uttaranchal by Partapet al., 2013.

In zone 2, 11 sites were surveyed and total 22weed species were present out which seven were grassy,15 were broadleaf weeds and the only sedge, C. rotundus.T. portulacastrum with IVI vale of 33.75 %, C. rotundus(24.72%) E.colona (23.95%), D. aegyptium (22.5%) andI. lacunosa (12.9%) were the major five weeds. Fieldsin which trash was not burnt (Table 2) were more infestedwith climber I. lacunosa as compared to trash burnt fieldswhere as density of C. rotundus was more in fields where

trash was burnt. Some weeds such as Corchorusolitorius, Digera arvensis, Euphorbia heyneana andXanthium strumarium were also present which were notobserved in zone1. Singh et al., (2003) also observedsevere infestation of I. lacunosa in ratoon sugarcanefields of Uttaranchal Pradesh.

In zone 3, total 25 sites were surveyed and 23weed species were present out which seven were grassy,14 were broadleaf weeds and two sedges C. rotundusand C. iria (Table 3). C. rotundus with IVI of 46.7%was the most dominant weed followed by T.portulacastrum with IVI value of 20.4%, D. aegyptium(14.92%), I. lacunosa (11.82%) and C. canadensis(11.64%) were the major five weeds. Grassy weedSetaria verticillata with IVI values of 10.02 % was oneof the major competing weed of this zone which wasnot present in zone 1 and zone 2. Alhagi camelorum, aperennial weed with density of 1.12 plants/m2 with IVIvalues of 3.71 was also found in saline – sodic conditionsof Palwal district of the state.

160 Punia, Yadav, Garg and Malik

REFERENCES

Kanwar, R. S., Singh Sarjit, Sodhi, R. S. and Garcha A. S.1992. Comparative performance of differentherbicide combination for weed control in sugarcane.Ind. Sug. 42 : 621-625.

Misra R. 1973. Importance value index and other charactersticks. Ecology Work Book . Oxford and IBFPublishing Company New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta.44 pp

Pratap, Tej, Singh, Rohitashav, Pala Ram, Yadav, Subhashand Singh, Virpal. 2013. Integrated weedmanagement studies in sugarcane ratoon. Ind. J.Weed Sci. 45 : 257-259.

Raju R. A. 1977. Field Manual for Weed Ecology andHerbicide Research. Agrotech Publishing Academy,Udaipur, 288 p.

Sathyavelu, A., Somasundaram, E., Poonguzhalan. R. andRangaraj T. 2002. Integrated weed management insugarcane. Ind. Sug. 51 : 871-873.

Singh, R., Singh, G., Tripathi, S. S. and Singh, V. K. 2003.Management of Ipomoea spp. and other broadleafweeds in spring planted sugarcane under Uttaranchalconditions. Indian J. Weed Sci. 35 : 74-76.

Srivastva, T. K., Singh, A. K. and Srivastva, S. N. 1972.Critical period of crop-weed competition insugarcane. Ind. J. Weed Sci. 4 : 320-321.


Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 162-165 (2014)

Management of sugarcane smut (Ustilago scitaminea Sydow) with fungicidaltreatment of setts

RAKESH SANGWAN*, TARUN VERMA1 AND NARENDER SINGHDepartment of Plant Pathology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), India


Received on 12.08.2014; Accepted on: 05.02.2015

ABSTRACT

Sugarcane smut (Ustilago scitaminea Sydow) is one of the most important diseases of sugarcanecrop. Economic losses have ranged from negligible proportions to levels serious enough to threaten agriculturaleconomy of the area. Five fungicides (Bavistin, Vitavax, Provax, Emisan-6 and Dithane M-45) were evaluatedfor their efficacy against natural smut infection and artificially inoculated setts. None of the fungicide testedgave satisfactory control of natural smut infestation. On the other hand, dip treatment with different fungicidesfor 15 minutes resulted in remarkable reduction in the smut incidence in artificially inoculated setts. Maximumdisease control (73.3-75.9%) was provided by Dithane M-45 (0.25%) and Bavistin (0.2%). This was followedby almost similar disease control with Provax (0.1%), Vitavax (0.2%), Bavistin (0.1%) and emisan-6 (0.25%).Almost similar trend was observed when soil was also inoculated in addition to sett inoculation.

Key words : Sugarcane, Smut, Ustilago scitaminea, fungicide, inoculation

1Department of Entomology.

INTRODUCTION

Sugarcane is an important cash crop of Indiaand occupies a prominent place in our national economy.Several diseases have been reported to cause significantlosses in the yield of this crop, of which sugarcane smut,caused by Ustilago scitaminea Sydow is the mostdestructive one. Being cosmopolitan in distribution andat one or another time smut has been important in nearlyevery sugarcane producing country of the world (Ferreiraand Comstock, 1989). A reduction in yield of 29% inplant crop was reported by Chona (1956) in India. While39-56% losses in yield have been reported by Rao andPrakasam (1956). The yield losses were higher in ratooncrop (70%) as compared to plant crop (29%) (Chona,1956). Various workers have recommended differentcontrol practices viz. immersion of sett in 0.1% mercuricchloride or 0.1% formaldehyde (Luthra et al. 1940),methoxy ethyl mercury chloride 0.5% (McMartin, 1945),sett treatment with Bordeaux, Dithane, Fernate and borax(Joshi, 1954), dipping in Agallol, Vitavax, Bavistin andDithane M 45 (Waraitch, 1986), in Agallol, Aretan-6,Antimycin-T, Bayleton, Topsin M 45 and Vitavax-200(Gul and Hassan, 1989) for smut control. Soaking of

sett in acetone + Bavistin and polyethylene glygcol +Bavyleton eliminated smut from infected setts butdecreased germination percentage indicatingphytotoxicity of the treatment (Padmanaban et al. 1989).Therefore present studies were undertaken to study therole of different fungitoxicants in the management ofsmut disease.


The present studies were conducted at theSugarcane Research Area, Department of PlantBreeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar.Efficacy of five fungicides viz. Bavistin, Vitavax, Provax,Emisan-6, Dithane M-45 were evaluated. Healthy, twobudded sugarcane setts of variety COH-7803 weredipped in different fungicidal solution viz. Bavistin (0.1and 0.2%), Vitavax (0.1% 0.2%), Provax (0.1%),Emisan-6 (0.25%) and Dithane M-45 (0.25%) for 15 minand then artificially inoculated with telial suspension(125 mg spore/l of water, as it was found optimum instandardization of inoculation technique) for 15 min.before planting (Experiment 1) and were sown inrandomized block design (RBD) during 1 Nov. 1991 and

March 17, 1992 in a plot size of 3 x 5 m with fourreplication (90 two budded setts per replication).Artificially inoculated setts without fungicidal treatmentwere used as control. Provax was not used during 1992planting.

Efficacy of fungicidal treatment againstsystemic infection was studied on two budded setts fromnatural infected canes of var. COH 7803 dipped indifferent fungicidal suspensions for 15 min exceptProvax before planting on March 17, 1992. Ninety, twobudded setts were sown in each replication with plotsize of 3 x 5 m in RBD with four replications(Experiment 2). Untreated systemically setts were usedas control.

In the third experiment healthy two budded settsof var. COH 7803 were planted after dipping for 15 minin different fungicidal suspensions, then inoculatingartificially by dipping in telial suspension for 15 minduring March, 1992. The open furrows were sprayedwith Telial suspension (125 mg spore/l of water or 5x106

spore/ml) and in each 10 m row, 10 l of suspension wassprayed. Plot size and replications were taken same asin experiments 1 & 2.

Observation on smut incidence in all theexperiment was recorded at 15 days interval from 45days after planting (DAP) to 250 days of planting andcumulative smut incidence was worked out. The datawas subjected to statistical analysis using ANOVA.


To study the efficacy of various fungicides incontrolling smut in artificially inoculated setts, three fieldtrials were conducted. The cumulative percentage ofsmut incidence and germination were recorded for eachtreatment and are presented in Table 1 & 2.

It is evident from Table 1 that there was nosignificant difference in germination of setts in differentfungicidal treatments as compared to control. Out of thefive fungicides testing during November 1991 and fourduring March, 1992, Dithane M-45 (0.25%) was foundto be the most effective with a reduction of 73 and 76%in smut incidence, respectively (Table 1). This wasfollowed (statistically non-significant) by dipping of settsfor 15 min in Bavistin (0.2%) with 69.5-72.7% diseasecontrol. Sett treatment with Provax (0.1%), Vitavax(0.2%), Bavistin (0.1%) and Emisan -6 (0.25%) provided58 to 64% disease control (statistically at par) during

both the seasons.Earlier Luthra et al. (1940), McMartin (1945),

Natarajan and Muthusamy (1981), Goyal et al. (1983),Mameghamy (1984), Gul and Hassan (1989) have foundfungicidal treatments of setts effective in controllingexternal sett borne inoculums. In the present studies alsosett treatment with Dithane M 45 (0.25%) and Bavistin(0.2%) for 15 min provided very effective control ofexternal sett borne inoculum. The observation recordedalso indicated that the disease incidence in control aswell as fungicidal treatment was slightly higher in springplanting (March, 1992) as compared to autumn planting(November, 1991). The order of efficiency of fungicideswas similar during both the seasons, though in March1992 somewhat higher control achieved (Table 1).

When soil was inoculated in addition to settinoculation (Table 2) Dithane M 45 (0.25%) was alsofound to be most effective with a reduction of 77% smutincidence. This was followed by dipping the setts inBavistin 0.2%, vitavax 0.2%, Provax (0.1%, Bavistin0.1%, vitavax 0.1% and emisan-6 0.25% with a reductionof 66, 63, 58, 52, 51 and 46%, respectively in the smutincidence. Smut incidence in these treatments exceptemisan-6 (0.25%) was statistically at par. SimilarlyBailey (1979) reported that control occurred when treatedsetts were subsequently either inoculated with or plantedinto the soil infested with smut spores.

To study the effect of fungicides in controllingnatural smut infection (systemic), setts from whip bearingcanes of var. COH 7803 were dipped in differentfungicidal suspensions for 15 min and planted in thefields. No significant difference in germination due tovarious fungicidal treatments was observed (Table 2).Smut incidence was about 100% in untreated control.The reduction in smut incidence was negligible to lowin various fungicidal treatments. Sett treatment withBavistin (0.1 and 0.2%) provided only 29 to 36 % diseasecontrol. The reduction in smut incidence was almostnegligible in the remaining treatments. The presentfindings are in accordance with Goyal et al. (1983) whoalso reported that none of the fungicides proved effectivein controlling systemic infection. The argument behindthis is that the pathogen is established within tissue, thusfungicidal treatment are ineffectual (Antonie, 1961).Contrarily, Muthusamy and Raja (1973) reported thatsett treatment with Agallol (0.5%) for 15 min provedeffective against natural smut infection. Waraitch (1986)reported 63 and 37 to 60% disease control when naturally


infected setts were treated for 1 h by Vitavax (0.5%)and Bavistin (0.1 & 0.2%), respectively. However, inthe present studies none of the fungicides providedsatisfactory control of natural smut infection.

REFERENCES

Antonie, R. 1961. Smut in:Sugarcane Diseases of the World,Vol. 1 (eds. Martin, J. P., Abbott, E. V. and Hughes,C. G.). Elsevier Publishing Company, New York, pp.:327-347.

Bailey, R. A. 1979. Possibilities for the control of sugarcanesmut, (Ustilago scitaminea) with fungicides. Proc.S. Afr. Sug. Technol. Ass. 53: 137-152.

Chona, B. L. 1956. Presidential address, pathology section. Proc.Int. Soc. Sugarcane Technol. 9th Congr. pp. : 975-986.

Ferreira, S. A. and Comstock, J. C. 1989. Smut in : Diseasesof Sugarcane, Major Diseases (eds. Ricaud, C., Egan,B.T., Gillaspie, Jr. A. G. and Hughes C. G.). ElsevierAmsterdam-Oxford- New York- Tokyo. pp. : 211-224.

Table 1. Effect of fungicides on smut incidence in November, 1991 and March, 1992 planting (innoculated setts)

Fungicides Concentration* Germination Cumulative smumt Per cent decrease(%) (%) incidence (%) over control

1991 1992 1991 1992 1991 1992 1991 1992

Bavistin 0.1 0.1 28.3 29.5 8.3 (16.6) 11.7 (19.9) 58.3 60.80.2 0.2 30.0 29.9 6.1 (14.0) 8.1 (16.4) 69.5 72.7

Vitavax 0.1 0.1 31.7 30.8 10.4 (18.8) 15.0 (22.8) 47.4 49.90.2 0.2 28.6 29.7 7.8 (16.2) 10.6 (18.9) 60.7 64.3

Provax 0.1 - 35.0 - 7.2 (15.5) - 63.6 -Emisan-6 0.25 0.25 29.9 30.9 8.3 (16.7) 12.6 (20.8) 58.0 57.6Dithane M 45 0.25 0.25 31.1 29.7 5.3 (13.2) 7.2 (15.5) 73.3 75.9ControlOnly smut inoculated 30.0 30.1 19.8 (26.4) 29.7 (33.0)Healthy 32.2 29.6 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0)C.D. at 5% N.S. N.S. (3.0) (2.5)

Figures in the parenthesis are the angular transformed values.*Concentration of fungicides is on formulation basis.Table 2. Efficacy of fungicides on smut incidence against soil and sett inoculated setts; and systemic infection (17 March, 1992)

Fungicides Concentration* Germination Cumulative smumt Per cent decrease(%) (%) incidence (%) over control

Soil & Sett Systemic Soil & Sett Systemic Soil & Sett Systemic Soil & Sett Systemicinoculation infection inoculation infection inoculation infection inoculation infection

Bavistin 0.1 0.1 27.7 29.5 9.1 (17.4) 62.3 (52.1) 52.1 28.90.2 0.2 27.8 29.3 6.5 (14.7) 56.3 (48.6) 65.7 35.8

Vitavax 0.1 0.1 28.0 29.1 9.4 (17.4) 81.9 (65.6) 50.8 6.60.2 0.2 29.4 29.1 7.1 (15.3) 74.8 (59.9) 62.5 14.6

Provax 0.1 - 28.9 - 7.9 (16.3) - 58.3 -Emisan-6 0.25 0.25 28.6 28.8 10.3 (18.6) 82.1 (65.1) 46.1 6.3Dithane M-45 0.25 0.25 29.1 29.4 4.7 (12.5) 81.6 (64.7) 76.6 6.9Control 29.7 29.6 19.0 (25.8) 87.6 (68.5)Soil & Sett inoculatedOnly soil inoculated 28.0 103 (18.6)Healthy 29.9 0.0 (0.0)C.D. at 5% N.S. N.S. (2.7) (4.1)

Figures in the parenthesis are the angular transformed values.*Concentration of fungicides is on formulation basis.

164 Sangwan, Verma and Singh

Goyal, S. P., Vir, S., Beniwal, M. S. and Bishnoi, S. 1983.Efficacy of fungicides on controlling sugarcane smut(Ustilago scitaminea Sydow). Indian Sugar. 33(7):463-464.

Gul, F. and Hassan, S. 1989. Efficacy of different fungicidesto control whip smut of sugarcane. Sarhad Agric.5(1) : 87-89.

Joshi, N. C. 1954. Chemotherapy against sugarcane diseases.Indian Sugar. 4 : 343.

Luthra, J. C., Sattar, A. and Sandhu, S. S. 1940. Experimentson the control of smut of sugarcane (Ustilagoscitaminea Syd.) Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. Sect. B. 12 :118-128.

Mameghamy, P. S. 1984. Chemotherapeutic effect offungicides on sugarcane systemically infected bysmut. Sugarcane. 1 : 306.

McMartin, A. 1945. Sugarcane smut: Reappearance in Natal.

S. Afr. Sugar. J. 29 : 55-57.

Rao, M. N. V. and Prakasam, P. 1956. Studies on sugarcanesmut. Proc. Int. Soc. Sugarcane Technol. 8th Congr.pp. : 1048-1057.

Muthusamy, S. and Raja, K. T. S. 1973. Fungicides in thecontrol of sugarcane smut. Sugarcane Path Newsl.10: 11-13.

Natarajan, S. and Muthusamy, S. 1981. Control of sugarcanesmut with fungicides. SPN. 25: 40-43.

Padmanaban, P., Alexander, K. C. and Shannugam, N.1989. Control of smut disease of sugarcane byorganic solvent diffusion of fungicides. Sugarcane.3: 10,16,17.

Waraitch, K. S. 1986. Control of sugarcane smut (Ustilagoscitaminea) with fungicides. Ind. Phytopath. 39 :435-436.


Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 166-169 (2014)

Performance of maize hybrids under different sowing time in Eastern U. P.M. V. SINGH*, BHAGWAN SINGH AND NEERAJ KUMAR

Crop Research Station, Bahraich-271 801 (U. P.), India*(e-mail : [email protected])


ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of year 2011 and 2012 at the Crop ResearchStation, Bahraich (U.P.) to evaluate the maize hybrids under different sowing time on growth, yield attributesand yield of maize. The treatments consisted three dates of sowing viz- 10th July (S1), 20th July (S2), 30th July (S3)with 4 hybrids of maize in different maturity group viz-extra early maturity group (M1), early maturity group(M2), medium maturity group (M3) and full maturity group (M4). The sowing time 10th July and maize hybrids offull maturity group (M4) were found more productive and remunerative than other sowing time and maturitygroups. The highest yield of 61.29 q ha-1 was recorded under 10th July sowing and 71.60 q ha-1 yield recordedunder full maturity group (M4). Both treatments were found significantly superior over other sowing time andmaturity groups. Economics of each treatment was calculated on local market price. Result indicated that maximumnet return of (Rs. 54039) and (Rs. 66923) was recorded under 10th July sowing time and full maturity group,respectively. The maximum nutrient uptake by the crop was 128.86:30.57:69.78 and 157.43:36.30:74.39 kg ha-

1 NPK determined under 10th July sowing and full maturity group of hybrids, respectively.

Keywords : Sowing time, maturity, hybrids, growth, yield, economics

INTRODUCTION

In Uttar Pradesh, the low yield of maize duringkharif season might be mainly due to selection of poorgenotypes, late sowing of crop, inadequate plant stand andfertilizer application. In India, single cross hybrids weredeveloped which have the yield advantage of about 35%over traditional genotypes; however, still there is a lot ofscope to improve the productivity of single cross hybridsthrough agronomic manipulation, to realize the full geneticpotential. Sowing time of hybrid maize is a major aspectfor plant growth and yield of maize crop. Optimum sowingtime gives more response in comparison to late sowing. Inkharif season, sowing of the crop depends upon the rainfall. Sowing time of crop plays an important role in growthas well as yield of crop. Optimum sowing time increasescrop growth ultimately, yield is increased. Keeping thisview in mind, a field experiment was undertaken at CropResearch Station Bahraich, to evaluate the different groupsof hybrid maize under different sowing time on growth,yield and economics of kharif maize.


A field experiment was conducted at the Crop

Research Station, Bahraich, N.D. University ofAgriculture & Technology (U.P.) during kharif seasonof 2011 and 2012. The soil was sandy loam having annualrainfall of 905 mm of which maximum rain is receivedduring July to September. The experimental soil wasneutral in reaction ( pH 7.2), low in organic carbon(0.22%), medium in available P (12.5 kg/ha) andavailable K (195.8 kg/ha). Experiment was conductedin factorial randomized block design with threereplications. Sowing time of crop was located in mainplot and different maturity groups in sub plots. The 12treatment combinations consisted 3 sowing time viz–S1-(10th July), S2- (20th July) and S3–(30th July) and 4maturity groups viz- M1 (extra early maturity 70 days),M2 (early maturity 80 days), M3 (medium maturity 90days), M4 (full maturity 100 days). The crop was sownaccording to treatment at 60 cm row to row and 20 cmplant to plant distance. The 1/3rd dose of nitrogen as ureaand full dose of phosphorus as single super phosphateand full dose of potash as muriate of potash was appliedat the time of sowing as basal dressing and 1/3rd dose ofnitrogen at knee height and rest 1/3rd dose was topdressed at silking stage of crop. Irrigations were givenas per requirement of the crop. The data on growthparameters were recorded at full maturity of the crop.

Data on yield attributes and yield of grain and stoveryield were recorded after harvesting of the crop. TheNPK uptake was determined by standard procedures(Jackson, 1973). The data related to each character werepooled and analyzed as per the procedure of analysis ofvariance and significance of factorial randomized blockdesign by ‘F’ test (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Economicsof each treatment was calculated on local market priceof produce and input.


Effect of sowing time

The plant height, length of cobs, girth of cobs,number of grain rows/cob, number of grains/row andtest weight of maize were significantly affected withsowing dates and highest values of length of cobs (18.5cm), cob girth (11.85 cm), number of rows/cob (17.32),number of grains/row (32.42) and test weight (231.81g) were recorded with sowing on 10th July which mightbe due to appropriate temperature, relative humidity andrain fall for better growth of maize crop in comparisonto other dates of sowing (Table 1). The 20th July sowingperiod was next best. All growth and yield attributingcharacters were reduced with delayed sowing. Thehighest cobs yield (87.56 q ha-1), grain yield (61.29 qha-1) and stover yield (79.88 q ha-1) were recorded under10th July sowing. This might be due to higher yieldattributing characters noted under early sowing. Thehigher percent of 6.68, 14.95 in cobs yield; 6.60, 10.81in grain yield; 8.28, 12.98 in stover yield were recordedunder 10th July over 20th July and 30th July, respectively.

Similar findings were also reported by Hooda et al.,(1994), Sharma (2002), Sharma et al.,(1989), Dass etal.,(2005) and Samra et al., (1989) in pea and wheatcrop. The higher (43.77%) harvest index was noted under20th July sowing which was at par with 10th July sowing.Nutrient uptake of N (128.86 kg), P (30.57 kg) and K(69.78 kg) ha-1 was higher under 10th July sowing.Economics of each treatment was calculated on the localmarket price and results (Table-2) indicated that the totalprofit of (Rs. 82039) and net profit (Rs. 54039 ha-1) wasrecorded under the 10th July sowing and total profit ofRs. 76371.75 and net profit of Rs. 48371.75 ha-1 wasnoted under the 20th July sowing which was next best.The total profit and net profit gradually decreased withdelayed sowing of crop. This might be due to lower yieldobtained under delayed sowing and cost of cultivationequal under all dates of sowing.

Effect of maturity group

The rate of growth and yield attributingcharacters (Table 1) show that higher plant height, lengthof cobs, cobs girth, number of grains rows/cob, numberof grains/row and test weight were significantly affectedwith different maturity group of hybrids. The highestplant height (164.45 cm), cobs length (18.5 cm), cobsgirth (12.33 cm) number of rows/cob (18.53), numberof grains/row (31.32) and test weight (239.13 g) werenoted with full maturity (M4-100 days duration) whichwere found significantly superior over other maturitygroups. This might be due to higher duration of crop.The hybrid of medium maturity was found at 2nd place,early maturity hybrid at 3rd place and extra early hybrid

Table 1. Effect of sowing time and maturity period on growth, yield attributes and yield of kharif hybrid maize (mean of two years)

Treatments No. of Plant Cob Cobs No. of No. of Test Cobs Seed Stover Harvestplant/ height length girth row/ grains/ weight weight yield yield index

at 20 DAS (cm) (cm) (cm) cob row (g) (q/ha) (q/ha) (q/ha) (%)

Sowing timeS1–10th July 97.75 163.39 18.5 11.85 17.32 32.42 231.81 87.56 61.29 79.88 43.32S2–20th July 96.41 161.25 17.8 11.31 16.35 28.92 230.48 82.07 57.49 73.77 43.77S3–30th July 95.91 157.09 17.4 10.74 15.22 26.52 228.96 76.17 55.31 70.70 43.47LSD (P=0.05) N.S. 1.50 0.20 0.35 1.20 1.85 1.75 3.50 1.75 1.65 0.15Maturity groupM1–Extra early maturity (70 days) 96.88 156.92 17.2 10.07 14.40 27.21 219.85 65.36 45.75 60.74 42.95M2–Early maturity (80 days) 96.66 161.05 17.8 11.15 15.70 28.83 228.38 73.69 51.64 66.50 43.70M3–Medium maturity (90 days) 96.22 159.44 18.0 11.65 16.56 29.67 234.31 86.38 60.46 81.90 42.80M4–Full maturity (100 days) 97.10 164.45 18.5 12.33 18.53 31.32 239.13 102.31 71.60 89.95 44.63LSD (P=0.05) N.S. 1.80 0.25 0.33 1.80 1.95 1.85 4.80 3.00 1.85 0.20


at 4th place. The duration of hybrids affected the cropheight as well as yield attributes. The highest cobs yield(102.31 q ha-1), grain yield (71.60 q ha-1) and stover yield(89.95 q ha-1) was under full maturity hybrids which werefound 56.53, 38.83, 18.44% higher in cobs yield; 56.50,38.65, 18.42% in grain yield and 48.09, 35.26, 9.82% instover yield over the extra early maturity, early maturityand medium maturity hybrids, respectively (Table 1).The same results were also reported by Sahoo etal.,(2007), Farhan (2001) Gozubenli at al., (2001) andGiesbrecht (1969). The highest harvest index (44.63 %)was recorded under full maturity hybrid which might bedue to higher grain yield under same hybrid. Nutrientuptake was determined under all treatments and results(Table 2) which indicated that the highest nutrient uptakeN-157.43 kg, P-36.30 kg and K 74.39 kg ha-1 wasrecorded under full maturity hybrid and lower value ofnutrients were noted under extra early maturity hybrid.The maturity group of hybrids significantly affected thenutrient uptake. The higher nutrient uptake might be dueto more crop duration and yield of grains under the sametreatment. The uptake of nutrients gradually decreased

with short duration of crop. The economics of eachtreatment was calculated on the local market price ofproduce and presented in Table 2. Results showed thatthe cost of cultivation was found similar under allmaturity group of hybrids and highest total profit of (Rs.94923.33) and net profit (Rs. 66924.53) and B:C of 3.38was under full maturity hybrid which might be due tohigher yield of grain and stover under same hybrid. Themedium maturity hybrid found at 2nd place, early maturityhybrid at 3rd place and extra early hybrid at in 4th placein respect of total profit, net profit and B:C, respectively.The 98.91, 64.72, 26.86% higher net profits wererecorded under full maturity hybrid over extra early, earlyand medium maturity hybrids, respectively.

Interaction effect of sowing time and maturity groupof hybrids

The interaction effect of sowing dates andmaturity groups on grain yield and net profit are shownin Table -3. Data indicated the highest grain yield (66.44q ha-1) was obtained under 10th July sowing with maize

Table 3. Interaction effect of sowing time and maturity period on yield of kharif hybrid maize (mean of two years)

Maturity group Yield q/ha Net profit (Rs./ha)

Sowing time M1-Extra early M2-Early M3-Medium M4-Full M1-Extra early M2-Early M3-Medium M4-Fullmaturity maturity maturity maturity maturity maturity maturity maturity(70 days) (80 days) (90 days) (100 days) (70 days) (80 days) (90 days) (100 days)

S1–10th July 53.52 56.46 60.89 66.44 43841.83 47333.16 53394.18 60481.16S2–20th July 51.62 54.56 58.97 64.54 41008.20 44499.59 50561.60 57647.54S3–30th July 50.53 53.47 57.88 63.45 38346.70 41838.04 47899.70 54986.04LSD (P=0.05) 0.87 1275.00

Table 2. Effect of sowing time and maturity period on economics and nutrient uptake of kharif hybrid maize (mean of two years)

Treatments Cost of Total Profit Net Profit B : C ratio Nutrient uptakecultivation (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (kg/ha)

(Rs./ha)N P K

Sowing timeS1- 10th July 28000.00 82039.00 54039.00 2.92 128.86 30.57 69.78S2- 20th July 28000.00 76371.75 48371.75 2.72 124.43 29.33 64.64S3- 30th July 28000.00 71048.00 43048.75 2.53 121.21 27.52 59.53LSD (P=0.05) N.S. 1250.00 750.00 0.14 2.80 0.80 2.80Maturity groupM1- Extra early maturity (70 days) 28000.00 61644.66 33644.66 2.19 96.77 23.43 55.59M2- Early maturity (80 days) 28000.00 68627.33 40627.33 2.44 109.38 25.61 61.21M3- Medium maturity (90 days) 28000.00 80750.66 52750.66 2.88 135.60 31.21 67.44M4- Full maturity (100 days) 28000.00 94923.33 66923.53 3.38 157.43 36.30 74.39LSD (P=0.05) N.S. 1348.00 870.00 0.15 7.50 1.25 2.90

168 Singh, Singh and Kumar

hybrids of full maturity (100 days) duration and sameproduced higher grain yields at all dates of sowing. Themedium maturity (90 days) duration was found at secondplace at all dates of sowing. Early sowing (10th July)gave more yields in all maturity group sowing. Delayedsowing reduced yield gradually under all maturitygroups. This might be due to the reason that crop wasmore affected through temperature, relative humidity andrainfall. Ultimately, yield of the crop was low. The dataon net profit (Table 3) indicated that the highest net profitof Rs. (60481.16) ha-1 was obtained under 10th Julysowing with full maturity hybrids and same recordedhighest net profit along with all dates of sowing incomparison to other maturity group of hybrids. In alldates of sowing, every hybrid gave higher net profit withearly sowing in comparison with delayed sowing. Thus,is proved that early sowing is always profitable incomparison to delayed sowing.

CONCLUSION

On the basis of two year pooled data, it may beconcluded that full maturity hybrids (100 days) alongwith 10th July sowing may provide more yield as well asmore remuneration for the farmers of eastern U.P.

REFERENCES

Dass, A., Patnaik, V. S. and Sudhishri, S. 2005. Responseof vegetable pea (Pisum sativum) to sowing date andphosphorus application under on farm condition.Indian J. Agron. 50 : 64-66.

Farnhan, D. E. 2001. Row spacing, plant density and hybrideffects in corn grain yield and moisture. Agron. J.93(5) : 1049-1053.

Gomez, K. A. and Gomez, A. A. 1984. Statistical Proceduresfor Agricultural Research. John Wiley & Sons, NewYork.

Giesbrecht, J. 1969. Effect of population and row spacingon the performance of four corn hybrids. Agron. J.61 : 439-449.

Gozubenli, H., Ulger, A. C. and Sener, O. 2001. The effectof different nitrogen doses on grain yield and yieldrelated character of some maize genotypes grown assecond crop. J. Agril. 16(2) : 39-48.

Hooda, J. S., Singh B. R. and Singh, U. P. 1994. Effect ofsowing time and plant population on the yield andyield attributes of field pea genotype. Crop Res. 7(2) : 299-302.

Jackson, M. L. 1973. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hallof India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Sahoo, S. C. and Mahapatra, P. K. 2007. Response of sweetcorn (Zea mays) to plant population and fertilitylevels during rabi season. Ind. J. Agri. Sci. 77 : 711-14.

Samra, J. S., Dhillon, S. S. and Kahlon, P. S. 1989. Responseof wheat varieties to date of sowing. Ind. J. Agron.34(3) : 286-288.

Sharma, S. K. (2002) Effect of sowing time and spacing onlevel of seed production of pea cultivar (Arkil). SeedRes. 30(11) : 88-91.

Sharma, K. K. and Chokar, I. S. 1989. Performance of wheatgenotypes as influenced by date of planting andmulching. Ind. J. Agron. 34(1) : 1-3.


Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 170-172 (2014)

Studies on nutrient management for jute-rice cropping system in Eastern U. P.M. V. SINGH*, VED PRAKASH AND BHAGWAN SINGH

Crop Research Station, N. D. University of Agriculture & Technology, Bahraich-271 801 (U. P.), India*(e-mail : [email protected])


ABSTRACT

The field experiment was conducted during the year 2012-13 and 2013-14 at Crop Research StationBahraich, N. D. University of Agril. & Tech., Kumarganj, Fizabad to study the nutrient management for jute-rice cropping system. The jute crop was fertilized with 189.1 kg N, 0- P , 167.65 kg K and rice with 228.8 kgN, 63.78 kg P and 72.7 kg K ha -1 on the basis of targeted yield of jute fibre 4 t ha-1 and rice 6.5 t ha-1,respectively. Experimental results indicated that the highest yield of jute (33.44q ha-1 fibre) and rice 58.16 qha-1 under above dose of nutrients with 5 t FYM h-1 in both the crops. The higher nutrient uptake(102.35:32.7:97.4 kg NPK ha-1) and (117.35:63.82:91.1 kg NPK ha-1) by jute and rice crop, respectively wasalso observed under same treatment. The economics of treatment was also calculated on nearest market priceof produce. The higher net profit of ( Rs. 100050 ha-1) and C:B (1:3.12 ha-1) was also noted under the sametreatment.

Keywords : Nutrient management, yield, economics, nutrient uptake, jute, rice

INTRODUCTION

Jute is an important fibre crop of economicimportance. Jute was found highly responsive to fertilizerapplication. Jute based cropping system is an importantcropping system of eastern Uttar Pradesh with theintroduction of short duration variety of jute and ricecrops. Better land utilization and intensive inputmanagement is helpful for increased crop production.Judicious supply of plant nutrients by and large is themore important factor to achieve sustainable productionand to maintain soil health. Keeping this view in mindan experiment was laid out at Crop research StationBahraich to study the nutrient management for jute-ricecropping system.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The experiment was conducted at CropResearch Station Bahraich during year 2012-13 and2013-14 in the sandy loam soil having pH 7.5, organiccarbon 0.24 % and available N, P and K 215, 13.5, 225kg ha-1, respectively. Seven nutrient managementpractices viz T1- Control (without fertilizer), T2-recommended dose of fertilizer ( 60 kg N, 30 kg P and30 kg K ha-1) for jute and 150:60:60 kg NPK ha-1 forrice, T3- RDF + organic manure 5 t /ha FYM for jute as

well as for rice, T4- N 140, P-0, K-124.65 kg ha-1forjute and 175.9 N, 53.41 P, 52.9 K kg ha-1 for rice, T5 - N189, P-0, K-167.65 kg ha-1 for jute and 228.8 N, 63.71 Pand 72.7 K kg ha-1 for rice, T6 – T4

+ 5t ha-1 FYM, T7 –T5+ 5 t FYM ha-1 were tried in a fixed plot study for jutecrop with 3 replications in randomized block design. Jutevariety JRC-212 was sown in the last week of April andrice NDR-97 was planted in 2nd week of July during boththe years and grown with all other recommended packageof practices for both the crops. The plant height, basaldiameter, fibre yield in jute crop and grain yield of ricecrop was recorded after harvesting of crop. The net profitwas also calculated at nearest market price of input andoutput. Plant samples of jute and rice were analyzed forNPK by adopting standard methods (Jackson 1973).


Effect of levels of nutrient on jute

The higher values of growth were recorded withincreasing levels of NPK up to 189.1 kg N, P-0 and K167.65 kg ha-1 + 5 t FYM ha-1. The improvement in cropgrowth might be because of the increased availability anduptake of N and K at higher levels included with FYM.Singh et al., (2014); Kumar et al., (2010), Saha et al.,(2008) and Ray et al., (2000) also reported similar results.

The pooled data (Table 1) indicate that thehighest plant height (383.15 cm) basal diameter (1.82cm) and fibre yield (33.44 q/ha-1) recorded were recordedunder the application 189.1 kg N, P-0, K- 167.65 kg ha-

1 along with 5 t ha-1 which was significantly superiorover other treatments. The higher value of abovecharacters might be due to the application of FYM alongwith higher dose of N and K application. The applicationof FYM improves soil health, increase water retentioncapacity as well as enhance plant roots ultimatelyincrease the uptake of nutrients thereby increase thegrowth as well as fibre yield. Similar results was alsoreported by Neeraj et al., (2010), Singh et al., 2014,Kumar et al., (2010), Singh et al., (2011) and Singh etal., (2014). The lowest yield of jute fibre (12.42 q ha-1)was recorded under control plot. The highest value ofjute fibre (33.44 q ha-1) under T7 was found 62.88, 25.38,15.96, 10.61, 8.76 and 3.82% higher over T1, T2, T3, T4,T5 and T6, respectively.

Effect of levels of nutrient on rice yield:

The data of rice crop was recorded under eachtreatment and presented in (Table 2). Results revealedthat the highest rice yield (58.16 q ha-1) was recordedunder the treatment have 228.8 kg N, 63.78 kg P and72.7 kg K ha-1 + 5 t FYM ha-1 which was significantlysuperior over other treatments. The highest yield underthis treatment might be due to application of highernutrient levels to the crop ultimately of crop growth wasmore resulting higher rice yield. The highest value (58.16q ha-1) of grain yield of rice under T7 was found 73.09,27.01, 20.61, 13.61, 4.96 and 3.09 percent higher overT1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively. It also might beresidual effect of FYM which was applied to the fibrecrop jute under T7.

NUTRIENT UPTAKE

The data of nutrient uptake of jute crop is

Table 1. Yield attributes fibre yield and nutrient uptake by jute under different nutrient management practices. (mean of two years)

Treatments Plant Basal Fibre yield Nutrient uptake by jute cropheight diameter (q/ha) (kg/ha)

N P K

T1 : Control (without any fertilizer/FYM) 243.15 1.14 12.42 38.60 12.3 35.00T2 : Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (60:30:30 kg NPK) 339.30 1.44 24.95 76.90 25.1 70.50T3 : RDF+organic manure (equivalent to 5 t/ha of FYM) 353.50 1.59 25.89 88.10 29.0 80.10T4 : 100% NPK on ST-TY ( Target : Jute-3.5 t/ha, rice 5.5 t/ha ) 363.00 1.64 28.10 91.30 31.6 87.25T5 : 100% NPK on ST-TY ( Target : Jute-4.0 t/ha, rice 6.5 t/ha ) 370.15 1.70 30.57 94.80 32.2 92.30T6 : T4+organic manure (equivalent to 5 t/ha of FYM) 375.50 1.74 32.16 98.10 32.6 94.00T7 : T5+organic manure (equivalent to 5 t/ha of FYM) 383.15 1.82 33.44 102.35 33.7 97.40SE M ± 2.03 0.05 0.42 1.38 0.22 0.36LSD (P=0.05) 6.25 0.15 1.24 4.15 0.66 1.08

Table 2. Yield and nutrient uptake by rice crop and economics of treatments (mean of two years)

Treatments Grain yield Nutrient uptake by rice crop Net profit C : B ratioof rice kg/ha Rs./ha

N P K

T1 : Control ( without any fertilizer /FYM) 15.65 31.92 15.90 23.30 12580.00 1:1.26T2 : Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)(60:30:30 NPK ha-1) 42.45 86.35 43.05 63.15 67379.00 1:2.58T3 : RDF+organic manure (equivalent to 5 t /ha of FYM) 46.17 92.95 46.90 70.10 78025.00 1:2.81T4 : 100% NPK on ST-TY ( Target : Jute -3.5 t/ha, rice 5.5 t/ha ) 50.13 100.00 50.77 74.55 85761.00 1:2.97T5 : 100% NPK on ST-TY ( Target : Jute -4.0 t/ha, rice 6.5 t/ha ) 55.27 108.15 57.12 83.70 91568.00 1:2.98T6 : T4+organic manure (equivalent to 5 t /ha of FYM) 56.36 112.90 60.50 87.05 9666.00 1:3.16T7 : T5+organic manure (equivalent to 5 t /ha of FYM) 58.16 117.35 63.82 91.10 100050.00 1:3.12SE M± 0.56 0.66 0.33 0.39 471.50 0.06LSD (P=0.05) 1.88 1.98 1.00 1.18 1475.50 0.18


presented in Table 1 which revealed that the highestnutrient uptake (102.35, 32.7 and 97.4 kg NPK ha-1,respectively) was noticed under T7 which was foundsignificantly superior over other treatments. Higheruptake of nutrients under T7 might be due to higherapplication of nutrients along with FYM.

The lower value of nutrient uptake (38.6, 12.3and 35.0 kg NPK ha-1, respectively) was noticed underT1 (Control plot). The value of nutrients uptake graduallyincreased with increasing level of nutrients along withFYM application. Nutrients uptake by rice crop was alsodetermined and presented in Table-2 which revealedthat the highest uptake (117.35, 63.82 and 91.10 kg ha-

1 NPK, respectively) was recorded under T7 which mightbe due to application of higher dose of fertilizer andmanures to the crop. The nutrients uptake was graduallyincreased with increasing dose of nutrients to thetreatments. The lower nutrients uptake (31.92, 15.9, 23.3kg NPK ha-1, respectively) was recorded under controlplot which might be due to less availability of nutrientsto the crop. Similar findings were also reported by Singhet al., (2011), Singh et al., (2014), Bandopadhayay etal., (2002) and Saha et al., (2008).

ECONOMICS

The economics of each treatment was calculatedand presented in Table 2. Result revealed that the highestnet returns ( Rs. 100050 ha-1) was recorded under T7and which was found 87.24, 32.65, 22.01, 14.28, 8.47and 3.38% higher over T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6,respectively. This might be due to higher yield recordedunder T7. The C:B ratio was also calculated and presentedin Table 2. Results indicated that higher (1:3.12) C:Bwas noticed under T7 and lowest ( 1:1.26) under controlwhich might be due to low output received under same,

ultimately C:B was less.

REFERENCES

Bandopadhayay, S. and Pusta, A. M. 2002. Effect ofintegrated nutrient management on productivity andresidual soil fertility under different rice (Oryzasativa) – pulse cropping system in rain fed lateriticbelt of West Bengal J. Agron. 47(1):33-40.

Jackson, M. L. 1973. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hallof India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Kumar, Neeraj; Srivastava, R. K., Singh, M. V., Singh, R.B. and Singh, R. K. 2010. Nitrogen substitution injute (Corchorus olitorius) through green manure andfarmyard manure for sustainable production ineastern tarai region of Uttar Pradesh. In : Jute andAllied Fibers Production, Utilization and Marketing.pp 179-182.

Ray, P. K. and Chawdhary, J. 2000. Nutrient managementin jute and allied fibre, Fert. News. 45(10) : 40-45.

Saha, A. R., Mitra, D. N., Mazumdar, B.; Saha, S. andMitra, S. 2008. Effect of integrated nutrientmanagement on rosselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)productivity its mineral nutrition and soil properties.Ind. J. Agril. Sci. 78(5) :418-421.

Singh, M. V., Neeraj Kumar, Singh, R. K. and Vinay Kumar2014. Effect of nutrient management on fibre yieldof capsularis jute in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Annals ofPl. Soil Res. 16(1) : 72-74

Singh, M. V., Neeraj Kumar and Singh, R. K. 2011.Influence of integrated nutrient management inmesta-rice crop sequence system in Eastern U.P.Annals Pl. Soil Res. 13(2) : 128-130.

172 Singh, Prakash and Singh

Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 173-175 (2014)

Economic study of different rice establishment methods in rice-wheat croppingsystem

SHWETA*1 AND MANU MALIK2

Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, G.B.P.U.A.&T., Pantnagar U. S. Nagar, Uttarakhand*(e-mail : [email protected])

Received on : 12.12.2013 Accepted on : 17.07.2014

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted at GBPUA&T Pantnagar (U.S.Nagar) during 2005-06 and 2006-07 to find out economics of different rice establishment methods. Experiment consisting of four riceestablishment methods in main plot and four establishment methods of wheat in sub plots with three replicationswere arranged in strip plot design. It was observed that direct dry seeding rice in irrigated eco-system was aneconomical alternative to transplanting rice with saving in water, less drudgery, eco-friendly, ultimately reducedcost of cultivation and provided more profit. Highest total cost was observed in manual transplanting (Rs.23617 ha-1) while minimum under direct dry seeding (Rs. 17554 ha-1).The yield of all establishment methodsin rice was almost similar but highest grain yield (4356 kg ha-1) was observed in direct dry seeding methods,followed by direct seeding of sprouted seeds by drum seeder (4053 kg ha-1) transplanting by transplanter(3933 kg ha-1), and manual transplanting (3667 kg ha-1).

Key Words : Rice establishment methods, direct seeding, wet sprouted seed, hand & machine transplanting

1Assistant Scientist (Agronomy), Deptt. of Horticulture, CCSHAU, Hisar, 2 Seed Production Officer, NSC, New Delhi.

Transplanting is labour intensive, manualtransplanting requires 140-200 person ha-1 compared to7-10 person ha-1 for broadcasting and 2-4 person ha-1

for mechanical broadcasting (Ho,1999). Landpreparation for transplanted rice consumes large amountof water; about 20-40 % of total water requirement forgrowing the crop (Bhuiyan et al.,1995). Submergenceof rice field is required for few days only aftertransplanting, so as to decrease weeds emergence andsubsequently soil saturation to avoid cracking of soil toplayer farmed after puddling of soils. Puddling reduceswater percolation, suppresses weeds and transplantedrice seedling have a greater competitive advantage overweeds emerge after transplanting. But puddling altersphysico-chemical properties of soil, which has adverseeffect on following wheat crop.

Rice production systems are undergoing varioustypes of changes and one such change has been the shiftfrom transplanted to direct seeding. Direct seeding forrice establishment is spreading rapidly in asia particularlyPhilippines, Malaysia and Thiland (Pandey and Velasco,2002) as the farmers seek high productivity andprofitability to offset increasing cost and scarcity of farmlabour. The main driving forces of this changes are the

rising wage rate, scarcity of water, labour, less breakage/low maintenance cost of machineries and at the time theavailability of advanced technologies of integrated weedmanagement (Singh, 2004). In rice wheat croppingsystem areas, major causes of low wheat yield insequences with rice was its late sowing for variousreasons viz. delay in rice transplanting which affects thesowing of succeeding wheat crop. The delay in plantingwheat after end of November results in 1-1.5 % loss inyield per day delay (Ortiz-Monasterio et al., 1994).Keeping these points in view the present investigationwas undertaken to study economics of rice and wheatunder different establishment methods.

The field experiment was conducted at theexperimental plot of the Crop Research Centre at GovindBallabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology,Pantnagar (Udham Singh Nagar) Uttarakhand duringKharif and Rabi seasons of 2005-06 and 2006-07consisting of four rice establishment methods and fourmethods of wheat establishment. All there were 16treatment combinations arranged in strip plot design withthree replications. Main plot consisting of four riceestablishment methods (direct dry seeding rice after fieldpreparation by zero till drill, direct seeding of sprouted

rice by drum seeder, hand transplanting and transplantingby transplanter).While during rabi season, wheat wassown as sub plot treatments as conventional tillage wheat(CTW), bed planting wheat (BPW), strip till drill wheat(STW) and zero tillage wheat (ZTW). Each plot whererice was sown in kharif season was divided into fourparts.

In direct dry seeding, the field was crossharrowed once after receiving pre-monsoon showers andleveled, again cross harrowing was done followed byplanking. Dry seeds of paddy were sown on June 7, 2005and June 1, 2006 by zero till drill machine after fieldpreparation at 45 kg seed ha-1. In sprouted rice seedswere soaked on June 7, 2005 and June 1, 2006 (dates onwhich dry seeding was done) for 24 hr and incubatedfor 12 hr for sprouting. The sprouted seeds were seededin puddle soil on June 9, 2005 and June 3, 2006 usingdrum seeder using a seed rate of 50 kg ha-1. The riceseedling of 28 to 30 days were transplanted on July 7,2005 and July 2, 2006 by hand and seedling of 20 daysold on June 28, 2005 and June 23, 2006 by transplanterwith a seed rate of 40 kg ha-1 and 50 kg ha -1, respectively.

The soil of the experimental plot was sandyloam in texture, medium in organic carbon (0.67 %),low in available nitrogen (263.4 kg/ha) and medium inavailable phosphorus (27.8 kg/ha) and mediumpotassium (206.4 kg/ha). The particle size distributionof the 0-20 cm soil layer is 50.4% sand, 33.2 % silt and16.4 % clay.

The tarai belt is characterized by a sub-humidclimate with hot summers and cold winters. The mean

maximum temperatures during the hottest month (May)varies from 37.5 to 41°C and mean minimum temperatureduring the coolest months (December and January) variesfrom 1 to 2°C. The average annual rainfall is 1364 mm,most of which is received during the period of June toSeptember. Rice cv. Narendra -359 was sown in all thefour systems having 23 cm inter row spacing, while inwheat cv. PBW-343 was sown. The experimental cropsof rice and wheat were fertilized by 150 kg Nha-1 throughurea, 60 kg P2O5 through SSP (16 % P2O5, and 11%S),40 kg K2O ha-1 through murate of potash (60 % K2O)and zinc was applied at the rate of 25 kg ZnSO4 (23.5 %zinc). The data on yield, cost of cultivation andeconomics of rice were calculated.

Direct dry seeding required lower cost of landpreparation compared to direct sprouted seeding, handtransplanting and transplanting by transplanter (Table1). The cost of sowing and land preparation in direct dryseeding was Rs. 3151 compared to Rs.5464 in sproutedseeding by drum seeder, Rs. 7118 in hand transplantingand Rs. 5224 in transplanting by transplanter treatments.The cost of land preparation in direct dry seeding wasless because puddling was not done in direct dry seeding.Sowing cost was higher in transplanting because itincluded nursery cost, uprooting of seedling andtransplanting of seedling followed by transplanting bytransplanting by transplanter and sprouted seeding as itsown by drum seeder which took more time than tractordrawn seed drill. The weeding cost was highest in directdry seeding (Rs. 3059) followed by sprouted seeding(Rs. 1606), hand transplanting (Rs.613) and

Table 1. Cost of cultivation (Rs. ha-1) of different establishment methods in rice-wheat system (mean of two year)

Treatment Land preparation and Seed Nursery Irrigation Weed Total Commonsowing/transplanting management treatment cost

cost

Direct dry seeding 3151 900 - 1336 3059 8446 9108Direct sprouted seeding 5464 675 - 2193 1606 9938 9108Manual transplanting 7118 750 2923 3105 613 14509 9108Transplanter 5224 825 1954 3105 577 11685 9108

Table 2. Economics of rice under different establishment methods in rice–wheat system (Mean of two year)

Treatment Total cost Grain yield Straw yield Gross return Net return(Rs./ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)

Direct dry seeding 17554 4356 6147 35676 18123Direct sprouted seeding 19046 4053 5940 33556 14510Manual transplanting 23617 3933 5908 32856 9239Transplanter 20793 3667 5519 30653 9860

174 Shweta and Malik

transplanting by transplanter (Rs. 577), as higher weeddensity was found in direct dry seeding followed bysprouted seeding, hand transplanting and transplantingby transplanter. Amount of irrigation water applied intransplanting by hand and by transplanter was highestfollowed by sprouted seeding and direct dry seeding.So, the irrigation cost was lowest in direct dry seeding(Rs.1336) followed by sprouted seeding (Rs.2193) andtransplanting by hand and by transplanter (Rs. 3105).Themain reason for low cost of irrigation in direct dryseeding was that pudlling was not done and seed weresown directly in the field after land preparation. Similarresults were reported by Cabangon et al., 2002. Onaverage rice yields under all establishment methods werealmost similar (direct dry seeding 4356 kg ha-1, sproutedseeding 4053 kg ha-1, hand transplanting 3933 kg ha-1,and transplanting by transplanter 3667 kg ha-1). Theincrease in direct seeded rice was 7.48, 10.76 and 15.82% over wet sprouted hand and machine transplanted riceduring study. This indicated that puddling of soil, forwhich normally a large amount of water and labour arerequired, can be avoided without dry yield penalty inrice. Machine transplanting had a lower yield during thestudy than transplanting, sprouted rice and direct seededrice. This was may be due to poor establishment of riceseedling in nursery and field. In field, due to heavy rainseedling did not get sufficient time for establishment.Rice either direct dry seeded, or sprouted seeding yield8 to 19.2 % than hand transplanting. The mean strawyield was maximum in direct dry seeding and minimumin transplanting by machine transplanter.

REFERENCE

Bhuiyan, S. I, Sattar, M. A. and Tabbal, D. F. 1995. Wet-

seeded rice: water use efficiency and productivityand constraints to wider adoption. In: K. Moody (ed.)Constraints, Opportunities and Innovations for Wetseeded Rice. Los Banos (Philippines) InternationalRice research Institute: 143-145.

Cabangon, R. J., Tuong, T. P., Tiak, E. B. and Abdullah,N. 2002. Increasing water productivity in ricecultivation: impact of the large scale adoption ofdirect seeding in the Muda irrigation system. In:Pandey et al. (eds.). Direct seeding: Research Issuesand Opportunities, 25-28 January, 2000, Bangkok,Thailand. International Rice Research Institute, LosBanos (Philippines): 383p.

Ho, N. K. 1999. Agronomic recommendations for directseeding in the Muda area. Short note for the briefingof the development of agriculture, Sarawak, 2November, 1999 Alor Setar (Malaysia): MudaAgricultural Development Authority. 5p

Ortiz-Monasterio, J. I., Dillon, S. S. and Fischer, R. A. 1994.Date of showing effects on grain yield and yieldcomponents of irrigation spring wheat cultivars andrelationship with radiation and temperature inLudhiana, India. Fields Crops Res. 37: 169-184.

Pandey, S. and Velasco, L. 1999. Economics of direct seedingin Asia: patterns of adoption and research priorities.Int. Rice Res. Notes, 24 (2): 6-11.

Singh, S. 2004. Studies on development of sustainable directseeded rice wheat cropping system. Ph.D. Thesis,GBPUA & T, Pantnagar.


Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 176-183 (2014)

Shoot and root growth of wheat succeeding mungbean and sorghum in relationto planting methods and irrigation scheduling

SURESH KUMAR*, A. S. DHINDWAL, PARVEEN KUMAR AND MEENA SEHWAGDepartment of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004


Received on: 25.04.2014, Accepted on: 26.06.2014

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted to study shoot and root growth wheat succeeding mungbean andsorghum in relation to planting techniques and irrigation scheduling during 2003-2004 and 2004-05 at ResearchFarm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana India. The treatments consisted of two precedingcrops viz., sorghum as green fodder and mungbean as grain and two planting methods viz., conventional andzero tillage in main plots and three irrigation schedules viz., irrigation at CRI + IW/CPE of 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 insub plots, replicated thrice. The shoot growth parameters viz., plant height, tillers, LAI and dry matteraccumulation of wheat were favourably influenced by preceding crop of mungbean than sorghum. Zerotillage wheat had better shoot growth than the conventional method. Irrigation scheduling with irrigation atCRI + IW/CPE = 0.9 produced better shoot growth parameters than at CRI + IW/CPE = 0.5. The rootingdepth of wheat crop recorded at spike initiation, anthesis and milk stages was deeper and root density recordedat anthesis was higher in upper layers after mungbean than sorghum. Roots of wheat were significantlydeeper under conventional method as compared to zero tillage at all the three growth stages. While, rootdensity at anthesis was higher in zero tillage as compared to conventional in upper 0-15 cm depth but thereverse was true in 15-30 cm layer. Root depth was recorded maximum with irrigation scheduling at lowmoisture regime of CRI + IW/CPE = 0.5, and decreased with increase in moisture level. However, the rootdensity at anthesis did not vary much under varying irrigation schedules.

Key words : Wheat, zero-tillage, preceding crops, irrigation scheduling, moisture regimes, growth, root

INTRODUCTION

Wheat is a major food security crop in South-Asia and it is a predominant winter (Rabi) crop of North- Western plain zone of India being grown in rotationwith various monsoon (Kharif) crops. Apart from beinga staple crop, wheat straw is a good source of feed for alarge cattle population of the country. Since, populationis increasing at an alarming rate and on the other hand,available cultivable land area is decreasing, so there is aneed to increase per unit production. The soil quality isalso under threat due to intensive tillage, non-recyclingof crop residues, mono-cropping and imbalanced use ofagro-chemicals. The major challenge for the researchersis to develop an alternative system that produce morewith lower cost, improve profitability and conserve thenatural resources like soil and water. Several workershave reported savings in fuel, labour, irrigation water,production cost, energy etc. along with positive effectson soil health and environmental quality benefits of no-

tillage system in rice-wheat cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India (Kumar and Dhindwal, 2009).Preceding crops affect wheat production by their residualeffect on nutrient status and physical properties of soil.Since, the behaviour of water distribution in the rootzone soil and its use by the wheat crop under zero-tillagemay be different than that of conventional tillage; anexperiment was conducted to evaluate shoot and rootgrowth of wheat succeeding mungbean and sorghum inrelation to planting techniques and irrigation scheduling.


A field experiment was conducted during tworabi seasons of 2003-2004 and 2004-05 at ResearchFarm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar,Haryana, India situated at 29°10' N latitude and 75° 46'E longitude. The texture of the experimental upper soillayer was sandy loam having basic infiltration rate of4.2 mm/h. It contained 20.5 and 7.2% moisture, on

weight basis, at -0.03 and -1.5 MPa, respectively. TheOC content was 0.38%, low in available N, medium inP and high in K. The ground water table during the cropseasons fluctuated around 1.5 m. Two preceding cropsviz., sorghum (Sorghum bicolar L.) as green fodder andmungbean (Vigna radiata L.) as grain, and two plantingmethods viz., conventional and zero tillage in main plotswere evaluated each under three irrigation schedules viz.,irrigation at CRI + IW/CPE of 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 in subplots. After the preceding kharif crops of mungbean andsorghum and a pre-sown irrigation, wheat cv. WH 711was sown on 2nd December, 2003 and 9th December, 2004with conventional and on 1st December, 2003 and 4th

December, 2004 in zero tillage (zero-tillage seed-cumfertilizer drill) practices. To control weeds in zero-tillplots, herbicide (glyphosate @2.5 L/ha, product) wasapplied after the harvest of mungbean and sorghum. Theother cultural practices followed were as perrecommendations.

Irrigations, as per treatments, were applied inindividual plot by flooding and the depth was measuredwith the help of current meter. The IW/CPE ratios werecalculated based on depth of irrigation water and thecumulative pan evaporation during the particular period.During the first year; three, four and five post-sownirrigations were applied in irrigation scheduling at CRI+ IW/CPE ratios 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9, respectively. Since,rainfall during the second crop season was exceptionallyhigh (137.9 mm) and well distributed, only one post-sown irrigation was applied in CRI + IW/CPE ratio of0.5 while two post-sown irrigations were applied inirrigation scheduling at CRI + IW/CPE = 0.7 and 0.9.The other operations were carried out as per therecommended package of practices. Shoot growthparameters i.e, plant height, number of tillers and drymatter accumulation were recorded as the crop achievedthe phonological stages spike initiation, anthesis, milkand physiological stages. The rooting depth was recordedat spike initiation, anthesis and milk stages, while thedepth-wise root density was recorded upto 90 cm atanthesis stage. Data was statistically analysed usingANOVA.


Plant height

The increase in plant height was rapid up toanthesis and it slowed down in later stages and a

progressive increase in plant height was observed fromspike initiation to physiological maturity irrespective ofthe treatments. Wheat plants were observed to besignificantly taller at all the crop stages after mungbeanthan that after sorghum in both the crop seasons (Table1). This increase in plant height of wheat after mungbeanmay be due to improved soil properties and increased Nstatus through biological N fixation by mungbean andits subsequent effect on succeeding wheat crop, in termsof increase in cell size and higher meristematic activity.Kumar and Sharma (2000) also reported taller plants ofwheat succeeding legume crop as compared to sorghum(fodder).

The planting methods influenced the plantheight markedly in both the crop seasons (Table 1). Plantheight in zero-till wheat recorded at spike initiation,anthesis, milk and physiological maturity stages wassignificantly more than the conventional. Increased plantheight under zero tillage may be due to early emergenceand better crop growth by uptake and utilization ofnutrients and escape from cold during initial growthperiod owing increase in soil temperature under zerothan conventional method (Yadav et al., 2002).

Various irrigation schedules influenced the plantheight of wheat significantly in first year at growth stagesanthesis, milk and physiological maturity (Table 1). Itincreased with the increase in each level of moistureregimes from irrigation at CRI + IW/CPE of 0.5 to 0.9.Panda et al. (1998) also reported significant increase inplant height with increasing IW/CPE value from 0.6 to1.2. In the second year, wheat plant height did not differsignificantly among the various irrigation schedules. Thiswas because varying irrigation schedules could not bemaintained in the growth period owing to exceptionallyhigher (137.9 mm) and scattered rainfall throughout thegrowth period of wheat.

Number of tillers

Under the two preceding crops of mungbeanand sorghum, the number of tillers in wheat crop variedsignificantly at spike initiation, anthesis, milk andphysiological maturity stages during both the cropseasons and the number of tillers recorded in wheat weresubstantially higher after mungbean than that aftersorghum. The increase in number of tillers of wheat aftermungbean could be due to increased N throughbiological N fixation by mungbean and its subsequenteffect on succeeding wheat crop. Increase in number of


Tabl

e 1.

Sho

ot g

row

th p

aram

eter

s of

whe

at a

t var

ious

gro

wth

sta

ges

unde

r di

ffere

nt tr

eatm

ents

Trea

tmen

tsPl

ant h

eigh

t (cm

)N

o. o

f till

ers

Leaf

are

a in

dex

(LA

I)D

ry m

atte

r Acc

umul

atio

n (g

/m2 )

Spik

eA

nthe

sis

Milk

Phys

iol

Spik

eA

nthe

sis

Milk

Phys

iol

Spik

eA

nthe

sis

Milk

Phys

iol

Spik

eA

nthe

sis

Milk

Phys

iol

initi

atio

nst

age

mat

urity

initi

atio

nst

age

mat

urity

initi

atio

nst

age

mat

urity

initi

atio

nst

age

mat

urity

2003

-04

Prec

edin

g cr

ops

Mun

gbea

n40

.266

.589

.191

.929

547

246

546

51.

193.

403.

11-

137.

957

3.5

1123

.012

37.8

Sorg

hum

35.0

61.1

83.6

86.9

258

380

406

415

0.93

2.67

2.44

-09

6.9

480.

809

58.5

1060

.9LS

D (P

=0.0

5)2.

42.

63.

84.

012

1817

180.

140.

490.

26-

2.2

12.8

8.9

44.3

Plan

ting

met

hods

Con

vent

iona

l36

.361

.983

.887

.227

341

242

342

61.

032.

922.

71-

106.

950

3.8

1000

.411

16.5

Zero

Till

age

38.9

65.7

88.9

91.6

280

441

448

454

1.09

3.15

2.84

-12

7.8

550.

610

81.2

1182

.2LS

D (P

=0.0

5)2.

42.

63.

84.

0N

S18

1718

NS

NS

NS

-2.

212

.88.

944

.3Ir

riga

tion

at C

RI+

IW/C

PE r

atio

CR

I+IW

/CPE

0.5

37.5

60.8

83.8

84.8

276

400

410

412

1.05

2.80

2.52

-11

7.2

480.

095

7.7

1020

.8C

RI+

IW/C

PE 0

.737

.363

.786

.690

.027

842

443

644

11.

073.

092.

83-

117.

153

4.1

1048

.811

51.6

CR

I+IW

/CPE

0.9

37.8

67.0

88.6

93.5

275

454

460

467

1.06

3.21

2.98

-11

7.9

567.

411

15.9

1275

.7LS

D (P

=0.0

5)N

S2.

33.

21.

7N

S35

2536

NS

0.31

0.22

-N

S18

.112

.662

.620

04-0

5Pr

eced

ing

crop

sM

ungb

ean

37.6

63.3

85.9

90.3

301

453

456

459

1.08

3.19

3.35

-12

7.3

529.

611

29.5

1205

.2So

rghu

m35

.060

.181

.285

.225

837

138

740

00.

802.

412.

54-

091.

741

5.3

994.

910

71.8

LSD

(P=0

.05)

1.2

2.1

3.0

4.0

1319

2120

0.17

0.27

0.21

-6.

315

.540

.328

.3Pl

antin

g m

etho

dsC

onve

ntio

nal

35.3

59.6

81.0

85.1

272

396

400

410

0.67

2.57

2.75

-95

.243

8.8

1012

.210

79.1

Zero

Till

age

37.2

63.8

86.1

90.4

287

428

443

448

1.21

3.03

3.14

-12

3.8

506.

111

12.3

1197

.9LS

D (P

=0.0

5)1.

22.

13.

04.

013

1921

200.

170.

270.

21-

6.3

15.5

40.3

28.3

Irri

gatio

n at

CR

I+IW

/CPE

CR

I+IW

/CPE

0.5

36.3

61.1

83.2

87.3

280

409

419

425

0.96

2.82

2.93

-10

9.2

474.

110

42.1

1051

.5C

RI+

IW/C

PE 0

.736

.462

.183

.187

.827

641

542

443

10.

952.

802.

95-

110.

247

2.5

1072

.511

53.2

CR

I+IW

/CPE

0.9

36.2

62.0

84.4

88.2

282

412

422

432

0.92

2.78

2.95

-10

9.1

470.

810

72.0

1210

.9LS

D (P

=0.0

5)N

SN

SN

SN

SN

SN

SN

SN

SN

SN

SN

S-

NS

NS

NS

33.6

178 Kumar, Dhindwal, Kumar and Sehwag

tillers in wheat succeeding leguminous crops ascompared with non-leguminous crops have also beenreported by Kumar and Sharma (2000).

The number of tillers recorded at various cropgrowth stages were significantly higher in zero-till wheatthan conventional during both the crop seasons exceptat spike initiation stage in first year (Table 1). Thisincrease in numbers of tillers in zero tillage may beattributed to increased growth period due to early sowingand better growth conditions provided by zero tillagethrough temperature moderation and increased moistureand nutrient supply compared to conventional method.Malik et al. (2000) also reported higher number of tillersin wheat under zero tillage as compared to conventionaltillage.

In first year, the number of tillers did not differsubstantially at spike initiation and thereafter, they were

considerably more under higher irrigation scheduling atCRI+IW/CPE = 0.9 than at CRI+IW/CPE = 0.5.However, the difference between CRI+IW/CPE=0.9 andCRI+IW/CPE = 0.7 was not significant (Table 1). Similarresults were reported by Panda et al. (1998). Variousirrigation schedules had no marked effect on the numberof tillers in the second crop season as moistureavailability was similar under various irrigationschedules up to anthesis owing to higher rainfall.Irrigation treatments could only be applied after anthesis,which did not result in variation in number of tillersbecause of reproductive stage.

Leaf area index (LAI)

Leaf area index (LAI) of wheat at spikeinitiation, anthesis and milk stages was considerably

Table 2. Effect of preceding crops, planting methods and irrigation schedules on stage-wise rooting depth (cm) and depth-wise rootdensity (kg m-3) at anthesis stage of wheat

Treatments Rooting depth (cm) Depth-wise (cm) root density (kg m-3)

Spike Anthesis Milk 0-15 15-30 30-45 45-60 60-75 75-90initiation stage

2003-04Preceding cropsMungbean 34.4 82.6 85.7 54.73 3.19 1.22 0.62 0.37 0.021Sorghum 32.6 78.4 80.5 47.81 2.18 1.10 0.52 0.36 0.015LSD (P=0.05) NS 3.8 4.8 5.1 0.86 NS NS NS NSPlanting methodsConventional 35.6 84.3 86.8 50.34 3.21 1.31 0.64 0.43 0.019Zero Tillage 31.4 76.7 79.4 52.20 2.16 1.01 0.50 0.30 0.017LSD (P=0.05) 4.1 3.8 4.8 NS 0.86 NS NS NS NSIrrigation schedulesCRI+IW/CPE 0.5 34.6 85.6 87.8 48.67 2.88 1.37 0.73 0.45 0.018CRI+IW/CPE 0.7 32.4 79.3 82.3 51.29 2.73 1.20 0.59 0.38 0.019CRI+IW/CPE 0.9 33.5 76.6 79.2 53.86 2.44 0.91 0.39 0.27 0.017LSD (P=0.05) NS 3.9 4.8 4.86 NS NS NS NS NS2004-05Preceding cropsMungbean 32.6 69.1 73.0 56.63 3.29 1.12 0.38 0.18 -Sorghum 29.4 63.1 64.4 50.57 2.59 0.96 0.26 0.14 -LSD (P=0.05) NS 4.8 5.2 4.20 0.72 NS NS NS -Planting methodsConventional 33.7 68.5 71.8 51.73 3.32 1.17 0.4 0.22 -Zero Tillage 28.3 63.7 65.6 55.47 2.56 0.91 0.24 0.10 -LSD (P=0.05) 3.4 4.8 5.2 NS 0.72 NS NS NS -Irrigation schedulesCRI+IW/CPE 0.5 31.9 66.6 71.9 53.74 2.92 1.01 0.31 0.19 -CRI+IW/CPE 0.7 31.1 67.4 70.0 52.46 2.87 1.13 0.38 0.13 -CRI+IW/CPE 0.9 30.0 64.3 64.2 54.60 3.03 0.98 0.27 0.16 -LSD (P=0.05) NS NS 5.1 NS NS NS NS NS -


higher after mungbean as compared to that after sorghumin both the crop seasons (Table 1). Higher LAI values inwheat succeeding mungbean compared to sorghum maybe due to increased number of tillers resulting from

improved growth conditions after mungbean anddecreased root and shoot growth of wheat after sorghumdue allelopathic effect (Guenzi et al., 1967).

The leaf area index in first crop season did not

Fig. 1. Depth-wise root density as influenced by preceding crops, planting methods and irrigation schedules.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

0-15

15-3

030

-45

45-6

060

-75

Soil

dept

h, c

m

Root density, kg m-3

Mung bean sorghum CTZTCRI+IW/CPE=0.5CRI+IW/CPE=0.7CRI+IW/CPE=0.9

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

0-15

15-3

030

-45

45-6

060

-75

Soil

dept

h, c

m

Root density, kg m-3

Mung bean sorghum CTZTCRI+IW/CPE=0.5CRI+IW/CPE=0.7CRI+IW/CPE=0.9

2003-04

2004-05


differ significantly between the two planting methodsi.e., conventional and zero, though slightly higher LAIvalues were recorded in zero-till wheat. In second cropseason LAI values under zero tillage were significantlyhigher than the convention tilled crop, which might bedue to advancement of sowing by 5 days in zero-till cropand hence increased growth period (Table 1).

The various irrigation schedules could influencethe LAI in the first crop season, only at anthesis andmilk stages. Irrigation at CRI + IW/CPE = 0.9 resultedin greater LAI values than CRI + IW/CPE = 0.5. Thedifference between CRI + IW/CPE=0.9 and CRI + IW/CPE = 0.7 for LAI remained non-significant (Table 1).This increase in LAI under irrigation schedules withhigher moisture regimes may be due to improvedmoisture and nutrient availability resulting in highernumber of tillers and enhanced crop growth. Zhang etal. (1998) also recorded higher leaf area with highermoisture regimes. In the second crop season, the LAIvalues were not affected substantially under variousirrigation schedules. This was primarily due to the factthat crop was not under moisture stress condition in anyof irrigation schedules owing higher rainfall throughoutthe growth stage.

Dry matter accumulation

The mean dry matter production, which includesleaves, stem and spike, was 117.4, 527.2, 1040.8 and1149.4 g m-2 during the first crop season, and 109.5,472.5, 1062.2 and 1138.5 g m-2 during second at spikeinitiation, anthesis, milk and physiological maturitystages, respectively, revealing a continuous increase indry matter throughout the crop growth. Total dry weightrecorded at spike initiation, anthesis, milk andphysiological maturity stages of wheat crop during boththe crop seasons was substantially higher after mungbeanthan after sorghum (Table 1). These results are inaccordance with Kumar and Sharma (2000) who alsoreported that the dry matter per plant of wheat precededby legume crop was higher as compared to other crops.

Wheat under zero tillage accumulatedsignificantly higher total dry weight at all the growthstages during both the crop seasons compared toconventional method (Table 1). Increase in number oftillers, LAI and better nutrient and moisture availabilityunder zero tillage have resulted in higher dry matterproduction and it’s partitioning in different parts.

However, Gangwar et al. (2004) reported higher drymatter accumulation in wheat under conventional thanzero tillage.

In the first crop season, varying irrigationschedules significantly influenced the dry matteraccumulation at anthesis, milk and physiologicalmaturity stages of wheat (Table 1). The dry matteraccumulation increased significantly with the increasein each level of irrigation scheduling from irrigation atCRI + IW/CPE = 0.5 to 0.9. At spike initiation stage thedry matter accumulation was at par among the variousirrigation schedules. During the second year, the drymatter accumulation of wheat at spike initiation, anthesisand milk stages was not influenced due to variousirrigation schedules, but at the physiological maturitystage, it was found to be significantly higher underirrigation scheduling at CRI + IW/CPE = 0.9 ascompared to that of CRI + IW/CPE = 0.7 and 0.5. Chavanand Pawar (1988) also reported non-significantdifference in dry matter accumulation in the initialgrowth stage under various irrigation schedules and moredry matter accumulation with irrigation schedule ofhigher moisture regimes after flowering. Increase inirrigation levels have resulted in higher number of tillers,higher LAI due enhanced moisture and nutrient, whichresulted in higher photosynthetic activity per unit areaand hence more dry matter production. Kumar et al.(2013) also reported increase in dry matter accumulationin barley with increase in irrigation levels.

Rooting depth

The root depth determines the soil wateravailability and the pattern of water extraction to a largeextent. In general, wheat crop roots penetrated to lowerdepths in the first year (up to 90 cm), as compared tosecond year (up to 75 cm). It may be due to the reasonthat above normal and well distributed rainfall (137.9mm) in the second crop season and shallow water tablethroughout the crop season fulfilled the moisturerequirements of the crop. It appears that rooting depthwas influenced more by fluctuations in water table thanby all the applied treatments. The rooting depth of wheatcrop recorded at spike initiation, anthesis and milk wasdeeper after mungbean (85.7 and 73.0 cm) than aftersorghum (80.5 and 64.4) in both the crops seasons, butthe differences were significant at later two growth stages(Table 2). Increased root depth of wheat after mungbean


may be due to improved soil properties and increased Nthrough biological fixation by mungbean (Kumar andSharma, 2000) and its subsequent effect on succeedingwheat. Further, the better crop growth of wheat crop aftermungbean required higher amount of water for whichroots has to penetrate deeper in the soil.

Roots of wheat were significantly deeper underconventional method as compared to zero tillage at allthe three growth stages during both the seasons. Depthsof roots under conventional method were 35.6, 84.3 and86.8 cm at spike initiation, anthesis and milk stage duringfirst year, while the respective depths under zero tillagewere 31.4, 76.7 and 79.4 (Table 2). During the secondyear, the root depths under conventional method were33.7, 68.5 and 71.8 compared to 28.3, 63.7 and 65.6under zero tillage, respectively. This increase in rootdepth may be attributed to catalytic effect of tillage ondepth of rooting by modifying mechanical impedance;continuity, stability and size distribution of pores; air-water dynamics and thermal regime of the soil (Priharand Gajri, 1994). Singh et al. (2002) also reported higherroot length under conventional sowing as compared tozero tillage.

Varying irrigation schedules significantlyaffected the root depth of wheat at anthesis and milkstage during first year and at only milk stage duringsecond year (Table 2). In the first crop seasons, maximum(85.6 cm at anthesis and 87.8 cm at milk stage) rootdepth was recorded with irrigation at CRI + IW/CPE =0.5, which was significantly higher than CRI + IW/CPE= 0.7 and 0.9, the later two being statistically at par witheach other. Similarly, in second crop season alsomaximum root depth (71.9 cm) at milk stage wasobserved under irrigation at CRI + IW/CPE = 0.5, whichdid not differ substantially as compared to CRI + IW/CPE = 0.7, but significantly deeper as compared to CRI+ IW/CPE=0.9. In the first crop season, there wasdifference in available moisture up to spike initiationstage under varying irrigation schedules, while in thesecond season no difference in available moisture wasobserved up to anthesis stage due above normal and welldistributed rainfall. So, the differences in rooting depthcould be observed only after that in the two crop seasons.For higher irrigation levels, the roots were concentratedin the upper layer and had greater horizontaldevelopment. On the other hand due to deficient moistureconditions in the upper soil layer, roots invaded lowerhorizons and had a vertical distribution in the lowerirrigation levels.

Root density

The root density of wheat at anthesis wasmaximum in top 0-15 cm soil depth and declined steeplywith increasing soil depth during both the crop seasons.Only a few roots were found at depth 75-90 cm in thefirst crop season, whereas in second crop season no rootswere found at this depth (Table 2 & Fig. 1). Precedingcrops influenced root density significantly in the upper0-15 and 15-30 cm soil depths during both the cropseasons. In these layers, wheat succeeding mungbeanrecorded significantly higher root density than aftersorghum. In the deeper depths (30-90 cm), although theroot density of wheat succeeding mungbean werenumerically higher than sorghum at the respectivedepths, but the differences between the two were notsignificant. Total root density of wheat in 0-90 cm soildepth was also found to be significantly higher aftermungbean than sorghum. This increase in the rootdensity of wheat after mungbean in upper soil layersmay be credited to the improved soil properties andincreased N through biological N fixation by mungbean(Kumar and Sharma, 2000) and its subsequent effect onsucceeding wheat crop and inhibition of root growth bysorghum residues (Guenzi et al., 1967).

During both crop seasons root density of zero-till wheat at anthesis was higher as compared toconventionally tilled in upper 0-15 cm depth, but thedifference was not significant. In 15-30 cm layer it wassignificantly higher in conventional method over zerotillage (Table 2 & Fig. 1). In the lower layers, althoughthe root density was higher in conventional over zerotill, but their values were statistically at par at respectivedepths. Difference in total root density in 0-90 cm soildepth, was statistically not significant too. These resultsare in accordance with Singh et al. (2002). However,Mahey et al. (2002) reported that root density in surface0-20 cm layer was 5.3 and 10.2% higher under reducedand conventional tillage, respectively, than zero tillage.

Depth-wise as well as total root density of wheatat anthesis stages in 0-90 cm soil depth did not varysignificantly under varying irrigation schedules duringboth the crop seasons, except that during the first cropseason root density in the upper soil depth 0-15 cm wasmaximum (53.86 kg m-3) with irrigation at CRI + IW/CPE = 0.9, which was markedly higher than irrigationat CRI + IW/CPE=0.5, but at par with irrigation at CRI+ IW/CPE=0.7. However, in all other depths a reducingtrend in root density was observed with increasing


irrigation levels. During the second year, no trend in rootdensity under varying irrigation schedules was observedas crop did not suffer moisture stress during the anthesisstage when the root samples were taken. The effects ofirrigation schedules on root density were not significant,since water table being shallow remained within thereach of roots for most of the growing season duringboth the crop seasons. Zhang et al. (1998) reportedsignificantly higher root mass under four irrigations in0-40 cm soil layer, whereas, one irrigation had more rootmass than 4 irrigations in the 40-80 cm soil layer.

REFERENCES

Chavan, D. A, and K. R. Pawar. 1988. Dry matteraccumulation pattern of wheat as influenced byirrigation levels based on pan evaporation. J.Maharashtra Agril. Univ. 13 : 180-182.

Gangwar, K. S., Singh, K. K and Sharma, S. K. 2004. Effectof tillage on growth, yield and nutrient uptake inwheat after rice in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India.J. Agric. Sci. 142 : 453-459

Guenzi, W. D., McCalla, T. M. and Norstadt, F. A. 1996.Presence and persistence of phytotoxic substancesin wheat, oat, corn and sorghum residues. Agron. J.59 : 162-165.

Kumar, B., and Sharma, R. P. R. 2000. Effect of precedingcrops and nitrogen rates on growth, yield and yieldattributes of wheat. Indi. J. Agric. Res. 34 : 34-38.

Kumar, S. and Dhindwal, A. S. 2009. Water productivity ofwheat succeeding mungbean and sorghum in relationto planting techniques and irrigation scheduling. J.Water Mgt. 17 (2) : 1-7.

Kumar, S., Dhindwal, A. S. and Arya, R. K. 2013. Dry matterand straw yield in wheat as influenced by precedingcrops, planting methods and irrigation levels. ForageRes. 39 (2) :88-92.

Mahey, R.K., Singh, O., Singh, A., Brar, S.S., Virk, A.S.and Singh, J. 2002. Effect of first, subsequentirrigation(s) and tillage on grain yield, nutrientsuptake, rooting density of wheat, soil moisturecontent, consumptive use and water use efficiency.Res. Crops 2 : 1-10.

Malik, R. K., Ashok Yadav, Banga, R. S., Samar Singh,Yadav, A. and Singh S. 2000. Zero till wheat sowingand alternative herbicides against resistant Phalarisminor in rice-wheat cropping system. Indi. J. WeedSci. 32 : 220-222.

Panda, S. C., Gulati, J. M. L. and Misra, B. 1998. Effect ofwater regimes and nitrogen on wheat. Indi. J. Agron.33 : 364-67.

Prihar, S. S. and Gajri, P. R. 1994. Tillage practices vis-a-vis crop producion system in sub-tropics. In: Proc.15th World Cong. on Soil Science, held at Acapulco,Mexico. pp. 140-157.

Singh, S. S., Prasad, L. K. and Upadhayay, A. 2002. Rootbehaviour, water saving and performance of wheatunder zero tillage in heavy soils of South Bihar, India.Int. Workshop Proc. “Herbicides resistancemanagement and zero tillage in rice-wheat croppingsystem”, 4-6 March, Hisar. pp. 103-104.

Yadav Ashok, Malik, R. K., Banga, R. S., Samar Singh,Chauhan, B. S., Yadav, D. B., Ram Murti andMalik, R. S. 2002. Long-term effects of zero-tillageon wheat in rice-wheat cropping systems. In : Int.Workshop Proc. “Herbicides resistance managementand zero tillage in rice-wheat cropping system”, 4-6March, Hisar. pp. 158-161.

Zhang, J., Xianzhen, S., Bin, Z., Baolin, S., Jianmin, L.and Diamxi, Z. 1998. An improved water useefficiency for winter wheat grown under reducedirrigation. Field Crops Res. 59 : 91-98.


Weed management in summer mung bean [(Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek.)] usingdinitroaniline and imidazolinone herbicides

SAMUNDER SINGH*, A. K. DHAKA AND V. S. HOODADepartment of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004 (Haryana), India



ABSTRACT

Field studies were carried out during the summer season of 2011 using three mung bean varieties(MH 318, MH 421 & MH 565) to evaluate the efficacy of pendimethalin, trifluralin and imazethapyr appliedas pre-plant incorporation (PPI), pre- (PRE) or post-emergence (POE) at the research farm of Agronomydepartment, CCS HAU Hisar. The first two studies (MH 318 & 421) had 18 treatment combinations of threeherbicides applied PPI, PRE or POE and compared with one hand weeding, weedy check and weed freetreatments; whereas the third study (MH 565) had 15 treatments (PPI/PRE), where lower rates of the threeherbicides were integrated with one hand weeding 45 DAS. Fields were infested with grassy, broadleafweeds and sedges. Imazethapyr 100 g/ha PRE provided effective control of weeds and yielded similar to thatof weed free through better yield attributes. Imazethapyr 100 g/ha PRE was more effective than its PPI orPOE applications, pendimethalin (0.75 and 1.0 kg/ha PPI or PRE) and trifluralin (0.8 and 1.0 kg/ha PPI). Nophytotoxic effect of imazethapyr applied at the highest rate (100 g/ha, PPI/PRE/POE) was observed on mungbean. Lower rates of pendimethalin (0.75 kg), trifluralin (0.8 kg) and imazethapyr (60 g/ha, POE/PPI) werenot effective in controlling weeds and improving yield. Similarly, one hand weeding was not effective tocontrol weeds. Pendimethalin applied PPI performed better than its PRE application; though differenceswere not statistically significant. Also trifluralin 1.0 kg/ha PPI was more effective than pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha (PPI/PRE). Imazethapyr 80 g/ha PRE provided similar yield to that of its higher rate (100 g/ha PRE/PPI/POE) and weed free. Integration of one hand weeding 45 DAS with imazethapyr 80 g/ha PRE resulted inhigher yield than its alone 100 g/ha dose applied PRE, PPI or POE and was similar to two hand weeding. Dueto effective control of wide spectrum weed species, imazethapyr 80 g/ha PRE can effectively be used byintegrating with one hand weeding 45 DAS. This may be safer than its higher rate which may be morepersistent to cause phytotoxicity to succeeding crops.

Key words : Herbicide application methods, integration, weed control efficacy, mung bean yield

Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 184-191 (2014)

INTRODUCTION

India is the largest producer, consumer andimporter of pulses. Pulse production in India increasedto 18.2 m t during 2010-11 compared to 14.7 m t in thepreceding year, but it has reached a stagnation and thecountry need to import >2 m t of pulses to meet thedietary requirements. Pigeon pea, chick pea, blackgram, green gram, lentils and peas are major pulsesgrown in India. Mung bean also referred to as greengram, golden gram and chop suey bean has been grownin India since ancient times. It is also grown inSoutheast Asia, Africa, South America and Australiaas well as in the United States since 1835. Indiaaccounts for one third of the world area and one fourth

of world mung bean production. It forms a major partof protein for the vegetarian diet which is equivalentto 0.67% of soybean protein. Mung bean providessignificant amounts of protein (240 g/kg), carbohydrate(630 g/kg) and a range of micronutrients in the diet(Nair et al., 2013). Its protein and carbohydrate areeasily digestible and create less flatulence than proteinsderived from other pulses. Also mung bean has lowerphytic acid (72% of total phosphorus content) thanpigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.), soybean(Glycine max L.) and cereals. Phytic acid is commonlyfound in cereals and legumes and has a negative impacton iron and zinc bioavailability in plant-based diet, thusused as an iron-rich whole food source for baby food.Due to its higher protein content, carbohydrates and

other essential nutrients, it is called as poor man’s meatin the developing countries.

Due to wider adaptability, pulses in general aregrown on soils with low fertility, uninsured moistureconditions with lower application of fertilizers, lessadaption of high yielding and short maturation varietiesresulting in poor yields. Weeds are the major constraintsfor poor yields of mung bean, as slow initial crop growthis coupled with poor competing ability with weeds.Mung bean short duration varieties can be successfullyraised in the summer replacing summer paddy to add tothe production of pulses in India, provided weeds areeffectively managed. In the summer raised mung bean,Cyperus rotundus and Trianthema portulacastrumemerge with the crop and competes vigorously; othergrassy and broadleaf weeds emerge after irrigation orrainfall to further add pressure on the crop. Singh et al.(2003) reported that under control conditions, lower plantpopulation of mung bean compared to T. portulacastrumsignificantly reduced mung bean root/shoot length anddry weights, whereas root and shoot weight of T.portulacastrum increased by 234 and 218%, respectively.Similarly, root length and root weight of mung beandecreased significantly in competition with Echinochloacrus-galli. Punia et al. (2004) found T. portulacastrummost competitive with mung bean followed by C.rotundus and E. colona. T. Portulacastrum populationof 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 plants m2 reduced the shootdry weight of mung bean by 21, 38, 40, 47 and 52%,respectively.

Critical period for crop-weed competition insummer mung bean is from 15 to 30 days after sowing(DAS) Singh et al., (1996). Dungrawal et al., (2003)reported that initial 30-35 days weed free environmentresulted in vigorous growth of mung bean and providedhigher yields. Raghvani et al. (1985) reported first 30days as most critical, whereas Vats and Sidhu (1976)found 4th to 6th week as most critical for crop-weedcompetition. Competition with weeds lowered mungbean yield by 42% (Singh et al., 1995), 48% (Dhingraet al., 1984), 49% Prakash et al., (1988), 50% Vats andSidhu (1976), 42-64% (Singh et al.,1999) and higheryield reductions of 82 - 86% (Malik et al., 2000).

Kundra et al., (1991) reported that under weedyconditions, summer mung bean could utilize only 55.6,10.2 and 49.1 kg/ha of N, P & K, respectively comparedto 79.1,19.8 and 79.1 kg/ha with weeds removal.Fluchloralin 0.75 kg/ha resulted in increased uptake of111.4, 22.7 and 97.5 kg/ha N, P and K, respectively by

mung bean compared to only 3.1, 0.7 and 4.1 kg/ha N, P& K depletion by weeds. Pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha andtwo hand weeding (3 and 5 WAS) also proved equallyeffective in increasing uptake of nutrients by mung bean.Similarly, Yadav et al. (1985) reported that weeds whenallowed to compete till crop harvest, depleted 120.4, 15.9and 119 kg/ha N, P, and K, respectively. Among thevarious weeds infesting the crop, E. colona depletedmaximum nutrients of 92.8, 12.3 and 92.0 kg/ha N, Pand K, respectively. Hand hoeing and application offluchloralin at 1.0 - 2.0 kg/ha, alachlor 1.0 kg/ha andprometryne 0.5 kg/ha decreased the nutrients uptake byweeds significantly. The above studies showedcontrolling weeds can markedly increase total nutrientsavailable to the crop.

Thus, mung bean faces heavy competition withweeds in the initial stage of its growth, weeds removalby chemical, manual or mechanical means is must toharvest a good crop. Several herbicides viz. alachlor,chlorimuron, clomazone, fluchloralin, metolachlor,nitrofen, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin,prometryne and trifluralin have been evaluated in mungbean either alone or in combination with hand weedingor grassy herbicides viz. fluazifop, quizalofop orhaloxyfop in sequence to effectively reduce weedpopulation, their dry weight and obtain similar yield tothat of weed free treatments (Dhingra et al.,1984; Yadavet al., 1985; Kumar and Kairon, 1988; Parkash etal.,1988; Gupta et al., 1990; Sandhu et al.,1993; Singhet al.,1995; Malik et al., 2000; Kumar and Kundra, 2001;Kumar and Tewari, 2004 and Kaur et al., 2010).

Pandey (1989) found that imazethapyr 150 g/ha resulted in maximum increase in grain yield and wassuperior to its lower doses (50, 75, & 100 g/ha PRE,100 g/ha PPI or POE and pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha PRE.Punia et al., (2011) found that imazethapyr 80 g/haapplied PPI, PRE or POE (21 DAS) provided effectivecontrol of weeds in cluster bean without any residualtoxicity on succeeding mustard crop, but higher dose of100 g/ha reduced the plant height, number of leaves/plant, fresh weight/plant and seed yield of mustard.

Most of the old herbicides except pendimethalinare either absent from the market due to their adverseeffect on the crop or otherwise. Under these conditionsimazethapyr was evaluated at three application time (PPI,PRE & POE) at three application rates and comparedwith pendimethalin or trifluralin alone or integrated withhand weeding using three mung bean varieties in thesummer season.



Three field experiments were conductedduring the summer season of 2011 at the ResearchFarm of Agronomy Department of CCS HaryanaAgricultural University, Hisar. Soil of theexperimental field was sandy-loam in texture with57% sand, 32% silt and 11% clay with 0.4% organiccarbon and a pH of 8.3. The available N was 315 kg,available P 16 kg and available K 315 kg/ha. Thefield was prepared by ploughing twice with tractordrawn cultivator followed by a planker. A uniformbasal dose of 20 kg N and 50 kg P2O5/ha was appliedthrough urea and single super phosphate, respectivelyat the time of last field preparation. Mung beanvarieties MH 318, MH 421 and MH 565 were plantedin three fields in a plot size of 3.25 X 6.0 m using 20kg/ha seed at a spacing of 30 cm (R-R). MH 318 andMH 421 had 18 treatments comprising imazethapyr60, 80 & 100 g/ha applied pre-plant incorporation(PPI), pre-emergence (PRE) or post-emergence(POE), pendimethalin 0.75 and 1.0 kg/ha as PPI orPRE, trifluralin 0.8 and 1.0 kg/ha PPI, hand weeding

(HW) 30 DAS, weedy check and weed free; whereas,MH-565 had 15 treatments of imazethapyr 60 and 80g/ha PPI or PRE followed by (fb) HW 45 DAS and itsalone application at 100 g/ha PPI or PRE,pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha PPI or PRE fb HW 45 DASor alone application of pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha PPI orPRE, trifluralin 0.8 kg PPI fb HW 45 DAS, and itsalone application at 1.0 kg/ha PPI and compared withHW 30 & 45, HW 45 DAS and weedy check. Alltreatments were arranged in a RBD design with threereplications. Herbicides were sprayed using backpacksprayer fitted with flat fan nozzle delivering 375 l/haspray volume. Crop was planted on 01.04.2011 andharvested on 18.06.2011. Post-emergence spraying ofimazethapyr was done 3 weeks after sowing. Irrigationand plant protection measures were followed as per thePackage of Practices for mung bean recommended bythe University, from time to time.

Observations were recorded for visual mortalityof weeds (periodically); crop injury, if any; plant height;yield attributes and yield of mung bean. Data wasanalyzed statistically using SPSS and one away ANOVAwas performed to differentiate treatment mean effects.

Table 1. Effect of different weed control treatments on weed mortality, yield attributes and yield of mung bean Cv. MH 318

Treatments Weed Weed Plant Pods/ Pod Seed/ Biological Seed(g or kg/ha) mortality mortality height plant length pod yield yield

30 DAS 65 DAS 70 DAS (No.) (cm) (No.) (q/ha) (q/ha)(%) (%) (cm)

IMZ 60 g PPI 82 65 46.9 42.2 7.62 8.7 22.63 7.96IMZ 80 g PPI 87 75 46.9 43.3 7.70 8.9 23.81 8.93IMZ 100 g PPI 90 75 44.9 43.5 7.79 9.1 24.80 9.57IMZ 60 g PRE 85 70 47.1 42.8 7.87 8.7 24.12 8.38IMZ 80 g PRE 93 73 47.7 44.5 7.87 9.3 23.62 9.23IMZ 100 g PRE 93 77 46.7 44.5 7.80 9.7 23.75 10.18IMZ 60 g POE 82 62 45.8 41.2 8.16 8.8 23.12 7.86IMZ 80 g POE 87 67 46.6 42.8 7.78 9.1 23.75 8.59IMZ 100 g POE 93 70 47.9 43.0 7.62 9.1 23.93 9.76Pendi 0.75 kg PPI 72 57 48.9 41.3 7.67 8.7 21.94 7.89Pendi 1.0 kg PPI 80 67 49.3 43.5 7.48 9.1 22.81 8.50Pendi 0.75 kg PRE 70 53 47.9 40.3 7.70 8.9 21.94 7.68Pendi 1.0 kg PRE 78 60 48.0 42.8 7.96 9.1 22.25 8.43TFN 0.8 kg PPI 77 60 50.1 41.3 7.71 8.9 22.69 8.34TFN 1.0 kg PPI 80 67 50.3 43.5 7.89 9.2 23.31 8.93HW 30 DAS 0 33 48.1 35.7 7.91 8.5 21.57 7.93Weedy check 0 0 48.5 29.7 6.73 7.2 15.10 5.86Weed Free 100 93 46.3 44.5 7.76 9.7 24.18 10.71CD at 5% 16 9 NS 7.1 0.62 1.1 2.81 1.42

NS = non-significant, IMZ = imazethapyr, Pendi = pendimethalin, TFN = trifluralin, HW = hand weeding.

186 Singh, Dhaka and Hooda


Mung bean Cv. MH 318

Effect on weeds : The major weeds infestingthe field in order of dominance were Trianthemaportulacastrum L., Cyperus rotundus L., Echinochloacolona (L.) Link., Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.,Physalis minima L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Ipomoeapes-tigridis L., Corchorus olitorius L., Digera arvensisForsk., Celosia argentea L. and Sorghum halepense (L.)Pers.

At 30 DAS, highest weed control of 93% wasobserved with imazethapyr 100 g/ha applied PRE or POEand its 80 g/ha dose applied PRE which was statisticallysimilar to all rates and application methods ofimazethapyr, but significantly better than pendimethalinor trifluralin applied PPI or PRE (Table 1). Lowest weedcontrol efficacy among herbicides was observed withpendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha applied PRE. Amongdinitroaniline herbicides PPI application of trifluralin 1.0kg/ha was more effective than pendimethalin 1.0 kg/haPPI or PRE, though statistically similar (Table 1).Efficacy of all the herbicides decreased 65 DAS, thedecrease was greater in pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha appliedPPI or PRE and one hand weeding 30 DAS. Highestweed control of 93% was observed in weed free treatmentwhich was significantly higher than all herbicidetreatments. Among the herbicides, imazethapyr 100 g/ha PRE provided highest weed control of 77%, whichwas statistically similar to its application as PPI or POE,imazethapyr 80 g/ha PPI or PRE and 60 g/ha PREapplication. Trifluralin 1.0 kg/ha PPI provided 67%control at 65 DAS which was higher than its lower rateor pendimethalin applied PPI or PRE. Effect ofimazethapyr 80 g/ha POE (67%) was statistically similarto imazethapyr 60 g/ha POE (65%) or PPI (62%),pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha PRE (60%) or trifluralin 0.80kg/ha PPI (60%) at 65 DAS (Table 1).

Effect on crop : No adverse effect of herbicideswas observed on plant growth of mung bean at 65 DAS.Plant height was maximum (50.3 cm) in trifluralin 1.0kg/ha PPI treated plants which was statistically similarto all other treatments. Similarly, pod length was notmuch affected by herbicides, but all the treatments hadsignificantly higher pod length than weedy check.Highest number of pods/plant were observed with weedfree and imazethapyr 100 g/ha PRE (44.5), which were

33% higher than weedy check and 20% higher than onehand weeding 30 DAS (Table 1); however, the numberof pods/plant was statistically similar between othertreatments. Maximum seed per pod were recorded inweed free and imazethapyr 100 g/ha PRE. Number ofseed/pod were significantly lower in weedy check, butall other treatments produced statistically similar seed/pod of mung bean. Weed infestation reduced thebiological yield by 39% under unweeded plots comparedto highest biological yield of mung bean recorded withimazethapyr 100 g/ha PPI. Hand weeding 30 DAS,pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha PPI or PRE also recordedsignificantly lower biological yield compared toimazethapyr 100 g/ha PPI. All other herbicidal treatmentswere statistically similar in biological yield to weed freetreatment (Table 1). Highest gain yield of mung beanwas recorded under weed free treatment followed byimazethapyr 100 g/ha applied PRE, POE or PPI and its80 g/ha dose applied PRE; all these were statisticallysimilar. Imazethapyr 100 g/ha PRE provided 42% higheryield compared to weedy treatment and was significantlybetter than all herbicide treatment, except its POE orPPI application and 80 g/ha dose applied PRE/PPI orPOE and trifluralin 1.0 kg/ha PPI. Pendimethalin 0.75kg/ha applied PRE and imazethapyr 60 g/ha POEresulted in lowest seed yield, though significantly betterthan weedy check.


Effect on weeds : Major weed species infestingthe field were D. aegyptium, C. rotundus, C. argentea,P. minima, T. portulacastrum, I. pes-tigridis, E. colonaand C. olitorius in the order of dominance.

Imazethapyr 100 g/ha PRE/PPI provided 85%control of weeds 30 DAS and was better than its POEapplication (Table 2). Its lower rate of 80 g/ha appliedPRE or PPI provided 77-78% control of weeds; the effectwas statistically similar to its 100 g/ha application eitherPPI/PRE/POE. Pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha PRE or PPI,imazethapyr 60 g/ha POE and trifluralin 0.80 kg/ha PPIwere least effective against weeds at this stage. Highestweed control was observed in weed free plot which wassignificantly superior to all other treatments. At 65 DAS,weed free treatment and imazethapyr 100 g/ha PPI andPRE provided 90, 78 and 77% control, respectively andwere statistically similar among themselves. Imazethapyr80 g/ha applied PRE or PPI provided 70% weed controland was superior to its 100 g/ha dose applied POE (63%)


, though statistically similar. Pendimethalin 0.75 kg/haPRE or PPI, HW 30 DAS, pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha PRE,imazethapyr 60 g POE and 80 g/ha PPI resulted in 38-52% weed mortality and were not effective in providingsatisfactory control (Table 2). Similarly, pendimethalin/trifluralin 1.0 kg/ha PPI, imazethapyr 60 g PPI and 60/80 g/ha PRE were less effective than imazethapyr 80/100 g/ha applied PRE/PPI.

Effect on crop :Plant growth was not affectedby any of the herbicidal treatments, though highest plantheight was recorded in weedy check (Table 2). Highestpods per plant were recorded with imazethapyr 80 &100 g/ha PRE which were significantly higher thanweedy check, HW 30 DAS, trifluralin 800 g/ha PPI andpendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha PRE/PPI (Table 2). Maximumpod length was recorded with imazethapyr 100 g/ha PREthat was significantly higher than weedy, pendimethalin0.75 kg PRE and imazethapyr 60 g/ha applied 21 DAS.Higher seeds/pod were observed with season long weedfree plots that were 40% more than weedy plots and 18%higher over one hand weeding; all other treatmentsproduced statistically similar seeds/pod (Table 2).Similarly, lowest biological yield was recorded in weedy

plots, whereas imazethapyr 100 g/ha PPI/PRE obtainedmaximum biological yield. Among herbicides, biologicalyield was lowest in pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha PPI and1.0 kg/ha PRE followed by trifluralin 0.80 andpendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha PPI and imazethapyr 60 g/haPPI treated plots compared to other herbicide treatments.Imazethapyr 80/100 g/ha PPI, 60/80/100 g/ha PRE, 100g/ha POE, trifluralin 1.0 kg/ha PPI and weed free plotsproduced statistically similar biomass of mung bean andalso the grain yield. Highest crop yield was recordedunder weed free conditions followed by imazethapyr 100g/ha PRE, which was 43 and 41% higher than weedyplots (Table 2). One hand weeding produced significantlylower yield to that of imazethapyr 100 g/ha applied PRE.


Effects on weeds : Major weeds infesting thefield were E. colona among grasses, C. rotundus amongsedges and P. minima, Phyllanthus niruri L., C. olitorius,I. pes-tigridis, Cucumis pubescens Willd. and C. arvensisamong broadleaf weeds.

C. rotundus was the major weed in this fieldand was not effectively controlled by any of the used

Table 2. Effect of different weed control treatments on weed mortality, yield attributes and yield of mung bean Cv. MH 421

Treatments Weed Weed Plant Pods/ Pod Seed/ Biological Seedmortality mortality height plant length pod yield yield30 DAS 65 DAS 70 DAS (No.) (cm) (No.) (q/ha) (q/ha)

(%) (%) (cm)

IMZ 60 g PPI 82 65 47 43.8 7.82 8.87 23.3 8.53IMZ 80 g PPI 87 75 47 45. 7 7.97 9.07 24.1 9.11IMZ 100 g PPI 90 75 45 47.5 8.02 9.13 26.2 9.97IMZ 60 g PRE 85 70 47 44. 7 8.21 9.13 24.4 9.31IMZ 80 g PRE 93 73 48 47.5 8.36 9.27 24.9 9.97IMZ 100 g PRE 93 77 48 47.3 8.49 9.53 25.6 10.65IMZ 60 g POE 82 62 46 43.0 7.94 9.00 23.6 8.43IMZ 80 g POE 87 67 47 44.8 7.79 9.13 23.7 8.99IMZ 100 g POE 93 70 48 45.5 7.92 9.20 24.2 9.72Pendi 0.75 kg PPI 72 57 49 41.3 7.77 8.80 23.2 8.27Pendi 1.0 kg PPI 80 67 49 43.8 7.93 9.20 22.8 8.97Pendi 0.75 kg PRE 70 53 48 41.7 7.97 9.13 23.7 8.16Pendi 1.0 kg PRE 78 60 48 42.8 7.96 9.07 22.6 8.76TFN 0.8 kg PPI 77 60 50 41.0 7.95 9.00 23.0 8.75TFN 1.0 kg PPI 80 67 50 42.5 7.96 9.07 24.6 9.28HW 30 DAS 57 33 48 40.7 7.91 8.20 23.5 8.89Weedy 0 0 59 29.7 6.65 6.87 16.3 7.55WF 100 93 46 43.8 8.17 9.67 25.0 11.13CD at 5% 17 9 NS 5.1 0.55 0.8 1.9 1.55

NS = non-significant, IMZ = imazethapyr, Pendi = pendimethalin, TFN = trifluralin, HW = hand weeding.


herbicides (Fig. 1). At 45 DAS, imazethapyr 100 g/haPRE and PPI provided 77 and 73% control compared to<15% by dinitroaniline herbicides (pendimethalin andtrifluralin). Imazethapyr applied 60/80 g/ha PPI was lesseffective against C. rotundus than its PRE application.Hand weeding was not effective against C. rotundus asit regenerated very quickly. All the herbicides exceptpendimethalin 0.75 kg PRE provided 73-80% controlof BLW weeds at 45 DAS and were significantly betterthan hand weeding. Trifluralin and pendimethalin weremore effective than imazethapyr against grasses at 45DAS (Fig. 1). PPI application of imazethapyr 60 or 80g/ha provided <25% control of grassy weeds at this stagecompared to 73-77% control by trifluralin 0.8 and 1.0kg/ha PPI, respectively. At 65 DAS, combined weedmortality of grassy, sedges and BLW was highest in twicehand weeded plots (93 %) that was statistically similarto imazethapyr 80 g/ha applied PPI or PRE andintegrated with one hand weeding 45 DAS. Aloneapplication of pendimethalin, trifluralin or imazethapyrat higher rates were less effective than their lower ratesintegrated with one hand weeding (Fig. 1). Imazethapyr

80 g/ha PPI or PRE fb one hand weeding 45 DASprovided 80% control of weeds at 65 DAS compared to68% by higher rates of 100 g/ha PPI or PRE, alone.

Effect on crop : Highest biomass of mung beanwas observed with imazethapyr 60 g/ha PPI fb HW 45DAS, two hand weeding 30 & 45 DAS, imazethapyr 80g/ha PRE fb HW 45 DAS, imazethapyr 80 g/ha PPI withHW and its 100 g/ha PRE application. Imazethapyr 80g/ha PRE fb one HW 45 DAS provided highest yieldthat was statistically similar to 2 HW 30 & 45 DAS andimazethapyr 80 g/ha PPI fb HW 45 DAS (Fig. 1)resulting in almost 50% higher grain yield than weedyplots. Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha PRE/PPI produced lowestcrop yield of mung bean (7.47 and 7.9 q/ha) amongherbicides that was statistically similar to one handweeding (8.02 q/ha), trifluralin 1.0 kg/ha PPI (8.1 q/ha)and lower rate of pendimethalin (0.75 kg/ha PRE/PPI)fb one HW 45 DAS (8.24 and 8.55 q/ha, respectively).Trifluralin 0.8 kg/ha PPI fb HW 45 DAS, imazethapyr60 g/ha PRE fb HW 45 DAS and imazethapyr 100 g/haPPI provided 9.2, 9.7 and 9.8 q/ha yield, respectively

Fig 1. Effect of different treatments on weed mortality, biological and grain yield of mung bean Cv. MH 565. (IMZ=imazethapyr,Pendi=pendimethalin, TFN=trifluralin, HW=hand weeding, CR=C. rotundus, BLW broadleaf weeds, GR=grassy weedsmortality 45 DAS, MORT65=weed mortality 65 DAS).


compared to 12 q/ha by imazethapyr 80 g/ha PRE fbHW 45 DAS.

Pendimethalin or trifluralin were not foundeffective against D. arvensis, C. rotundus, C. olitorius,P. minima, I. pestigridis, C. arvensis, C. argentea, C.pubescens and also the effect was reduced on E. colonaafter 45 DAS, though they were very effective againstT. portulacastrum and required a sequential operation(HW) to control escaped weeds and also the newemerging flush after the rains or irrigation to lowerweed pressure and increase grain yield of mung bean(Tables 1 & 2 and Fig. 1). PPI application ofpendimethalin was slightly better than its PREapplication; though stitistically similar. Also lower ratesof pendimethalin or trifluralin (0.75/0.80 kg/ha)integrated with one HW 45 DAS provided similar orhigher weed control efficacy and crop yield than theiralone applications at higher rates (1.0 kg/ha). Kumarand Kairon, (1988) used higher rates of pendimethalin(1.5 and 2.0 kg/ha) to effectively control T.portulacastrum and E. colona, whereas Gupta et al.,(2010) reported that pendimethalin 1.5 kg/ha was noteffective against weeds in mung bean and requiredintegration of one or two hand weeding to achieveyields similar to weed free condition. Similarly, Kumarand Tewari (2004) found that pendimethalin (1.00 kg/ha PRE) fb fluazifop-p-butyl (0.375 kg/ha) POE mosteffective in providing complete mortality ofTrianthema; the dominating broad-leaf weed andSorghum halepense, a perennial grass, respectively andrecorded seed yield (1012 kg/ha) similar to weed freecheck (1016 kg/ha). Malik et al. (2000) studied theefficacy of trifluralin 0.75 kg/ha (PPI), linuron 0.75kg/ha and acetachlor 1.0 kg/ha (PRE) alone andintegrated with one HW 30 DAS and found integrationsuperior than alone application of herbicides againstweeds in mung bean. Parkash et al. (1988) reportedthat oxyfluorfen 0.10, 0.15 kg/ha and oxadiazon 1.25kg/ha were on par with hand weeding. Sandhu et al.,(1993) evaluated the bioefficacy of metolachlor (0.75& 1.0 kg/ha), haloxyfop-methyl (0.0625 & 0.125 kg/ha), oxadiazon (0.50 & 0.75 kg/ha), pendimethalin(0.75 & 1.0 kg/ha), and fluchloralin (0.675 kg/ha) andfound that metolachlor 1.0 kg/ha PRE was moreeffective against both annual grasses and broadleafweeds and yielded comparable with two hand weeding,(20 & 40 DAS). Singh et al. (1995) reported that amongpendimethalin (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg/ha PRE);fluchloralin (0.75, 1.0 and 1.5 kg/ha PPI) and

clomazone (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg/ha POE); fluchloralin1.5 kg/ha was most effective in reducing weedpopulation and weed dry weight and achieving similaryield to weed free treatment. Though clomazonereduced weed population and weed dry matterdrastically, but it was toxic to crop.

One hand weeding was not effective in thepresent experiments and required at least two operationsto control weeds and improve yield of mung bean. Handweeding is not effective for weeds like C. rotundus,where imazethapyr has an edge (Fig. 1). C. rotundus isa very tough weed to control thanks to its fastregeneration capacity due to stored carbohydrates in theroots and has obtained a notoriety in many crops thesedays due to the absence of an effective herbicide. Thoughimazethapyr is not effective against C. arvensis andseveral other weeds, but is better than the existingherbicides as it can suppress C. olitorius, P. minima, C.pubescens, Ipomoea species and highly effective againstD. arvensis which is not controlled by dinitroanilineherbicides (Tables 1 & 2 and Fig. 1). PRE application ofimazethapyr was found more effective than its PPI orPOE applications. Decreased efficacy in POE applicationof imazethapyr against several weeds may be due togrowth stages of weeds particularly for T.portulacastrum. Pandey (1989) reported thatimazethapyr 75 g/ha PRE provided effective control ofT. portulacastrum, but required 100 g/ha dose for thecontrol of Digitaria adscendens and 150 g/ha for thecontrol of Leptochloa panacea and E. crus-galli.Similarly, PPI or POE application of imazethapyr 100g/ha failed to provide complete mortality of T.portulacastrum, D. adscendens and L. panacea, wherePOE application was even less effective than PPI againstT. portulacastrum. Application of higher rate ofimazethapyr (100 g/ha) was found to adversely affectthe growth of mustard raised after cluster bean comparedto 80 g/ha (Punia et al., 2011). Integration of one HWcan effectively lower the use rates of imazethapyr from100 to 80 g/ha (Fig. 1).

No visible effect of the three mung beanvarieties (MH 318, 421 and 565) was visible ondifferential weeds suppression; though it was only oneyear study and not dedicated to varietal competing abilityagainst weeds and also the three trial fields havedifferential dominance of weed species that restrict toderive any worthwhile conclusion. However, the presentstudy revealed that imazethapyr was more effective thanpendimethalin or trifluralin against weeds in summer


mung bean and one hand weeding can effectively beintegrated to lower the use rates of imazethapyr by 20%,thus lowering the potential of plausible adverse effectof residual toxicity on succeeding sensitive crops.

REFERENCES

Dhingra, K. K., Sekhon, H. S. and Tripathi, H. P. 1984.Effect of herbicides for weed control in mung bean.Ind. J. Weed Sci. 16(2) : 116-120

Dungarwal, H. S., Chaplot, P. C., Nagda, B. L. 2003.Chemical weed control in mung bean (Phaseolusradiatus L.). Ind. J. Weed Sci. 35(3&4) : 283-284

Gupta, Y. K., Katyal, S. K., Panwar, R. S. and Malik, R.K. 1990. Integrated weed management in summermung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilzeck). Ind. J. WeedSci. 22(3&4) : 38-42.

Kaur, G., Brar, H. S. and Singh, G. 2010. Effect of weedmanagement on weeds, nutrient uptake, nodulation,growth and yield of summer mung bean (Vignaradiata). Ind. J. Weed Sci. 42(1&2) : 114-119.

Kumar, A. and Tewari, A. N. 2004. Efficacy of pre-and post-emergence herbicides in summer black gram (Vignamungo L.). Ind. J. Weed Sci. 36(1&2): 73.-75.

Kumar, K. and Kundra, H. C. 2001. Chemical weed controlin summer moong (Vigna radiata L.) and summermash (Vigna mungo L.) under flood plains of thePunjab. Ind. J. Weed Sci. 33(3&4) : 200-202.

Kumar, S. and Kairon, M. S. 1988. Weed control in summermung bean (Vigna radiata Wilczek). Ind. J. WeedSci. 20(1):64-67

Kundra, H. C., Gosal, K. S. and Brar, H. S. 1991. Effect ofweed management practices on nutrient uptake bysummer mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) andassociated weeds. Ind. J. Weed Sci. 23(3&4) : 31-35.

Malik, R. S., Yadav, A. and Malik, R. K. 2000. Efficacy oftrifluralin, linuron and acetachlor against weeds inmung bean (Vigna radiata). Ind. J. Weed Sci. 32(3&4) : 181-185.

Nair, R. M.,Yang, R. Y., Easdown, W. J., Thavarajah,D.,Thavarajah, P., Hughes, J. D. and Keatinge,J. D. 2013. Biofortification of mung bean (Vignaradiata) as a whole food to enhance human health.J. Sci. Food Agric. 93(8) : 1805-1813.

Pandey, J. 1989. Evaluation of imazethapyr in urd bean(Phaseolus mungo L.). Ind. J. Weed Sci. 21(3&4) :75-77.

Parkash T., Singh, B. G. and Rao, L. M. 1988. Effect ofcertain herbicides on weed control and yield of mungbean. Ind. J. Weed Sci. 20(1) : 93-95.

Punia, S. S., Malik, R. S, Yadav, A. and Rinwa, R. S. 2004.Effect of varying density of Cyperus rotundus,Echinochloa colona and Trianthema portulacastrumon mung bean. Ind. J. Weed Sci. 36(3&4) : 280-281.

Punia, S. S.; Singh, S. and Yadav, D. 2011. Bioefficacy ofimazethapyr and chlorimuron-ethyl in cluster beanand their residual effect on succeeding rabi crops.Ind. J. Weed Sci. 43(1 & 2) : 48-53.

Raghvani, B. R., Goyal, S. N., Patel, J. C. and Malavia, D.D. 1985. Weed competition in mung bean. Ind. J.Weed Sci. 17(1) : 18-21.

Sandhu, K. S., Sandhu, B. S. and Bhatia, R. K. 1993.Studies on weed control in mung bean (Vigna radiata(L.) Wilzeck). Ind. J. Weed Sci. 25(1&2) : 61-65.

Singh, A. N., Singh, S. and Bhan, V. M. 1996. Crop-weedcompetition in summer green gram (Phaseolusradiatus). Ind. J. Agron. 41 : 616-619.

Singh, S., Yadav, A., Malik, R. K. and Singh, M. 2003.Rhizotron study on soil moisture and plantpopulation effect on root competition of cotton andmung bean with Trianthema portulacastrum andEchinochloa crus-galli. The BCPC Int. Congr. –Crop Sci. Technol. 2 : 1059-1064.

Singh, S., Singh, A. N. and Bhan,V. M. 1995. Studies on thechemical control of weeds in summer mung bean(Phaseolus radiatus). Ind. J. Weed Sci. 27 (3&4) :158-159.

Singh. K. M., Singh, D. and Singh, J. N. 1999. Studies onefficacy of clomazone on weeds and summer moongbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. Ind. J. Weed Sci.31 : 258-259.

Vats, O. P. and Sidhu, M. S. 1976. Critical period of crop-weed competition in mung (Vigna radiata (L.)Wilczek. Ind. J. Weed Sci. 8(1) : 64-69.

Yadav, S. K., Bhan, V. M. and Kumar, A. 1985. Nutrientsuptake by mung bean and associated weeds inrelation to herbicides. Ind. J. Weed Sci. 17(1) : 1-5.


Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 192-195 (2014)

Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and FYM on yield and nutrients uptake by wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

B. S. DUHAN*Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), India


Received on: 27.06.2014, Accepted on 25.11.2014

ABSTRACT

Application of recommended dose of N and P significantly increased the grain and straw yield ofwheat from 16.54 to 34.82 and from 54.59 to 81.86 q ha-1 over 15 t FYM ha-1. Application of FYM @ 15 t ha-1

significantly increased grains and straw yield of wheat from 16.54 to 26.82 and from 54.59 to 62.09 q ha-1

over 5 t ha -1 FYM and control, respectively. Application of N and P also significantly increased the N, P andK uptake by grain from 30 to 65, from 7 to 16 and from 7 to 15 kg ha -1 and by straw from 28 to 45, 5 to 10and from 77 to 116 kg ha -1, respectively over 15 t ha -1 FYM. Application of FYM @ 15 t ha-1 significantlyincreased N, P and K uptake by wheat grain from 30 to 49, 7 to 12 and from 7 to 11 kg ha -1 and by straw from28 to34, 5 to 7 and from 77 to 91 kg ha -1 over 5 t ha -1 FYM and control respectively

Key words : Grain and straw yield, wheat, N, P and K uptake

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), is an importantcereal crop providing nourishment nearly to 35% peopleof the world and has provided the fastest pace of growthto Indian agriculture. Its grains are used for chapatti,bread, biscuit making and many other eatables. Wheatstraw is also a very good source of animal feed. Sincelong only chemical fertilizers are in use to raise this cropbut due to the steep rise in the cost of chemical fertilizersultimately cost of cultivation also become very high.Therefore, now it is the need of the time to think aboutuse of organic manures alone or in combination.Continuous use of inorganic fertilizers and otheragrochemicals in the system has resulted in the declinein the soil health and environment (Dwivedi andDwivedi, 2007). Supplementary and complementary useof organic manures and inorganic chemical fertilizersaugment the efficiency of both the substances to maintainhigh level of soil productivity (Thakuria et al. 1991).Judicious use of FYM with chemical fertilizers improvessoil physical, chemical and biological properties andimproves the crop productivity (Sharma et al. 2007). Inaddition to nutrients supply, organic manure mayimprove the physical condition of the soil. Chemicalfertilizers or manures alone cannot sustain the desiredlevel of crop production. The INM technology not onlyincreases the productivity of various cropping systemsbut also maintain the soil fertility (Antil and Narwal

2007). Application of organic manures may also improveavailability of native nutrients in soil as well as theefficiency of applied fertilizers (Swarup, 2010).Integration of chemical and organic sources and theirefficient management shown promising results not onlyin sustaining the production but also in maintaining soilhealth (Aulakh 2011). Due to slow release of nutrientsfrom organic manures they may have residual effect onthe succeeding crops.

Among different sources of organic manures,FYM is most important source and used since long as anutrients supplement to crop production. Wheat WH C-306 is considered to be an exceptional variety withrespect to quality parameter for chapatti making andtaste. Moreover, variety WH C-306 has lower nutrientsrequirement as compared to high yielding varieties. Now-a-days there is a belief to grow the crops by using onlyorganic manures instead of chemical fertilizers but it needto be studied to harvest a bumper crop by using onlyorganic manures. Therefore, a field experiment wasplanned to study the effect of recommended dose of Nand P through chemical fertilizers and FYM on yieldand nutrients uptake in wheat.

Field experiment was conducted at researchfarm, Department of Soil Science, CCSHAU, Hisar(29005/ N, 75038/ E, 222 m elevation) to study the effectof application of recommended dose of N and P through

chemical fertilizers and different levels of FYM, on yieldand nutrients uptake in wheat. Wheat variety WH C-306 was taken as test crop in a plot size of 100 m2. Soilof experimental site was sandy loam in texture, havingpH 8.2, EC (1:2) 0.32 dSm-1, OC 0.28%, available N Pand K were 140.8, 16.0 and 285.0 kg ha-1, respectively.In all five treatments were maintained (absolute control,three levels of FYM viz; 5, 10 and 15 t FYM ha -1 andrecommended dose of N and P based on soil test reportthrough chemical fertilizers). Randomized block designwas followed by keeping three replications. All the Pand half of the N was applied through urea and SSP atthe time of sowing and remaining half of N applied atfirst irrigation. FYM was applied one day before sowing.All the field operations such as weeding, irrigation etcwere done as and when required. The crop was harvestedat maturity. Grain and straw yields were recordedseparately from each plot. Plant samples (grains andstraw) were analysed by following standard procedurein the laboratory. Total N in grains and straw analysedby colorimetric (Nessler’s reagent) method (Lindner,1944) and total P analysed by vanadomolybdophosphoric yellow color method (Koenig and Johnson,1942). Total potassium in grain and straw was analysedby using flame photometer.

Grain and straw yields

Application of N and P significantly increasedthe grain yield of wheat from 16.54 to 34.82 q ha-1 andstraw yield from 54.59 - 81.26 q ha-1 over all the levelsof FYM respectively (Table 1). Extent of increase in grainyield was 110.76 and 29.83% and in straw yield 59.81and 30.87% over control and FYM 15 t ha-1 respectively.Data further indicated that with the application of FYMalone we cannot achieve the required yield of even deshi

wheat WH-306. Chesti et al. (2013) and Thakur et al.(2011) also reported that application of RDF N and Psignificantly increased the grain and straw yield of wheat.Singh and Singh (2012) also reported the similar results.Prasad et al. (2010) also reported the increase in grainyield of wheat with the application of 100 per cent RDF.Application of FYM @ 15 t ha-1 significantly increasedgrain yield from 16.54 to 26.82 q ha-1 and straw yieldfrom 54.59 to 62.09 q ha-1 over 5 t ha -1 FYM and control,respectively. Pal (2012) and Singh and Singh (2012) alsoreported that application of FYM significantly increasedthe mean yield of wheat. Differences between 10 and15 t ha -1 FYM levels were non- significant withrespective the grain and straw yield. It is further indicatedthat application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 is sufficient dosefor taking good crop yield.

Nutrients uptake

Nitrogen

Application of N and P significantly increasedthe N uptake by wheat grain and straw and increase wasobserved from 30.10 to 64.82 and from 28.29 to 44.69kg ha-1, respectively over control and FYM 15 t ha-1,respectively (Table 2). Chesti et al. (2013) also reportedthat application of RDF N and P significantly increasedthe total uptake of N, P and K by wheat. Goel and Duhan(2012) also reported increase in N uptake by wheat grainand straw with the application of N. Application of FYM@ 15 t ha-1 significantly increased the N uptake by wheatgrain and straw and increase was observed from 30.10to 49.15 and from 28.29 to 33.73 kg ha-1, respectivelyover control and FYM 5 t ha-1, respectively. Singh andSingh (2012) also reported that application of FYMsignificantly increased the N, P and K uptake by wheat.As in case of grain and straw yield, differences between10 and 15 t ha -1 FYM levels were non- significant withrespect to the N uptake by grain and straw.

Phosphorus

As in case of N uptake by wheat grain and straw,application of N and P also increased the P uptake bywheat grain and straw significantly and increase wasobserved from 7.11 to 16.02 and from 4.91 to 9.75 kgha-1, respectively over control and FYM 15 t ha-1,respectively (Table 2). Chesti et al. (2013) also reported

Table 1. Effect of N and P, and FYM levels on grain and strawyields (q ha-1) of wheat

Treatments Yield (q ha-1)

Grain Straw

Control 16.54 54.59FYM 5 t ha-1 20.07 58.85FYM 10 t ha-1 24.31 59.20FYM 15 t ha-1 26.82 62.09N and P on STR 34.82 81.26LSD P= (0.05) 5.87 8.36


that application of RDF N and P significantly increasedthe total uptake of N, P and K by wheat. Application ofFYM @ 15 t ha-1 significantly increased the P uptake bywheat grain and straw and increase was observed from7.11to 12.07 and from 4.91 to 6.83 kg ha-1, respectivelyover control and FYM 5 t ha-1 respectively. Singh andSingh (2012) also reported that application of FYMsignificantly increased the N, P and K uptake by wheat.As in case N uptake by grain and straw, differencesbetween 10 and 15 t ha -1 FYM levels were non-significant with respect to the P uptake by grain and strawalso.

Potassium

Since nutrients uptake based upon the grain andstraw yield therefore, potassium uptake by wheat grainand straw also followed the similar trend as in case ofwheat yield. Application of N and P significantlyincreased the K uptake by wheat grain and straw andincrease was observed from 6.62 to 14.99 and from72.33to 116.20 kg ha-1, respectively over control and FYM 15t ha-1, respectively (Table 2). Chesti et al. (2013) alsoreported that application of RDF N and P significantlyincreased the total uptake of N, P and K by wheat.Application of FYM @ 15 t ha-1 significantly increasedthe K uptake by wheat grain and straw and increase wasobserved from 6.62 to 11.26 and from 72.33 to 90.25 kgha-1 over control and FYM 5 t ha-1, respectively. Singhand Singh (2012) also reported that application of FYMsignificantly increased the N, P and K uptake by wheat.As in case of N and P uptake by grain and straw,differences between 10 and 15 t ha -1 FYM levels werenon- significant with respect to the K uptake by grainand straw also.

REFERENCES

Antil, R. S. and Narwal, R. P. 2007. Integrated nutrientmanagement for sustainable soil health and cropproductivity. Ind. J. Fert. 3: 111-21.

Aulakh, M. S. 2011. Integrated soil tillage and nutrientmanagement; the way to sustain crop production,soil-plant-animal-human health and environment. J.Ind. Soc. Soil Sci. 59 (Supplement), S23-S34.

Chesti, M. H. Kohli, A. and Sharma, A. K K. 2013. Effectof integrated nutrient management on yield andnutrient uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) andsoil properties under intermediate zone of Jammuand Kashmir. J. Ind. Soc. Soil Sci. 61(1):-1-6.

Dwivedi, B. S. and Dwivedi, V. 2007. Monitoring soil healthfor higher productivity. Ind. J. Fert. 3:11-23.

Goel, V. and Duhan, B. S. 2012. Yield and nutrients uptakeby wheat as influenced by some underused manuresand Mineral-N. Annals Agri-Bio Res. 17(1):5-10.

Koenig, R. A. and Johnson, C. R. 1942. Colorimetricdetermination of P in biological materials. Ind. Eng.Anal. 14:155-156.

Lindner, R. C. 1944. Rapid analytical method for some ofthe more common inorganic constituents of planttissues. Plant Physiol. 19:76-89.

Pal, S. S. 2012. Soil management for improving crop yieldand soil fertility under maize-wheat cropping systemin haplustept of arid and semi-arid region in India.J. Ind. Soc. Soil Sci. 60(4):321-325.

Prasad, J. Karmakar, S. Kumar, R. and Misra, B. 2010.

Table 2. Effect of N and P, and FYM levels on nutrients uptake by wheat (kg ha-1)

Treatments Nutrients uptake

N P K

Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw

Control 30.10 28.39 7.11 4.91 6.62 72.33FYM 5 t ha-1 36.53 31.19 8.83 5.51 8.23 81.60FYM 10 t ha-1 44.79 31.97 10.70 5.91 10.21 82.88FYM 15 t ha-1 49.15 33.73 12.07 6.83 11.26 90.25N and P on STR 64.82 44.69 16.02 9.75 14.97 116.20LSD P=(0.05) 4.99 2.43 2.10 1.23 2.55 9.11

194 Duhan

Influence of integrated nutrient management on yieldand soil properties in maize-wheat cropping systemin an Alfisol of Jharkhand. J. Ind. Soc. Soil Sci.58(2):200-204.

Sawrup, A. 2010. Integrated plant nutrient supply andmanagement strategies for enhancingsoil fertility,input use efficiency and crop productivity. J. Ind.Soc. Soil Sc. 58:25-30.

Sharma, A. Singh, H. and Nanwal, R. K. 2007. Effect ofnutrient management on productivity of wheat(Triticum aestivum) under limited and adequateirrigation supply. Ind. J. Agron. 52:120-123.

Singh, S. and Singh, J. P. 2012. Effect of organic andinorganic sources on some soil properties and wheatyield. India. J. Ind. Soc. Soil Sci. 60(3):237-240.

Thakur, R. Sawarkar, S. D. Vaishya, U. K. and Singh, M.2011. Impact of continuous use of inorganicfertilizers and organic manure on soil properties andproductivity under soybean-wheat intensive croppingof Vertisol. J. Ind. Soc. Soil Sci. 59(1):74-81.

Thakuria, K. Borgohain, B. and Sharma, K. K. 1991. Effectof organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen withand without phosphate on fiber yield of white jute(Corchorus capsularis). Ind. J. Agric. Sci. 61:49-50.


Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 196-199 (2014)

Comparative performance of some promising entries of single cut oat (Avenasativa L.) under different nitrogen levels

L. K. MIDHA* AND B. S. DUHAN***Department of Agronomy, **Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004

**(e-mail : [email protected])

Received on 25.09.2014, Accepted 11.02.2015

ABSTRACT

Field experiment was conducted to study the comparative performance of promising entries ofsingle cut oat under different nitrogen levels on yield and yield parameters. Results from the study revealedthat UPO-09-2 recorded the significant more plant height (119.5 cm) and maximum tillers meter-1 row length(88.5) over all other entries of oat. Lowest plant height (85.7 cm) and minimum tillers meter-1 row length(88.5) were observed in OS-363. JHO-2009-2 recorded the highest (0.57) leaf: stem ratio and lowest (0.39)was recorded by Kent and SKO-148. Entry UPO-09-2 recorded the highest green and dry fodder yield 383.3and 80.2 q ha-1 respectively over all other entries. The lowest green and dry fodder yield 270.5 and 54.8 q ha-

1 respectively were recorded by SKO-148. Highest protein content (14.7 %) in oat fodder was observed inOS-363. Whereas, lowest protein content (11.0 %) recorded in JHO-2009-2. Highest protein yield (11.4 qha-

1) was recorded by entry UPO-09-2. SKO-148 recoded the lowest protein yield (7.0 q ha-1). Application ofnitrogen @120.0 kg ha-1 significantly increased the oat plant height by 27.31 % tillers meter-1 row length by24.17 % green fodder yield of oat by 43.85 %, dry fodder yield by 29.64 %, protein content 38.53 % andprotein yield from 96.66%, respectively over 40.0 and 80 kg N ha-1.

Key words : Nitrogen levels, plant height, tillers, green fodder yield, dry fodder yield protein content andprotein yield

India support nearly 20% of the world’slivestock and 16.8% human population with only 2.3%of the world’s geographical area. It is the leaders of cattle(16%) and buffalo (55%) population which contributes32% of the agricultural output which is 27% of totalGDP. It is expected to rise to 50% by 2020 (AgricultureStatistics, 2010). Oat (Avena sativa L.) is very importantmulti cut fodder crop grown in Haryana to feed the cattle.Re growth of oat after cutting is very quick so, it cropprovide a handsome fodder yield in multi cut. It providessucculent and highly palatable fodder from Decemberto February. Oat fodder can also be converted into hayor silage for feeding the animals during lean period. It isalso a good source of dietary fiber, thiamin, magnesiumand phosphorus, and a very good source of manganese.

In India, there is a wide gap between theproduction and requirement of fodder. Area under foragecultivation in India is about 4.4% with an annual totalforage production of 833 m t (390 m t green and 443 mt dry forage). At present, the country faces a net deficitof 63% green fodder, 24% dry crop residues and 64%

feeds (Kumar et al. 2012). Since the oat is grown in thearea under rain fed condition or low irrigation facilitiesfarmers are not applying the required dose of nitrogento the crop. The optimum rates of N application mayplay a vital role in improving yields of most crops. Almostall of the Haryana soils are deficient in available nitrogen(N) and if sufficient amount of N required by crop is notapplied to the crop then it may induce the deficiencyinto the fodder and grains. Since N is a constituent ofamino acid and protein so, the deficiency of N in grainand straw of the cereals as well as in fodder crops maycause severe disorder in animals and human beings.Therefore, we need to find out the proper dose of nitrogenfor taking good yield of oat crop. Keeping above pointin view the field experiment was planned to study theperformance of different promising entries /varieties ofoat under different nitrogen levels.

The field experiment was conducted to studythe comparative performance of different promisingentries under different levels of N in oat at the ForageResearch farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana

Agricultural University, Hisar during Rabi 2011-12. Inall 12 promising entries of oat were studied. The soil ofthe experimental field was sandy loam in texture. Fourrepresentative soil samples were drawn from differentplaces in the experimental field from 0-15 cm depthbefore sowing of experimental crop. Composite samples,prepared by passing through 2 mm mesh sieve, wereanalyzed. The detail of physical and chemical propertiesof the experimental along with the methods followed isgiven in Table 1. Three nitrogen levels (N40, N80 andN120 kg ha-1) were arranged in gross plot size 5 m x 3 m= 15 m2 and net plot size 4 m x 2.5 m =10 m2. Experimentwas laid out in split plot design by keeping threereplications. The details of the treatments are given inTable 2. N was applied through urea as per the treatments.All the field operations such as hoeing, irrigation etc.were done as and when required. The green fodder washarvested 8-10 cm above the ground level as pertreatment. The harvested green fodder from each plotwas weighed in situ in kg plot-1 and then converted in toqha-1. A random sample of 500 g was taken from eachplot at the time of green fodder harvest, chopped welland put into the paper bag. These paper bags were aeratedby making small holes all over. The samples were firstdried in the sun for several days and then transferred inan electric hot air oven for drying at a temperature of 70± 50C till constant weight. On the basis of these samplesthe green fodder yields were converted into dry fodderyields q ha-1. Data was analyzed using ANOVA method.

Plant height

Results (Table 2) indicated that thesignificantly higher plant height (119.5 cm) wasrecorded in variety UPO-09-2 followed by (fb) JHO-

2009-2 (109.3 cm) OS-6 (108.7 cm) and OS-346 (108.6cm) fb JHO-2009-1 (106.6) and lowest plant height(85.7 cm) by variety OS-363. Application of 80 kg Nha-1 significantly increased the oat plant height from82.4 to 95.6 cm over 40 kg Nha-1and application of120 kg Nha-1 further increased it to 104.9 cm over 80kg Nha-1 significantly. Patel and Rajagopal (1998) alsoobserved that application of nitrogen up to 75 kg/haincreased the plant height.

Tillers row length meter-1

Entry UPO-09-2 recorded the maximum tillers(88.5) meter-1 row length of oat over all other varietiesfb (85.2) JHO-09-2, (84.6) by OS-346 fb (80.8) by OS-6 and least by OS-363 (Table 2). Application of 80 kg Nha-1 significantly increased the numbers of tillers meter-

1 row length from 69.5 to 78.2 over 40 kg N ha-1.Application of 120 kg N ha-1 recorded significant andhighest numbers of tillers meter-1 row length (86.3) over40 and 80 kg N ha-1. Patel and Rajagopal (1998) observedthat application of nitrogen increased the number ofshoots and leaves per meter row length.

Leaf : stem ratio

Results from experiment (Table 2) revealed thatentry JHO-2009-2 recorded highest (0.57) leaf-stem ratiofb Entry JHO-2009-1 (0.52), PUO-09-1 and SKO-156(0.50) fb UPO-09-2 and JO-03-95 (0.45). The lowest(0.39) was recorded by varieties Kent and SKO-148.Application of 80 kg N ha-1 significantly increased theleaf: stem ratio from 0.38 to 0.41 over 40 kg N ha-1.Application of 120 kg N ha-1 further improved the leaf:stem ratio from 0.41 to 0.47 over 40 and 80 kg N ha-1.

Table 1. Physical and chem. properties of soil of experimental field before sowing of oat

Property Values Method used

Sand (%) 60.48 International Pipette Method (Piper, 1966)Silt (%) 18.90Clay (%) 20.62Organic carbon (%) 0.32 Walkley and Black Wet oxidation method (Jackson, 1973)Soil pH 7.4 Glass electrode pH meter (Jackson, 1973)EC (dSm-1 at 25 0C) 0.16 Conductivity bridge meter (Richards, 1954)Available nitrogen (mg kg -1) 82.5 Alkaline per magnate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956)Available phosphorus(mg kg -1) 6.9 Olsen’s method (Olsen et al., 1954)Available potassium (mg kg -1) 135.0 Flame photometer method


Green fodder yield

A perusal of data (Table 2) revealed that varietyUPO-09-2 recorded the highest green fodder yield ofoat (383.3 q ha-1) closely followed byJHO-2009-2 (383.0q ha-1) then OS-6 (371.0 q ha-1) closely followed by SKO-148 (370.5 q ha-1) and least by OS-363 (282.2 q ha-1).Application of 80 kg N ha-1 significantly increased thegreen fodder yield from 276.6 to 358.5 q ha-1 over thetreatment 40 kg N ha-1. Application of 120 kg N ha-1

recorded significant and highest green fodder yield ofoat (397.9 q ha-1) over 40 and 80 kg N ha-1. Singh andDubey (2008) also reported that an application of N upto 80 kg N ha-1 significantly increased the growth andproduced 493 and 98.75 q ha-1 green and dry fodder yield,respectively.

Dry fodder yield

Variety UPO-09-2 recorded the highest dryfodder yield (80.2 q ha-1) fb JHO-2009-2 (76.3 q ha-1),OS-6 (75.4 q ha-1) fb UPO-2009-1 (73.5 q ha-1) and leastby SKO-148 (54.8 q ha-1). Application of 80 kg Nha-1

significantly increased the dry fodder yield from 55.3 to71.0 q ha-1 over the treatment 40 kg N ha-1. Application

of 120 kg N ha-1 recorded significant and highest dryfodder yield of oat (78.6 q ha-1) over 40 and 80 kg N ha-

1. Singh and Dubey (2008) also fount that an applicationof nitrogen up to 80 kg ha-1 significantly increased thegrowth and produced 493 and 98.75 q -1 ha green anddry fodder yields, respectively.

Protein content

Data (Table 2) indicated that highest proteincontent (15.1 %) in oat was recorded by variety SKO-156 fb OS-363 (14.7 %) fb UPO-09-2 (14.2%), Kent(13.3 %) and least by JHO-2009-2 (11.0 %).Application of N increased the protein content in oatand this may be due to the fact that it helps in thesynthesis of amino acid and protein in plant. Theincrease in protein content was from 10.9 to 12.6 withthe application of 80 kg N ha-1 over 40 kg N ha-1. Proteincontent of oat plant further improved from 12.6 to 15.1% with the application of 120 kg N ha-1. Higher contentof protein at 120 kg N ha-1 has been attributed to moreuptake of nitrogen which is constituent of amino acidsand protein. Rana et al. (2009) and Devi et al. (2010)also reported increase in Protein content with theapplication of N.

Table 2. Comparative Performance of some promising entries of single cut oat and effect of nitrogen levels on yield and yieldparameters in oat

Entries Plant Tillers m-1 Leaf : Stem Green fodder Dry fodder Protein Proteinheight row stem yield (q/ha) yield (q/ha) content yield(cm) length ratio (%) (q/ha)

JHO-2009-1 106.6 76.4 0.52 367.4 70.5 11.6 8.2JHO-2009-2 109.3 85.2 0.57 383.0 76.3 11.0 8.4UPO-09-1 104.2 75.7 0.50 376.7 73.5 12.7 7.4UPO-09-2 119.5 88.5 0.45 383.3 80.2 14.2 11.4SKO-148 87.1 70.4 0.39 270.5 54.8 12.8 7.0SKO-156 99.8 78.7 0.50 336.8 67.5 15.1 10.2OS-363 85.7 68.3 0.41 282.2 56.3 14.7 8.3JO-03-95 86.5 74.7 0.45 305.6 61.6 13.1 8.1OS-346 108.6 84.6 0.43 357.9 70.8 12.6 9.4Kent 96.5 76.2 0.39 340.5 68.1 13.3 9.1OS-6 108.7 80.8 0.42 371.0 75.4 11.8 8.9OL-125 106.3 76.1 0.40 356.6 70.7 12.7 9.0C.D. 5% 6.1 5.3 - 24.3 5.6 - -Nitrogen levels (kg ha-1)40 82.4 69.5 0.38 276.6 55.3 10.9 6.080 95.6 78.2 0.41 358.5 71.0 12.6 9.0120 104.9 86.3 0.47 397.9 78.6 15.1 11.8C.D. 5% 4.7 4.2 - 18.8 4.1 - -

198 Midha and Duhan

Protein yield

The highest protein yield (11.4 q ha-1) wasrecorded by variety by UPO-09-2 fb (10.2 q ha-1) SKO-156 then (9.4 q ha-1), OS-346 and fb (9.1 q ha-1) Kentand least by (7.0 q ha-1) SKO-148 (Table 2). As in caseof Protein content, protein yield of oat also increasedwith the application of nitrogen and increase was from6.0 to 9.0 with 80 kg Nha-1 over 40 kg Nha-1 . Applicationof 120 kg Nha-1 further increased the protein yield from9.0 to 11.8 q ha-1 over 40 and 80 kg N ha-1.

CONCLUSIONS

On the basis of present study it may beconcluded that entry UPO-09-2 performed better thanother entries with respect to plant height, leaf: stem ratio,green and dry fodder yield. In case of protein content,entry SKO-156 performed better than other entries.Application of nitrogen significantly increased the greenand dry fodder yield and all the yield parameters up tothe dose of 120 kg N ha-1 over 40 and 80 kg N ha-1.

REFERENCES

Agricultural Statistics. 2010. Directorate of Economics andStatistics, Department of Agriculture and Co-operation, Government of India. pp. 45-48.

Devi, U., Singh, K. P., Sewhag, M., Kumar, S. and Kumar,S. 2010. Effect of nitrogen levels, organic manuresand azotobacter inoculation on nutrient uptake ofmulti-cut oats. Forage Res. 36 (1) : 9-14.

Jackson, M. L. 1973. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice HallIndia Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Kumar, S. Agrawal, R. K., Dixit A. K., Rai, A. K,. Singh, J.B. and Rai, S. K. 2012. Forage ProductionTechnology for Arable Lands. Technology BulletinNo. 01/2012.

Olsen, S. R. Cole, C. V. Watanabe, F. S. and Dean, L. A.1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soilsby extraction with sodium bicarbonate. Circ. U. S.Dep. Agric.939

Patel, J. R. and Rajagopal, S. 1998. Effect of nitrogen andphosphorus on growth and forage yield oh oat.Maharashtra Agri. Univ. 23(3) : 323-324

Piper, C. S. 1966. Soil and Plant Analysis. Hans Publishers,Bombay.

Rana, D. S. Singh, B. and Joshi, U. N. 2009. Response ofoat genotypes to nitrogen levels. Forage Res. 35(3):184-185.

Richards, L. E. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of salineand alkali soils. U. S. Salinity Laboratory, U. S.Department of Agriculture Handbook 60.

Singh, S. D. and Dubey, S. N. 2008. Soil properties andyield of fodder oat (Avena sativa L.). Forage Res,34(2) : 116-118.

Subbiah, B. V. and Asija, G. L. 1956. A rapid procedure forthe determination of available nitrogen in soils. Curr.Sci. 25 : 259-260.

Walkley, A. J. and Black, C. A. 1934. Estimation of soilorganic carbon by the chromic acid titration method.Soil Sci. 37 : 29-38.


Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 200-203 (2014)

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on nutrients uptake by oat (Avena sativa L.)PREETI MALIK*, B. S DUHAN** AND L. K. MIDHA*

*Department of Agronomy, ** Department of Soil Science, CCS HAU, Hisar-125004**(e-mail : [email protected])

Received on 25.09.2014, Accepted 11.02.2015

ABSTRACT

Field experiment was conducted to study the effect of cutting management, nitrogen and phosphoruson nutrients uptake by oat. Results obtained from this experiment indicated that the highest nitrogen uptakeby oat fodder (68.26 kg ha-1) was recorded when oat was cut at 70 DAS (day after sowing) followed 60 DAS(65.71 kg ha-1) and 50 DAS (62.43 kg ha-1). Whereas, highest nitrogen uptake by oat grain (40.95 kg ha-1) wasrecorded when oat was cut 60 DAS followed 50 DAS (37.41 kg ha-1) and least 70 DAS (34.80 kg ha-1).Nitrogen uptake by oat straw was recorded highest when oat was cut at 50 DAS (23.84 kg ha-1) followed 60DAS (22.76 kg ha-1) and then cut at 70 DAS (20.14 kg ha-1). Effects of different cutting times on uptake ofphosphorus, potassium and sulphur by oat fodder, grain and straw were almost similar as that of nitrogenuptake. Nitrogen uptake by fodder, grain and straw increased significantly from 39.13, 31.04 and 19.74 to92.65, 43.72 and 24.74 q ha-1, respectively, with the treatment N120+P60 over control (no N and P), N40+ P20 andN80+P40 treatments. Application of N and P significantly increased the phosphorus uptake in oat fodder, grainand straw from 7.45, 8.99 and 18.24 to 15.74, 12.94 and 21.95 kg ha-1 respectively, with N120+P60 over control,N40+ P20 and N80+P40 treatments. Likewise K uptake by oat fodder, grain and straw also increased 47.86, 6.36and 128.27 to 95.72, 8.52 and 149.40 kg ha-1, respectively, with the treatment N120+P60 over control, N40+ P20and N80+P40 treatments. Application of nitrogen and phosphorus significantly increased the sulphur uptake inoat fodder, grain and straw from 9.15, 5.92 and 9.43 to 18.29, 7.93 and 12.63 kg ha-1 , respectively withN120+P60 over control, N40+ P20 and N80+P40 treatments.

Key words : Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, nutrients uptake, fertility levels

The present feed and fodder resources of thecountry can meet only 48% of the requirement, with avast deficit of 61.1% and 21.9% of green and dryfodder, respectively (Anonymous, 2009). Oat (Avenasativa L.), locally known as “ jai ” is an important non-legume, winter cereal crop, grown under irrigatedconditions of northern and north-western regions ofIndia because of its excellent growth characters, quickregrowth and economic source of dietary energy likeother multi cut fodders. It provides succulent and highlypalatable fodder in two to three cuttings extending fromDecember to February. Oat fodder can also be convertedinto hay or silage for feeding the animals during leanperiod. Like barley oat grain is also used in processedfood like biscuit etc. This food is low in saturated fat,and very low in cholesterol and sodium. It is also agood source of dietary fiber, thiamin, magnesium andphosphorus, and a very good source of manganese.Main constraint in achieving proven crop potential isimbalanced use of fertilizers, particularly low use of P

as compared to N (Rashid et al. 2007). The optimumrates of P application may play a vital role in improvingyields of most crops Deficiency of nutrients such asnitrogen phosphorus, potassium and sulphur in grainand straw of the cereals as well as in fodder crops maycause many severe disorder in animals and humanbeings. Therefore, we need to find out the nutritionalrequirement of oat crop for taking good yield.

A field experiment was conducted to study therequirement of N and P in oat at the Forage researchfarm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana AgriculturalUniversity, Hisar during rabi 2012-13 using oat var. HJ8 as a test crop. The soil of the field is derived fromIndo-Gangetic alluvium and is sandy loam in texture.Four representative soil samples were drawn fromdifferent places in the experimental field from 0-15 cmdepth before sowing of experimental crop. Compositesamples, prepared by passing through 2 mm mesh sieve,were analyzed. The detail of physical and chemicalproperties of the experimental along with the methods

followed is given in Table 1. In all, 12 treatmentsmaintained, with four fertility levels (F0=control, F1=N40+P20, F2=N80+P40 and F3=N120+P60) and three cuttings (C50= first cut 50 DAS, C60 = second cut 60 DAS and C70 =third cut 70 DAS). After the last cutting, crop was leftfor grain production. The green fodder was harvested 8-10 cm above the ground level as per treatments. Grossplot size was 5 m x 3 m = 15 m2 and net plot size was 4m x 2.5 m = 10 m2. Experiment was laid out in factorialrandomized block design (FRBD). Each of the 12treatments combinations were randomly allotted toindividual plots in block of equal size. The treatmentswere replicated thrice. The details of the treatments aregiven in Table 2. Nitrogen and phosphorus were appliedthrough urea and single super phosphate as per thetreatments. All the field operations such as hoeing,irrigation etc were done as and when required. Theharvested green fodder from each plot was weighed insitu on salter balance in kg/plot and then green fodderyield q ha-1 was calculated. A random sample of 500 gwas taken from each plot at the time of green fodderharvest, chopped well and put into the paper bag. Thesepaper bags were aerated by making small holes all over.The samples were first dried in the sun for several daysand then transferred in an electric hot air oven for dryingat a temperature of 70 ± 50C till constant weight. On thebasis of these samples the green fodder yield wereconverted into dry fodder yield q ha-1. After recordingthe sun dried weight of biological yield obtained fromeach net plot, the grains were separated and weighted.The grain yield was subtracted from the total biologicalyield to obtain straw yield. Later on grain and straw yieldper hectare was calculated. Plant samples (grain andstraw) were analyzed by following standard proceduresin the laboratory. Total N in grain and straw analyzed bycolorimetric (Nessler’s reagent) method (Lindner, 1944)

and total P analyzed by Vanadomolybdo phosphoricyellow color method (Koenig and Johnson, 1942). Totalpotassium in grain and straw was analyzed by usingflame photometer. Total sulphur in grain and straw wasanalyzed by turbidimetric method.

Nitrogen uptake

A perusal of data (Table 2) indicated that Nuptake in oat fodder was highest when oat was cut at 70DAS (68.26 kg ha-1), followed 60 DAS (65.71 kg ha-1),and 50 DAS (62.43 kg ha-1). The highest N uptake (40.95kg ha-1) in grain was obtained at 60 DAS which wassignificantly higher than first cut at 60 (37.41kg ha-1)and third cut at 70 (34.80 kg ha-1). Nitrogen uptake instraw was statistically at par under first cut and secondcut (23.84 and 22.76 kg ha-1, respectively). However itwas significantly higher over third cut (20.14 kg ha-1).

The lowest N uptake was recorded in fodder,grain and straw under control (no N and P) treatmentand it increased significantly with increasing fertilitylevels up to the highest level N120+P60 (F3). As in case ofyield, N uptake by fodder, grain and straw also followedthe similar trend. Nitrogen uptake by fodder, grain andstraw increased from 39.13, 31.04 and 19.74 to 53.59,36.28 and 21.40 q ha-1 respectively with N40+ P20 (F1)over control. The treatment N80+P40 (F2) further improvedit from 53.59, 36.28 and 21.40 to 76.49, 39.86 and 23.11q ha-1, respectively over F1. The highest and significantN uptake by dry fodder, grain and straw of oat wereobtained with F3 92.65, 43.72 and 24.74 q ha-1,respectively over F0, F1 and F2. Devi et al. (2010) reportedthat N content in fodder, grain and straw of oats cropwas significantly influenced by N levels. Duhan (2014)also reported that application of N and P significantlyincreased the N uptake by barley.

Table 1. Physical and chemical properties of soil of experimental field before sowing of oat

Property Values Method used

Sand (%) 60.48 International Pipette Method (Piper, 1966)Silt (%) 18.90Clay (%) 20.62Organic carbon (%) 0.34 Walkley and Black Wet oxidation method (1934)Soil pH 7.9 Glass electrode pH meter (Jackson, 1973)EC (dSm-1 at 25 0C) 0.13 Conductivity bridge meterAvailable nitrogen (mg kg -1) 96.68 Alkaline per magnate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956)Available phosphorus (mg kg -1) 6.09 Olsen’s method (Olsen et al., 1954)Available potassium (mg kg -1) 124.83 Flame photometer method


Phosphorus uptake

Data (Table 2) indicated that phosphorus uptakein oat fodder also followed the similar trend as in caseof N uptake, highest P uptake was recorded when oatwas cut at 70 DAS (12.50 kg ha-1) followed 60 (11.17kg ha-1) and 50 (9.98 kgha-1 ). Whereas, highest P uptake(11.51 kg ha-1) by oat grain was recorded when oat wascut at 60 followed by 50 (10.48 kg ha-1) and least 70(9.81 kg ha-1).

Data (Table 2) further indicated that applicationof N and P significantly increased the P uptake in oatfodder, grain and straw with increasing dose of N and Pup to the level of F3 and increase was from 7.45, 8.99and 18.24 to 15.74, 12.94 and 21.95 kg ha-1, respectivelyover F0, F1 and F2. Halliday and Trenkel (1992) and

Rashid et al. (2007) also reported the increase in Pcontent in oat with the application of P. Duhan (2014)also reported that application of N and P significantlyincreased the P uptake by barley.

Potassium uptake

Data (Table 3) indicated that highest K uptake(80.33 kg ha-1) by oat fodder was recorded with the cutat 70 DAS followed 60 (71.77 kg ha-1) and least 50 (64.13kg ha-1). In case of K uptake by oat grain, the highestuptake (8.14 kg ha-1) was recorded at 60 DAS followed50 (7.42 kg ha-1) and then 70 (6.94 kg ha-1). Highest Kuptake by oat straw was recorded at 50 DAS (147.29 kgha-1) followed 60 (143.28 kg ha-1) and least 70 (124.65kg ha-1).

Table 3. Effect of cutting management and fertility levels on potassium and sulphur uptake (kgha-1) in fodder, grain and straw

Cutting management Nutrients uptake (kgha-1)

Potassium Sulphur

Fodder Grain Straw Fodder Grain Straw

First cut 64.13 7.42 147.29 12.26 6.90 11.00Second cut 71.77 8.14 143.28 13.72 7.58 12.07Third cut 80.33 6.94 124.65 15.35 6.46 10.29LSD P= (0.05) 4.24 0.23 3.81 0.39 0.11 0.23Fertility levelsF0 47.86 6.36 128.27 9.15 5.92 9.43F1 61.81 7.20 134.19 11.81 6.70 10.68F2 82.94 7.92 141.75 15.85 7.37 11.74F3 95.72 8.52 149.40 18.29 7.93 12.63LSD P=(0.05) 5.17 0.39 5.39 0.43 0.17 0.33

Table 2. Effect of cutting management and fertility levels on nitrogen and phosphorus uptake (kg/ha-1) in fodder, grain and straw

Cutting management Nutrients uptake (kgha-1)

Nitrogen Phosphorus

Fodder Grain Straw Fodder Grain Straw

First cut 62.43 37.41 23.84 9.98 10.48 20.95Second cut 65.71 40.95 22.76 11.17 11.51 20.38Third cut 68.26 34.80 20.14 12.50 9.81 17.73LSD P= (0.05) 3.64 1.99 1.35 0.54 0.43 1.87Fertility levelsF0 39.13 31.04 19.74 7.45 8.99 18.24F1 53.59 36.28 21.40 9.89 10.43 19.09F2 76.49 39.86 23.11 13.64 11.79 20.16F3 92.65 43.72 24.74 15.74 12.94 21.25LSD P=(0.05) 4.21 2.30 1.56 0.66 0.52 1.71

202 Malik, Duhan and Midha

Application of N and P significantly increasedthe K uptake by oat fodder, grain and straw with eachsucceeding dose N and P up to the F3 level. Applicationof N and P at a rate of F3 level significantly increasedthe K uptake from 47.86 to 95.72, 6.36 to 8.52 and from128.27 to 149.40 kg ha-1, respectively over F0, F1 and F2.Duhan (2014) also reported that application of N and Psignificantly increased the K uptake by barley.

Sulphur uptake

Data (Table 3) indicated that S uptake by oatfodder was highest (15.35 kg ha-1) when cut at70 DAS,then 60 (13.72 kg ha-1) and least 50 (12.26 kg ha-1). Incase of S uptake by oat grain, the highest uptake (7.58kg ha-1) was recorded at 60 DAS followed 50 DAS (6.90kg ha-1) and then 70 (6.46 kg ha-1). Sulphur uptake byoat straw also followed the similar trend as in case ofsulphur uptake by oat grain and highest S uptake (12.07kg ha-1)) was recorded at 60 DAS followed 50 (11.00 kgha-1) and 70 (10.29 kg ha-1).

The lowest S uptake was recorded in fodder,grain and straw under control (F0) treatment and itincreased significantly with increasing fertility levels upto the highest level (F3). Application of N and P at a rateof F3 level significantly increased the S uptake by oatfodder, grain and straw from 9.15 to 18.29, 5.92 to 7.93and from 9.43 to 12.63 kg ha-1, respectively over F0, F1and F2.

REFERENCES

Anonymous. 2009. Post harvest management of crop residues/grasses/fodder crops and their value addition forsustaining livestock. Winter School, Indian Grasslandand Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi: 13-23.

Devi, U., Singh, K. P., Sewhag, M., Kumar, S. and Kumar,S. 2010. Effect of nitrogen levels, organic manuresand azotobacter inoculation on nutrient uptake of

multi-cut oats. Forage Res. 36 (1): 9-14.

Duhan, B. S. 2014. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and FYMon yield and nutrients uptake by barley (Hordeumvulgare L.). Forage Res. 39 (4): 205-207.

Halliday, D.T. and M.E. Trenkel. 1992. I.F.A. WorldFertilizer use manual. Int. Fert. Ind. Assoc, Paris,France. p. 31-32.

Jackson, M. L. 1973. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice HallIndia Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Koenig, R.A. and Johnson, C.R. 1942. Colorimetricdetermination of P in biological materials. Ind. Eng.Anal. 14 : 155-156

Lindner, R.C. 1944. Rapid analytical method for some of themore common inorganic constituents of plant tissues.Plant Physiol. 19 : 76-89

Olsen, S. R. Cole, C. V. Watanabe, F. S. and Dean, L. A.1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soilsby extraction with sodium bicarbonate. Circ. U. S.Dep. Agric.939.

Piper, C. S. 1966. Soil and Plant Analysis. Hans Publishers,Bombay.

Rashid, M., Ranjha, A. M., Waqas, M., Hannan, A., Bilal,A., Saeed, A. and Zafar, M. 2007. Effect of Pfertilization on yield and quality of oat (Avena sativaL.) fodder on two different textured calcareous soils.Soil & Environ. 26(1): 33-41.

Subbiah, B. V. and Asija, G. L. 1956. A rapid procedure forthe determination of available nitrogen in soils. Curr.Sci. 25 : 259-260.

Walkley, A. J. and Black, C. A. 1934. Estimation of soilorganic carbon by the chromic acid titration method.Soil Sci. 37 : 29-38.


Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 204-210 (2014)

Yield, quality and nutrients uptake influenced by phosphorus and FYM in Indianmustard (Brassica juncea L.)

YESHPAL SINGH, B. S. DUHAN* AND N. L. SHARMADepartment of Agricultural Chemistry & Soil Science, Amar Singh (PG) College Lakhaoti,

Bulandshahr-245407, (U. P), India*Department of Soil Science, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004


Received on: 26.09.14, Accepted 12.02.2015

ABSTRACT

Grain yield of mustard significantly increased from 7.98 to 10.49 and 14.81 q ha-1 with the applicationof P2O5 30 and 60 kg ha-1

, respectively over absolute control. Application of FYM alone increased the grainyield from 7.98 to 8.24 q ha-1 over control. Application of 30 kg P2O5 ha-1

+ FYM increased the grain yield ofmustard from 7.98 to 11.17 q ha-1 over control. Significantly higher grain yield 15.92 q ha-1 was harvestedwith the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 10 t FYM over all other treatments. Stover yield of mustard alsofollowed similar trends and highest yield 39.03 q ha-1 was recorded with the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 +10 t FYM. The maximum harvest index (HI) was recorded to the tune of 28.97 % with the treatment having60 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 10 t FYM followed by 27.66 % with the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 alone, and least 25%in the control. The highest oil (34.97%) and protein content (19.88%) was recorded with the application of60 P2O5 kg ha-1 alone followed by 19.81 and 34.86 %, respectively with the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 10t FYM, whereas the highest oil yield 5.55 q ha-1 was recorded with the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 10 tFYM. Application of P2O5 either alone or in combination with FYM increased the N, P and S uptake bymustard grain and stover. N, P and S uptake by grain increased from 23.78 to 50.47, 2.27 to 6.64 kg ha-1 andfrom 3.83 to 8.60 kg ha-1, respectively with 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 10 t FYM over all other treatments. Highest Nand P uptake registered by mustard stover was 39.89 and 6.89 kg ha-1, respectively by the application of 60P2O5 kg ha-1 alone, whereas highest S uptake 13.27 kg ha-1 was recorded in stover with treatment containing60 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 10 t FYM over all other treatments.

Key words : Mustard, phosphorus, grain, stover, nutrient uptake, oil content and oil yield

India is the largest producer of oilseeds in theworld and oilseed sector occupies an important positionin the agricultural economy of the country. Oilseeds areamong the major crops that are grown in the countryapart from cereals. In terms of vegetable oils, India isthe fifth largest vegetable oil economy in the world, nextonly to USA, China, Brazil and Argentina, and has anannual turnover of about Rs 800 bn. India accounts for12-15% of oilseeds area, 7-8 % of oilseeds production,6-7% of vegetable oils production, 9-12 % of vegetableoils import and 9-10 % of the edible oils consumption(IARI, 2012). Among the seven edible oilseeds cropscultivated in India, rapeseed-mustard contributes 28.6%in the total oilseeds production and ranks second aftergroundnut sharing 27.8% in the India’s oilseed economy.In India, the annual production of rapeseed-mustard isabout 8.17 m t covering an area of about 6.51 m ha with

a total productivity of 12.57 q ha-1 (GOI, 2011). Themustard growing areas in India are experiencing vastdiversity in the agro climatic conditions and differentspecies of rapeseed-mustard are grown in the country.Under marginal resource situation, cultivation ofrapeseed-mustard becomes less remunerative to thefarmers. This results in a big gap between requirementand production of mustard in India. Studies found apositive effect of P along with FYM on yield, quality,nutrients content and their uptake in Indian mustard byseveral investigators like Ramesh et al. (2009), Singhand Pal (2011), Rundala et al. (2012) and Paliwal andSingh (2014).

Phosphorus is a structural component of themembrane system of the cell, the chloroplasts and themitochondria. It is a constituent of ADP, ATP, nucleicacid, phospholipids and the co-enzyme NAD, NADP. It

stimulates early root development and growth, floweringand aids in seed formation. P deficient plants are thinand spindly, Leaves may shed prematurely and floweringand fruiting may be delayed considerably. Therefore, thepresent experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectof phosphorus and FYM on yield, quality and nutrientsuptake in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.).

A field experiment was conducted to study theyield, quality and nutrients uptake as influenced byphosphorus and FYM in Indian mustard (Brassica junceaL.). The field experiment was conducted at AgriculturalResearch Farm of Amar Singh (PG) College Lakhaoti,Bulandshahar (U.P). The soil of the experimental fieldwas low in available nitrogen (196 kg ha-1), phosphorus(9 kg ha-1), sulphur (17.92 kg ha-1), organic carbon (2.4g kg-1 soil) and medium in available potassium (242 kgha-1).

Altogether six treatments (Table 1) weremaintained consisting of three levels of phosphorus (0,30 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1) and two levels of welldecomposed FYM (0 and 10 t ha-1). The phosphorus wasapplied through di-ammonium phosphate and nitrogen@ 120 kg ha-1 in the form of urea was also applied as abasal dose. Experiment was laid out in randomized blockdesign with four replications.

protein content was calculated by multiplying nitrogencontent of grain with a factor of 6.25 and oil yield wascalculated with the help of oil content in grain.

The grain and stover samples were analyzed fortotal nitrogen content (Kjeldahl’s method, Jackson,1973), phosphorus (Vanadomolybdophosphoric yellowcolor method, Jackson, 1973) and sulphur content(Spectronic-20 at 420 nm). Soil samples were collectedby the steel tube auger and air dried ground and sieved.The samples were analyzed for pH (Glass electrode pHmeter), EC (Conductivity bridge method), organic carbon(Walkley and Black’s rapid titration method, Jackson1973), available-N (alkaline permanganate method,Subbiah and Asija, 1956), available-P (Olsen’s method,Olsen et al., 1954), available-K (Flame photometer,Chopra and Kanwar, 1986) and available-S (Turbiditymethod, Chesnin and Yien, 1951).

Crop yields

Data indicated (Fig.1) that, Grain yield ofmustard increased from 7.98 to 10.49 q ha-1 and 14.81 qha-1 with the application of P2O5 30 and 60 kg ha-1 overabsolute control. Application of FYM alone increasedthe grain yield of mustard from 7.98 to 8.24 q ha-1.Application of 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 10 t FYM recorded thegrain yield 11.17 q ha-1 and application of 60 kg P2O5ha-1 + 10 t FYM recorded the significant and highestgrain yield 15.92 ha-1 over all other treatments. In caseof stover yield of mustard (Fig.1) a linear increase wasobserved with increasing levels of P2O5 with and withoutFYM. Application of 30 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 registeredan increase in stover yield from 23.93 to 28.17 and 38.73q ha-1 over control. Application of 10 t FYM alone alsoincreased the stover yield from 23.93 to 28.37 q ha-1.Application of 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 10 t FYM and 60 kgP2O5 ha-1 + 10 t FYM recorded the stover yield 33.16and highest 39.03 q ha-1, respectively. The results aresimilar with the findings of Khatkar et al. (2009), Rameshet al. (2009), Mir et al. (2010), Bharose et al. (2011),Vassilina et al. (2012), Kumawat et al., (2014) andPaliwal and Singh (2014).

Harvest index

Data (Fig.2) indicated that with the applicationof 30 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 without FYM improved theharvest index from 25.01 to 27.13 and 27.66 % overcontrol. With the addition of FYM a decrease was

Table 1. Detail of treatments

Treatments Description

T1 P2O5 0 kg ha-1 + FYM @ 0 t ha-1 (Control)T2 P2O5 0 kg ha-1 + FYM @ 10 t ha-1

T3 P2O5 30 kg ha-1 + FYM @ 0 t ha-1

T4 P2O5 30 kg ha-1 + FYM @ 10 t ha-1

T5 P2O5 60 kg ha-1 + FYM @ 0 t ha-1

T6 P2O5 60 kg ha-1 + FYM @ 10 t ha-1

Half dose of nitrogen (60 kg ha-1) and full doseof phosphorus was applied at the time of sowing andremaining half dose of N was applied at pre-floweringstage i.e 45 DAS (days after sowing). Whereas FYMwas applied before pre-irrigation @ 10 t ha-1 as perrequirement of treatments. Based on initial soil analysispotassium was not applied to the experimental plots.Indian mustard variety Varuna (T-59) was used as testcrop. All the agronomic practices were followedaccording to package of practices in mustard crop.

The crop was harvested at maturity, grain andstover yield data were recorded from the net plot afterair-drying. The grain samples were taken and analyzedfor oil content (Soxhlet’s method, A.O.A.C., 1970) and


Fig. 1. Grain and stover yield influence by phosphorus and FYM in mustard (CD at 5%, grain=2.86, stover = 5.23).

Fig. 2. Harvest index and protein content influence by phosphorus and FYM in mustard (CD at 5%, HI=2.58, proteincontent=0.79).

recorded in 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 from 27.13 to 25.20 %.Maximum HI 28.97% was recorded with the applicationof 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 + FYM, whereas minimum harvestindex 21.34% was recorded with the application of FYM

alone; this may be due to higher stover yield and poorgrain setting in this treatment. The results are inagreement with those reported by Kumar and Yadav(2007) and Yeshpal et al. (2008).

206 Singh, Duhan and Sharma

Protein content

Data (Fig.2) indicated that protein content ofmustard grain increased from 18.63 to 18.81 and 19.88%with the application of 30 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 overcontrol. FYM alone also improved the protein contentof mustard from 18.63 to 18.68% over control. In thepresence of 10 t FYM, 30 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1

significantly improved from 18.63 to 18.87 and 19.81%,respectively over without P2O5 and FYM. Highest andsignificant protein content 19.88% was registered withthe application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 alone over all othertreatments. The similar results were also reported byBharose et al. (2011), Vassilina et al. and Rundala et al.(2012) and Paliwal and Singh (2014).

Oil content and oil yield

It is evident from data (Fig.3) that P levels withand without FYM significant increased the oil content andoil yield. Oil content of mustard grain was increased from30.70 to 32.12 and 34.97 % with the application of 30 and60 kg P2O5 ha-1, respectively over control. Application ofFYM alone recorded an increase in oil content from 30.70to 31.18% over no FYM. Application of 30 and 60 kg P2O5

ha-1 + 10 t FYM registered an improvement in oil contentfrom 30.70 to 32.05 and 34.86%. Significant and highestoil content of 34.97% was registered with the applicationof 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 alone. Similarly oil yield was increasedfrom 2.45 to 3.37 and 5.18 q ha-1 with 30 and 60 kg P2O5ha-1 alone over absolute control. Oil yield 2.57 q ha-1 wasrecorded with the application of FYM alone. Oil yield 3.58q ha-1 in mustard was noted with the application of 30 kgP2O5 ha-1 + 10 t FYM. However, highest oil yield of 5.55 qha-1 was found with 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 10 t FYM over allother treatments. Similar findings were reported by Mir etal. (2010), Bharose et al. (2011), Vassilina et al. (2012)and Kumawat et al. (2014).

Nutrients uptake

Nitrogen : Data (Fig.4) indicated that uptakeof nitrogen in the grains increased from 23.78 to 31.57and 47.10 kg ha-1 with the application of 30 and 60 kgP2O5 ha-1, respectively over control. Further increase inN uptake was observed from 23.78 to 24.64 kg ha-1 withthe application of FYM without P2O5 and anotherincrease in uptake of N from 23.78 to 33.73 kg ha-1 wasrecorded with the application of 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 10 tFYM. Significant and highest N uptake 50.47 kg ha-1 by

Fig. 3. Oil content and oil yield influence by phosphorus and FYM in mustard (CD at 5%, oil content=0.88, oil yield=NS).


Fig. 4. N-uptake by grain and stover influence by phosphorus and FYM in mustard (CD at 5%, grain=6.76, stover=5.93).

grain was registered with the application of 60 kg P2O5ha-1 + 10 t FYM over all other treatments. In case ofmustard stover, highest N uptake of 39.89 kg ha-1 wasregistered with the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 alonefollowed by 39.81 kg ha-1

with the application of 60 kgP2O5 ha-1 + FYM as compared to 11.25 kg ha-1 undercontrol treatment. Similar findings were reported byRamesh et al. (2009), Singh and Pal (2011), Rundala etal. (2012) and Kumawat et al. (2014).

Phosphorus : Application of increasing levelsof P2O5 significantly increased the P uptake by mustardgrain (Fig.5) either alone or in combination with FYM.An increase in P uptake by grain from 2.27 to 2.36 kgha-1 was recorded with the application of FYM withoutP2O5 over absolute control. The uptake of P in grain wasincreased from 2.27 to 3.73 and 6.15 kg ha-1 with theapplication of P2O5 30 and 60 kg ha-1 alone over withoutFYM. Application of 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 10 t FYMincreased the P uptake by grain from 2.27 to 4.00 kg ha-

1 and highest P uptake of 6.64 kg ha-1 in grain wasrecorded with the treatment having 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 10t FYM. P uptake by stover also increased with theincreasing levels of P2O5 from 30 to 60 kg ha-1 andincrease was from 3.78 to 4.73 and 6.89 kg ha-1,respectively over without FYM. Application of FYM

alone increased the P uptake by stover from 3.78 to 4.83kg ha-1. Highest P uptake 6.89 kg ha-1 by stover wasobserved with the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 alonefollowed by 6.87 kg ha-1 with the application of 60 kgP2O5 ha-1 +10 t FYM. The results are closed with thefindings of Ramesh et al. (2009), Singh and Pal (2011),Rundala et al. (2012) and Kumawat et al. (2014).

Sulphur : S uptake (Fig. 6) of mustard grainand stover increased due to application of increasinglevels of P2O5 when applied alone or combined withFYM. An increase in S uptake of grain from 3.83 to3.96 kg ha-1 was registered with the application of FYMalone over absolute control. S uptake in mustard grainincreased from 3.83 to 5.25 and 7.85 kg ha-1 with theapplication of 30 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1, respectively overwithout P2O5 application. Increase in uptake of S wasobserved from 3.83 to 5.59 kg ha-1 with the applicationof 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 10 t FYM over control. Highest Suptake of 8.60 kg ha-1 was registered with the applicationof 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 10 t FYM over all other treatments.Mustard stover registered a significantly highest S uptake13.27 kg ha-1 with the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 +10 t FYM followed by 13.13 kg ha-1

with the applicationof 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 alone and least 4.91 kg ha-1 with thecontrol. Bharose et al. (2011), Singh and Pal (2011),


Rundala et al. (2012) and Kumawat et al. (2014).It can be concluded that combined application

of FYM and both levels of phosphorus (30 kg and 60 kg

Fig. 5. P-uptake by grain and stover influence by phosphorus and FYM in mustard (CD at 5%, grain=0.83, stover=0.57).

Fig. 6. S-uptake by grain and stover influence by phosphorus and FYM in mustard (CD at 5%, grain=2.39, stover=1.70).

ha-1) improved the yield, quality, nutrients uptake, harvestindex, oil content and oil yield in Indian mustard overtheir individual use.


REFERENCES

A. O. A. C. 1970. Official Methods of Analysis, 11th ed.,Association of Official Analytical Chemists,Washington D.C., USA.

Bharose, R., Chandra, S., Thomas, T. and Dhan, D. 2011.Effect of different levels of phosphorus and sulphuron yield, availability of N P K, protein and oil contentin toria (Brassica sp.) var. PT-303. J. Agric. Biol.Sci. 6(2) : 31-33.

Black, C. A. 1965. Methods of soil analysis. Amer. Soc. Agron.Madison. Wasconsin, U.S.A.

Chesnin, L. and Yien, C. H. 1951. Turbidimetricdetermination of available sulphates. Soil Sci. Soc.Amer. Proc. 15 : 149-151.

GOI (Government of India). 2011. Agricultural Statistics ata Glance. Directorate of Economics and Statistics,Ministry of Agriculture, GOI, New Delhi.

IARI. 2012. Edible Oilseeds Supply and Demand Scenario inIndia, Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI,New Delhi

Jackson, M. L. 1973. Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hallof India, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Khatkar, Y., Dowson, J., Kishanrao, Z. K., Dixit, P. M. andKhatkar, R. 2009. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorusand sulphur fertilization on growth and yield ofmustard (Brassica juncea Coss.). Int. J. Agric. Sci.5(2) : 396-398.

Kumar, H. and Yadav, D. S. 2007. Effect of phosphorus andsulphur levels on growth, yield and quality of Indianmustard (Brassica juncea L.) cultivars. Ind. J. Agron.55(2) : 154-157.

Kumawat, A., Pareek, B. L., Yadav, R. S. and Rathore, P.S. 2014. Effect of Integrated nutrient managementon growth, yield, quality and nutrient uptake ofIndian mustard (Brassica juncea) in arid zone ofIndian mustard. Ind. J. Agron. 59(1) : 119-123.

Mir, M. R., Mobin, M., Khan, N. A., Bhat, M. A., Lone, N.

A., Bhat, K. A., Razvi, S. M., Wani, M. R., Wani,N., Akhtar, S., Rashid, S., Mashoodi, H. N. andPayne, W. A. 2010. Effect of fertilizers on yieldcharacteristics of mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern& Coss). Journal of Phytology. 2(10) : 20-24.

Olsen, S. R., Cob, C. V., Watanbe, R. and Dean, L. A. 1954.Estimation of available P in soil by extraction withNaHCO3 U.S.D.A. Circ. 936.

Paliwal, A. and Singh, J. P. 2014. Response of mustard(Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Coss.): An overview.Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Int. J. Agron. pp.6-9.

Ramesh, P., Panwar, N. R., Singh, A. B. & Ramana, S. 2009.Effect of organic nutrient management practices onthe production potential, nutrient uptake, soil quality,input-use efficiency and economics of mustard(Brassica juncea). Ind. J. Agril. Sci. 79(1) : 40-44.

Rundala, S. R., Kumawat, B. L., Choudhary, G. L. andPrajapat, K. 2012.Effect of integrated nutrientmanagement on quality and nutrient uptake of Indianmustard (Brassica juncea L.) and afterexperimentation soil fertility. Environ. Ecol. 30(4) :1571-1575

Singh, S. P. and Pal, M. S. 2011. Effect of integrated nutrientmanagement on productivity, quality, nutrient uptakeand economics of mustard (Brassica juncea). Ind. J.Agron. 56(4) : 381-387.

Subbiah, B. V. and Asija, J. A. 1956. A rapid procedure forthe estimation of available nitrogen in the soil.Current. Sci., 25 : 259-269.

Vassilina, T., Umbetov, A., and Vassilina, G. 2012. Someaspects of mineral and organic nutrition for improvedyield and oil contents of mustard (Brassica juncea).Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 18 : 924-928

Yeshpal, Singh, R. P., Sachan, R. S and Pandey, P. C.2008. Effect of integrated nutrient managementpractices on yield, nutrient uptake and economics ofmustard (Brassica juncea L.) grown in the rice-mustard cropping system. Pantnagar J. Res. 6(2) :199-204.


Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 211-213 (2014)

In situ moisture conservation techniques for sustainable pearl millet productionunder sub-optimal conditions

ANIL KUMAR, DEV VART YADAV AND CHETAK BISHNOIBajra Section, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University,

Hisar-125004 (Haryana), India*(e-mail : [email protected])


ABSTRACT

The present experiment was carried out with an objective to conserve soil moisture and save thecrop from drought condition and sustain crop productivity at Research Farm Area of the Bajra Section in theDepartment of Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during kharif season of 2010with seven different treatments viz.; wider row spacing (60 cm), compaction of planted furrow by rubberwheel (60 cm row spacing), broad-bed furrow, ridges and furrow making after 30 DAS, soil mulching at 30& 45 DAS, immediately after rain, use of vegetative mulch 30-35 DAS @ 4-5 t/ha, mixed cropping of pearlmillet (3/4 seed rate) with cluster bean (1/3 S/R) and sowing the crop at 60 cm row spacing and recommendedcultivation practices of the zone in randomized block design with three replications. The study revealed thatunder the prevailing agro climatic conditions; recommended cultivation practices and compaction of plantedfurrow by rubber wheel practices registered maximum plant population, plant height, and grain yield in pearlmillet during the crop season, whereas, the poorest growth characteristics and lowest yields was recorded inthe mixed cropping of pearl millet (3/4 seed rate) with cluster bean (1/3 S/R).

Key words : Planting methods, moisture conservation, soil compatation, environmental factors, productivity

In India, area under grain pearl millet is about7.95 m ha with production of 8.80 m t. The nationalaverage productivity of this crop is 1106 kg/ha(Anonymous, 2013-14). In Haryana, the area under thiscrop is 0.40 m ha with production and productivity of0.83 m t and 2057 kg/ha, respectively (Anonymous,2013-14). The average yield of pearl millet in the countryas well as in the state is quite low as compared to itspotential yield because it is grown in the marginal areaswith poor management practices. So, there isconsiderable scope for increasing the productivity ofpearl millet by adopting better agronomic practices.Traditionally, pearl millet is grown as a rainfed cropduring kharif where variation in rainfall is the mostimportant environmental factor limiting its productivity.Low and erratic precipitation is the single most importantclimatic factor that limits crop yields in most semi-aridregions (Lal, 1990). Occurrence of drought spells atcritical crop stage may lead to severe grain yield lossesto the crop, hence water management practices may beadopted for the survival of the crop. Due to pearl millet’s

drought escaping mechanisms, it can tolerate 75% soilwater depletion from 0 to 20 cm depth in heavy black-clay soils, and 50% depletion on sandy loam soils. InIndia, 92% of pearl millet production is rain fed and theresearch efforts have been made to enhance itsproductivity through refinement in productiontechnologies. Ridge-forming tillage is a proven watererosion control and water conservation practice.Similarly, other management practices also help inconserving soil moisture thereby, minimizing the droughteffect. Therefore, the trial was conducted with anobjective to conserve moisture and save the crop fromdrought condition and sustain crop productivity.

The experiment was conducted at ResearchFarm Area of the Bajra Section in the Department ofPlant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University,Hisar during kharif season of 2010. Seven treatmentsviz.; wider row spacing (60 cm), compaction of plantedfurrow by rubber wheel (60 cm row spacing), broad-bed furrow (BBF), ridges and furrow (RF) making after30 DAS, soil mulching at 30 & 45 DAS, immediately

after rain, use of vegetative mulch 30-35 DAS @ 4-5 t/ha, mixed cropping of pearl millet (3/4 seed rate) withcluster bean (1/3 S/R) and sowing the crop at 60 cm rowspacing and recommended cultivation practices of thezone (Control) were tested in randomized block designwith three replications. The soil of the experimental sitewas sandy loam in texture with alkaline pH (7.8), low inorganic carbon (0.32%), medium in P (16 kg/ha) andhigh in potash (272 kg/ha). The crop was planted on12th July, 2010 as per treatments and plant to plantspacing was maintained at 10-15 cm. The total rainfallreceived during the crop growth period was 616.7 mm.The crop was supplied with recommended dose offertilizer i.e. 40 kg N + 20 kg P and top dressing of Nfertilizer was done on July 25 and August 10, 2010 andcrop was harvested on October 9, 2010.

Perusal of the data in the Table 1 indicated thatthe total plant population (initial and final) weresignificantly higher in recommended cultivationpractices of the zone (T7) treatment which was followedby T2 treatment i.e. compaction of planted furrows byrubber wheel (60 cm row spacing) and both thesetreatments were statistically superior than all otherfollowed in situ moisture conservation techniquestreatments. Attachment of 4.0 kg wheel behind ploughhelps in better contact of seed with soil and also helps inmaintenance of moisture level during initial plant growth.The increase in the pearl millet yield was to the tune of13.3 % at ARS, Mandore with the attachment of 4.0 kgwheel behind the plough than normal sowing of pearl

millet (Parihar, 2012). Effective tillers/plant weresignificantly superior in ridge and furrow making after30 DAS through interculturing (T3) than wider rowspacing (T1), soil mulching at 30 & 45 DAS, immediatelyafter rains (T4), use of organic waste of the area asvegetative mulch @ 4-5 ton/ha at 30-35 DAS (T5) andrecommended cultivation practices of the zone (T7) butstatistically at par with all other treatments. The ridgesreduce or prevent runoff, thus providing more time forinfiltration as reported by Unger et al., 1991. Neither ofthe treatment could produce the grain and fodder yieldsto the tune of recommended cultivation practices of thezone which was statistically superior to all the treatments.The treatment, compaction of planted furrows (T2) byrubber wheel (60 cm row spacing) was statistically atpar with ridge and furrow making after 30 DAS throughinterculturing (T3) to assist with water harvesting, soilmulching at 30 & 45 DAS, immediately after rains (T4)and use of organic waste of the area as vegetative mulch@ 4-5 ton/ha at 30-35 DAS (T5) to reduce evaporativelosses but significantly better than wider row spacing(T1) and mixed cropping of pearl millet (3/4 seed rate)with cluster bean (1/4) and sowing the crop at 60 cmrow spacing (T6) treatments in terms of grain yield but itwas significantly superior to all treatments in fodderyield. Application of organic mulch and dust mulchinghave been shown to increase yields by more than 70%(Gautum 1999). Harvest index (%) was statistically atpar among all the treatments.

On the basis of the results from present

Table 1. Effect of different in situ moisture conservation techniques on the growth and yield of pearl millet

Treatment Initial Final Total Effective Grain Fodder Harvestplant plant tillers/ tillers/ yield yield index

popln. popln. plant plant (q/ha) (q/ha) (%)(000/ha) (000/ha)

T1=Wider row spacing (60 cm) 144 139 3.7 2.1 25.52 87.47 22.6T2=Compaction of planted furrows by 160 153 3.9 2.2 29.39 96.27 23.4rubber wheel (60 cm row spacing)T3=Ridge and furrow making after 30 143 135 4.0 2.6 27.53 89.63 23.5DAS through interculturing (60 cm)T4=Soil mulching at 30 &45 DAS/immediately 139 138 4.2 2.0 28.33 88.87 24.2after rainsT5=Use of organic waste (Dhaincha) as vegetative 143 136 3.3 1.9 26.45 86.37 23.5mulch @ 4-5 ton/ha at 30-35 DAST6=Mixed cropping of pearl millet (3/4 seed rate) 118 113 3.5 2.4 22.11 82.37 21.2with cluster bean (1/4) and sowing the crop at60 cm row spacingT7=Recommended cultivation of zone (Control) 192 172 2.7 1.7 33.67 103.87 24.5CD at 5 % 7.4 4.4 0.7 0.5 4.07 6.10 NS

212 Kumar, Yadav and Bishnoi

investigation, it can be concluded that under prevailingagroclimatic conditions that recommended cultivationpractices and compaction of planted furrow by rubberwheel (60 cm row spacing) practices registeredmaximum plant height and grain yield of pearl milletduring the crop season. The poorest growthcharacteristics and lowest yields were recorded in themixed cropping of pearl millet (3/4 seed rate) with clusterbean (1/3 S/R).

REFERENCES

Anonymous. 2013-14. http://agriharyana.nic.in/ Stat-Info/Final estimates.

Gautum, R. C. 1999. Annual Report, Division of AgronomyIARI, New Delhi, India.

Lal, R. 1990. Low resource agriculture alternatives in SubSaharan Africa. J. Soil Water Conserv. 45: 437-445.

Parihar, G. N. 2012. Kharif Phalon Me Acche Podh JamavKi Taknik. Agriculture Research Station, Mandore,Rajasthan. Technical Bulletin 2012/12.

Unger, P. W., Stewart, B. A., Parr, J. F. and Singh, R. P.1991. Crop residue management and tillage methodsfor conserving soil and water in semi-arid regions.Soil Tillage Res., 20: 219-240.


Haryana J. Agron. 30 (2) : 214-216 (2014)

Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield and nutrients uptake bypigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.)

B. S. DUHAN*Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), India


Received on: 27.06.2014, Accepted on 25.11.2014

ABSTRACT

Application of recommended dose of N and P increased the grain yield of pigeon pea from 4.39 to12.37 q ha-1 over treatment 50% RDF N and P through fertilizers + 50 N% through FYM and straw yield from20.85 to 60.80 q ha-1 cover all other treatments. Application of N and P also significantly increased N and Puptake by grains from 15.96 to 45.21 and 2.34 to 7.32 kg ha-1 respectively and by straw from 12.87 to 38.97and 2.85 to 9.33 kg ha-1, respectively over all other treatments. Application of N and P also increasedsignificantly K uptake by grains from 2.45 to 7.31 kg ha-1 over 50% RDF N and P through fertilizers+50 N %through FYM and by straw from 25.02 to 72.55 kg ha-1 over all other treatments. .

Key words : Pigeon pea, grain and straw yield, N, P and K uptake

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L) is the mostimportant grain legume crop of rain-fed agriculture insemi-arid tropics. It is both a food crop and a cover/forage crop with high levels of proteins and importantfolic acid, amino acids like methionine, lysine andtryptophan. Unlike simple carbohydrates, which containprocessed and refined sugars with little nutrition,legumes such as arhar/toor dal contain complexcarbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates arerecommended over simple carbohydrates because oftheir increased nutritional value. Whole grains and splitgrains of pigeon pea are used as dal and curry in northernIndia. Pigeon pea dal is an excellent source of nutrientsand plant protein, and they also contain dietary fiber. Inessence, legumes are nutritionally similar to poultry, meatand fish, though they represent a low-fat and low-cholesterol alternative. Arhar/toor dal also providesessential nutrients, fiber and protein for vegetarians aswell as those who wish to merely limit their meatconsumption. The high cost of fertilizers and unstablecrop production call for substituting part of inorganicfertilizers by locally available low cost organic manures.In addition to nutrients supply, organic manure mayimprove the physical condition of the soil. There hasbeen a growing concern of cultivating under integratedmanagement of nutrients because of escalating cost ofinorganic fertilizers, declining soil fertility status anddegrading environment and soil health due to pesticide

usage (Ramesh et al. 2005). Integration of chemicaland organic sources and their efficient managementshown promising results not only in sustaining theproduction but also in maintaining soil health (Aulakh2011). Supplementary and complementary use of organicmanures and inorganic chemical fertilizers augment theefficiency of both the substances to maintain high levelof soil productivity (Thakuria et al. 1991). The INMtechnology not only increases the productivity of variouscropping systems but also maintain the soil fertility (Antiland Narwal 2007). Application of organic manures mayalso improve availability of native nutrients in soil aswell as the efficiency of applied fertilizers (Swarup,2010). Therefore, a field experiment was planned tostudy the effect of integrated nutrient management onyield and nutrients uptake in pigeon pea.

Field experiment was conducted at researchfarm, Department of Soil Science, CCSHAU, Hisar(29005/ N, 75038/ E, 222 m elevation) to study the effectof integrated nutrient management on yield and nutrientsuptake in pigeon pea. Pigeon pea var. Manak was takenas test crop in a plot size of 63 m2. Soil of experimentalsite was sandy loam in texture, having pH 8.0, EC(1:2)0.59 dSm-1, OC 0.36 %, available N P and K were140.0,14.0 and 280.0 kg ha-1 respectively. In all six treatmentswere maintained (Table 1). Randomized block designwas followed by keeping four replications. All the P andN were applied through urea and SSP at the time of

sowing. FYM was applied one day before sowing. Allthe field operations such as weeding, irrigation etc weredone as and when required. Crop was harvested atmaturity. Grain and straw yields were recorded separatelyfrom each plot. Plant samples (grain and straw) wereanalysed by following standard procedure in thelaboratory. Total N in grain and straw analysed bycolorimetric (Nessler’s reagent) method (Lindner, 1944)and total P analysed by vanadomolybdo phosphoricyellow color method (Koenig and Johnson, 1942). Totalpotassium in grain and straw was analysed by usingflamephotometer.

Grain and straw yields

Application of recommended dose of N and Psignificantly increased the grain yield of pigeon pea from4.39 to 12.37 q ha-1 over treatment 50 % RDF N and Pthrough fertilizers + 50 N % through FYM and strawyield from 20.85 to 60.80 q ha-1 cover all other treatments(Ttable 2). Sharma et al. (2009) also reported the increasein yield of pigeon pea with the application of RDF Nand P. Substitution of 50% N through FYM significantlydecreased the grain yield of pigeon pea from 12.37 to8.86 q ha-1 and the extent of decrease in yield was28.38%. Sharma et al. (2009) also reported that acombination of 50% RDF + FYM 5 t ha-1 decreased theyield of pigeon pea as compared the 100% RDF.

Application of 100% N through FYM further declinedthe grain yield from 10.12 to 7.76 q ha-1. However,differences between these N and FYM combinationswere found non-significant with respect to the grain yieldof pigeon pea. The low yield with the application of100% N through FYM may be due to low concentrationand slow release of nutrient from the FYM.

Data (Table 2) further indicated that applicationof N and P significantly increased the straw yield from20.85 to 60.80 q ha-1 over all other treatments.Application of 75% N and P + 25% N through FYMrecorded significantly higher straw yield (52.50 q ha-1)over 25 N and P+ 75 % N through FYM (44.00 q ha-1)and 100 % N through FYM (43.70 q ha-1) respectively.

Nutrients uptake

Nitrogen

Application of recommended dose of N and Psignificantly increased the N uptake by grain and strawfrom 15.96 to 45.21 kg ha-1 and from 12.87 to 38.97 kgha-1 respectively over all other treatments (Table 3). Goudand Kale (2010) also reported the increase in N, P andK uptake by pigeon pea with application of RDF.Application of 75 % N and P + 25 % N through FYMrecorded the significantly higher N uptake by grain(36.95 kg ha-1) and by straw (34.25 kg ha-1) over all otherFYM combinations and control. Goud and Kale (2010)and Jat (2010) also reported the increase in N, P and Kuptake by pigeon pea with application of 5 t ha-1 FYM.Differences between other N and FYM combinations(T4, T5 and T6) were found non-significant with respectto N uptake by grain and straw.

Phosphorus

Data (Table 3) regarding P uptake by grain andstraw also followed the similar trend as in case of N

Table 1. Treatments as per detail given below

Treatment Treatments

T1 Control (no fertilizers and Manure)T2 Recommended dose of N and P through fertilizers (RDF)T3 75% RDF N and P through fertilizers+25% N through FYMT4 50% RDF N and P through fertilizers+50 N% through FYMT5 25% RDF N and P through fertilizers+75 N %through FYMT6 100% N through FYM

Table 2. Effect of IN M on grain and straw yields (q ha-1) ofpigeon pea

Treatments Yield (q/ha)

Grain Straw

T1 4.39 20.85T2 12.37 60.80T3 10.12 52.50T4 8.86 47.40T5 8.10 44.00T6 7.76 43.70LSD P=(0.05) 3.53 7.24


uptake. Application of recommended dose of N and Psignificantly increased the P uptake by grain and strawfrom 2.34 to7.32 kg ha-1 and from 2.85 to 9.33 kg ha-1

respectively over all other treatments (Table 3). Goudand Kale (2010) also reported the increase in N, P andK uptake by pigeon pea with application of RDF.Differences between all these combinations of N andFYM were non-significant with respect to P uptake bygrain and straw but these combinations recordedsignificantly higher P uptake over control. Goud and Kale(2010) and Jat (2010) also reported the increase in N, Pand K uptake by pigeon pea with application of 5 t ha-1

FYM.

Potassium

Application of recommended dose of N and Pincreased the K uptake significantly by grain from 2.45to 7.31 kg ha-1 over treatment 50 % RDF N and P throughfertilizers+50 N% through FYM and by straw from 25.02to 72.55 kg ha-1 cover all other treatments (Table 3). Goudand Kale (2010) also reported the increase in N, P andK uptake by pigeon pea with application of RDF. As incase of P uptake, differences between all thesecombinations of N and FYM were non significant withrespect to P uptake by grain. Whereas, in case of K uptakeby straw application of 75% N and P + 25 % N throughFYM recorded the significantly higher K uptake (63.00kg ha-1) over all other FYM combinations and control.Differences between other N and FYM combinations(T4, T5 and T6) were found non-significant with respectto K uptake by straw.

REFERENCES

Antil, R. S. and Narwal, R. P. 2007. Integrated nutrientmanagement for sustainable soil health and cropproductivity. Ind. J. Fert. 3 : 111-21.

Table 3. Effect of IN M on nutrient uptake (qha-1) by grain and straw of pigeon pea

Treatments N uptake (qha-1) P uptake (qha-1) K uptake (qha-1)

Grain Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw

T1 15.96 12.87 2.34 2.85 2.45 25.02T2 45.21 38.97 7.32 9.33 7.31 72.55T3 36.95 34.25 5.44 7.16 5.89 63.00T4 32.15 29.60 4.82 6.42 5.01 57.05T5 29.56 27.59 4.37 6.20 4.57 52.91T6 28.32 27.51 4.20 6.24 4.42 52.68LSD P=(0.05) 4.47 4.23 1.83 2.10 2.21 5.89

Aulakh, M. S. 2011. Integrated soil tillage and nutrientmanagement; the way to sustain crop production,soil-plant-animal-human health and environment. J.Ind. Soc. Soil Sci. 59 (Supplement), S23-S34.

Goud, V. V. and Kale H. B. 2010. Productivity andprofitability of pigeon pea under different sourcesof nutrients in rain fed condition of Central India. J.Food Legumes 23 : 212-217.

Jat, R. A. 2010. Effect of organic manure andsulphurfertilization in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)+ground nut (Arachis hypogaea) inter croppingsystem. Ind. J. Agron. 55 : 276-281.

Koenig, R. A. and Johnson, C. R. 1942. Colorimetricdetermination of P in biological materials. Ind. Eng.Anal. 14 : 155-156.

Lindner, R. C. 1944. Rapid analytical method for some ofthe more common inorganic constituents of planttissues. Plant Physiol. 19 : 76-89.

Ramesh, P. Singh, M. and Rao, S. A. 2005. Organic farming:Its relevance to Indian context. Current Sci. 88 : 561-568.

Sawrup, A. 2010. Integrated plant nutrient supply andmanagement strategies for enhancing soil fertility,input use efficiency and crop productivity. J. Ind.Soc. Soil Sci. 58:25-30.

Sharma, A. Kumar, A. and Rathor, M. P. 2009. Responseof pigeon pea to conjunctive use of organic sourceof fertilizers under rain fed conditions. Karnatka J.Agric. Sci. 22 : 8-10.

Thakuria, K. Borgohain, B. and Sharma, K. K. 1991. Effectof organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen withand without phosphate on fiber yield of white jute(Corchorus capsularis). Ind. J. Agric. Sci. 61 : 49-50.

216 Duhan

HARYANA JOURNAL OF AGRONOMYAuthor Index

Vol. 30 July & December 2014 No.2

217 Haryana Journal of Agronomy

Antil, R. S. 21Arvadia, M. K. 94Bharat, Rajeev 89Bishnoi, Chetak 211Chand, Mehar 28Chugh, L. K. 138Dahiya, A. S. 52Dahiya, S. S. 15Dalal, M. S. 138Deshmukh, S. P. 94Dhaka, A. K. 15, 114, 129, 184Dhillon, S. S. 85Dhindwal, A. S. 176Dinesh, 21Duhan, B. S. 33, 82, 192, 196,

200, 204, 214Garg, Pankaj 138Garg, Rajbir 52, 157Gill, Jagjot Singh 44Grewal, K. S. 21Gupta, Meenakshi 89Harish, S. 138Hooda, R. S. 102Hooda, V. S. 109, 184Jain, R. K. 56Jhorar, B. S. 146Khippal, Anil 28Kour, Sarabdeep 89Kumar, A. 125Kumar, Anil 70, 211Kumar, Ashwani 146Kumar, Krishan 125Kumar, Mukesh 70

Kumar, Neeraj 61, 166Kumar, Parveen 102, 176Kumar, R. 138Kumar, Rakesh 109Kumar, Sandeep 37Kumar, Satish 129Kumar, Sundeep 146Kumar, Suresh 85, 176Kumar, Y. 138Lal, Roshan 28Lathwal, O. P. 49Malik, Manu 173Malik, Preeti 200Malik, V. 138Malik, Yash Pal 157Midha, L. K. 196, 200Mittal, S. B. 146Mor, Virender Singh 56Mukesh, 119Pannu, R. K. 15, 114, 119, 129Prakash, Ved 170Prakash, Ved 65Punia, S. S. 157Raj, Dev 109Raj, K. 138Ramprakash, 129Rani, Kusum 70Sangwan, Omender 151Sangwan, P. S. 146Sangwan, Rakesh 162Satyajeet, 76, 98Sehwag, Meena 109, 176Shah, Rayees A 37

Shahi, H. N. 61, 65Sharma, K. D. 125Sharma, Malvika 89Sharma, N. L. 204Shweta, 173Sidhpuria, M. S. 146Singh, Bhagat 56, 114, 129Singh, Bhagwan 61, 65, 166,

170Singh, Karmal 102, 125, 129Singh, M. V. 61, 65, 166, 170Singh, Mohinder 15Singh, Narender 28, 162Singh, Ran 28Singh, Samar 28Singh, Samunder 1, 109, 184Singh, Satpal 52Singh, Sultan 70Singh, Surinder Pal 89Singh, Vikram 56, 114Singh, Virendra 15Singh, Yeshpal 204Tokas, Jayanti 151Vart, Dev 138Verma, Tarun 162Vishal, Deshmukh 94Walia, Sohan Singh 44Yadav, Dev Vart 211Yadav, Dharambir 157Yadav, S. P. 76, 98Yashveer, Shikha 56

DIRECTIONS FOR CONTRIBUTION TO AUTHORSThe Haryana Journal of Agronomy welcomes concise papers presenting original research ormethodology from authors throughout the world in agronomy and allied fields. The Executive Committeeand the Editorial Board wish to continue the policy of the Journal, since its foundation in 1984.

The Editors must be informed, if any of the material submitted has been published elsewhere. If apaper is accepted, it must not be published elsewhere in the same form. Work based on one-yearexperimentation will normally be considered as a Short Communication.

Paper should be submitted to Secretary, Haryana Agronomists Association, Department of Agronomy,CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004, India.

SCRIPTS. Manuscripts written in English, should be typed in double spacing on one side of the paperwith a margin of at least 2.5 cm on all sides. On line submission is preferred [email protected], else submit hard copies to either Secretary or Chief Editor, Departmentof Agronomy, CCS HAU, Hisar-125 004, India.

LAYOUT AND STYLE. Authors are advised to use the format adopted in recent issues of HaryanaJournal of Agronomy. A simple direct style of writing is preferred. Spelling should conform to thatgiven in the Concise Oxford Dictionary. The manuscript is usually assembled in the following order :title, author(s) with affiliation, abstract, key words, introduction, materials and methods, results anddiscussion, and references.

TITLE PAGE. The title should be informative, but concise and should not contain abbreviations.Capitalize only the first letter of the first word, other than scientific name(s). Authors should give fullinitials and surnames in the second line below the title (in caps), followed by affiliation/address of theinstitution where the research work was conducted and e-mail address of the corresponding author.

ABSTRACT. Placed at the beginning of the text, the abstract must be in a single paragraph assimilatingthe salient features/findings, should briefly indicate the experimental methodology (including year andplace), but without repeating the wording of the title. Abstract should be limited to 300 words.

KEY WORDS. Include at least three key words that describe the MS contents, without repeatingwords from the title.

TEXT. The introduction should set the work in perspective, present only essential background, andinclude a concise statement of the objectives. Relevant details should be given of the experimentalmaterials and design, and the techniques and statistical methods used. Numerical results should beshown in the tables and not repeated in the text. Metric and SI units should be used e. g. kg/ha, mg/1.Experimental details and results should be reported in the past tense. The Discussion should drawtogether the results and should briefly relate the author’s results to other work on the subject and givethe author’s conclusions. Footnotes should be avoided. All abbreviations used should be fully explainedat first mention.

TABLES AND FIGURES. Typed in double space on separate sheets, numbered consecutively in thesame order as they are mentioned/discussed in the text. Numerical results should be displayed asmeans with their relevant standard errors and critical differences. The title should fully describe the


contents of the Table and explain any abbreviations used in it. Experimental data may be presented ineither table or figures, but not both. Figures should be restricted to the display of results where a largenumber of values are presented and interpretation would be more difficult in a Table format. Figuresshould be of good quality, with full legend, describing the figure(s) and giving a key to all the symbolson it.

REFERENCES. In the text, a reference should be quoted by the author’s name and date in parentheses,in date order, e. g. (Singh, 1994; Singh, 1998). Where there are three or more authors, the first namefollowed by et al. should be used. A list of references should be given at the end of the text listing, inalphabetical order, surname of authors and initials (in capitals), year of publication, title of paper, nameof journal as in CAB International Serials Checklist, volume, and first and last pages of the reference;the place of publication and publisher (and Editors(s) if appropriate) for books and conference proceedingsshould be included. Examples :

In text. Singh 1994; Singh 1994a, b; Singh & Malik (1993); (Singh, 1998); (Singh & Malik, 1993);Singh et al., (2006); Singh et al., (in press); (Singh et al., in press); K. P. Singh (unpublished); (K. P.Singh, unpublished); R. K. Mailk (Personal Communications); (R. K Malik, Personal Communications).

In the Reference list. Balyan, R. S. and Bhan, V. M. 1986. Germination of horse purslane (Trianthemaportulacastrum) in relation to temperature, storage conditions and seedling depths. Weed Sci. 34 : 513-515.

Kaur, A. 1990. Quality improvement of wheat through scheduling under different sowing date. M. Sc.thesis, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India.

Pannu, R. K., Bangarwa, A. S., Yadav, S. K. and Pahuja, S. S. 2008. Practical crop production programmeat CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. In : Proc. Nat. Symp., New Paradigms in AgronomicRes., pp. 297. Navasari, Gujarat, India : Indian Society of Agronomy.

Scott, R. K. and Jaggard, K. W. 1993. Crop physiology and agronomy. In : The Sugar Beet Crop :Science into Practice (Eds. D. A. Cooke & R. K. Scott), pp. 179-237. London : Chapman & Hall.

Proofs will be sent to authors to enable them to check the correctness of the typesetting. Excessivealterations due to amendments of the author’s original agreed copy may be charged to the author. Allthe authors will receive a copy of journal after payment of membership fee.

219 Haryana Journal of Agronomy

Form IV(See Rule 8)

Statement about the ownership and other particulars of the Haryana Journal of Agronomy

Place of Publication Hisar

Periodicity of Publication Half Yearly

Printer’s Name Systematic Printers

Whether Citizen of India? Yes

Address Systematic PrintersUdaypurian Street, Near Video Market,Hisar-125 001, India

Publisher’s Name Dr. Parvender Sheoran

Whether Citizen of India ? Yes

Address Secretary, Haryana Agronomists Association (HAA),Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal-132 001

Editor-in-Chief Dr. Samunder Singh

Whether Citizen of India? Yes

Address Haryana Agronomists Association (HAA),Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana AgriculturalUniversity, Hisar-125 004

Name and address of individuals, who own Haryana Agronomists Association (HAA),the newspaper and partners or share-holders Department of Agronomy,holding more than one per cent of the total CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004capital

I, Dr. Parvender Sheoran, hereby declare that particulars given above are true to the best of myknowledge and belief.

Dated : April 15, 2015 Sd/-

(Dr. Parvender Sheoran)


Date post:	02-Aug-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	0 times
Download:	0 times

€¦ · HARYANA AGRONOMISTS ASSOCIATION (Regn. No. 447/84-85) (All members of Executive Council...

Documents